Academic literature on the topic 'Colony count, microbial'

Background: Due to poor sanitation practices and handling of food, weak regulatory systems, lack of resources and education for food-handlers, food-borne infections happen frequently and pose a serious threat to human health in developing countries like Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A total of 265 samples of meat and fish with berbere spice added or not were collected from Ethiopia between Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2017. The food samples were analysed using colony count for Aerobic Colony Count (ACC) and S. aureus, spread method for yeasts and moulds enumeration, Nordic Committee on Food Analysis Method No. 44 for coliforms and ES ISO 6579:2002 for Salmonella and Shigella species. The data was analysed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The unsatisfactory levels for aerobic colony count, total and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, moulds and yeasts counts for the total samples were 12.1% (N=32), 11.7% (N=31), 1.9% (N=5), 3.4% (N=9), 1.2% (N=3) and 1.9% (N=5), respectively. Among the categories of three ready-to-eat foods examined, beef and mutton meats, fish and poultry, had the highest and lowest microbial contamination. Microbial quality of packaged samples with berbere spice added was reasonable compared with unpackaged samples with no berbere spice added. Conclusion: About 21% of the samples had unsatisfactory microbial quality because of aerobic colony count, coliforms or fungi. However, Salmonella, Shigella spp. and S. aureus were not detected in the samples tested. Processing under hygienic conditions, adding berbere spice to foods and packaging enhances the quality of ready to eat articles.

The performance of the Bactometer system (an impedimetric microbial monitoring system) compared with traditional methods (microbial colony counts) for monitoring bacterial populations (lactic acid bacteria [LAB], Enterobacteriaceae, and coliforms) was studied in 90 samples of an experimental salchichón (a type of Spanish ripened dry sausage) during its ripening process. The population quantitations were carried out with fresh sausage, semiripened sausage (14 days of ripening), and finished product (28 days of ripening). The results showed a high correlation between the traditional microbial colony count (in CFU per gram) and the impedance detection time: −0.98, −0.97, and −0.94 for coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and LAB, respectively (P < 0.01). Considering the results obtained with regard to the enumeration of populations of Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and LAB in salchichón during its ripening process, the advantages of impedance with respect to plate counts for monitoring the microbial dynamics of ripening processes are notable, especially in its time-saving aspects: between 19 and 21 h in the case of Enterobacteriaceae, between 7 and 20 h for coliforms, and between 32 and 46 h for LAB.

Abstract The discovery of novel by-product feeds for animals, especially cattle, supports an economically viable agricultural community and enhanced stability in the United States food chain. By-products of livestock processing (in this case, paunch manure, or rumen content) could provide the tools necessary to achieve this goal. Paunch manure, the material from ruminant stomachs at the time of harvest, is a waste product of the meat industry and represents a final loss due to cost of disposal. Our objective in this study was to determine the microbial content of fresh versus dried paunch manure in an effort to assess viability as a potential feed source. Fresh paunch manure was collected from cattle at a local abattoir and immediately homogenized for microbial plating. One milliliter of decanted paunch manure was plated on specialized film for determination of colony counts from Enterobacteriaceae, coliform-forming bacteria, Eschericia coli, Salmonella, and yeast and mold. Plates were incubated at 36°C for 24 ± 2 hours. Data were analyzed as a random effects model using PROC MIXED of SAS v. 9.4. In the wet paunch, E. coli had a mean colony count of 3, coliform bacteria of 53, yeast and mold of 0, and Enterobacteriaceae were too numerous to count. In the dry paunch, E. coli had a mean colony count of less than 1, coliform bacteria of 52, yeast and mold of 0, and Enterobacteriaceae less than 1. Source of paunch contributed a majority to the total variance in all instances of the random effects models. Results are interpreted to mean that, given the drastic reduction in microbial loads, paunch manure may represent a viable feedstock for further testing and development.

Introduction: The association of Mycobacterium chimaera infection in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the use of heater-cooler units (HCU) has been reported in various literature. We described microbiological monitoring and the extent of microbiological contamination of HCUs utilized in our centre and strategies employed to reduce the high microbial load. Methods: Since August 2016, we have been following the new Instructions for Use from the manufacturer for the cleaning and disinfection of three units of Stöckert 3T and four units of Stöckert 1T HCU at the National Heart Centre Singapore. Microbiological monitoring began in January 2017 and included acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, total colony and total coliform count. Methods, such as increasing disinfection frequency and making the HCU inactive by keeping it empty in storage, were used to reduce the high colony count. Results: All three units of Stöckert 3T and two units of Stöckert 1T were contaminated with Mycobacterium chimaera. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and total coliform count were consistently <1 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mL in every water sample of each HCU. High colony counts were encountered initially in all units. Step-up frequency of disinfection was found to be not as effective as keeping the HCU inactive in bringing the total colony count to an acceptable level. Conclusions: All monitoring and maintenance measures of HCUs need to be established and maintained to mitigate potential infection risks to patients. Strict adherence to all cleaning and disinfection processes and keeping the HCU inactive maintained the water quality of the HCU at acceptable levels.

This study showed that the abundance of different microbial groups was general in soil with amendments in comparison to soils without amendments. It was discovered that soils with organic manures were rich in bacteria and fungi diversity when compared with soil without organic manure, which recorded low microbial counts. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were widely distributed in this study. The soil treatment which had Cow dung showed highest microbial count and heights for growth of maize seeds, and the compost manure soil treatment followed this, and the poultry manure soil treatment was next. This suggests that the higher the fertility in amended soils is revealed in the heights of the maize plant grown and colony counts. Plant height recorded under various amendments showed significant differences (p<0.05).

ABSTRACTIn this study, we examine the temporal pattern of colony appearance during cultivation experiments, and whether this pattern could inform on optimizing the process of microbial discovery. In a series of long-term cultivation experiments, we observed an expected gradual increase over time of the total number of microbial isolates, culminating in a 700-fold colony count increase at 18 months. Conventional thought suggests that long-term incubations result in a culture collection enriched with species that are slow growing or rare, may be unavailable from short-term experiments, and likely are novel. However, after we examined the phylogenetic novelty of the isolates as a function of the time of their isolation, we found no correlation between the two. The probability of discovering either a new or rare species late in the incubation matched that of species isolated earlier. These outcomes are especially notable because of their generality: observations were essentially identical for marine and soil bacteria as well as for spore formers and non-spore formers. These findings are consistent with the idea of the stochastic awakening of dormant cells, thus lending support to the scout model. The process of microbial discovery is central to the study of environmental microorganisms and the human microbiome. While long-term incubation does not appear to increase the probability of discovering novel species, the technology enabling such incubations, i.e., single-cell cultivation, may still be the method of choice. While it does not necessarily allow more species to grow from a given inoculum, it minimizes the overall isolation effort and supplies needed.

This study presents the effects of ozone treatment on microbial status and contents of selected bioactive compounds in marjoram plants. Origanum majorana L. is a widely used plant which in the course of production is affected by microbial infections. One of the ways to reduce microbial load involves application of a strong oxidant, such as ozone. In order to determine the effects of ozonation, a number of analyses were carried out including microbiological tests (aerobic colony count, yeast and mould count, and mesophilic lactic acid bacteria count) and chemical tests assessing total antioxidant potential, total polyphenols, and volatile fraction composition. Ultimately, the findings showed considerable (6-log) reduction in microbial load, with unchanged composition of headspace volatile compounds. Furthermore, the raw material obtained presented elevated the contents of the selected bioactive compounds. It was shown that the most beneficial effects are achieved when ozone treatment is applied at a rate of 1 ppm for a duration of 10 min.

Introduction: Microbial biofilm accumulation around orthodontic brackets and composite is a common complication of fixed orth-odontic treatment. This study assessed the antibacterial effects of orthodontic primer containing chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) against the multispecies biofilm of cariogenic bacteria in &#1072; rat model. Materials and methods: Transbond XT orthodontic primer containing 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% CNPs was experimentally prepared. The Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7) of control (0% CNPs), 1%, 5% and 10% CNPs. The oral cavities of the rats were infected with cariogenic bacteria. After anesthetizing the rats, 1 drop (10 &micro;L) of primer with different concentrations of CNPs was applied to their central incisor and light-cured for 20 seconds. Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive (2 &times; 2 mm) was applied on the primer. Another drop (10 &micro;L) of primer was applied and light-cured for 40 seconds. The number of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies in the saliva of rats was quantified at 24 hours, 4 days and 7 days.&nbsp; Results: Adding 1% (p=0.005), 5% (p<0.001) and 10% (p<0.001) of CNPs to orthodontic primer significantly reduced the S. mutans colony count at 24 hours compared with the control group. At 24 hours, the mean S. sanguinis colony counts in the 5% (p=0.04) and 10% (p=0.02) CNP groups were significantly lower than that in the control group. Also, at 4 and 7 days, the mean colony counts in the 5% and 10% CNP groups were significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). At 24 hours and 4 days, the mean L. acidophilus colony count in the 10% CNP group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). At 7 days, rats with failed adhesive showed a significantly higher count of all three bacteria compared with rats with adhesive (p<0.05). Conclusions: The addition of 5% CNPs to orthodontic primer significantly decreased the colony count of cariogenic bacteria in rats.

Objective: To investigate the effect of two methods of propolis administration on plaque accumulation and microbial count as well as patient acceptance of each vehicle. Study design: A randomized clinical trial with two parallel arms was used with a sample of 60 high caries risk children 6–8 years old. Children were divided randomly into two groups. Group I: Children who received propolis chewing gum and instructed to chew it twice daily for at least twenty minutes, for two weeks. Group II: children who received propolis mouthwash and instructed to rinse twice daily for one minute. A plaque index was recorded and a plaque sample was collected from all participants at base line and after two weeks of treatment. All participants were asked to rate the preparation they received during treatment period on a Visual Analogue Scale chart. Results: Data showed that propolis had a significant effect on reducing plaque scores and colony counts in both vehicles. There was no significant difference between both vehicles neither on plaque reduction nor on microbial count. However children preferred the gum formula. Conclusion: Propolis in both vehicles reduced plaque accumulation and microbial count which recommends its use as an antimicrobial agent in different vehicles.

Mesophilic aerobic microbial populations in fresh ground beef were enumerated with a new system, Petrifilm™ SM Plates (PSM), and with the conventional aerobic plate count (APC) method using standard methods agar (SMA). Total colony-forming units were determined in 119 fresh ground beef samples (29 extra-lean, 30 lean and 60 regular) purchased at nine different retail markets over a period of 6 wk. Linear regression analysis of PSM vs. APC counts gave a slope of 0.963, an intercept of −0.027, and a correlation coefficient of 0.951. Mean log10 counts on PSM were 5.86 compared to 6.11 on SMA (P&lt;0.01) or a mean log10 difference of −0.25. These analyses indicate that the Petrifilm SM method would be a possible alternative for the aerobic plate count method.

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Food Science
Daniel Y.C. Fung
In the food industry, coliform testing is traditionally done by the time consuming and labor intensive plate count method or tube enumeration methods. The TEMPO® system (bioMérieux, Inc.) was developed to improve laboratory efficiency and to replace traditional methods. It uses a miniaturization of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method with 16 tubes with 3 dilutions in one single disposable card. It utilizes two stations: the TEMPO® Preparation station and the TEMPO® Reading station. In this study, the Oxyase® (Oxyase®, Inc.) enzyme was added to TEMPO® CC (Coliforms Count), TEMPO® AC (aerobic colony count) and TEMPO® EC (E. coli Count) methods. Water samples of 1 ml with 0.1 ml of Oxyase® enzyme were compared to samples without the Oxyase® enzyme using the TEMPO® system. Samples were spiked with different levels of coliforms (10, 102, 103 and 104 CFU/ml), stomached (20 sec), and pipetted into the three different TEMPO® media reagents (4 ml) in duplicate and then automatically transferred into the corresponding TEMPO® cards by the TEMPO® preparation station. Counts were obtained using the TEMPO® reading station after 8, 12, 16, 22 and 24 hours at an incubation temperature of 35°C. Results from 20 replicates were compared statistically. Using TEMPO® tests, high counts in food samples (>6 log 10 CFU/ml) can be read in 6±2 hours of incubation using the time-to-detection calibration curve. The TEMPO® system reduces reading time (reading protocol should be changed). There is no need to wait for 22 hours of incubation only 12 hours is required. Oxyrase® enzyme is not needed for the TEMPO® system.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Pedreira de Freitas
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vilas-Boas_VanessaAparecida_M.pdf: 29367721 bytes, checksum: c5b64e8b977736f8ec3c05b44d7edf96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: A transmissão de infecções hospitalares está relacionada à sobrevivência de microrganismos nas superfícies ambientais e no instrumental cirúrgico. Nos últimos anos, o Brasil tem se deparado com um cenário disperso em relação à validação do processo de limpeza e esterilização de instrumentos cirúrgicos utilizados em acessos minimamente invasivos, principalmente os procedimentos realizados por vídeo. Para implantação de medidas eficazes no reprocessamento é necessário saber como está o material em termos de contaminação e verificar se a carga microbiana trazida por esse instrumental é superior ao desafio microbiano imposto pelos indicadores biológicos. Deste modo, espera-se que a análise quanti-qualitativa dos microrganismos presentes em instrumentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos após o uso clínico possa nortear a tomada de decisão pelos profissionais de saúde a contribuir para a melhoria do processo de trabalho visando à segurança do paciente. Objetivo: Identificar a carga microbiana presente nos trocartes reprocessáveis de 5 mm e 10 mm, usados para realização de laparoscopias ginecológicas. Material e Método: Tratase de um estudo exploratório descritivo. Um total de 57 trocartes de 5 mm e 10 mm de diâmetro foi recolhido na sala de operação, imediatamente após o uso na paciente, sendo acondicionados separadamente em embalagem plástica esterilizada, acrescentado 250 ml de água destilada estéril, lacrado e agitado a 120 rpm por 10 minutos. Com técnica asséptica, os trocartes foram retirados da embalagem e o lavado obtido foi levado ao Laboratório de Microbiologia onde foi filtrado por um filtro contendo uma membrana de celulose de 0,22 µm que foi colocada em placa Petri contendo ágar sangue. As placas foram incubadas em estufa e encaminhadas para contagem de microrganismos, expressa em unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) e identificação seguindo técnicas laboratoriais padrão. Resultados: Em 52,63% dos trocartes não foram recuperados microrganismos viáveis, 45,62% apresentaram crescimento microbiano de 1-100 UFC, e somente em 1,75% dos trocartes recuperou-se carga microbiana maior que 100 UFC. Os microrganismos mais frequentemente isolados foram o Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (28%) e o Bacillus sp (22%). Outros microrganismos de importância clínica conhecida incluíram: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Aeromonas hidrophyla. Discussão: O estudo demonstrou que o desafio microbiano enfrentado pelos Centros de Material e Esterilização é baixo quando comparado com o desafio imposto pelos indicadores biológicos que monitoram os ciclos de esterilização, correspondentes a 106 UFC de bacilos esporulados. Além disso, apesar dos trocartes, utilizados em laparoscopias ginecológicas consideradas limpas, apresentarem baixa carga microbiana, não se pode inferir que os riscos de complicações infecciosas sejam mínimos. Conclusão: Os trocartes aparoscópicos utilizados em laparoscopias ginecológicas limpas apresentaram carga microbiana baixa (?10 a ?102 UFC)
Abstract: The transmission of hospital infections is related to survival of microorganisms on environmental surfaces and surgical instruments. In recent years, Brazil has been facing a scenario scattered on the validation of cleaning and sterilizing surgical instruments used in minimally invasive procedures performed primarily for video. For implantation of effective reprocessing and need to know how this stuff in terms of contamination and whether the microbial load brought by this instrument is superior to the microbial challenge imposed by biological indicators. Thus, it is expected that the quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in laparoscopic surgical instruments after use to guide the surgical decision-making by health professionals to contribute to the improvement of the work aimed at patient safety. Objective: To identify the microbial load present in reprocessable trocars of 5 mm and 10 mm, used for realization of gynecological laparoscopy. Material and Method: This is an exploratory descriptive study. A total of 57 trocars of 5 mm and 10 mm in diameter was collected in the operating room, immediately after use in the patient, and packed separately in sterile plastic bag, added 250 ml of sterile distilled water, sealed and shaken at 120 rpm for 10 minutes. With aseptic technique, the trocars were removed from the pack and washed obtained was taken to the microbiology laboratory where it was filtered through a filter containing a cellulose membrane of 0,22µm which was placed in Petri dishes containing blood agar. The plates were incubated in and sent to the microorganism counts expressed as colony forming units (CFU) and identification following standard laboratory techniques. Results: In 52.63% of the trocars were not recovered microorganisms, 45.62% had microbial growth of 1-100 UFC, and only 1.75% of the trocars recovered microbial counts greater than 100 CFU. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (28%) and Bacillus sp (22%). Other organisms known clinically important included: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hidrophyla. Discuss: The study showed that the microbial challenge faced by the Centers for Sterilization is low compared with the challenge posed by biological indicators that monitor the sterilization cycle, corresponding to 106 CFU of sporulated bacilli. Moreover, despite the trocars used during gynecological laparoscopy considered clean, have lower microbial load, one can not infer that the risk of infectious complications are minimal. Conclusion: The laparoscopic trocars used during gynecological laparoscopy showed microbial clean low (?10 a ?102 UFC)
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Enfermagem

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrearanuccideoliveira_dissert.pdf: 891643 bytes, checksum: 8f4fb2c47edb543f3ffbf41be6a1179a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-12
Introduction: The reprocessing and reuse of medical practices are common in health care institutions in Brazil and several countries. However, it is necessary to establish parameters to guide the development, validation and implementation of reprocessing protocols, in order to ensure product quality and safety and health of patients. This conduct is an important infection control action, because microorganisms can remain in reprocessed medical supplies and cause a wide variety of infectious processes. Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of thermal disinfection procedure adopted for the reprocessing of breathing circuit used in anesthesia and mechanical ventilation in two hospitals in São José do Rio Preto, SP. Method: We performed microbiological tests for the detection, identification, assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms from the respiratory and anesthetic circuits termodesinfetados in two hospitals. Results: The Hospital identified in two samples coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, samples of Enterococcus spp termodesinfectadora identified, water samples were found P. aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii, yeasts and Gram-negative bacilli. In hospital B samples showed contamination with Gram positive samples subjected to drying and termosesinfecção were contaminated by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Samples collected from the inner surfaces of the dryer were isolated A. calcoaceticus, A. baumannii, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Conclusion: We note that the thermal disinfection process was not efficient for the elimination of pathogens in peer-reviewed articles and drying equipment can act as contaminants after the disinfection process.
Introdução: O reprocessamento e reuso de artigos odonto médicos hospitalares são práticas comuns em instituições de assistência à saúde do Brasil e de diversos outros países. Entretanto, é necessário o estabelecimento de parâmetros que orientem a elaboração, validação e implantação de protocolos de reprocessamento, visando garantir a qualidade dos produtos e a segurança e saúde dos pacientes. Esta conduta é uma importante ação de controle de infecções, pois microrganismos podem permanecer em artigos médicos reprocessados e causar grande diversidade de processos infecciosos. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficiência do procedimento de termodesinfecção adotado para o reprocessamento dos circuitos respiratórios utilizados em ventilação mecânica e anestesia em dois hospitais do município de São José do Rio Preto, SP. Método: Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas para a detecção, identificação e avaliação da sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, de microrganismos a partir dos circuitos anestésicos e respiratórios termodesinfetados nos dois hospitais. Resultados: No Hospital A foram identificados em duas amostras dos circuitos respiratórios Staphylococcus coagulase negativo e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nas amostras da termodesinfectadora identificado Enterococcus spp, nas amostras da água foram encontrados P. aeruginosa e Citrobacter freundii, leveduras e bacilos Gram-negativos. No hospital B as amostras dos circuitos anestésicos apresentaram contaminação por bacilos Gram positivos, nas amostras submetidas a termosesinfecção e secagem recuperarou-ser Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Nas amostras coletadas das superfícies internas da secadora foram isoladas A. calcoaceticus, A. baumannii e Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Conclusão: Observamos que o processo de termodesinfecção não foi eficiente para a eliminação de patógenos nos artigos avaliados e equipamentos de secagem podem atuar como contaminantes após o processo de desinfecção.

Este estudo tem como objetivo, descrever a microbiota intestinal de pacientes com retocolite ulcerativa grave, em tratamento clínico, antes e após retocolectomia com anastomose de bolsa ileal ao canal anal. Comparou-se a flora bacteriana do íleo terminal e do reto no pré-operatório com a flora encontrada na bolsa ileal após dois e oito meses do fechamento da ileostomia e com a flora do íleo terminal e do reto de um grupo controle. Observou-se que a Veillonella sp foi a bactéria mais freqüentemente encontrada em todos os grupos. Não houve diferenças significativas entre a flora intestinal do grupo controle e dos pacientes com retocolite ulcerativa
The aim of this study is to describe the intestinal microbiota of patients with severe ulcerative colitis, under clinical treatment, before and after proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Intestinal flora of distal ileum and rectum before surgery was compared with the flora found in ileal pouch after two and eight months after ileostomy closure and with the flora of distal ileum and rectum of controls. Veillonella sp was the most frequent microorganism found in all groups. There were no significant differences between the intestinal microbiota found in controls and in patients with ulcerative colitis

Objetivo: Considerando que a precisão na adaptação do implante ao intermediário transmucoso é fator importante para a longevidade da prótese e que os sistemas de implantes possuem origens diversas na sua fabricação, nos propusemos a verificar a infiltração da bactéria Enterococcus faecalis na interface entre intermediário transmucoso e implantes do tipo Cone Morse e Hexágono Interno no sistema Neodent . Material e Método: A amostra foi composta por 20 implantes do tipo Cone Morse com Index Protético, 20 implantes Titamax Cone Morse e 20 implantes de Hexágono Interno e 20 intermediários transmucosos do tipo Munhão Universal CM Exact, 20 Munhão Universal em corpo único de 3,3 x 5,5 mm e 20 Munhão Universal II Plus com Parafuso. Com o auxílio da Micropipeta o Inóculo foi aspirado, imediatamente após, inserido no interior do implante que se encontrava estático na placa do Dispositivo desenvolvido para este experimento. Os intermediários foram então conectados e apertados com chave digital própria, em seguida, foi dado o torque ao parafuso do intermediário de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após o torque o conjunto, implante-intermediário foi removido da placa do Dispositivo com pinça de titânio e inserido dentro do tubo de ensaio que continha o meio de cultura estéril. Diante do conhecimento da área interna de cada implante, o volume do Inóculo a ser utilizado foi determinado em 1L. Todos os tubos contendo os conjuntos foram numerados e incubados a 37oC por um período de 14 dias. Foi realizado acompanhamento diário para verificação da possível passagem de bactérias do interior do implante para o caldo. O indicativo da passagem de bactéria para o meio foi a turvação do meio de cultura (caldo BHI). Decorrido os 14 dias de observação, os dados foram tabulados e submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA) com nível de significância de 5%, quando detectada diferença estatística, os valores foram submetidos ao Teste de Tuckey para comparações múltiplas. Resultados: O Teste de Tukey evidenciou que houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo de implantes Cone Morse, Cone Morse Índex e Hexágono Interno, onde o grupo de implantes Cone Morse diferiu estatisticamente do grupo Cone Morse Índex e também do grupo de implantes de Hexágono Interno. O grupo de implantes Cone Morse Índex não diferiu estatisticamente do grupo de implantes de Hexágono Interno, porém o grupo Cone Morse Índex presentou os melhores resultados.
Objective: Whereas the accuracy adaptation of the implant abutment is an important factor for the longevity of the prosthesis, and implant systems have diverse backgrounds in its manufacture, we set out to verify the infiltration of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria at the interface between the abutment and transmucosal implants of Morse Taper and Internal Hex of Neodent system. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 20 Morse Taper implants, 20 Titamax Morse Taper implants, 20 Internal Hexagon implants and 20 transmucosal Exact CM Universal Post abutment, 20 Universal Post 3 in one body , 3 x 5.5mm and 20 Universal Post II Plus with Screw . With the aid of a micropipette the inoculum was aspirated, immediately thereafter, inserted into the implant that was in the static device board developed for this experiment. The abutments were then connected and tightened to own digital key, then the torque was given to the screw of the abutment according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. After the torque, deploy abutment was removed from the plate clamp device of titanium and inserted into a test tube containing sterile culture. According to the internal area of each implant, the inoculum size was determined to be 1L. All the tubes were numbered and incubated at 37 ° C for a period of 14 days. Daily monitoring to check the possible passage of bacteria into the interior of the implant broth was carried out. The indication of the passage of bacteria was turbidity of the culture (BHI). Upon expiry of the 14 days of observation, the data were tabulated and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5 % was done. The values were submitted to Tukey test for multiple comparisons. Results: The Tukey test showed a statistically significant difference between the group of Morse Taper implants, Cone Morse Index and Internal Hex, where the group of implants differed from Morse Taper, Morse Taper Index group and also the group of Internal Hexagon implants. The group of Morse Taper implants Index did not differ statistically from the group of Internal hexagon implants, but Morse Taper Index group showed the best results

Abstract In Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) oil mobility and oil recovery is increased by growing and reproducing microbes (bacteria) in oil reservoirs. The oil reservoir is either innoculated with a proprietry bacteria and then fed to grow or indigeneous microbes present are fed by the injection of a suitable nutrient identified from labotatory experiments. The metabolic by-products produced by these microorganisms causes a reduction in oil viscosity and interfacial tension and an increase in oil mobility. Although MEOR is not popular, the open literature has shown this to be a low cost mechanism that can be implemented with waterflood projects to increase the recovery of residual oil by another 1-5 %. In this study an oil sample from an oil reservoir in the South of Trinidad was selected and the indigenous bacteria present was identified to be mainly of the Bacillus species. A quantification of this indigenous bacteria by plate counts showed that the aerobic colony forming units (CFU) was about 1.5×106 CFU/ml whereas the observed anaerobic plate counts was about 9.0×102 CFU/ml. Growth of the indigenous bacteria was stimulated by innoculating the oil sample with five different nutrient formulations for a period of three weeks so as to select the most suitable nutrient. However, the growth in bacteria was too numerous to count even after one week. Experimental measurements showed that the sample innoculated with the nutrient broth formulation had the greatest change in oil properties. The reduction in oil viscosity was 49 % and the reduction in interficial tension was 17 %. The results from this study can be included in waterfloood simulation studies for suitable oil reservoirs in Trinidad to determine the added increase in oil mobility and oil recovery from a combination of waterflood and MEOR.