Academic literature on the topic 'Colonies – Rome – Asie'
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Journal articles on the topic "Colonies – Rome – Asie"
1
TROCKI, CARL A. "Chinese Revenue Farms and Borders in Southeast Asia." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2009): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003393.
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AbstractThis article examines the role of Chinese revenue farmers in defining the borders of the various colonial territories and the states of Southeast Asia during the nineteenth century. Their significance has largely been neglected in writing on the formation of state boundaries. Nicholas Tarling notes, ‘Between the late eighteenth and the early twentieth almost all southeast Asia was divided into colonies or protectorates held by the Western powers, and new boundaries were drawn with the object of avoiding conflict among them’ (Tarling, 2001:44). This paper argues that Chinese revenue farmers were of considerable significance in giving substance to the formalistic pronouncements of remote diplomats and statesmen.
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Booth, Anne. "Colonial Revenue Policies and the Impact of the Transition to Independence in South East Asia." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 169, no. 1 (2013): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-12340022.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first part examines trends in revenue policies across South East Asia in the early decades of the twentieth century. It is argued that, by the 1920s, there were quite striking differences in revenue policies and performance across the region. The paper examines the reasons for these differences, paying particular attention to the conflicting demands placed on the various colonial administrations by conditions within the colonies, as well as by the changing priorities of the metropolitan governments. The second aim of the paper is to examine the impact of the transition to independence on revenue policy and performance. It is often thought that in most parts of Asia, the advent of political independence led to a greatly expanded role for government in the economy. While it is true that many newly independent countries had ambitious plans for government as the lead actor in promoting rapid economic development, in fact in several countries in South East Asia, it proved very difficult to increase revenues in real terms. The reasons for this are explored in the paper.
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Kandiyoti, Deniz. "POST-COLONIALISM COMPARED: POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 2 (May 2002): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802002076.
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The term “post-colonial” is a relative newcomer to the jargon of Western social science. Although discussions about the effects of colonial and imperialist domination are by no means new, the various meanings attached to the prefix “post-” and different understandings of what characterizes the post-colonial continue to make this term a controversial one. Among the criticisms leveled against it, reviewed comprehensively by Hall (1996), are the dangers of careless homogenizing of experiences as disparate as those of white settler colonies, such as Australia and Canada; of the Latin American continent, whose independence battles were fought in the 19th century; and countries such as India, Nigeria, or Algeria that emerged from very different colonial encounters in the post-World War II era. He suggests, nevertheless, that “What the concept may help us to do is to describe or characterise the shift in global relations which marks the (necessarily uneven) transition from the age of Empires to the post-independence and post-decolonisation moment” (Hall 1996, 246). Rattansi (1997) proposes a distinction between “post-coloniality” to designate a set of historical epochs and “post-colonialism” or “post-colonialist studies” to refer to a particular form of intellectual inquiry that has as its central defining theme the mutually constitutive role played by colonizer and colonized in shaping the identities of both the dominant power and those at the receiving end of imperial and colonial projects. Within the field of post-colonial studies itself, Moore-Gilbert (1997) points to the divide between “post-colonial criticism,” which has much earlier antecedents in the writings of those involved in anti-colonial struggles, and “post-colonial theory,” which distinguishes itself from the former by the incoporation of methodological paradigms derived from contemporary European cultural theories into discussions of colonial systems of representation and cultural production. Whatever the various interpretations of the term or the various temporalities associated with it might be, Hall claims that the post-colonial “marks a critical interruption into that grand whole historiographical narrative which, in liberal historiography and Weberian historical sociology, as much as in the dominant traditions of Western Marxism, gave this global dimension a subordinate presence in a story that could essentially be told from its European parameters” (Hall 1996, 250). In what follows, I will attempt a brief discussion of some of the circumstances leading to the emergence of this concept and interrogate the extent to which it lends itself to a meaningful comparison of the modern trajectories of societies in the Middle East and Central Asia.
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Mackillop, Andrew. "Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain, and the Asia Trade, 1695–c. 1750." Itinerario 29, no. 3 (November 2005): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300010457.
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The close, reciprocal relationship between overseas expansion and domestic state formation in early modern Western Europe has long been understood. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Portugal, the Netherlands, and England used the resources arising from their Atlantic colonies and Asia trades to defend themselves against their respective Spanish and French enemies. Creating and sustaining a territorial or trading empire, therefore, enabled polities not only to survive but also to enhance their standing with-i n the hierarchy of European states. The proposition that success overseas facilitated state development at home points however to the opposite logic, that where kingdoms failed as colonial powers they might well suffer from inhibited state formation. Indeed, if the example of England demonstrated how empire augmented a kingdom's power, then the experience of its neigh-bour, Scotland, seemed to reveal one possible outcome for a country unable to access colonial expansion. In 1707 Scotland negotiated away its political sovereignty and entered into an incorporating union with England. The new British framework enabled the Scots to access English markets (both domestic and colonial) previously closed to them. This does not mean that the 1707 union was simply an exchange of Scottish sovereignty for involvement in England's economy. Pressing political concerns, not least the Hanoverian succession played an equal if not more important role in the making of the British union. The question of political causation notwithstanding, the prevailing historiography of 1707 still places Scotland in a dichotomous framework of declining continental markets on the one hand and the lure of more expansive trade with England' domestic and overseas outlets on the other.
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Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T. "Africa-India Connections in Historical Perspectives." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (March 16, 2017): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341371.
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It is a well-established historical fact that Africa and India have cultivated continuous connections for thousands of years. Exchanges of commodities produced on each side of the Indian Ocean in specific political, administrative, and geographic spaces have constituted the guiding thread of these relations. In the modern and contemporary periods, these relations have been shaped through European colonial establishments and their legacies in both sides. Past policies of forced migration and resettlement for economic exploitation of the British colonies in Africa, especially East and Southern Africa, became determinants of the Africa-India relations. The anti-colonial and decolonization struggles in Asia in general and specifically in India and Africa throughout the 20th century created opportunities for a new Africa-India cooperation. In these new relations, formal education, especially higher education, have been playing a prominent role. The thrust of this paper is to analyze the important role of higher education in a South-South cooperation framework between India and Africa as a continent or individual countries. The fluctuating or declining patterns of the number of African students pursuing their education in India in the past decade or so are analyzed.
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Eke, Joseph N. "Skopos translation theory, text-types, and the African postcolonial text in intercultural postcolonial communication." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.3.01eke.
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The Postcolonial text is a political and ideological text that is differentiable in translation. This is because of its location in the dialogic and discursive communicative exchange between former coloniser and former colonised cultures and societies. This communicative exchange takes place in the situation and condition of asymmetrical relations and relations of inequality and involves the contestation of histories, cultures, meanings, identities and representations. The functionality of the postcolonial text with its message is fixated on this dialogue and discourse; and each postcolonial text is a single statement directly and specifically responding to this dialogue and discourse in some way. This paper examines the African postcolonial text* and its communicative location in the light of postcolonial theory and the possibility offered by the skopos functional theory in translation to set aside the purpose and function of the source text intended by the author. Using Chinua Achebe’s texts, It would conclude that the mediatory role of the translator in the dialogic and discursive exchange between former coloniser and former colonised cultures and societies need not become interference in the application of the skopos theory.
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Weber, Nicolas. "Securing and Developing the Southwestern Region: The Role of the Cham and Malay Colonies in Vietnam (18th-19th centuries)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 54, no. 5 (2011): 739–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852011x614037.
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Abstract This article traces the history of the Cham and Malay military colonies in the southwestern provinces of Vietnam, from their creation in the eighteenth century to their dismantling during the last decades of the nineteenth century. The colonies were meant to protect the Khmero-Vietnamese border and secure Vietnamese positions in the southwestern regions (formerly part of Cambodia), as well as in eastern Cambodia. The study of the Chams and Malays in southern Vietnam sheds new light on the dynamics of power, the struggles for supremacy, and inter-ethnic associations during the process of state-building in Southeast Asia.
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Akami, Tomoko. "Imperial polities, intercolonialism, and the shaping of global governing norms: public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization, 1908–37." Journal of Global History 12, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022816000310.
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AbstractThis article stresses the role of colonial governments, not only national sovereign states, in Asia (and to a lesser extent, Africa) at the League of Nations in shaping global governing norms. It emphasizes the significance of lateral and horizontal cooperative actions across colonial governments, especially intercolonial networks of public health experts. It argues that the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) accepted these intercolonial practices in Asia in the 1920s, and that this led it to recognize colonial governments as formal and legitimate units in its intergovernmental conferences held in the mid 1930s. In the process, the LNHO provided an intercolonial channel for ‘national’ experts from colonial Asia to participate directly in regional and global governing norm-making processes. In turn, this highlights both the ambiguous nature of national experts and the intercolonial legacy in international health programmes in developing countries in the post-war period.
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Reid, Anthony. "Female Roles in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 3 (July 1988): 629–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009720.
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Relations between the sexes are one of the areas in which a distinctive Southeast Asian pattern exists. Even the gradual strengthening of the influence of Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Confucianism in their respective spheres over the last four centuries has by no means eliminated this common pattern of relatively high female autonomy and economic importance. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the region probably represented one extreme of human experience on these issues. It could not be said that women were equal to men, since there were very few areas in which they competed directly. Women had different functions from men, but these included transplanting and harvesting rice, weaving, and marketing. Their reproductive role gave them magical and ritual powers which it was difficult for men to match. These factors may explain why the value of daughters was never questioned in Southeast Asia as it was in China, India, and the Middle East; on the contrary, ‘the more daughters a man has, the richer he is’ (Galvão, 1544: 89; cf. Legazpi, 1569: 61).
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Tofighian, Nadi. "Mapping ‘the whirligig of amusements’ in colonial Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 49, no. 2 (June 2018): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246341800022x.
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This article assesses the interconnected nature of Southeast Asia around 1900, the transnational entertainment scene in Southeast Asia, and the role of Singapore as a hub for commerce, shipping, and entertainment. The global and regional development of transportation and communications technology and networks facilitated the movement of people, goods, ideas, and amusement forms. The article is based primarily on archival research from colonial newspapers in the region. It surveys and maps more than one hundred itinerant entertainment companies that travelled throughout Southeast Asia around the turn of the century, thereby creating and visualising a circuit of entertainment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Colonies – Rome – Asie"
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Locatelli, Lauriane. "La toponymie et l'ethnonymie de la Pisidie antique (XIIIe s.a.C. ; début IVe s.p.C.)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC014.
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La Pisidie, région montagneuse du sud-ouest de l’Asie Mineure, est un véritable conservatoire toponymique de la culture et des langues anatoliennes. Notre thèse porte sur la toponymie et l’ethnonymie de la Pisidie et sur la persistance des langues anatoliennes dans la toponymie de la région. La toponymie et l’ethnonymie nous révèlent l’emprise sur le territoire de chaque peuplement, qu’il s’agisse du peuplement anatolien ou des peuplements exogènes (principalement grecs et romains). En effet, par le choix de la langue utilisée pour créer le nom du lieu ou du peuple, nous en apprenons davantage sur la région. Après avoir réalisé un catalogue des toponymes et des ethnonymes de la Pisidie classés par types et discuté leur origine à l’aide d’arguments linguistiques pour chacun d’entre eux, nous étudions la présence grecque et les colonies romaines en envisageant les dominations successives du point de vue de la toponymie. Plusieurs thèmes sont abordés : la question du contrôle de la région à l’époque hellénistique, les fondations séleucides, ainsi que les colonies romaines fondées par Auguste. Puis, nous nous concentrons sur l’identité des Pisidiens, en étudiant la question de leur origine et des topoi qui leurs sont associés. Les continuités et les ruptures territoriales de la Pisidie sont abordées avant un panorama toponymique présentant un classement linguistique et un classement sémantique des toponymes en fonction du référentiel sémantique (eau, relief, végétation, etc.). L’essentiel des toponymes est descriptif et renvoie à des éléments du paysagePisidia, a mountainous region in southwestern Asia Minor, is a real toponymic conservatory of Anatolian culture and languages. Our thesis deals with the toponymy and ethnonymy of Pisidia and the persistence of Anatolian languages in the toponymy of the region. Toponymy and ethnonymy reveal the territorial control of each settlement, whether it be Anatolian population or exogenous settlements (mainly Greek and Roman). Indeed, by choosing the language used to create the name of the place or the people, we learn more about the region. After having produced a catalog of toponyms and ethnonyms of the Pisidia classified by types and after having discussed their origin using linguistic arguments for each one, we study the Greek presence and the Roman colonies by considering the successive domination in regard to toponymy. Several themes were discussed : the question of the control of the region during the Hellenistic period, the Seleucid foundations, as well as the Roman colonies founded by Augustus. Then we focus on the identity of the Pisidians, studying the question of their origin and the topoi associated with them. The continuities and territorial cleavage of Pisidia are discussed before a toponymic panorama showing a linguistic classification and a semantic classification of toponyms based on the semantic repository (water, relief, vegetation, etc.). Most of the place names are descriptive and refer to elements of the landscape
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Gannon, Shane. "Translating the Hijra the symbolic reconstruction of the British Empire in India /." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/435.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--University of Alberta, 2009.Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on July 30, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Dept. of Sociology". Includes bibliographical references.
Books on the topic "Colonies – Rome – Asie"
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Histoire des femmes en situation coloniale: Afrique et Asie, XXe siècle. Paris: Karthala, 2004.
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Jones, Eric. Wives, slaves, and concubines: A history of the female underclass in Dutch Asia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010.
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Moran, Arik. Kingship and Polity on the Himalayan Borderland. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985605.
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Kingship and Polity on the Himalayan Borderland explores the modern transformation of state and society in the Indian Himalaya. Centred on three Rajput led-kingdoms during the transition to British rule (c. 1790-1840) and their interconnected histories, it demonstrates how border making practices engendered a modern reading of ‘tradition’ that informs communal identities to this day. Countering the common depiction of these states as all-male, caste-exclusive entities, it reveals the strong familial base of Rajput polity, wherein women — and regent queens in particular — played a key role alongside numerous non-Rajput groups. Drawing on rich archival records, rarely examined local histories, and nearly two decades of ethnographic research, it offers an alternative to the popular and scholarly discourses that developed with the rise of colonial knowledge. The analysis exposes the cardinal contribution of borderland spaces to the fabrication of group identities. This book will interest historians and anthropologists of South Asia and of the Himalaya, as well as scholars working on postcolonialism, gender, and historiography.
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The Politics of Gender in Colonial Korea: Education, Labor, and Health, 1910-1945 (Asia Pacific Modern). University of California Press, 2008.
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Vietnamese Voices: Gender and Cultural Identity in the Vietnamese Francophone Novel (Monograph Series on Southeast Asia, No. 6). Southeast Asia Publications, Northern Illinois University, 2004.
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Amrith, Sunil S. Eugenics in Postcolonial Southeast Asia. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0018.
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The rich vein of writing on race and racial thought in the region provides an essential point of entry to eugenics in Southeast Asia. This article focuses on the experience of postcolonial Malaysia and Singapore and suggests that traces of eugenic thought and practice have played a role in shaping strategies of state-directed development from the 1950s. The “science of racial improvement” exerts a powerful influence on the political elite of both countries, providing a rationale and a model for many attempts to understand, differentiate, and improve the population. This article focuses on close connections between race and racial aptitudes, and the politics of immigration control and colonial reservations. It further discusses the focus of eugenic policies in Southeast Asia on using state power to rebalance the plural society, and signification of racial improvement in the identification and exclusion of particular peoples.
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Hodges, Sarah. South Asia's Eugenic Past. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0013.
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The strong continuities between colonial eugenics agendas and postcolonial population control efforts are striking elements in the history of eugenics in South Asia. This article discusses the role of different strands within colonial eugenics—particularly neo-Malthusianism—at different points in time and in the region's different postcolonial nations. It mentions that eugenics in a poverty-stricken colonial context provides a powerful and enduring template for connecting reproductive behavior to the task of revitalizing the nation as a whole. This article relates the history of eugenics in colonial India with the history of birth control advocacy. It discusses in detail the eugenics associations that held public meetings and advocated contraceptive use. It provides an understanding of the relative insignificance of heredity to Indian eugenics in light of the conditions for the development of eugenic science in India.
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Chesterman, Simon, Hisashi Owada, and Ben Saul, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Asia and the Pacific. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793854.001.0001.
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The growing economic and political significance of Asia has exposed a tension in the modern international order. Despite expanding power and influence, Asian states have played a minimal role in creating the norms and institutions of international law; today they are the least likely to be parties to international agreements or to be represented in international organizations. That is changing. There is widespread scholarly and practitioner interest in international law at present in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as developments in the practice of states. The change has been driven by threats as well as opportunities. Transnational issues such as climate change and occasional flashpoints like the territorial disputes of the South China and the East China Seas pose challenges while economic integration and the proliferation of specialised branches of law and dispute settlement mechanisms have also encouraged greater domestic implementation of international norms across Asia. These evolutions join the long-standing interest in parts of Asia (notably South Asia) in post-colonial theory and the history of international law. This book analyses the approach to, and influence of, key states of the region, as well as whether truly ‘Asian’ trends can be identified and what this might mean for international order.
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Geary, David, and Sraman Mukherjee. Buddhism in Contemporary India. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.47.
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This chapter presents an overview of contemporary Indian Buddhism, broadly conceived, highlighting several historical developments, transregional influences, and Indo-centric adaptations within the colonial and postcolonial context. As the “homeland” of Buddhism and central to various contemporary revitalization movements, two themes are of particular analytical importance to this chapter: the recovery and reconfiguration of Buddhist material objects and the importance of reinvention among a range of Western and Asian Buddhist actors. After situating Indian Buddhism within the context of Indian historiography and discussions around the decline of Buddhism, this chapter examines various ways Indian Buddhist sites, artifacts, and structures are reimagined and reconfigured under colonization, nation-building, and changing socioeconomic interests. Also covered are Buddhist movements within India such as the Ambedkar-inspired New Buddhism, the role of Tibetan Buddhist refugees, and how the valorization of India’s Buddhist pilgrimage geography intersects with state goals toward tourism development and heritage diplomacy in Asia.
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Bhatia, Varuni. Unforgetting Chaitanya. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686246.001.0001.
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What role do premodern religious traditions play in the formation of modern secular identities? What relationship exists between regional devotional cultures, key bhakti figures, and anticolonial nationalism in South Asia? What are some of the multiple sites of forgetting and unforgetting that determine how we receive iconic historical figures in the present? Unforgetting Chaitanya addresses these questions by examining late nineteenth-century transformations of Vaishnavism in Bengal—a religious tradition emanating from the figure of Krishna Chaitanya (1486–1533), and articulated in this region through various bodily and artistic practices. Building upon the concept of viraha as longing for the absent one within the Vaishnava worldview, this book argues that educated and middle-class Hindu Bengalis, the bhadralok, (re)turned to Chaitanyite Vaishnavism as a unique expression of excavating their authentic selves. It argues that by searching for literary and historical pasts, discovering long lost sacred spaces, recovering manuscripts, and disciplining Vaishnava practices across sects and castes, the Bengali Hindu middle-class successfully forged a respectable, bhadralok Vaishnavism. The book engages with questions around memory and history, poetics and praxis, and sacred space and print culture in the making of modern Vaishnavism as a devotional and cultural complex, simultaneously. Thus, Unforgetting Chaitanya argues for the methodological relevance of relocating the study of Bengali or Gaudiya Vaishnavism within the historical, intellectual, and cultural context of colonial Bengal, where it assumed its modern form. In doing so, this interdisciplinary book contributes to the fields of both Religion and History of South Asia.
Book chapters on the topic "Colonies – Rome – Asie"
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Yelenik, Stephanie G., Carla M. D'Antonio, Evan M. Rehm, and Iain R. Caldwell. "Multiple feedbacks due to biotic interactions across trophic levels can lead to persistent novel conditions that hinder restoration." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 402–20. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0402.
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Abstract Unlike traditional successional theory, Alternate Stable Equilibrium (ASE) theory posits that more than one community state is possible in a single environment, depending on the order that species arrive. ASE theory is often invoked in management situations where initial stressors have been removed, but native-dominated communities are not returning to degraded areas. Fundamental to this theory is the assumption that equilibria are maintained by positive feedbacks between colonizers and their environment. While ASE has been relatively well studied in aquatic ecosystems, more complex terrestrial systems offer multiple challenges, including species interactions across trophic levels that can lead to multiple feedbacks. Here, we discuss ASE theory as it applies to terrestrial, invaded ecosystems, and detail a case study from Hawai'i that exemplifies how species interactions can favour the persistence of invaders, and how an understanding of interactions and feedbacks can be used to guide management. Our system includes intact native-dominated mesic forest and areas cleared for pasture, planted with non-native grasses, and later planted with a monoculture of a native nitrogen-fixing tree in an effort to restore forests. We discuss interactions between birds, understorey fruiting native species, understorey non-native grasses, soils and bryophytes in separate feedback mechanisms, and explain our efforts to identify which of these feedbacks is most important to address in a management context. Finally, we suggest that using models can help overcome some of the challenges that terrestrial ecosystems pose when studying ASE.
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Charbonneau, Oliver. "Imperial Interactivities." In Civilizational Imperatives, 168–98. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750724.003.0008.
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This chapter considers the role of diverse interactivities in shaping the encounter in Mindanao-Sulu. It recounts how the region maintained its own culturally hybrid character despite its portrayal as a colonial backwater as it was facilitated by links to maritime Southeast Asia and the wider Muslim world. U.S. actors moved within European colonial circles. It also cites multiscalar connections that underwrote imperial power in the Southern Philippines beyond the obscuring language of American exceptionalism. The chapter highlights how the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain during a period of rapid Euro-American territorial expansion, where imperial formations simultaneously competed with and drew from one another. It details the interaction of U.S. colonials in Mindanao-Sulu with other imperial powers as it encountered preexisting connections that stretched between and through localities, colonies, regions, and empires.
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Smith, Evan. "For Socialist Revolution or National Liberation?" In Workers of the Empire, Unite, 249–72. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800859685.003.0010.
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In the post-war period, several world events, such as the installation of the so-called People’s Democracies in Eastern Europe, the victory of the Chinese Communist Party and the beginnings of decolonisation across Africa, Asia and the Middle East, led the international communist movement to foresee a period of socialist advance, frustrated by the outbreak of the Cold War. As the Party at the centre of the largest empire at the time, the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) had become a conduit between anti-colonialists across the empire and Moscow. While a number of scholars have focused on the role of communists in national liberation movements in the colonies, this chapter focuses on how links with these movements and broader anti-colonial rhetoric was developed by the Communist Parties in the settler colonies, particularly South Africa and Australia. These Communist Parties acted as local representatives of the international communist movement within their spheres of influence, assisting in the anti-colonial struggle in surrounding areas. From the late 1940s until the 1960s, the CPGB, alongside the CPSA and the CPA, were greatly involved in building solidarity with anti-colonial movements across the British Empire. This chapter seeks to uncover the transnational links created by these parties in the era of decolonisation and the ways in which the Communist Parties in the Dominions worked with fraternal organisations in the colonial sphere.
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Attanayake, Asantha U. "Teaching methodology and the role of the teacher." In Post-Colonial Curriculum Practices in South Asia, 130–63. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351129800-8.
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Yelenik, Stephanie G., Carla M. D’Antonio, Evan M. Rehm, and Iain R. Caldwell. "Multiple feedbacks due to biotic interactions across trophic levels can lead to persistent novel conditions that hinder restoration." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 402–20. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Unlike traditional successional theory, Alternate Stable Equilibrium (ASE) theory posits that more than one community state is possible in a single environment, depending on the order that species arrive. ASE theory is often invoked in management situations where initial stressors have been removed, but native-dominated communities are not returning to degraded areas. Fundamental to this theory is the assumption that equilibria are maintained by positive feedbacks between colonizers and their environment. While ASE has been relatively well studied in aquatic ecosystems, more complex terrestrial systems offer multiple challenges, including species interactions across trophic levels that can lead to multiple feedbacks. Here, we discuss ASE theory as it applies to terrestrial, invaded ecosystems, and detail a case study from Hawai'i that exemplifies how species interactions can favour the persistence of invaders, and how an understanding of interactions and feedbacks can be used to guide management. Our system includes intact native-dominated mesic forest and areas cleared for pasture, planted with non-native grasses, and later planted with a monoculture of a native nitrogen-fixing tree in an effort to restore forests. We discuss interactions between birds, understorey fruiting native species, understorey non-native grasses, soils and bryophytes in separate feedback mechanisms, and explain our efforts to identify which of these feedbacks is most important to address in a management context. Finally, we suggest that using models can help overcome some of the challenges that terrestrial ecosystems pose when studying ASE.
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Lomas, Daniel W. B. "Empire, Commonwealth and security." In Intelligence, Security and the Attlee Governments, 1945-51. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719099144.003.0008.
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Chapter Seven explores Government attempts to combat Communist influence in and around Britain’s overseas territories and dependencies and the development of security agencies across the Commonwealth. The Attlee era also saw the development of internal security agencies around the Commonwealth modelled on British lines, resulting from Soviet espionage and American fears that Britain’s allies were far from secure. Responding to American threats to cut-off secret information to Australia, the British government responded by assisting in the development of a new internal security agency, the Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). The chapter looks at the role played by Attlee and others in Commonwealth security liaison and the role of the Commonwealth Security Conferences of 1948 and 1951, highlighting the political dimension of intelligence and security liaison. Using the recently declassified files of the Colonial Information Policy Committee, the chapter assesses British attempts to direct overseas anti-Communist publicity. Chaired by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Commonwealth Relations, Patrick Gordon Walker, the committee was formed in the autumn of 1948. The chapter explores the role of the Committee and IRD in combatting Communism in Britain’s African colonies.
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Ott, Marvin C. "U.S. Security Strategy and Southeast Asia." In China, The United States, and the Future of Southeast Asia. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479866304.003.0013.
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With the exception of the Philippines, America’s strategic interest in and engagement with Southeast Asia begins with World War II. Prior to that “Monsoon Asia” was remote and exotic—a place of fabled kingdoms, jungle headhunters, and tropical seas. By the end of the nineteenth century European powers had established colonial rule over the entire region except Thailand. Then, as the twentieth century dawned, the Spanish colonial holdings in the Philippines suddenly and unexpectedly became available to the United States as an outcome of the Spanish-American War and Admiral Dewey’s destruction of the decrepit Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. This chapter examines the strategic pivot in Southeast Asia and the role China plays in affecting the U.S. position in this region.
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Rush, James R. "5. The past is in the present." In Southeast Asia: A Very Short Introduction, 104–26. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190248765.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
What remains today of Southeast Asia’s former kingdoms and colonies and its first-draft nations? “The past is in the present” suggests the answer is quite a lot. The extraordinary heterogeneity of Southeast Asia has not changed. Beneath the skin of the region’s national identities, thousands of separate ethnicities and languages and dialects remain, playing a role in local power struggles and sometimes in national ones. The impressive survival of the new states since independence, and their formal incorporation into a web of international organizations, suggest that Southeast Asia’s nations are here to stay. And yet, Southeast Asia remains rife with conflict. Often, the sleeping mandalas provide an explanation.
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Bayly, Martin J. "Mountstuart Elphinstone, Colonial Knowledge and ‘Frontier Governmentality’ in Northwest India, 1849–1878." In Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia, 249–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914400.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
With the British annexation of the Punjab in 1849 following the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, Mountstuart Elphinstone's "An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul", and those of his intellectual successors, became "useful knowledge", and found a fertile administrative environment in the management of India's northwest frontier. According to this logic of government, frontier spaces could be tamed through adequate knowledge and understanding of their indigenous populations, part of a wider assemblage of power that has been referred to in Foucauldian terms as "frontier governmentality". Taking this concept as its starting point, this chapter turns its attention to the procurement, evolution, and use of colonial knowledge as part of this wider project of frontier governance. If "frontier governmentality" differed from "colonial governmentality", then what made it distinct? By studying the trajectories of the body of colonial knowledge initiated by Mountstuart Elphinstone and his intellectual successors, new understandings of colonial power in frontier spaces start to emerge through the lens of "governmentality", offering key insights into the modalities of colonial government in so-called "peripheral" areas, and the role played by "colonial knowledge" as part of this assemblage of power.
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Nayyar, Deepak. "The rise of Asia." In Resurgent Asia, 29–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849513.003.0002.
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The transformation of Asia reflected in its demographic transition, social progress, and economic development, has been phenomenal. During 1970–2016, growth in GDP and GDP per capita in Asia was much higher than elsewhere in the world economy. Its share of world GDP rose from less than one-tenth to three-tenths. Its income per capita converged towards the world average. Its share in world industrial production jumped from 4 per cent to 40 per cent. This provides a sharp contrast with the precipitous decline of Asia in the world economy during the colonial era. For Asian countries, political independence, which restored their economic autonomy and enabled them to pursue their national development objectives, made this possible. However, economic and social development was most unequal between the constituent sub-regions of Asia. East Asia was the leader and South Asia was the laggard, with Southeast Asia in the middle, while progress in West Asia did not match its high income levels.
Conference papers on the topic "Colonies – Rome – Asie"
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Patriarca, Luca, Can Içöz, Mauro Filippini, and Stefano Beretta. "Microscopic Analysis of Fatigue Damage Accumulation in TiAl Intermetallics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-27091.
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In order to design efficient and light components for the aircraft industry preserving the safety of the design, more sophisticated design criteria are required for the application of new materials. In particular, the usage of novel manufacturing processes to produce advanced materials such as the gamma titanium aluminide alloys (γ-TiAl) requires the investigation of the microstructure influence in the fatigue damage accumulation processes. In this work we examine a Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy obtained with an additive manufacturing technique by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) by conducting monotonic and fatigue experiments both on tension and compression samples. The full-field residual strain maps corresponding to different applied stress levels and number of cycles are obtained through the use of high-resolution Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The strain maps were overlaid with the images of the microstructure and detailed analyses were performed to investigate the features of the microstructure where high local strain heterogeneities arise. High local residual plastic shear strains were measured inside lamellar colonies, which are detected as the precursor to fatigue crack initiation. The measure of the residual strains also provides further information on the role of the intermetallic phases on the fatigue behavior of γ-TiAl alloys.
Reports on the topic "Colonies – Rome – Asie"
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Richards, Robin. The Effect of Non-partisan Elections and Decentralisation on Local Government Performance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.014.
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This rapid review focusses on whether there is international evidence on the role of non-partisan elections as a form of decentralised local government that improves performance of local government. The review provides examples of this from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. There are two reported examples in Sub-Saharan Africa of non-partisan elections that delink candidates from political parties during election campaigns. The use of non-partisan elections to improve performance and democratic accountability at the level of government is not common, for example, in southern Africa all local elections at the sub-national sphere follow the partisan model. Whilst there were no examples found where countries shifted from partisan to non-partisan elections at the local government level, the literature notes that decentralisation policies have the effect of democratising and transferring power and therefore few central governments implement it fully. In Africa decentralisation is favoured because it is often used as a cover for central control. Many post-colonial leaders in Africa continue to favour centralised government under the guise of decentralisation. These preferences emanated from their experiences under colonisation where power was maintained by colonial administrations through institutions such as traditional leadership. A review of the literature on non-partisan elections at the local government level came across three examples where this occurred. These countries were: Ghana, Uganda and Bangladesh. Although South Africa holds partisan elections at the sub-national sphere, the election of ward committee members and ward councillors, is on a non-partisan basis and therefore, the ward committee system in South Africa is included as an example of a non-partisan election process in the review.