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1
Bedada, Tesfaye L., Tatek K. Feto, Kaleab S. Awoke, Firehiwot A. Derra, Samson G. Gebre, Waktole G. Sima, Tigist Y. Negassi, and Yosef Beyene. "Microbiological and Public Health Status of Cooked Meat and Fish in Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010123.
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Background: Due to poor sanitation practices and handling of food, weak regulatory systems, lack of resources and education for food-handlers, food-borne infections happen frequently and pose a serious threat to human health in developing countries like Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A total of 265 samples of meat and fish with berbere spice added or not were collected from Ethiopia between Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2017. The food samples were analysed using colony count for Aerobic Colony Count (ACC) and S. aureus, spread method for yeasts and moulds enumeration, Nordic Committee on Food Analysis Method No. 44 for coliforms and ES ISO 6579:2002 for Salmonella and Shigella species. The data was analysed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The unsatisfactory levels for aerobic colony count, total and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, moulds and yeasts counts for the total samples were 12.1% (N=32), 11.7% (N=31), 1.9% (N=5), 3.4% (N=9), 1.2% (N=3) and 1.9% (N=5), respectively. Among the categories of three ready-to-eat foods examined, beef and mutton meats, fish and poultry, had the highest and lowest microbial contamination. Microbial quality of packaged samples with berbere spice added was reasonable compared with unpackaged samples with no berbere spice added. Conclusion: About 21% of the samples had unsatisfactory microbial quality because of aerobic colony count, coliforms or fungi. However, Salmonella, Shigella spp. and S. aureus were not detected in the samples tested. Processing under hygienic conditions, adding berbere spice to foods and packaging enhances the quality of ready to eat articles.
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PRIEGO, R., L. M. MEDINA, and R. JORDANO. "Bactometer System versus Traditional Methods for Monitoring Bacteria Populations in Salchichón during Its Ripening Process." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-244.
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The performance of the Bactometer system (an impedimetric microbial monitoring system) compared with traditional methods (microbial colony counts) for monitoring bacterial populations (lactic acid bacteria [LAB], Enterobacteriaceae, and coliforms) was studied in 90 samples of an experimental salchichón (a type of Spanish ripened dry sausage) during its ripening process. The population quantitations were carried out with fresh sausage, semiripened sausage (14 days of ripening), and finished product (28 days of ripening). The results showed a high correlation between the traditional microbial colony count (in CFU per gram) and the impedance detection time: −0.98, −0.97, and −0.94 for coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and LAB, respectively (P < 0.01). Considering the results obtained with regard to the enumeration of populations of Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and LAB in salchichón during its ripening process, the advantages of impedance with respect to plate counts for monitoring the microbial dynamics of ripening processes are notable, especially in its time-saving aspects: between 19 and 21 h in the case of Enterobacteriaceae, between 7 and 20 h for coliforms, and between 32 and 46 h for LAB.
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Miller, Ranee A., and William B. Smith. "406 Reduce Reuse Rerumen: Reduction of Eschericia coli, coliform bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and yeast and mold colonies in dried paunch manure." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.338.
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Abstract The discovery of novel by-product feeds for animals, especially cattle, supports an economically viable agricultural community and enhanced stability in the United States food chain. By-products of livestock processing (in this case, paunch manure, or rumen content) could provide the tools necessary to achieve this goal. Paunch manure, the material from ruminant stomachs at the time of harvest, is a waste product of the meat industry and represents a final loss due to cost of disposal. Our objective in this study was to determine the microbial content of fresh versus dried paunch manure in an effort to assess viability as a potential feed source. Fresh paunch manure was collected from cattle at a local abattoir and immediately homogenized for microbial plating. One milliliter of decanted paunch manure was plated on specialized film for determination of colony counts from Enterobacteriaceae, coliform-forming bacteria, Eschericia coli, Salmonella, and yeast and mold. Plates were incubated at 36°C for 24 ± 2 hours. Data were analyzed as a random effects model using PROC MIXED of SAS v. 9.4. In the wet paunch, E. coli had a mean colony count of 3, coliform bacteria of 53, yeast and mold of 0, and Enterobacteriaceae were too numerous to count. In the dry paunch, E. coli had a mean colony count of less than 1, coliform bacteria of 52, yeast and mold of 0, and Enterobacteriaceae less than 1. Source of paunch contributed a majority to the total variance in all instances of the random effects models. Results are interpreted to mean that, given the drastic reduction in microbial loads, paunch manure may represent a viable feedstock for further testing and development.
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Chan, Tanee, Moi Lin Ling, Siew Yan Teng, Kit Yi Chiu, and Esther Magdalane James. "Microbiological monitoring of heater-cooler unit to keep free of Mycobacterium chimaera infection." Perfusion 34, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659118787152.
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Introduction: The association of Mycobacterium chimaera infection in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the use of heater-cooler units (HCU) has been reported in various literature. We described microbiological monitoring and the extent of microbiological contamination of HCUs utilized in our centre and strategies employed to reduce the high microbial load. Methods: Since August 2016, we have been following the new Instructions for Use from the manufacturer for the cleaning and disinfection of three units of Stöckert 3T and four units of Stöckert 1T HCU at the National Heart Centre Singapore. Microbiological monitoring began in January 2017 and included acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, total colony and total coliform count. Methods, such as increasing disinfection frequency and making the HCU inactive by keeping it empty in storage, were used to reduce the high colony count. Results: All three units of Stöckert 3T and two units of Stöckert 1T were contaminated with Mycobacterium chimaera. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and total coliform count were consistently <1 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mL in every water sample of each HCU. High colony counts were encountered initially in all units. Step-up frequency of disinfection was found to be not as effective as keeping the HCU inactive in bringing the total colony count to an acceptable level. Conclusions: All monitoring and maintenance measures of HCUs need to be established and maintained to mitigate potential infection risks to patients. Strict adherence to all cleaning and disinfection processes and keeping the HCU inactive maintained the water quality of the HCU at acceptable levels.
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Maduka,, C. M., and Udensi, Chukwuma Great. "Comparative analysis of the effect of some organic manure on soil microorganisms." Bionatura 4, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2019.04.03.8.
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This study showed that the abundance of different microbial groups was general in soil with amendments in comparison to soils without amendments. It was discovered that soils with organic manures were rich in bacteria and fungi diversity when compared with soil without organic manure, which recorded low microbial counts. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were widely distributed in this study. The soil treatment which had Cow dung showed highest microbial count and heights for growth of maize seeds, and the compost manure soil treatment followed this, and the poultry manure soil treatment was next. This suggests that the higher the fertility in amended soils is revealed in the heights of the maize plant grown and colony counts. Plant height recorded under various amendments showed significant differences (p<0.05).
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Buerger, S., A. Spoering, E. Gavrish, C. Leslin, L. Ling, and S. S. Epstein. "Microbial Scout Hypothesis and Microbial Discovery." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 9 (February 24, 2012): 3229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07308-11.
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ABSTRACTIn this study, we examine the temporal pattern of colony appearance during cultivation experiments, and whether this pattern could inform on optimizing the process of microbial discovery. In a series of long-term cultivation experiments, we observed an expected gradual increase over time of the total number of microbial isolates, culminating in a 700-fold colony count increase at 18 months. Conventional thought suggests that long-term incubations result in a culture collection enriched with species that are slow growing or rare, may be unavailable from short-term experiments, and likely are novel. However, after we examined the phylogenetic novelty of the isolates as a function of the time of their isolation, we found no correlation between the two. The probability of discovering either a new or rare species late in the incubation matched that of species isolated earlier. These outcomes are especially notable because of their generality: observations were essentially identical for marine and soil bacteria as well as for spore formers and non-spore formers. These findings are consistent with the idea of the stochastic awakening of dormant cells, thus lending support to the scout model. The process of microbial discovery is central to the study of environmental microorganisms and the human microbiome. While long-term incubation does not appear to increase the probability of discovering novel species, the technology enabling such incubations, i.e., single-cell cultivation, may still be the method of choice. While it does not necessarily allow more species to grow from a given inoculum, it minimizes the overall isolation effort and supplies needed.
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Matłok, Natalia, Tomasz Piechowiak, Miłosz Zardzewiały, Józef Gorzelany, and Maciej Balawejder. "Effects of Ozone Treatment on Microbial Status and the Contents of Selected Bioactive Compounds in Origanum majorana L. Plants." Plants 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121637.
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This study presents the effects of ozone treatment on microbial status and contents of selected bioactive compounds in marjoram plants. Origanum majorana L. is a widely used plant which in the course of production is affected by microbial infections. One of the ways to reduce microbial load involves application of a strong oxidant, such as ozone. In order to determine the effects of ozonation, a number of analyses were carried out including microbiological tests (aerobic colony count, yeast and mould count, and mesophilic lactic acid bacteria count) and chemical tests assessing total antioxidant potential, total polyphenols, and volatile fraction composition. Ultimately, the findings showed considerable (6-log) reduction in microbial load, with unchanged composition of headspace volatile compounds. Furthermore, the raw material obtained presented elevated the contents of the selected bioactive compounds. It was shown that the most beneficial effects are achieved when ozone treatment is applied at a rate of 1 ppm for a duration of 10 min.
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Hosseinpour nader, Armin, Ahmad Sodagar, Azam Akhavan, Maryam Pourhajibagher, and Abbas Bahador. "Antibacterial Effects of Orthodontic Primer Harboring Chitosan Nanoparticles against the Multispecies Biofilm of Cariogenic Bacteria in a Rat Model." Folia Medica 62, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.62.e50200.
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Introduction: Microbial biofilm accumulation around orthodontic brackets and composite is a common complication of fixed orth-odontic treatment. This study assessed the antibacterial effects of orthodontic primer containing chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) against the multispecies biofilm of cariogenic bacteria in а rat model. Materials and methods: Transbond XT orthodontic primer containing 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% CNPs was experimentally prepared. The Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7) of control (0% CNPs), 1%, 5% and 10% CNPs. The oral cavities of the rats were infected with cariogenic bacteria. After anesthetizing the rats, 1 drop (10 µL) of primer with different concentrations of CNPs was applied to their central incisor and light-cured for 20 seconds. Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive (2 × 2 mm) was applied on the primer. Another drop (10 µL) of primer was applied and light-cured for 40 seconds. The number of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies in the saliva of rats was quantified at 24 hours, 4 days and 7 days. Results: Adding 1% (p=0.005), 5% (p<0.001) and 10% (p<0.001) of CNPs to orthodontic primer significantly reduced the S. mutans colony count at 24 hours compared with the control group. At 24 hours, the mean S. sanguinis colony counts in the 5% (p=0.04) and 10% (p=0.02) CNP groups were significantly lower than that in the control group. Also, at 4 and 7 days, the mean colony counts in the 5% and 10% CNP groups were significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). At 24 hours and 4 days, the mean L. acidophilus colony count in the 10% CNP group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). At 7 days, rats with failed adhesive showed a significantly higher count of all three bacteria compared with rats with adhesive (p<0.05). Conclusions: The addition of 5% CNPs to orthodontic primer significantly decreased the colony count of cariogenic bacteria in rats.
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El-Allaky, Hend S., Nadia A. Wahba, Dalia M. Talaat, and Azza S. Zakaria. "Antimicrobial Effect of Propolis Administered through Two Different Vehicles in High Caries Risk Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-44.5.1.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of two methods of propolis administration on plaque accumulation and microbial count as well as patient acceptance of each vehicle. Study design: A randomized clinical trial with two parallel arms was used with a sample of 60 high caries risk children 6–8 years old. Children were divided randomly into two groups. Group I: Children who received propolis chewing gum and instructed to chew it twice daily for at least twenty minutes, for two weeks. Group II: children who received propolis mouthwash and instructed to rinse twice daily for one minute. A plaque index was recorded and a plaque sample was collected from all participants at base line and after two weeks of treatment. All participants were asked to rate the preparation they received during treatment period on a Visual Analogue Scale chart. Results: Data showed that propolis had a significant effect on reducing plaque scores and colony counts in both vehicles. There was no significant difference between both vehicles neither on plaque reduction nor on microbial count. However children preferred the gum formula. Conclusion: Propolis in both vehicles reduced plaque accumulation and microbial count which recommends its use as an antimicrobial agent in different vehicles.
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SMITH, LORRAINE B., TERRANCE L. FOX, and F. F. BUSTA. "Comparison of a Dry Medium Culture Plate (Petrifilm SM Plates) Method to the Aerobic Plate Count Method for Enumeration of Mesophilic Aerobic Colony-Forming Units in Fresh Ground Beef." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.12.1044.
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Mesophilic aerobic microbial populations in fresh ground beef were enumerated with a new system, Petrifilm™ SM Plates (PSM), and with the conventional aerobic plate count (APC) method using standard methods agar (SMA). Total colony-forming units were determined in 119 fresh ground beef samples (29 extra-lean, 30 lean and 60 regular) purchased at nine different retail markets over a period of 6 wk. Linear regression analysis of PSM vs. APC counts gave a slope of 0.963, an intercept of −0.027, and a correlation coefficient of 0.951. Mean log10 counts on PSM were 5.86 compared to 6.11 on SMA (P<0.01) or a mean log10 difference of −0.25. These analyses indicate that the Petrifilm SM method would be a possible alternative for the aerobic plate count method.
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Akerina, Febrina Olivia. "Microbial contamination in smoked tuna at traditional market of Tobelo, North Halmahera, Indonesia." Akuatikisle: Jurnal Akuakultur, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil 2, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29239/j.akuatikisle.2.1.17-21.
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Smoked tuna is one of traditional fisheries product in Tobelo, North Halmahera. Tobelos people like this product because of its smoke taste. In Tobelo, there are many producer who sell this product, but information about its quality was unknown. In this research, the researcher wants to know about microbiology aspect of smoked tuna from three traditional market in Tobelo. The result of this research showed that Total Plate Count (TPC) value was from 7,5x1015,35x102 APM/g; smoked tuna from modern Market showed the highest Staphulococcus sp. colony at 1,3x103 CFU/g. colony of Salmonella sp. showed negative value for three different market. The highest fungy colony was 2,5x101 CFU/g from Gotong royong Market, for Escherichia coli analysis, smoked tuna from Gotong Royong Market showed high value at 23 CFU/g, it was exceed Indonesia National Standard.
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Tseng, Kuo-Hsiung, Meng-Yun Chung, Juei-Long Chiu, Chao-Heng Tseng, and Chao-Yun Liu. "A Study of Nanosilver Colloid Prepared by Electrical Spark Discharge Method and Its Antifungal Control Benefits." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050503.
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This is a study of an antimicrobial test, including yeast, Aspergillus Niger, and Aspergillus Flavus, on a nanosilver colloid solution. The antibiosis is compared with a standard silver ion solution at the same concentration as in the experimental process. This study proved that the nanosilver colloid prepared by the electrical spark discharge method (ESDM) is free of any chemical additives, has a microbial control effect, and that the effect is much better than the Ag+ standard solution at the same concentration. 3M Count Plate (YM) is used to test and observe the colony counts. The microbial control test for yeast, Aspergillus Niger, and Aspergillus Flavus is implemented in the nanosilver colloid. In addition to Aspergillus flavus, an Ag+ concentration of 16 ppm is enough to inhibit the growth of the samples. At the same concentration, the nanosilver colloid has a much better microbial control effect than the Ag+ standard solution, which may be because the nanoparticle can release Ag+ continuously, so the solution using the ESDM has a more significant microbial control effect.
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Ogunleye, S. C., O. O. Ishola, O. M. Faroyin, and O. B. Adedeji. "Total aerobic and Coliform counts from Oreochromis niloticus obtained from selected farms in Ibadan." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v19i1.8.
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The environment where fishes are caught often determines their microbial flora, many of which are potential spoilers and not necessarily pathogenic to fishes but are implicated as cause(s) of serious foodborne illnesses and toxin-infections in humans, hence, their presence above permissible levels portends food-safety threats. This study showed the microbial load in Oreochromis niloticus obtained from selected farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 156 samples consisting of gills, intestines and skins were collected from 52 O. niloticus obtained from Egbeda-(A), Ido-(B), Ibadan-north east-(C) and Ibadan north-west-(D) Local Government Areas of Ibadan for Microbial Load {Total Aerobic Count-(TAC) and Total Coliform Count-(TCC)} enumeration. TAC and TCC were performed using standard methods, and calculated in mean Log Colony Forming Unit ± Standard Deviation (logCFu ± SD). Data were analysed with ANOVA. Overall mean logCFu ± SD TAC and TCC from gills, intestine and skin for the 156 samples were 8.65 ± 0.28 and 6.82 ± 0.20, respectively. Mean TAC 8.64 ± 0.28, 8.69 ± 0.28and 8.62 ± 0.3 and mean TCC 8.69 ± 0.22, 8.66 ± 0.23 and 8.73 ± 0.22 were obtained for gills, intestine and, skin respectively, with p>0.05. Means TAC 8.63 ± 0.36, 8.70 ± 0.20, 8.68 ± 0.33 and 8.56 ± 0.14 and TCC 8.56 ± 0.25, 8.86±0.16, 8.65 ± 0.18and 8.69 ± 0.16 were observed for locations A, B, C, and D respectively with p<0.05 for TAC and p˂0.05. Mean microbial load counts obtained in this study was higher than permissible count of 7 logCFu/mL by International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods (ICMSF) for fresh fish, thus, portending public health threats.
Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriacea and Coliforms
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DALLAIRE, R., D. I. LeBLANC, C. C. TRANCHANT, L. VASSEUR, P. DELAQUIS, and C. BEAULIEU. "Monitoring the Microbial Populations and Temperatures of Fresh Broccoli from Harvest to Retail Display†." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1118.
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Microbial populations and the temperature of fresh broccoli were monitored at several steps of a supply chain by sampling 33 distinct lots of locally grown produce over two seasons during harvest, storage, wholesale handling, and retail display. Imported broccoli was also sampled, but only at retail display. Microbiological analyses were conducted on the florets of 201 local and 60 imported broccoli samples to determine populations of total aerobic bacteria (aerobic colony count), fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. All the samples had mean aerobic colony counts ranging between 4 and 6 log CFU/g, but L. monocytogenes was not detected (limit of detection = 100 CFU/g). Fecal coliforms and E. coli (limit of detection = 20 most probable number per 100 g) were found in 22 of 126 samples of local broccoli collected at various steps of the production and distribution system during the first season. None was found in 75 samples collected in the second season. Fecal coliforms and E. coli were found in 2 of 60 imported broccoli samples. Broccoli temperatures were relatively well controlled throughout the production and distribution system. No clear change in produce microbial populations was evident between harvest and retail display, during both sampling seasons. However, a large experimental variability was found, possibly associated with the high variability of the initial levels of microbial populations on broccoli at harvest.
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Bhandari, N., DB Nepali, and S. Paudyal. "Assessment of bacterial load in broiler chicken meat from the retail meat shops in Chitwan, Nepal." International Journal of Infection and Microbiology 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2013): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8671.
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INTRODUCTION: Keeping quality of meat and meat related food hazard relates to microbes present in the meat during processing or storage. The poultry slaughtered and dressed under Chitwan conditions carrying high initial contamination would be present in meat as inherent contamination in the finished products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 26 fresh broiler meat samples from registered retail shops. The samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis such as total viable count (TVC), total enterobacteriaceae count (TEC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC). Also, the samples were analyzed for the detection of Salmonella spp. and identified by different biochemical tests. RESULTS: The mean counts in log10±SE colony forming units per gram (cfu/g) for Bharatpur, Ratnanagar and Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) vicinity were obtained as 11.1±0.3, 11.5±0.3 and 12.2±0.5 TVC; 8.5±0.2, 9.2±0.3 and 10.2±0.4 TEC; 6.5±0.3, 7.6±0.3 and 8.4±0.5 TCC; 6.5±0.2, 6.8±0.3 and 7.7±0.4 TSC respectively. No samples were found to be within the permissible limits given by different agencies. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in retail broiler meat in Chitwan was found 46.2%. CONCLUSION: The retail broiler meat samples from the locations contain high count of bacteria suggesting deplorable state of hygienic and sanitary practices. The presence of Salmonella and Staphyloccus aureus organisms over the permissible limits are of special concern because these account for potential food borne intoxication. So, the need for microbial assessment of fresh meats can be emphasized. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8671 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(3):99-104
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Hassani, Hanieh, Jung-Wei Chen, Wu Zhang, and William Hamra. "Comparison of Microbial Activity Among Infants With or Without Using Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Appliance." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 6 (April 7, 2020): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665620908150.
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Purpose: The aim of the current study is as follows: (1) to study whether wearing the presurgical nasoalveolar molding appliance (PNAM) had facilitated the establishment of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus ( LB) and to determine other factors including pH and caries susceptibility associated with wearing the PNAM. Methods: Saliva samples of 61 infants (4.5 ± 2.06 months old) were collected from the following 3 groups: PNAM (n = 23), healthy (n = 30), and cleft lip and palate (CLP) without any treatment (n = 8). Saliva samples were assessed using selective agar to enumerate total LB and S mutans and subjected to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven bioluminescence determinations using a luciferin-based assay system, and pH level was evaluated. One-way analysis of variance with least significant difference post hoc test ( P < .05) and Pearson correlation were used to evaluate S mutans, LB, pH, and ATP levels. Results: A total of 63 patients (30 healthy patients, 23 patients with cleft lip/palate who had PNAM appliance and 8 patients with cleft lip/palate who did not use the appliance) were seen in this study. There is a significant difference in pH ( P = .012), LB Caries Risk Test ( P < .001), LB colony count ( P < .001), S mutans Caries Risk Test ( P < .001), and S mutans colony count ( P < .001) among the 3 groups (PNAM > CLP > healthy). The ATP level was not significantly different among the 3 groups. Conclusion: Higher bacterial count and lower pH were found in the PNAM group. Cleft lip and/or palate patients wearing the PNAM appliance are at higher risk for dental caries.
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FARBER, J. M., S. A. MALCOLM, K. F. WEISS, and M. A. JOHNSTON. "Microbiological Quality of Fresh and Frozen Breakfast-Type Sausages Sold in Canada." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.5.397.
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A national survey was conducted to determine the overall microbiological quality of fresh and frozen breakfast-type sausages manufactured in Canada. Fresh (61 lots; 55 producers) and frozen (62 lots; 35 producers) were analyzed for aerobic colony counts (ACCs), coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella. There was wide variation in aerobic colony count values, but most were in the range of 104 to 107 CFU/g. Detectable levels of E. coli and S. aureus were found in at least one-third of all fresh and frozen sausages. In addition, Salmonella was detected in 14.8% of lots of fresh sausages and 6.5% of lots of frozen sausages. Frozen sausages generally had lower microbial loads than fresh ones. Although no standards or guidelines for breakfast-type sausages are available from the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF), guidelines published in the literature were applied to ACCs, coliforms and S. aureus for both fresh and frozen sausages.
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Grossi, Marco, Carola Parolin, Beatrice Vitali, and Bruno Riccò. "Computer Vision Approach for the Determination of Microbial Concentration and Growth Kinetics Using a Low Cost Sensor System." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 5367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245367.
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The measurement of microbial contamination is of primary importance in different fields, from environmental monitoring to food safety and clinical analysis. Today, almost all microbiology laboratories make microbial concentration measurements using the standard Plate Count Technique (PCT), a manual method that must be performed by trained personnel. Since manual PCT analysis can result in eye fatigue and errors, in particular when hundreds of samples are processed every day, automatic colony counters have been built and are commercially available. While quick and reliable, these instruments are generally expensive, thus, portable colony counters based on smartphones have been developed and are of low cost but also not accurate as the commercial benchtop instruments. In this paper, a novel computer vision sensor system is presented that can measure the microbial concentration of a sample under test and also estimate the microbial growth kinetics by monitoring the colonies grown on a Petri dish at regular time intervals. The proposed method has been in-house validated by performing PCT analysis in parallel under the same conditions and using these results as a reference. All the measurements have been carried out in a laboratory using benchtop instruments, however, such a system can also be realized as an embedded sensor system to be deployed for microbial analysis outside a laboratory environment.
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RACHMAWATI, NOOR AFIFAH, SURANTO SURANTO, and SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN. "The effect of drying methods variation on saponin content, total plate count, and pathogen bacteria of simplisia of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. leaf extract." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2006): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f040102.
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The purposes of this research were to study the effect of drying methods variation on saponin content, total plate count, and pathogen bacteria of simplicia of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. leaf extract. The research was conducted by using Completely Random Design with the single factor and three replications. The treatment consisted of four treatments: without drying sample (as control) (P0), direct sunray drying (P1), indirect sunray (under shade place) drying (P2), and vacuum drying oven at temperature 45oC (P3). The observed parameters were: saponin content, total plate count, and pathogen bacteria. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variants (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the 5% level. The result of research showed that drying method with vacuum drying oven at temperature 45oC to simplicia of S. grandiflora leaf produce the highest saponin contents due to 16.38 mg/mL. Dried method with indirect sunray (under shade place) and with direct sunray produce lower saponin contents are 16.24 mg/mL and 10.58 mg/mL. Dried method with vacuum drying oven at temperature 45oC to simplicia of S. grandiflora leaf could suppress microbial growth and produce the lowest bacteria total plate count due to 7.9.104 colony/g. Dried method with direct sunray and with indirect sunray (under shaded place) produce bacteria total plate count is 1.57.105 colony/g and 1.88.106 colony/g. This third drying method showed pathogen bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are negative (-).
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Kerneis, A., A. Déguin, and M. Feinberg. "A colony count model for the control of drinking water distribution systems." Revue des sciences de l'eau 9, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705248ar.
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The purpose of this study is to select a process control parameter for monitoring microbial regrowth in a network and to develop a more accurate and relevant quality control of supply water. Two parameters were examined as potential process control parameters: the water residence time in the network and the concentration of biodegradable organic matter. Residence time calculations were carried out and validated by tracer studies in a branched network and then in a simply looped network. The measurement of the natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consumption in the network was preferred to the determination of any in vitro biodegradation. The measurement of consumption requires the determination of DOC in treated water and in supply water. It is simpler and less expensive than other biodegradable organic matter determinations. A model for colony counts as a function of the residence time was developed in order to demonstrate that this parameter can be used for process controlling. This model was very well adjusted to data collected in a network in winter, spring and summer. This process control parameter was then used in order to locate and estimate the quantity of water whose colony counts exceed the European directive guide level. Accurate correlation measurements between colony counts and DOC consumed in the network were carried out in three distinct systems. No significant correlations were measured. For these three networks, biodegradable organic matter measurements based on DOC determinations were demonstrated to be unreliable process control parameters for monitoring bacterial regrowth.
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Asiya, P., Manjula Menon, Girigan Gopi, and Vipin Das. "Impact of Cropping Systems on Soil Microbial Load: Evidence from Wetland Ecosystems of Wayanad District, Kerala." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.51.1.
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This study enumerated the microbial communities in soil samples from rice, banana and arecanut from the wet lands of Wayanad district Kerala. The total viable bacterial count in the paddy field was 120x10-6 cfu, 121x10-6 cfu and 147x10-6 cfu in Nenmeni, Kaniyambatta and Pozhuthana Gramapanchayat and that of fungi was 30x10-3 cfu, 32 x10-3 cfu and 37 x10-3 cfu. Likewise, the total viable count of bacteria in areca nut at Nenmeni, Kaniyambatta and Pozhuthana Gramapanchayat was 66 x10-6 cfu, 80 x10-6 cfu, 118 x10-6 cfu and that of fungi was 14 x10-3 cfu, 18 x10-3 cfu, and 30 x10-3 cfu. The total viable count of bacteria in banana field at Nenmeni, and Pozhuthana was 51 x10-6 cfu and that of Kaniyambatta Gramapanchayath was 56 x10-6 cfu. The viable fungal colony at Nenmeni and Kaniyambatta was 18x10-3 cfu and that of Pozhuthana Gramapanchayath was 24 x10-6 cfu.
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Neethu Ann Preethy and Sujatha Somasundaram. "Antimicrobial Efficacy of Vaccinium macrocarpon mouthwash against Steptococcus mutans in dental plaque of caries active children – A randomized controlled trial." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3906.
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Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extracts have been found to be rich in polyphenols specifically, including flavonoids, that have been found to exhibit beneficial properties to human health. Considering the recent inclination in the preference of people towards herbal based products and remedies, and taking into account the possible side-effects of chlorhexidine, the current study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Vaccinium macrocarpon and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the Streptococcus mutans count in the dental plaque of caries, active children. The study follows a parallel design involving 50 children divided into two groups of 25 each - Group 1: chlorhexidine mouthwash; Group 2: cranberry mouthwash. The initial plaque samples and the samples were taken after 14 days were evaluated using a digital colony counter for determining the streptococcal colony count/ml. A statistically significant difference was found in both the groups with respect to the Streptococcal colony count when the intra-group comparison was made comparing the baseline values to the values after 14 days. However, no significant difference was seen in the percentage of reduction in the microbial CFU/ml between the two groups. Cranberry mouthwash can be considered to be an effective alternative to Chlorhexidine mouthwash, given its additional systemic effects apart from local beneficial effects in the oral region. Future scope in research should be aimed at evaluating its long term health benefits and any possible adverse effects.
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Pertiwi, Lia Amelia, Hadi Susilo, and Nurullah Asep Abdilah. "Microbiological and formaline test on the big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe, 1839) from fish auction place (TPI) and moving fish trader (PIK) in Panimbang Pandeglang Village Banten." Biological Environment and Pollution 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/bioenvipo.v1i1.391.
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Big Eye Tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe, 1839) is one of the fish species that can increase sources of animal protein and has high economic value in the world of trade because it is the second-largest export commodity after shrimp. The purpose of this study was to test the content of microbial and formalin contamination in the flesh of T. obesus fish from the Fish Auction Place (TPI) and Mobile Fish Trader (PIK) in Panimbang Village, Pandeglang, Banten. The research was carried out at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) Testing and Application of Quality of Fishery Products, Department of Marine Affairs, and Fisheries of Banten Province. This research is a descriptive laboratory study with purposive sampling. Twelve samples of T. obesus fish obtained from TPI (6 fishes) and PIK (6 fishes) were taken for 25 g of meat. The tested for microbial contamination content with Total Plate Count (TPC) using Butterfield's phosphate (BFP) media, and Plate Count Agar (PCA), Coliform-Test, and E. coli-Test using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB). Brilliant Green Lactose Bile (BGLB), EC Broth and Levine's Eosin Methylene Blue (LEMB), and Formaldehyde-Test using Formaldehyde-Test Kits. The results showed that the flesh of T. obesus fish contained microbial contamination with the average values of TPC, Coliform MPN, and E. coli MPN, respectively, namely 1.6 103 colony/g, 15.2 MPN/g and < 3 MPN/g ( TPI), and 1,7103 colony/g, 61.3 MPN/g and < 3 MPN/g (PIK). Therefore, fish in TPI and PIK are safe for consumption as stipulated in SNI.
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Branciari, Raffaella, Andrea Onofri, Fausto Cambiotti, and David Ranucci. "Effects of Animal, Climatic, Hunting and Handling Conditions on the Hygienic Characteristics of Hunted Roe Doer (Caprelous capreolus L.)." Foods 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081076.
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The population of wild animals is increasing, and control strategies based on selective hunting are among the major options adopted. The game meat obtained is therefore available for controlled and certified valuable chains. The understanding of carcass contamination and the factors affecting it is therefore crucial to ensure meat safety and prolonged shelf-life. The carcass hygiene of 64 hunted wild male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) was evaluated in relation to factors potentially affecting it. Aerobic colony and Enterobacteriaceae counts, as well as Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes detection, were performed. The interaction of the microbial determination with age and weight of the animals, the climate conditions, the shooting procedure, the time between the killing and the evisceration as well as the time of storage of the carcasses in refrigerated conditions before skinning, were evaluated. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Listeria monocytogenes were detected on the carcasses and the average loads detected were 3.39 ± 1.06 UFC/cm2 and 2.27± 1.11 UFC/cm2 for the aerobic colony count and Enterobacteriaceae count, respectively. The loads detected are similar to those reported by UE legislation for slaughtered species. The time of storage before skinning, the environmental temperature during hunting and the time between shooting and evisceration, associated with animal weight, affect the carcass hygiene and must be taken into careful consideration by hunters as food business operators.
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Venkateswaran, K., A. Shimada, A. Maruyama, T. Higashihara, H. Sakou, and T. Maruyama. "Microbial characteristics of Palau Jellyfish Lake." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-072.
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Microbiological examinations of total bacterial population, culturable aerobic heterotrophs, photosynthetic bacteria, and particulate DNA were carried out in Palau Jellyfish Lake. A 2 m thick bacterial plate layer at 13–15 m depth consisting of various components of microbes was observed in Jellyfish Lake. Photosynthetic bacteria, as seen by flow cytometry, were concentrated at 14–15 m depths with a maximal count of 2.2 × 105 cells∙mL−1 and microscopic analysis confirmed that these purple bacteria were Chromatium sp. Peaks in total bacterial counts (8.3 × 106 cells∙mL−1; 13 m), in the Synechococcus spp. population (2.4 × 106 cells∙mL−1; 13 m), in culturable heterotrophs (105 colony-forming units∙mL−1; 15 m), and in particulate DNA (17.8 μg∙L−1; 10 m) were observed either at the bacterial plate layer that was rich in nutrients or just above this layer in the oxic zone. Bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll a exhibited peaks at the photosynthetic bacterial plate (14–15 m). A high concentration of particulate organic carbon was also observed at 15 m. The particulate DNA showed a high degree of correlation with the total bacterial cell number. A low ratio of particulate DNA to particulate organic carbon (0.005) in the water column was found at 15 m and suggested that the particulate materials produced by photosynthetic bacteria would have influenced the concentration of particulate organic carbon. Culturable heterotrophs, clustered into nine different groups, were dominated by species of the genera Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Halomonas.Key words: Jellyfish Lake, microbiological characteristics, Chromatium, particulate DNA, heterotrophs.
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Alzobaay, A., and W. Alzobaay. "Role of Debaryomyces hansenii yeast in improving the microbial and sensory properties of Monterey cheese." Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37940/ajvs.2018.11.1.2.
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Debaryomyces hansenii yeast was grown in Malt Extract Broth medium at 30 °C for 5 days until the total count reached 5.6 ×108 colony forming units/ milliliter, Monterey cheese was made from cow's milk and adding of starter bacteria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis subsp.cremoris with D.hansenii yeast as adjunct starter in 2% for each treatment included M1 (100% starter bacteria), M2 (50% starter bacteria + 50% live D.hansenii) and M3 (50% starter bacteria + 50% dead D.hansenii),the ripening of Monterey cheese was done at 15°C and (85% relative humidity) for 56 days. The highest count of starter bacteria was 9.7 ×108 cfu/g in M1 treatment after 3 days of ripening, the lowest number of starter bacteria was 6.9 ×108 cfu/g in M2 treatment. The highest count of D.hansenii yeast was 4.3 x108 cfu/g after 3 days of ripening in M2 treatment, while the lowest count was 2.6 ×108 cfu/g in the same treatment after 56 days of ripening, no yeast was found in the treatments that had dead yeast cells, all treatments under study were decreased in the total count of coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and psychrotrophic bacteria after 14 days as they were within the standard specifications of these groups of microorganisms, Then reached to zero in the late time of ripening. M2 showed the best results of sensory evaluation in taste, flavor, textures, color and bitterness after 56 days of ripening.
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Hebbal, Mamata Iranna, and Sharada C. Metgud. "Association between Socioeconomic Status, Salivary Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli and Dental Caries among 12-Year-Old School Children in Belgaum City." World Journal of Dentistry 2, no. 4 (2011): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1105.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Aim of the study was to assess dental caries using Modified Dentition Status and Treatment Needs and find its association with salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli counts among 12-year-old school children of Belgaum city. Materials and methods A self-designed, 13 item, open-ended questionnaire given to parents. Children were examined for dental caries using Modified Dentition Status and Treatment Needs. Stimulated saliva was collected and incubated to estimate lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans colonies. Chi-square test was used to find the association between variables. Results When DMFT was recorded it was found that 23% of children were free from dental caries, whereas, only 5% of them were free of dental caries when examined using modified criteria. Most of the children had higher microbial count with 72% and 62% of them having > 105 cfu/μl of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli colony count respectively. Modified DMFT was significantly associated with frequency of brushing, lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans counts (p < 0.05). Conclusion The proportion of subjects with dental caries was relatively high in all groups but the number of teeth affected by caries was low. Inclusion of noncavitated incipient lesions could increase sensitivity of index.
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Botondi, Rinaldo. "Hygiene behavior assessment of a hazelnut processing plant." British Food Journal 121, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2018-0175.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible microbiological contamination in terms of total counts and representative microbial groups found in the hazelnuts as well as in work areas and on the working surfaces of a hazelnut processing plant.Design/methodology/approachSome microbiological parameters related to the manufacturing process (e.g. aerobic colony count yeast and fungi) were evaluated. Indoor air samples were tested in order to evaluate the possible contamination of fungal strains (i.e. mycotoxin producing fungi).FindingsThe results showed that the highest values (>of 500 CFU/m3) for bacteria and fungi were only observed in the shelling and sorting areas. Some species such as Aspergillus and Penicillium (potential mycotoxin-producers) as well as some noxious colonies ofAspergillus fumigatuswere detected along the processing line. No occurrence of aflatoxins was observed in the finished product. Microbial loads obtained through surface analyses were in accordance to the reference data.Originality/valueThe aim of this study was to monitor and improve the procedures currently used in a hazelnut processing plant.
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Usman, M., J. Sani, A. Ibrahim, and A. Olowo-okere. "Microbial contamination of Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis: prevalence, microbial load and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i2.17.
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Background: Globally, contamination of banknotes with various microbial species is increasingly being reported. This usually results from improper handling during exchange of goods and services. In the present study, we aimed to determine the microbial load, prevalence and the presence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) among bacteria isolated from the Nigerian Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis.Methodology: A total of 400 Naira notes of various denominations were randomly collected aseptically, cultured and total viable counts determined. The isolated microbial species were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates and detection of ESBL were determined by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST), respectively.Results: All the 400 samples collected were contaminated with various microbial species. The highest mean colony count was detected in 20 Naira notes (28.5%), while the least was observed in 1000 Naira note (3.3%). Fourteen different microbial species were isolated from the contaminated currency notes, predominantly Escherichia coli (25.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (12.0%). Some fungal species mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were also isolated. Majority of the bacteria isolates resistant to the third generation cephalosporins (72.1%) were ESBL positive.Conclusion: The study shows that Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis were heavily contaminated with various microbial species, and a high proportion of the isolated Gram-negative bacteria were ESBL producers. Efforts should thus be made to improve hygiene practices in the study area. Importantly, businesses should be encouraged to adopt the use of electronic transactions.
Keywords: Currency notes, Naira, Microbial contamination, ESBL
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Gangga, Erlindha, and Qurratun Aini. "DRY EXTRACT OF BLACK RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) AS ANTIOXIDANT IN THE FORM OF FUNCTIONAL DRINK." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 13 (April 26, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s1.26597.
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Objective: Based on previous research, black rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been proven to have antioxidant activity which is classified in the very strong category, approximately 41.5 bpj. this The aim of this study was to produce antioxidant functional drink.Methods: Simplicia powder prepared from black rice (O. sativa L.) sample by extracting with 70% ethanol solvent using kinetic maceration, followed by phytochemical screening, determination of extract quality, drying extract with freeze-drying method, then dry extract obtained used to produce functional drinks on which evaluation and antioxidant activity test carried out. The antioxidant activity test used in this research was DPPH-free radical scavenging method.Results: Screening result showed that both simplicia and extract contain flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. Result from dried extract quality determination shown to be thick consistency, has blackish-purple color, has specific aroma and bitter, water-soluble extract content of 59.04%; ethanol-soluble extract content of 69.77%; moisture content of 7.65%; loss on drying 9.40%; total ash content of 5.17%; acid-insoluble ash content of 0.84%; water-soluble ash content 4.15%; and residual solvent 0.44%. Pb and Cd metal contamination were 1.1994 mg/kg and 0.0905 mg/kg, respectively. Total plate count microbial contamination TNTC and the number of yeast and mold found to be 0.0387×103 colony/g. Evaluation test of functional drinks with powder type and found to be blackish-purple, and specific aroma, and total plate count microbial contamination was 0.310×103 colony/g, and the number of yeast and mold found was 0.6997×102 colony/g. Result of IC50 antioxidant activity of viscous extract was 37.5587 bpj; dried extract was 231.0101 bpj; dried extract (distilled water) was 44.7412 bpj; and functional drinks were 46.3594 bpj.Conclusion: Thus, results suggest that dried black rice’s extract and functional drink produced found to have very strong antioxidant activity.
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Englmaierová, M., E. Tůmová, V. Charvátová, and M. Skřivan. "Effects of laying hens housing system on laying performance, egg quality characteristics, and egg microbial contamination." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 8 (August 26, 2014): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7585-cjas.
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The objective of this study was to compare the performance, egg quality, and microbial contamination of egg shells from hens maintained in different housing systems, such as conventional and enriched cages, litter, and aviaries. The housing system significantly (P < 0.001) influenced the performance characteristics. The highest egg production, lowest daily feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were measured in conventional cages compared to litter and aviaries. Higher egg shell and albumen qualities were observed in conventional cages, whereas hens housed in enriched cages and aviaries laid eggs with a higher yolk index (P < 0.001). The housing system significantly (P < 0.001) influenced the total count of bacteria on the egg surface and the microbial contamination of Enterococcus and Escherichia coli. The lowest values for the total count of bacterial contamination (P < 0.001) were found in eggs from conventional cages (4.05 log colony-forming units (CFU)/egg) and enriched cages (3.98 log CFU/egg). Eggs from aviaries had 5.49 log CFU per egg, and the highest level of contamination was observed in eggs that were laid on litter (6.24 log CFU/egg). The level of the microbial contamination of egg shells from litter and aviaries was by 2 log CFU higher than in eggs from cages. It could be concluded, from the viewpoint of egg safety, a more suitable substitute for conventional cages are enriched cages and aviaries than litter.
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Rohomania, Tahara, Mihir Lal Saha, Anwar Hossain, Shankar Chandra Mandal, and Mohammad Shamsur Rahman. "Microbial and proximate composition of fresh and salted Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v42i2.23365.
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Bacterial and nutritional quality of fresh and salted hilsa collected from four markets of Dhaka city were investigated. Five different culture media viz. nutrient agar, EMB agar for coliform, SS agar for Salmonella-Shigella, MSA agar for Staphylococcus and TCBS for Vibrio were used. The highest heterotrophic bacterial count 1.22 ± 0.12 × 106 cfu/g was recorded in the fresh fish sample of Karwan Bazar. Maximum coliform count, 1.20 ± 0.10 × 106 cfu/g was detected in the fresh fish sample of the same market. No bacterial colony was found on SS agar and TCBS agar plate in salted fish. Proximate composition of raw hilsa of dorsal and ventral part was 56.49 ± 0.13% and 55.45 ± 0.06% moisture, 23.62 ± 0.28% and 22.99 ± 0.36% protein, 18.01 ± 0.39% and 18.96 ± 0.43% fat and 1.71 ± 0.04% and 2.26 ± 0.09% ash, respectively. In salted T. ilisha, the proximate composition of dorsal and ventral part was 45.13 ± 0.54% and 40.20±0.20% moisture, 20.79 ± 0.17% and 21.48 ± 0.15% protein, 16.89 ± 0.47% and 19.54 ± 0.26% lipid and 16.65 ± 0.41% and 18.35 ± 0.08% ash. The fresh fish samples were associated with high bacterial loads than that of salted fish. The protein, lipid, moisture contents decreased and ash content increased after salting condition.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 227-236, 2014
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Williams, Peter J. le B., and Hugh W. Ducklow. "The microbial loop concept: A history, 1930–1974." Journal of Marine Research 77, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 23–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224019828474359.
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The microbial loop as a leading concept in marine microbiology gained wide recognition in the 1980s, but it has roots extending back to the 1930s when microbiologists first began to take a more dynamic approach to investigating the roles of bacteria in ocean food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Here we present a history of the microbial loop concept with emphasis on the period starting in 1930, when marine bacteriologists in Russia and the West began to study explicitly the roles of marine bacteria in the sea. Selman Waksman at Woods Hole and Claude ZoBell at La Jolla relied on colony counts on agar plates as the basis of their work. We suggest that failure to accept direct microscopic evidence of high numbers of bacteria in seawater retarded conceptual development in the West well into the 1970s. Easterners pioneered direct count and radioisotopic techniques and created a dynamic marine microbiology integrating bacteria as important components of marine food webs by the 1960s. Yurii Sorokin and colleagues carried out extensive experimental studies of bacteria as food for marine grazers and provided data for Mikhail Vinogradov and his group to write the first numerical simulation models of ocean ecosystems incorporating microbial components. It had little impact on the Western modeling community, as other Russian work of the times. In spite of continuing technical shortcomings in the field, Lawrence Pomeroy constructed a new conceptual model, providing a synthesis pointing the way toward a modern view of marine microbial ecology that finally matured technically and conceptually in the West in the early 1980s.
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Souza-Gugelmin, Maria Cristina Monteiro de, Carolina Della Torre Lima, Sergio Narciso Marques de Lima, Henis Mian, and Izabel Yoko Ito. "Microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines." Brazilian Dental Journal 14, no. 1 (June 2003): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402003000100010.
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The quality of water in a dental unit is of considerable importance because patients and dental staff are regularly exposed to water and aerosol generated from the dental unit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines. Water samples were collected aseptically from the waterlines (reservoir, triple-syringe, high-speed) of 15 dental units. After serial dilution to 1:10(6) in APHA, the samples were seeded by the pour-plate technique and cultured in plate count agar (Difco) for 48 h at 32ºC. Analysis was based on the number of colony forming units (CFU). The Wilcoxon non-parametric test indicated that the levels of water contamination were highest in the triple-syringe (13 of 15) and in the high-speed (11 of 15); both levels were higher than those of the water reservoir. There was no significant statistical difference between the level of contamination in the triple-syringe and the high-speed as determined by the Mann-Whitney test [p(H0) = 40.98%; Z = - 0.2281]. Because biofilm forms on solid surfaces constantly bathed by liquid where microorganisms are present, these results indicate that the water in the dental unit may be contaminated by biofilm that forms in these tubules.
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Khetarpal, Samta, Abhishek Bansal, and Navneet Kukreja. "Comparison of Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Neem, Curcumin and Aloe Vera in Conjunction with Chlorhexidine as an Intracanal Medicament – an In-Vivo Study." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 02, no. 03 (December 2014): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1671999.
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Abstract Aim & Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Neem, Curcumin and Aloe vera as an effective intracanal medicament in root canal therapy of infected teeth and to determine the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of these three herbal substances used in the study. Material and Method: In this study, thirty three patients(33) within the age group of 25-40 years with two single rooted anterior teeth, presenting with periapical radiolucency requiring endodontic therapy were selected. These 33 patients were divided into two groups, in which one was the test and another was control in one single patient. The control samples were taken from all the 33 patients i.e (33 samples) in which chlorhexidine is used as intracanal medicament, whereas the test groups were divided into another three respective groups with 11 samples in each group on the basis of three herbal intracanal medicaments used in this study. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory property was assessed in our study using the microbial colony count method and the Visual analogue pain scale method respectively. Results: Test Group A(Neem) showed the highest antibacterial activity with maximum reduction in microbial colony count scores. and the test Group B(Curcumin) showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity with maximum reduction in the VAS pain score. On comparing test groups with control group and antimicrobial property was analyzed. The results were statistically non-significant when Group A(Neem) was compared with Control group(Chlorhexidine) and statistically significant when Group B(Curcumin) and Group C(Aloe vera) was compared with Chlorhexidine.
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Oladunjoye, R. Y., O. O. Fafioye, T. D. Solola, U. M. Ogbu, and T. S. Oladeji. "Characterization of tropical freshwater; River Ogun, Lagos Nigeria." Tropical Freshwater Biology 29, no. 1 (August 21, 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v29i1.2.
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Physico-chemical parameters and microbial contents of Ogun River at Magodo area, Lagos were investigated in relation to its safety for consumption. Water samples were weekly collected between August and December, 2016 at three equi-distance intervals for analysis on physico-chemical parameters, total bacterial count and biochemical tests following standard recommended procedures. Mean concentrations of the physico-chemical parameters were found in ranges for pH (6.68 ± 0.15 - 6.86 ± 0.21), temperature (26.78 ± 0.14 – 26.92 ± 0.31), electrical conductivity (355.40 ± 101.93 – 456.40 ± 115.77), total dissolved solids (166.80 ± 48.08 - 215.00 ± 54.29), dissolved oxygen (7.06 ± 0.01 - 7.08 ± 0.02), biochemical oxygen demand (25.59 ± 0.03 - 25.64 ± 0.01), chemical oxygen demand (98.75 ± 0.03 - 98.84 ± 0.02), total hardness (345.80 ± 1.28 - 349.40 ± 3.87), total alkalinity (9.28 ± 0.02 - 9.33 ± 0.02), nitrate (0.27 ± 0.00 - 0.28 ± 0.00), sulphate (0.55 ± 0.05 - 0.62 ± 0.00) and chloride (68.84 ± 0.77 - 74.97 ± 1.23). Total colony forming unit (Cfu) of bacteria in the river was found highest in descending order Centrimide Agar (CA) > Mac-Conkey Agar (MCA) > Plate Count Agar (PCA) > Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) at the first and second serial dilution respectively. Biochemical tests showed the presence of Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp., Salmonella sp. and Baccillus sp. in the river. Variations in the microbial load and physico-chemical parameters in Ogun River as a result of different human activities around the river was found within the standard limits which makes the River safe for human consumption.
Key words: River Ogun, microbial load, bacterial count, biochemical tests Trop.
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SMITH, L. B., E. A. ZOTTOLA, T. L. FOX, and K. CHAUSSE. "Use of Petrifilm™ to Evaluate the Microflora of Frozen Dessert Mixes1." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.8.549.
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Ninety vanilla frozen dessert mix samples were analyzed to determine total microbial populations and coliforms present in samples inoculated with a coliform isolated from raw milk. Standard methods agar (SMA, PCA, Difco) and violet red bile agar (VRBA, Difco) as well as Petrifilm™ (PSM, PVRB) were used for plating of samples. Standard VRBA 1:10 method produced significantly higher counts of colony-forming units (CFU) than PVRB 2:3 and VRBA 2:3 methods. VRBA 2:3 colony-forming unit counts were also significantly higher than those on PVRB 2:3, but both methods showed a moderately strong linear relationship. Repeatabilities of all three coliform plating methods (VRBA 1:10, VRBA 2:3, and PVRB 2:3) were acceptably low. Less than 10% of samples plated on SMA and PSM resulted in total aerobic colony-forming units in the countable range, making evaluation of data difficult and resulting in a lack of strong linear relationship between PSM and SMA. An additional 70 local retail store samples containing naturally occurring coliforms were evaluated using PVRB 2:3 and VRBA 1:10 methodology, confirmed in brilliant green lactose bile broth (BGLB, Difco) and compared to standard VRBA 1:10 previously analyzed. All methods were equivalent for mean log coliforms, i.e., 1.38,1.33, and 1.31 for PVRB 2:3, VRBA 2:3, and VRBA 1:10, respectively. Petrifilm™ methods were comparable to standard methods for enumerating coliforms in frozen dairy products, and would be a valid alternative to standard coliform and total plate count methods.
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Nurtjahyani, Supiana Dian, Dwi Oktafitria, Sriwulan ., Ahmad Zaenal Arifin, and Eko Purnomo. "Identification and Analysis of Diversity of Soil Microorganism Colonies in Limestone Reclamation Land." Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/atbes.2020.v04.i02.p02.
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Reclamation of land used for mining is very important because it is related to microbial activity in the soil which has an impact on soil fertility. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the diversity of bacterial colonies in the reclaimed land of the former Limestone Mining. The method used in this research was a laboratory experimental method. The results of the study showed that 6 bacterial isolates were found and the highest total plate count in GPS land (GPS system) is 1.97 X 106 cfu, the dominant colony characteristics were irregular shapes, flat edges and milky white color.
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Mutiarasari, Nonie Olivia Adia, Nenny Harijani, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Dadik Raharjo, Agnes Theresia Soelih Estoepangestie, and Didik Handijatno. "Total Plate dan Total Staphylococcus aureus pada Daging Di Pasar Tradisional Kecamatan Mulyorejo Surabaya." Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary 9, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbmv.v9i2.28584.
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This study aimed to evaluate the Total Plate Count and total Staphylococcus aureus count of beef sold in wet markets in Mulyorejo sub-district below the National Standard Indonesia (SNI 7388:2009) about maximum limit of microbial contamination in food or not. Total of twenty four samples of beef purchased from traditional markets of Tempurejo, Krempyeng Yamuri, Pacar Keling, and Menur in Mulyorejo sub-district Surabaya were examined by Total Plate Count using pour plate method. The sample was also cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar. The colony suspected to be S. aureus were taken for identification. The identification of S. aureus consists of isolation in Mannitol Salt Agar, Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Total plate count result showed that four samples were exceeding the National Standard of Indonesia SNI 7388:2009 or 1x106 CFU/g and the rest were below the maximum Total Plate Count in SNI. The highest Total Plate Count result was 1,9x106 CFU/g and the lowest was 7,8x104 CFU/g. The result of identification showed that 100% samples examined were contaminated by S. aureus with the highest result was 2,9x104 CFU/g and the lowest result was 4,3x103 CFU/g or exceeding the SNI 7388:2009.
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Keat Hon, John Chong, Siti Noor Adnalizawati Adnan, and Nur Aqilah Ismail. "The Optimum Duration of Flushing Dental Unit Waterlines for Microbial Removal." Archives of Orofacial Sciences 16, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aos2021.16.1.2.
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This study aims to evaluate the optimum duration of flushing dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) dental polyclinics for removal of heterotrophic bacteria. Water samples were obtained from triple air syringes at each dental chair from oral surgery clinic, outpatient clinic and polyclinic 17 at Faculty of Dentistry, USIM after 16 and 64 hours of not operating the dental units as baseline samples. This is followed by sampling after continuous flushing at 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes of flushing duration. The levels of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for each flushing duration were determined by quantification of colony forming units (CFUs) after cultivation of samples on plate count agar (PCA), R2A agar and 5% sheep blood agar (SBA). Statistically, there was no significant reduction in CFUs of HPC for all flushing duration compared to baseline (P > 0.05) with the most notable HPC reducing level after 1 minute and 3 minutes of flushing DUWLs. However, HPC level at USIM dental clinics is still exceeding the recommendation by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which should be less than 500 CFU/mL. The existing method of controlling DUWLs contamination in USIM dental clinics is only by flushing DUWLs 1 minute every morning prior to dental treatment as recommended by Malaysian Dental Council (MDC) without the use of chemical germicides. Thus, the flushing method alone is not reliable to reduce the number of microorganisms in the DUWLs.
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Simmons, Gilbert F., Joseph L. Smilanick, Shama John, and Dennis A. Margosan. "Reduction of Microbial Populations on Prunes by Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 815F—815. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.815f.
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Moisture is raised in dehydrated prunes to improve palatability before packaging and potassium sorbate is added to inhibit microbial growth. Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP) technology uses hydrogen peroxide pulses to disinfect dried prunes. Dried prunes were obtained from dehydrators. The number of colony-forming units per 10 prunes (cfu/p) was compared between untreated and VPHP treated. Three culture media—dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar base (DRBC, Oxoid), aerobic plate count agar (PCA), and potato dextrose agar (PDA)—were used to evaluate cfu/p. Similar mean microbe populations were observed on DRBC (67) and PDA (70); PCA had higher cfu/p (99). Microbes washed from untreated prunes obtained from dehydrators were 58 to 112 cfu/p, depending on the culture medium used. The number of cfu/p assessed on all media on VPHP-treated prunes was near 0 after 100 min exposure. Unlike potassium sorbate, hydrogen peroxide is a microbiocide rather than a microbiostat.
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Kogan, Michael I., Yulia L. Naboka, Khalid S. Ibishev, Irina A. Gudima, and Kurt G. Naber. "Human Urine Is Not Sterile - Shift of Paradigm." Urologia Internationalis 94, no. 4 (2015): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369631.
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Objective: Until recently the generally accepted paradigm implied that urine of healthy people is sterile. In the present study, urine of healthy subjects was investigated by extended bacteriological methods. Material and Methods: Three midstream urine samples from 52 healthy subjects each (24 females, 28 males; 18-25 years of age) were investigated by an extended set of culture media for identification of facultative aerobic (FAB) and nonclostridial anaerobic bacteria (NCAB). Ward's method (Euclidean distance) was used for similarity analysis. Results: The bacterial count of FAB in urine was usually low (≤102 colony-forming units/ml) in both groups. In contrast, the bacterial count of NCAB was higher (≥103 colony-forming units/ml), at least in some species, with significant differences between genders. The average number of bacterial species found was 5.8 in female and 7.1 in male urine. Half of the females were assigned to a specific ‘female' microbial spectrum, different from that of males. In the mixed-gender clusters, the males showed a greater similarity among themselves. Conclusions: As also shown by other investigators, urine of healthy people is normally not sterile. The role of the routinely not cultivated bacteria in healthy and diseased subjects needs to be established. It may alter the diagnostics of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract.
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Corkidi, G., R. Diaz-Uribe, J. L. Folch-Mallol, and J. Nieto-Sotelo. "COVASIAM: an Image Analysis Method That Allows Detection of Confluent Microbial Colonies and Colonies of Various Sizes for Automated Counting." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1400–1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.4.1400-1404.1998.
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ABSTRACT In this work we introduce the confluent and various sizes image analysis method (COVASIAM), an automated colony count technique that uses digital imaging technology for detection and separation of confluent microbial colonies and colonies of various sizes growing on petri dishes. The proposed method takes advantage of the optical properties of the surfaces of most microbial colonies. Colonies in the petri dish are epi-illuminated in order to direct the reflection of concentrated light coming from a halogen lamp towards an image-sensing device. In conjunction, a multilevel threshold algorithm is proposed for colony separation and counting. These procedures improved the quantification of colonies showing confluence or differences in size. We tested COVASIAM with a sample set of microorganisms that form colonies with contrasting physical properties:Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans,Escherichia coli, Azotobacter vinelandii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Rhizobium etli. These physical properties range from smooth to hairy, from bright to opaque, and from high to low convexities. COVASIAM estimated an average of 95.47% (ς = 8.55%) of the manually counted colonies, while an automated method based on a single-threshold segmentation procedure estimated an average of 76% (ς = 16.27) of the manually counted colonies. This method can be easily transposed to almost every image-processing analyzer since the procedures to compile it are generically standard.
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MOORE, KERRY J., MOLLY W. WARREN, D. ROBERT DAVIS, and MICHAEL G. JOHNSON. "Changes in Bacterial Cell and Spore Counts of Reduced-Fat Egg Products As Influenced by Pasteurization and Spray Drying." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.7.565.
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Microbial counts of several laboratory-prepared defatted egg products and ingredients were determined. Commercial full-fat egg yolks (EY) were defatted with hexane, air dried overnight, mixed with water, homogenized, pasteurized (60°C, 5 min), and spray dried to yield a defatted egg yolk product (DEY). Egg products for scrambling (EPS) were formulated with DEY and other ingredients, processed as above, and held wet (EPS-W) or spray-dried (EPS-SD). On a dry matter basis, the log counts in colony forming units per g (log CFU/g) of EY for aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and aerobic mesophilic sporeformers were low at 1.3, 1.0 and 0, respectively. For DEY these counts were 6.0, 2.4, and 4.3, respectively. These counts for DEY after pasteurization decreased by 98.6, 89.6, and 40.0%, and after spray drying decreased by 99.3, 96.1, and 83.5%, respectively, compared to the pre-pasteurization counts. For EPS-W, pasteurization reduced aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and coliforms by 82.0, 86.7, and 98.7%, but did not reduce aerobic mesophilic sporeformers. Compared to pre pasteurization counts, for EPS-SD the aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, and aerobic mesophilic sporeformer counts after pasteurization decreased by 99.7, 91.9, 99.3, and 50.0%, while after spray drying the count reductions were 99.9, 98.9, 99.9, and 85.8%, respectively. Microbial counts of finished products were below guidelines set by the U.S.D.A. for egg products. No Salmonella were detected in any of the ingredients or prototype products at any stage of processing. The combination treatment of pasteurization followed by spray drying significantly reduced the spore counts of DEY and EPS-SD, compared to pre-pasteurization counts.
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PETÄJÄ, E., P. MYLLYNIEMI, and P. PETÄJÄ. "Use of inoculated lactic acid bacteria in fermenting sour cabbage." Agricultural and Food Science 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5651.
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Fermentation of sour vegetables has to date occurred through the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) naturally present in vegetables. The present article deals with preliminary studies on the effects of some LAB inocula (Lactobacillus alimentarius or Pediococcus pentosaceus) on fermenting sour cabbage. The effect of LAB on yeast growth, a problem in sour vegetables, was also studied through the use of dual yeast and LAB inocula. The pH of cabbage juice decreased to levels under pH 4 during the first 10 days of fermentation, which is near the final values, pediococci decreasing the pH to the lowest values. The LAB count in inoculated cabbages increased by 0.5-2.0 log cfu (colony forming unit) /g during the first 10 days of fermentation and thereafter decreased. Pediococci formed predominant part of microbial flora almost in all experimental batches. In cabbage challenged with yeasts, yeast counts rose only when the pH was < 3.5. Yeasts appeared almost regularly also in cabbages inoculated only with LAB. Pediococci fermented cabbage effectively decreasing the pH to lower levels than lactobacilli or natural LAB. However, too strong a decrease in pH may result in a decrease of LAB count which may subsequently lead to yeast growth. The yeast problem could not be solved with the LAB inocula used in our study.;
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Taiwo Adetuga, Adetola, Abosede Olayemi Omonona, and Afusat Jagun Jubril. "Microbial pathogen contamination of waterholes in old Oyo national park: possible wildlife and animal health implications." Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal 2, no. 2 (May 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/vmph2021.2.2.4.
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Surface water quality is an important module of the aquatic ecosystem which is crucial to wildlife and environmental health. The term water quality is sometimes extended to include biodiversity of waters and biological indicators or ecological health. Microbiological examination of water is an essential tool to investigate the presence of microorganisms that might constitute a hazard to both animal and public health. Microbiological examination of waterholes in national parks is thus crucial in assessing ecosystem health. The study therefore aimed at assessing the bacteriological and mycological characteristics of perennial waterholes in Old Oyo National Park (OONP), Nigeria. Coliform test was performed using the most probable number (MPN) technique and heterotrophic plate count (aerobic) by Pour Plate method while fungi count was done using the direct plate and dilution plate methods. Microbial populations were expressed as colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml). Different species of microflora were observed in the sampled waterholes includes Bacillus sp, Aspergillus spp, Actinobacter sp, Pseudomonas sp, Penicillium sp, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Salmonella sp, Flavobacter sp, Seratia sp and Shigella sp. The presence of Escherichia coli observed in the study is an indication of recent faecal contamination. The mean values of microbial counts of the water samples were higher during the dry season with increased water concentration and more drinking from animals a probable cause. The presence of the various microflora observed in the study could pose a serious threat to both wildlife and public health. The study gave an insight to the health of the animals over seasons in the park and how it can affect health and population and a source of contaminants to all animals. There is need for continuous assessment of water quality in waterholes in OONP as a means of ensuring good ecological health.
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Liepa, Marika, Jelena Zagorska, Ruta Galoburda, and Svetlana Kostascuka. "Effect of High-Pressure Processing on Microbial Quality of Skimmed Milk." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2018-0019.
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Abstract High pressure processing (HPP) is an alternative to traditional thermal treatment and can be used in the dairy industry for increasing the microbiological safety of milk and for preserving its biologically active substances. HPP effectiveness in providing microbiological quality of product is still under discussion; thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of HPP technology on microbiological quality of skimmed milk. Raw, pasteurised (78 °C, 15–20 s), HPP treated (250 MPa, 15 min; 400 MPa, 3 min; 400 MPa, 15 min; 550 MPa, 3 min) and skimmed milk, processed by combining pasteurisation and HPP were analysed and compared. The total plate count (LVS ISO 4833-1:2013) and presence of coliforms (LVS EN ISO 16654:2002) were determined in analysed skimmed milk samples. Significant decrease (p < 0.05) of colony forming units (CFU) was observed in samples processed by combining two treatment types: pasteurisation and HPP. The minimum treatment parameters for shelf-life extension of skimmed milk were determined: pressure not less than 400 MPa and holding time at least 15 minutes.
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Rossoni, Rodnei Dennis, Patrícia Pimentel de Barros, Fernanda Freire, Jéssica Diane dos Santos, Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge, and Juliana Campos Junqueira. "Study of Microbial Interaction Formed by "Candida krusei" and "Candida glabrata": "In Vitro" and "In Vivo" Studies." Brazilian Dental Journal 28, no. 6 (December 2017): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201701393.
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Abstract Recently, the non-albicans Candida species have become recognized as an important source of infection and oral colonization by association of different species in a large number of immunosuppressed patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between C. krusei and C. glabrata in biofilms formed in vitro and their ability to colonize the oral cavity of mouse model. Monospecies and mixed biofilms were developed of each strain, on 96-well microtiter plates for 48 h. These biofilms were analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and by determining cell viability, using the XTT hydroxide colorimetric assay. For the in vivo study, twenty-four mice received topical applications of monospecie or mixed suspensions of each strain. After 48 h, yeasts were recovered from the mice and quantified by CFU/mL count. In the biofilm assays, the results for the CFU/mL count and the XTT assay showed that the two species studied were capable of forming high levels of in vitro monospecie biofilm. In mixed biofilm, the CFU of C. krusei increased (p=0.0001) and C. glabrata decreased (p=0.0001). The metabolic activity observed in XTT assay of mixed biofilm was significantly reduced compared with a single C. glabrata biofilm (p=0.0001). Agreeing with CFU in vitro count, C. glabrata CFU/mL values recovered from oral cavity of mice were statistically higher in the group with single infection (p=0.0001) than the group with mixed infection. We concluded that C. krusei inhibits C. glabrata and takes advantage to colonize the oral cavity and to form biofilms.
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Prabhakar, Attiguppe Ramasetty, Kratika Dixit, and OS Raju. "Microbiologic Evaluation of Cotton and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Tape as Endodontic Spacer Materials in Primary Molars An in Vivo Study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-42.1.4.
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Objective: PTFE tape, which is commonly used as plumber's tape is an inorganic, non-fibrous, ribbon like material. The aim of this study was to evaluate PTFE tape as endodontic spacer material and to compare it with commonly used spacer material that is cotton, in primary teeth. Study Design: Seventeen children undergoing pulpectomy of lower second primary molar bilaterally were included in the study. Cotton and PTFE tape were placed as spacers on each side randomly. Samples were taken from the access cavity at baseline and after seven days to check for microbial leakage. Spacer materials were also checked for microbial contamination. Results: The results revealed that there was a significant increase in the bacterial colony count after seven days in cotton group. The access cavities were also positive for microbial leakage in the cotton group where the spacers showed positive growth. In PTFE group only two samples showed microbial contamination of spacer and out of two only one sample showed contamination of access cavity along with spacer. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that PTFE tape performed better than cotton as endodontic spacer material. Thus, PTFE tape can be recommended as an endodontic spacer material as an alternative to cotton in primary teeth.
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Bava, Luciana, Maddalena Zucali, Alberto Tamburini, Stefano Morandi, and Milena Brasca. "Effect of Different Farming Practices on Lactic Acid Bacteria Content in Cow Milk." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020522.
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The natural load of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in milk is the basis of the production of raw milk cheeses, such as Grana Padano PDO. In the last decades, improvements in livestock hygiene management resulted in bulk cow milk with less than 20,000 colony forming units (CFU) of bacterial count, unable to ensure a sufficient supply of LAB, with a negative impact on cheese quality. This study investigated the relations between farm management practices and prevalence of different groups of bacteria in cow milk. Sixty-two intensive dairy farms located in Lombardy (Italy) where involved, most of them destined as milk for the production of Grana Padano. Season had no significant effect on the content of most of the bacterial groups, except for coliforms. A strong relation among standard plate count (SPC) and other bacterial groups was evidenced. Cluster analysis showed that the most productive farms applied a complete milking routine and produced milk with the lowest value of SPC, the lowest count of the other bacteria, including LAB, but the highest LAB/SPC. The study suggests that complexity of farming practices can affect the microbial population of milk.