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Journal articles on the topic 'Colony collapse disorder of honeybees'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 23 February 2023

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1

Nikita, Aseem Grover, Preeti Kalia, Reshma Sinha, and Pratibha Garg. "Colony collapse disorder: A peril to apiculture." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3502.

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Apiculture has become a profitable profession due to the high economic importance of honey and various beehive products. Honeybees are tiny social insects that perform a crucial function in the agricultural field and are necessary for good yields. Honeybees are the biological indicators of environmental health. Unforeseen rapid decrease in honeybee numbers characterized by the departure of honeybees from the colonies and accompanied by the total absence of any dead bees in the hive surrounding and inside it suggests a condition called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Pesticides, pathogens, and other ecological stresses such as nutritional deficiency may add to bee extinction or CCD. Besides this, the exposure to low-level radiofrequency and microwave radiations from mobile phones also have profound undesirable effects on honeybees. Research has shown changes in biology and behaviour which includes some undesirable changes in the biomolecules concentration in honeybees because of radiation exposure. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF- EMF ) also affects honeybee`s immune system and navigation activities. The radiation induces emotional disturbance and genetic disorders in brood which attributes to a decline in the breeding efficiency of bees. The present review is an attempt to compile the causes of CCD and discuss the management practices to be followed by the beekeepers to avoid the devastating loss to them and the planet Earth.

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Moeini, Sahar, Farnaz Malekifard, and Mousa Tavassoli. "Identification of the Nosema spp., a microsporidian parasite isolated from the honey bees (Apis mellifera) and its association with honey bee colony losses in apiaries of Iran." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 3667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25393.

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The aim of this study was to determine the Nosema species by microscopic and molecular method and its association with honeybee colony losses (Colony Collapse Disorder) in apiaries of Urmia, Northwest of Iran. For this purpose, honeybee samples were collected from 840 colonies kept in 120 apiaries in five different location of Urmia. The specimens were examined for the presence of Nosema spores. After DNA isolation, the 16S rRNA gene was evaluated using multiplex PCR. Total infection prevalence with the microscopic evaluation was 32% while in PCR test was 58.2%. Nosema positive samples were evaluated by PCR sequencing. Based on the results of PCR, all identified cases were N. ceranae. The obtained sequences were transferred to GenBank/NCBI (samples accession numbers MT001887 and MT001893). The results showed the prevalence of Colony Collapse Disorder like symptoms in the studied honeybee colonies were 13.33%. N. ceranae was detected by PCR in 20.28 % of honeybee colonies with Colony Collapse Disorder like signs. Our findings showed that there was a significant relation between Colony Collapse Disorder and presence of N. ceranae. The results of this study concluded that N. ceranae is the only specie that affects the honeybees which may have an important role in the occurrence of collapse of bee families and depopulation of hives in this area.

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3

Gupta, Deepali, Harsha Chauhan, Sheifali Gupta, and Rupesh Gupta. "Effect of Colony Collapse Disorder on Honeybees." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 4149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8494.

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Bees play a vital role in saving environment as they are the paramount agricultural pollinators and are the prior pollinators in the tropical ecosystem. Now a days, bees are in trouble as they are suffering from a mysterious condition known as colony collapse disorder in which honeybees leave their hives but fail to return back there because of the environmental activities done by the human. It caused a tremendous drop in the number of bees around the globe. The main reasons behind it are massive use of pesticides in agriculture, trading of bees by the humans and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the portable devices. In this research paper, importance of honeybees and the reason behind their disappearance has been studied.

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4

M. Kribs-Zaleta, Christopher, and Christopher Mitchell. "Modeling colony collapse disorder in honeybees as a contagion." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 11, no. 6 (2014): 1275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2014.11.1275.

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5

El-Seedi, Hesham R., Hanan R. Ahmed, Aida A. Abd El-Wahed, Aamer Saeed, Ahmed F. Algethami, Nour F. Attia, Zhiming Guo, et al. "Bee Stressors from an Immunological Perspective and Strategies to Improve Bee Health." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050199.

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Honeybees are the most prevalent insect pollinator species; they pollinate a wide range of crops. Colony collapse disorder (CCD), which is caused by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, incurs high economic/ecological loss. Despite extensive research to identify and study the various ecological stressors such as microbial infections, exposure to pesticides, loss of habitat, and improper beekeeping practices that are claimed to cause these declines, the deep understanding of the observed losses of these important insects is still missing. Honeybees have an innate immune system, which includes physical barriers and cellular and humeral responses to defend against pathogens and parasites. Exposure to various stressors may affect this system and the health of individual bees and colonies. This review summarizes and discusses the composition of the honeybee immune system and the consequences of exposure to stressors, individually or in combinations, on honeybee immune competence. In addition, we discuss the relationship between bee nutrition and immunity. Nutrition and phytochemicals were highlighted as the factors with a high impact on honeybee immunity.

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6

Barlow, Matt. "Enchanted Bee-ings." Humanimalia 8, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9634.

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In the last decade there has been an increase of interest and concern for the lives and well being of honeybees. With the onset of colony collapse disorder (CCD) in 2006 where we saw the disappearance of millions of bees from North America and Europe for seemingly unknown reasons, people began to realize just how important honeybees are, not only to advanced methods of agricultural production, but also our ecological futures. This article brings to light the varied relationships that have materialized between humans and honeybees, from mid 20th century scientific discoveries, to contemporary urban beekeeping projects that seek to bring ‘nature’ into the city in order to help “save the honeybee.” It aims to articulate moments of enchantment that occur in the presence of honeybees, moments that inspire a deeper understanding of the ecological processes and spiritual dispositions that configure our place on Earth amongst the family of things. While drawing primarily from recent articles and books that sit within the emerging field of multispecies ethnography, this article also draws from, and is inspired by, recent work in philosophy, environmental sciences, and human ecology.

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7

Kiljanek, Tomasz, Alicja Niewiadowska, and Andrzej Posyniak. "Pesticide Poisoning of Honeybees: A Review of Symptoms, Incident Classification, and Causes of Poisoning." Journal of Apicultural Science 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2016-0024.

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AbstractDuring the 2000s, the problem of pesticide poisoning of honeybees seemed to be almost solved. The number of cases has decreased in comparison to the 1970s. The problem of acute honeybee poisoning, however, has not disappeared, but instead has transformed into a problem of poisoning from ‘traditional’ pesticides like organophosphorus pesticides or pyrethroids, to poisoning from additional sources of ‘modern’ systemic neonicotinoids and fipronil. In this article, the biological activity of pesticides was reviewed. The poisoning symptoms, incident definitions, and monitoring systems, as well as the interpretation of the analytical results, were also reviewed. The range of pesticides, and the detected concentrations of pesticides in poisoned honeybee samples, were reviewed. And, for the first time, cases of poisoning related to neonicotinoids were reviewed. The latter especially is of practical importance and could be helpful to analysts and investigators of honeybee poisoning incidents. It is assumed that secondary poisoning induced by plant collected materials contaminated with systemic pesticides occurs. Food stored in a hive and contaminated with systemic pesticides consumed continuously by the same generation of winter bees, may result in sub-lethal intoxication. This leads to abnormal behaviour identified during acute intoxication. The final result is that the bees discontinue their social role in the honeybee colony super organism, and colony collapse disorder (CCD) takes place. The process described above refers primarily to robust and strong colonies that were able to collect plenty of food due to effective plant protection.

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8

Liu, Peng, Jingheng Niu, Yejia Zhu, Zhuang Li, Liang Ye, Haiqun Cao, Tengfei Shi, and Linsheng Yu. "Apilactobacillus kunkeei Alleviated Toxicity of Acetamiprid in Honeybee." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121167.

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Nowadays, colony collapse disorder extensively affects honeybees. Insecticides, including acetamiprid, are considered as critical factors. As prevalent probiotics, we speculated that supplementation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could alleviate acetamiprid-induced health injuries in honeybees. Apilactobacillus kunkeei was isolated from beebread; it significantly increased the survival of honeybees under acetamiprid exportation (from 84% to 92%). Based on 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, information on the intestinal bacteria of honeybees was acquired. The results showed that supplementation with A. kunkeei significantly increased survival and decreased pollen consumption by honeybees under acetamiprid exportation. Under acetamiprid exportation, some opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria invaded the intestinal regions. Subsequently, the community richness and diversity of symbiotic microbiota were decreased. The community structure of intestinal bacteria was changed and differentiated. However, with the supplementation of A. kunkeei, the community richness and community diversity of symbiotic microbiota showed an upward trend, and the community structure was stabilized. Our results showed that A. kunkeei alleviated acetamiprid-induced symbiotic microbiota dysregulation and mortality in honeybees. This demonstrates the importance of symbiotic microbiota in honeybees and supports the application of Apilactobacillus kunkeei as probiotics in beekeeping.

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9

WYSZKOWSKA, Joanna. "Electromagnetic Fields and Colony Collapse Disorder of the Honeybee." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2019.01.35.

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10

Chandra, Vikash, Arvind K. Singh, Sunil Singh, Ajay Kumar, Dheeraj K. Tiwari, Ratna Sahay, Ramesh C. Maurya, and Archana Singh. "Management of Colony Collapse Disorder in Honeybee (Apis mellifera): A Farmer’s Friendly Approach Running Head: Management of Colony Collapse Disorder in Honeybee." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 02 (February 10, 2019): 2557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.298.

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11

Dziechciarz, Piotr, Grzegorz Borsuk, and Krzysztof Olszewski. "Prospects and Validity of Laboratory Cage Tests Conducted in Honeybee Research Part Two: New Possibilities for Use of Laboratory Cage Tests in Response to Challenges Revealed at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries." Journal of Apicultural Science 64, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0002.

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AbstractNowadays, cell cultures are a standard tool in animal biotechnology, but the problem with honeybees is the constant lack of appropriate cell lines to be used in in vitro research. Until the imperfections of bee tissue cultures are resolved, researchers have to conduct experiments on bees in laboratory cage tests (LCTs).At the turn of the 21st century many new hazards for beekeeping appeared. An early recognized problem was the Colony Collapse Disorder and Honey Bee Depopulation Syndrome, which were associated with the harmfulness of pesticides and strictly linked with a decline in bee immunity. Such problems in LCTs were attempted to be resolved through research on the interactions between biostimulators and antiparasitic drugs. LCTs allow the relationship between the dose of a specific factor and its impact to be determined, which can be used in the establishment of reference values. Furthermore, LCTs may be a useful tool in understanding the function and role of bee gut flora.Using the honeybee as an animal model is possible thanks to knowledge of the honeybee genome and bee biology and the similarity between some physiological and biochemical processes and those occurring in humans. So far, LCTs have been used to understand better human aging, learning and gene expression regulating. This is facilitated by the advanced development of medicine and molecular genetics, and in the future the use of honeybees may become a standard in biochemical or gerontological research.

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12

Mullapudi, Edukondalu, Antonín Přidal, Lenka Pálková, Joachim R. de Miranda, and Pavel Plevka. "Virion Structure of Israeli Acute Bee Paralysis Virus." Journal of Virology 90, no. 18 (July 6, 2016): 8150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00854-16.

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ABSTRACTThe pollination services provided by the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) are critical for agricultural production and the diversity of wild flowering plants. However, honeybees suffer from environmental pollution, habitat loss, and pathogens, including viruses that can cause fatal diseases. Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), from the familyDicistroviridae, has been shown to cause colony collapse disorder in the United States. Here, we present the IAPV virion structure determined to a resolution of 4.0 Å and the structure of a pentamer of capsid protein protomers at a resolution of 2.7 Å. IAPV has major capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 with noncanonical jellyroll β-barrel folds composed of only seven instead of eight β-strands, as is the rule for proteins of other viruses with the same fold. The maturation of dicistroviruses is connected to the cleavage of precursor capsid protein VP0 into subunits VP3 and VP4. We show that a putative catalytic site formed by the residues Asp-Asp-Phe of VP1 is optimally positioned to perform the cleavage. Furthermore, unlike many picornaviruses, IAPV does not contain a hydrophobic pocket in capsid protein VP1 that could be targeted by capsid-binding antiviral compounds.IMPORTANCEHoneybee pollination is required for agricultural production and to sustain the biodiversity of wild flora. However, honeybee populations in Europe and North America are under pressure from pathogens, including viruses that cause colony losses. Viruses from the familyDicistroviridaecan cause honeybee infections that are lethal, not only to individual honeybees, but to whole colonies. Here, we present the virion structure of anAparavirus, Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), a member of a complex of closely related viruses that are distributed worldwide. IAPV exhibits unique structural features not observed in other picorna-like viruses. Capsid protein VP1 of IAPV does not contain a hydrophobic pocket, implying that capsid-binding antiviral compounds that can prevent the replication of vertebrate picornaviruses may be ineffective against honeybee virus infections.

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13

Nimmo, Richie. "The Bio-Politics of Bees." Humanimalia 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9909.

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Everywhere, honeybees and other insect pollinators are dwindling and dying, in a slowly but relentlessly unfolding crisis that has come to be known as “Colony Collapse Disorder.” This article draws upon theoretical currents from animal studies, environmental sociology and ecofeminism in order to explore the aetiology and significance of this crisis, an animal-techno-ecological assemblage of forbidding complexity and intense controversy. It is argued that the critical animal studies concept of the “animal-industrial complex” offers a potentially fruitful framework for grasping CCD, but that it ultimately rests upon notions of nonhuman animal subjectivity and objectification which do not translate persuasively to eusocial invertebrates such as honeybees. The article therefore develops a bio-political reading of the animal-industrial complex which reworks its conceptual underpinnings such as to render coherent the notion of an “apis-industrial complex.” This bio-political approach is articulated through a critical discussion of the relationship between the industrial organization of agricultural production and the vital materiality of complex living systems.

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14

Lu, Chensheng, Chi-Hsuan Chang, Bernardo Lemos, Quan Zhang, and David MacIntosh. "Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Plausible Pathway for Honeybee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 7, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00070.

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15

Sukkar, Dani, Philippe Laval-Gilly, Antoine Bonnefoy, Sandhya Malladi, Sabine Azoury, Ali Kanso, and Jairo Falla-Angel. "Differential Production of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide among Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, and Mamestra brassicae Immune-Activated Hemocytes after Exposure to Imidacloprid and Amitraz." Insects 14, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020174.

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Invertebrates have a diverse immune system that responds differently to stressors such as pesticides and pathogens, which leads to different degrees of susceptibility. Honeybees are facing a phenomenon called colony collapse disorder which is attributed to several factors including pesticides and pathogens. We applied an in vitro approach to assess the response of immune-activated hemocytes from Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster and Mamestra brassicae after exposure to imidacloprid and amitraz. Hemocytes were exposed to the pesticides in single and co-exposures using zymosan A for immune activation. We measured the effect of these exposures on cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production from 15 to 120 min and on extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production after 3 h to assess potential alterations in the oxidative response. Our results indicate that NO and H2O2 production is more altered in honeybee hemocytes compared to D. melanogaster and M. brassicae cell lines. There is also a differential production at different time points after pesticide exposure between these insect species as contrasting effects were evident with the oxidative responses in hemocytes. The results imply that imidacloprid and amitraz act differently on the immune response among insect orders and may render honeybee colonies more susceptible to infection and pests.

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16

Coons, Brett D., and James M. Quinn. "Rates of honeybee sting hypersensitivity in San Antonio during honeybee colony collapse disorder." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 110, no. 6 (June 2013): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2013.03.012.

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17

Leska, Aleksandra, Adriana Nowak, and Ilona Motyl. "Isolation and Some Basic Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Environment—A Preliminary Study." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101562.

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In light of the phenomenon of colony collapse disorder, there has been a growing interest in finding natural and ecological ways for improving honeybee health. The aim of this scientific research was the isolation and characterization of LAB, which in the future could show the potential to construct a protective preparation for honeybees. After performing MALDI-TOF analysis, of a total of 76 bacterial strains isolated from flowers and honeybee products, 31 were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus, 26 as Pediococcus acidilactici, and 19 as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The characterization of the isolated LAB displayed that CO2 production was present in 52 strains. The highest biomass productivity was observed in the case of strain 9/1 isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with biomass productivity equal to 2.100. All isolated bacterial strains showed the ability to produce lactic acid. The strain 13/3 isolated from small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata L.) displayed the highest lactic acid production capacity in 100 mL of culture, i.e., 1.903 g of lactic acid. The carbohydrate assimilation pattern was examined using API 50 CH tests. All isolated strains were able to utilize esculin, D-ribose, D-galactose, D-glucose D-fructose, and D-mannose. It was also noted that the reduction of sugars is a strain-dependent ability and is specific for individual strains.

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18

Stankus, Tony. "Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: An Update on Honeybee Colony Collapse Disorder." Science & Technology Libraries 33, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 228–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0194262x.2014.912573.

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19

Emerson, Eva. "Life: Honeybee death suspects spotted: Colony collapse disorder linked to virus-fungus conspiracy." Science News 177, no. 13 (June 8, 2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591771318.

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20

Kosut, Mary, and Lisa Jean Moore. "Bees Making Art." Humanimalia 5, no. 2 (February 2, 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9949.

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In many cultural fields honeybees reveal themselves as a highly generative species; one that humans have become dependent on. Within the backdrop of Colony Collapse Disorder, this essay examines how live bees are used in the production of art works. Historically, bees have been an absent presence in art as artists have relied upon bees for the raw material they create (wax, honeycomb) and for their metaphorical value. Most recently, bees themselves have become art by being transformed into sculptural objects or employed in collaborative insect/human performances that depend upon their embodied labor and participation. Using a bee-centric approach, we track the bees’ path across human art worlds, attentive to the complex ecological, agricultural, and cultural systems they co-create. These interspecies exchanges testify not only to trends in contemporary art, but larger ideas about animal/human boundaries and contemporary environmental issues.

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21

Caldararo, Niccolo. "Social Behaviour and the Superorganism: Implications for Disease and Stability in Complex Animal Societies and Colony Collapse Disorder in Honeybees." Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13, no. 1 (2015): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7906/indecs.13.1.10.

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22

Highfield, Andrea C., Aliya El Nagar, Luke C. M. Mackinder, Laure M. L. J. Noï¿½l, Matthew J. Hall, Stephen J. Martin, and Declan C. Schroeder. "Deformed Wing Virus Implicated in Overwintering Honeybee Colony Losses." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 22 (September 25, 2009): 7212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02227-09.

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ABSTRACT The worldwide decline in honeybee colonies during the past 50 years has often been linked to the spread of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and its interaction with certain honeybee viruses. Recently in the United States, dramatic honeybee losses (colony collapse disorder) have been reported; however, there remains no clear explanation for these colony losses, with parasitic mites, viruses, bacteria, and fungal diseases all being proposed as possible candidates. Common characteristics that most failing colonies share is a lack of overt disease symptoms and the disappearance of workers from what appears to be normally functioning colonies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR to monitor the presence of three honeybee viruses, deformed wing virus (DWV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), and black queen cell virus (BQCV), during a 1-year period in 15 asymptomatic, varroa mite-positive honeybee colonies in Southern England, and 3 asymptomatic colonies confirmed to be varroa mite free. All colonies with varroa mites underwent control treatments to ensure that mite populations remained low throughout the study. Despite this, multiple virus infections were detected, yet a significant correlation was observed only between DWV viral load and overwintering colony losses. The long-held view has been that DWV is relatively harmless to the overall health status of honeybee colonies unless it is in association with severe varroa mite infestations. Our findings suggest that DWV can potentially act independently of varroa mites to bring about colony losses. Therefore, DWV may be a major factor in overwintering colony losses.

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23

Garcia, Maria Laura Genchi, Santiago Plischuk, Claudio Marcelo Bravi, and Francisco Jose Reynaldi. "An Overview on Honeybee Colony Losses in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina." Sociobiology 66, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i1.3366.

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Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are essential for the ecosystem, so their loss threatens biodiversity and agriculture. Several factors have been proposed as possible causes of both massive losses and Colony Collapse Disorder. In August 2017 episodes of colony losses were registered in General Alvear, Buenos Aires province. The aim of the present study was to find possible causes of these events. The samples were screened for presence of several pathogens and the determination of maternal lineages was also performed. Seven out of ten colonies were positive for pathogens, but there was no high prevalence of any of them. It will be necessary to carry out a standardization of studies, and delineate boundaries that allow comparing cases in order to discriminate different types of mortality of colonies that occur worldwide.

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R, Arun Sekar. "Novel Pollination Drone for Agricultural Assistance." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 3408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44596.

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Abstract: One of the major issues concerning current agricultural productionis crop pollination. Approximately $74 billion per year worth of crops in rely on pollination by various pollinators. However, the recent decline ofhoney bees (i.e. colony collapse disorder) has greatly threatened productivity. Declines of other native pollinators, such as different insecttypes and animals, have also been reported. Such shortages of pollinatorshave significantly increased the cost of farmers and renting them for pollination services. To overcome this problem, this project presents an automated drone for pollination which uses deeplearning and machine learning algorithms to estimate the flower position, size, orientation, andphysical condition to guide the drone to capture and interact with flowersfor pollination. In this concept we use drone and artificial intelligence method to carry pre collected pollen and to inject them in flowers for pollination to increase productivity. Drone pollination bypasses many current issues with natural pollinators inagriculture, such as honeybee colony collapse disorder, pollinator parasites and diseases, predators, pesticide spray, adverse weather, and the availability of pollinators in a timely manner. Second, robotic pollinators will improve fruit quality andproduction. With the decreasing number of bees, artificial pollination is more in trend. If we take the example of China, 100% plants are pollinated artificially. So, we can see that artificial pollination is beneficial and can increase plant productivity. The successful completionof this project will significantly impact the field of artificial pollination inagriculture.

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Migdał, Paweł, Agnieszka Murawska, Aneta Strachecka, Paweł Bieńkowski, and Adam Roman. "Changes in the Honeybee Antioxidant System after 12 h of Exposure to Electromagnetic Field Frequency of 50 Hz and Variable Intensity." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100713.

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In recent years, on a global scale, more and more reports of a phenomenon called CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder) have been reported. In addition to pesticides, diseases, and other environmental stressors, electromagnetic fields are also mentioned as one of the possible causes of CCD. One of the body’s first lines of defense against harmful factors is the antioxidant system. We hypothesized that electromagnetic field upregulate the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalases), and changed FRAP (total antioxidant potential) in honeybee hemolymph. In our research, 12 h bee’s exposure to E-field was analyzed to determine changes in the antioxidant system. The frequency of 50 Hz and various intensities were used: 5.0 kV/m, 11.5 kV/m, 23.0 kV/m, and 34.5 kV/m. Superoxide dismutase was characterized by four times higher activity in the study groups as compared to the control group. Catalase activity in all groups was characterized by statistically significantly different activity between the groups. The highest activity was recorded in the 34.5 kV/m group. The lowest activity was recorded in the 11.5 kV/m group. A relationship was found between different E-field intensities and changes in the antioxidant system.

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Ntawuzumunsi, Elias, Santhi Kumaran, and Louis Sibomana. "Self-Powered Smart Beehive Monitoring and Control System (SBMaCS)." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103522.

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Beekeeping in Africa has been practiced for many years through successive generations and along inherited patterns. Beekeepers continue to face challenges in accessing consistent and business-driven markets for their bee products. In addition, the honeybee populations are decreasing due to colony collapse disorder (CCD), fire, loss of bees in swarming, honey buggers and other animals, moths, starvation, cold weather, and Varoa mites. The main issues are related to un-controlled temperature, humidity, and traditional management of beekeeping. These challenges result in low production of honey and colony losses. The control of the environmental conditions within and surrounding the beehives are not available to beekeepers due to the lack of monitoring systems. A Smart Beehive System using Internet of Things (IoT) technology would allow beekeepers to keep track of the amount of honey created in their hives and bee colonies even when they are far from their hives, through mobile phones, which would curtail the challenges currently faced by the beekeepers. However, there are challenges in the design of energy-efficient embedded electronic devices for IoT. A promising solution is to provide energy autonomy to the IoT nodes that will harvest residual energy from ambient sources, such as motion, vibrations, light, or heat. This paper proposes a Self-Powered Smart Beehive Monitoring and Control System (SBMaCS) using IoT to support remote follow-up and control, enhancing bee colonies’ security and thus increasing the honey productivity. First, we develop the SBMaCS hardware prototype interconnecting various sensors, such as temperature sensor, humidity sensor, piezoelectric transducer—which will work as a weight sensor—motion sensor, and flame sensor. Second, we introduce energy harvesting models to self-power the SBMaCS by analyzing the (i) energy harvested from adult bees’ vibrations, (ii) energy harvesting through the piezoelectric transducer, and (iii) radio frequency energy harvesting. Third, we develop a mobile phone application that interacts with the SBMaCS hardware to monitor and control the various parameters related to the beehives. Finally, the SBMaCS PCB layout is also designed. SBMaCS will help beekeepers to successfully monitor and control some important smart beekeeping activities wherever they are using their mobile phone application.

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Dainat, Benjamin, Dennis vanEngelsdorp, and Peter Neumann. "Colony collapse disorder in Europe." Environmental Microbiology Reports 4, no. 1 (December 29, 2011): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00312.x.

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Williams, Geoffrey R., David R. Tarpy, Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Marie-Pierre Chauzat, Diana L. Cox-Foster, Keith S. Delaplane, Peter Neumann, Jeffery S. Pettis, Richard E. L. Rogers, and Dave Shutler. "Colony Collapse Disorder in context." BioEssays 32, no. 10 (August 20, 2010): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000075.

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Matsumoto, Takashi. "Short- and long-term effects of neonicotinoid application in rice fields, on the mortality and colony collapse of honeybees (Apis mellifera)." Journal of Apicultural Science 57, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2013-0014.

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Abstract Declines in honeybee (Apis mellifera ) colonies have elicited great concern worldwide. Recently, many Japanese beekeepers have implied that midsummer use of a new insecticide, neonicotinoid, in rice fields, is causing widespread mortality of neighboring honeybees and frequently resulting in colony collapse. Since few field experiments have directly tested the effects of neonicotinoids, I addressed four research questions in the field. The questions are: 1) Does clothianidin application in rice fields cause the collapse of neighboring honeybee colonies? 2) Is colony collapse related to hive distance from the rice field? 3) Is the number of dead honeybee workers after spraying, related to hive distance from the field? 4) What are the long-term effects of neonicotinoid use on honeybee colony growth, especially brood production? In the late summer of 2010, honeybee hives were placed adjacent to two separate rice fields for 1 week. The hives were placed at the distance of 0, 30, 60, and 90 m. After spraying clothianidin, a daily count of dead worker honeybees was done for a week. Hives were weighed, and capped-brood areas were estimated weekly, for 2 months following insecticide application. Although the average number of dead workers ranged from 40 to over 100 within 24 hours after spraying, only a few dead workers were observed in the subsequent days. Distance from the rice field had no significant effect on the number of dead workers. There were no collapsed colonies during the 2-month, post-spray observation period. Hive weight and capped-brood area did not significantly differ among those hives placed at varying distances from the rice field. These results indicated that clothianidin spraying of the rice field increased the mortality of the honeybees, but did not always cause colony collapse.

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Ragsdale, Nancy N., Kevin Hackett, and Kim Kaplan. "Vanishing Honey Bees – Colony Collapse Disorder." Outlooks on Pest Management 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/18dec10.

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vanEngelsdorp, Dennis, Jay D. Evans, Claude Saegerman, Chris Mullin, Eric Haubruge, Bach Kim Nguyen, Maryann Frazier, et al. "Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study." PLoS ONE 4, no. 8 (August 3, 2009): e6481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006481.

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Buczek, Krzysztof. "Honey bee colony collapse disorder (CCD)." Annales UMCS, Medicina Veterinaria 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10082-009-0001-x.

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Anderson, D., I. J. East;, D. Cox-Foster, S. Conlan, E. C. Holmes, G. Palacios, A. Kalkstein, et al. "The Latest Buzz About Colony Collapse Disorder." Science 319, no. 5864 (February 8, 2008): 724c—725c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.319.5864.724c.

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Trinder, Mark, Tim W. McDowell, Brendan A. Daisley, Sohrab N. Ali, Hon S. Leong, Mark W. Sumarah, and Gregor Reid. "Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Organophosphate Pesticide Absorption and Toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 20 (August 12, 2016): 6204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01510-16.

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ABSTRACTOrganophosphate pesticides used in agriculture can pose health risks to humans and wildlife. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation withLactobacillus, a genus of commensal bacteria, would reduce absorption and toxicity of consumed organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos [CP]). SeveralLactobacillusspecies were screened for toleration of 100 ppm of CP or parathion in MRS broth based on 24-h growth curves. CertainLactobacillusstrains were unable to reach stationary-phase culture maxima and displayed an abnormal culture morphology in response to pesticide. Further characterization of commonly used, pesticide-tolerant and pesticide-susceptible, probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusstrain GG (LGG) andL. rhamnosusstrain GR-1 (LGR-1), respectively, revealed that both strains could significantly sequester organophosphate pesticides from solution after 24-h coincubations. This effect was independent of metabolic activity, asL. rhamnosusGG did not hydrolyze CP and no difference in organophosphate sequestration was observed between live and heat-killed strains. Furthermore, LGR-1 and LGG reduced the absorption of 100 μM parathion or CP in a Caco-2 Transwell model of the small intestine epithelium. To determine the effect of sequestration on acute toxicity, newly eclosedDrosophila melanogasterflies were exposed to food containing 10 μM CP with or without supplementation with live LGG. Supplementation with LGG simultaneously, but not with administration of CP 3 days prior (prophylactically), mitigated CP-induced mortality. In summary, the results suggest thatL. rhamnosusmay be useful for reducing toxic organophosphate pesticide exposure via passive binding. These findings could be transferable to clinical and livestock applications due to affordability and practical ability to supplement products with food-grade bacteria.IMPORTANCEThe consequences of environmental pesticide pollution due to widespread usage in agriculture and soil leaching are becoming a major societal concern. Although the long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure for humans and wildlife remain largely unknown, logic suggests that these chemicals are not aligned with ecosystem health. This observation is most strongly supported by the agricultural losses associated with honeybee population declines, known as colony collapse disorder, in which pesticide usage is a likely trigger. Lactobacilli are bacteria used as beneficial microorganisms in fermented foods and have shown potentials to sequester and degrade environmental toxins. This study demonstrated that commonly used probiotic strains of lactobacilli could sequester, but not metabolize, organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos). ThisLactobacillus-mediated sequestration was associated with decreased intestinal absorption and insect toxicity in appropriate models. These findings hold promise for supplementing human, livestock, or apiary foods with probiotic microorganisms to reduce organophosphate pesticide exposure.

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Watanabe, Myrna E. "Colony Collapse Disorder: Many Suspects, No Smoking Gun." BioScience 58, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b580503.

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Seaver, Ben. "Honey bee social immunity and Colony Collapse Disorder." Journal of Apicultural Research 50, no. 1 (January 2011): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.50.1.08.

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Ellis, James D., Jay D. Evans, and Jeff Pettis. "Colony losses, managed colony population decline, and Colony Collapse Disorder in the United States." Journal of Apicultural Research 49, no. 1 (January 2010): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.49.1.30.

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Watson, Kelly, and J. Anthony Stallins. "Honey Bees and Colony Collapse Disorder: A Pluralistic Reframing." Geography Compass 10, no. 5 (May 2016): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12266.

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39

Cooper, Edwin L. "Colony Collapse Disorder May Affect Complementary and Alternative Medicine." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4, no. 3 (2007): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem092.

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40

Holzman, David C. "RNA Interference Looks Promising against Bee Colony Collapse Disorder." Microbe Magazine 5, no. 11 (January 1, 2010): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.5.465.1.

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41

Blanken, Lisa J., Frank van Langevelde, and Coby van Dooremalen. "Interaction between Varroa destructor and imidacloprid reduces flight capacity of honeybees." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1820 (December 7, 2015): 20151738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1738.

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Current high losses of honeybees seriously threaten crop pollination. Whereas parasite exposure is acknowledged as an important cause of these losses, the role of insecticides is controversial. Parasites and neonicotinoid insecticides reduce homing success of foragers (e.g. by reduced orientation), but it is unknown whether they negatively affect flight capacity. We investigated how exposing colonies to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid affect flight capacity of foragers. Flight distance, time and speed of foragers were measured in flight mills to assess the relative and interactive effects of high V. destructor load and a field-realistic, chronic sub-lethal dose of imidacloprid. Foragers from colonies exposed to high levels of V. destructor flew shorter distances, with a larger effect when also exposed to imidacloprid. Bee body mass partly explained our results as bees were heavier when exposed to these stressors, possibly due to an earlier onset of foraging. Our findings contribute to understanding of interacting stressors that can explain colony losses. Reduced flight capacity decreases the food-collecting ability of honeybees and may hamper the use of precocious foraging as a coping mechanism during colony (nutritional) stress. Ineffective coping mechanisms may lead to destructive cascading effects and subsequent colony collapse.

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Santhosh Kumar, Sundar. "Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in Honey Bees Caused by EMF Radiation." Bioinformation 14, no. 9 (December 31, 2018): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630014521.

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43

vanEngelsdorp, Dennis, Kirsten S. Traynor, Michael Andree, Elinor M. Lichtenberg, Yanping Chen, Claude Saegerman, and Diana L. Cox-Foster. "Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and bee age impact honey bee pathophysiology." PLOS ONE 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2017): e0179535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179535.

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44

Chejanovsky, Nor, Ron Ophir, Michal Sharabi Schwager, Yossi Slabezki, Smadar Grossman, and Diana Cox-Foster. "Characterization of viral siRNA populations in honey bee colony collapse disorder." Virology 454-455 (April 2014): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.012.

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Cox-Foster, D. L., S. Conlan, E. C. Holmes, G. Palacios, J. D. Evans, N. A. Moran, P. L. Quan, et al. "A Metagenomic Survey of Microbes in Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder." Science 318, no. 5848 (October 12, 2007): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1146498.

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46

Roy, Debashis, Pranab Debnath, Dibyendu Mondal, and Pijush Sarkar. "Colony Collapse Disorder of Honey Bee: A Neoteric Ruction in Global Apiculture." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 26, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2018/38218.

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47

Tokarz, Rafal, Cadhla Firth, Craig Street, Diana L. Cox-Foster, and W. Ian Lipkin. "Lack of Evidence for an Association between Iridovirus and Colony Collapse Disorder." PLoS ONE 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2011): e21844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021844.

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48

Boehm, Meredith K., and Vandana Singh. "Analysis of government environmental agency web pages for Colony Collapse Disorder information." Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 49, no. 1 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/meet.14504901130.

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49

Sharpe, Richard J., and Lisa C. Heyden. "Honey bee colony collapse disorder is possibly caused by a dietary pyrethrum deficiency." Bioscience Hypotheses 2, no. 6 (January 2009): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bihy.2009.01.004.

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50

Neupane, KR, and RB Thapa. "Pollen Collection and Brood Production by Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) under Chitwan Condition of Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 26 (April 1, 2005): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v26i0.667.

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A study was carried out to investigate pollen foraging, storage and its impact on Apis mellifera L brood production throughout the year under Terai condition of Nepal in 2003-2005. Number of pollen foragers, amount of pollen stored as beebread and brood in the colony differed significantly during different seasons. Number of pollen foragers (117.5 bees/ hive/ 5 min) and amount of pollen as beebread (2439.0 gm/hive) and number of brood (14787.2 brood cells/hive) were the highest during spring season, while the lowest number of pollen foragers (38.1 bees/ hive/5 min.) stored the lowest amount of beebread or pollen store (152.5 gm /hive) and produced the lowest number of brood (3811.7 brood cells/ hive) and bees in rainy season. Autumn, winter and summer seasons were normal for pollen collection and brood production, while starvation and nutritional deficiencies due to the acute shortage of pollen in rainy season was the major reason to decline or collapse the bee population before the honey flow season. Therefore, feeding bees with adequate amount of nutritionally rich pollen during rainy season is essential to maintain a healthy and strong bee colony for the production of higher honey and other hive products. Key words: Honeybees, foraging, pollen, brood, Apis mellifera J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 26: 143-148 (2005)

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