Relevant bibliographies by topics / Color Flow Mapping (CFM)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Color Flow Mapping (CFM)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Color Flow Mapping (CFM)"

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Vixège, Florian, Alain Berod, Yunyun Sun, et al. "Physics-constrained intraventricular vector flow mapping by color Doppler." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66, no. 24 (2021): 245019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac3ffe.

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Abstract Color Doppler by transthoracic echocardiography creates two-dimensional fan-shaped maps of blood velocities in the cardiac cavities. It is a one-component velocimetric technique since it only returns the velocity components parallel to the ultrasound beams. Intraventricular vector flow mapping (iVFM) is a method to recover the blood velocity vectors from the Doppler scalar fields in an echocardiographic three-chamber view. We improved our iVFM numerical scheme by imposing physical constraints. The iVFM consisted in minimizing regularized Doppler residuals subject to the condition that two fluid-dynamics constraints were satisfied, namely planar mass conservation, and free-slip boundary conditions. The optimization problem was solved by using the Lagrange multiplier method. A finite-difference discretization of the optimization problem, written in the polar coordinate system centered on the cardiac ultrasound probe, led to a sparse linear system. The single regularization parameter was determined automatically for non-supervision considerations. The physics-constrained method was validated using realistic intracardiac flow data from a patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The numerical evaluations showed that the iVFM-derived velocity vectors were in very good agreement with the CFD-based original velocities, with relative errors ranged between 0.3% and 12%. We calculated two macroscopic measures of flow in the cardiac region of interest, the mean vorticity and mean stream function, and observed an excellent concordance between physics-constrained iVFM and CFD. The capability of physics-constrained iVFM was finally tested with in vivo color Doppler data acquired in patients routinely examined in the echocardiographic laboratory. The vortex that forms during the rapid filling was deciphered. The physics-constrained iVFM algorithm is ready for pilot clinical studies and is expected to have a significant clinical impact on the assessment of diastolic function.
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Brands, Peter J., Arnold P. G. Hoeks, and Léon A. F. Ledoux. "A Single Bit RF Domain Complex Cross-Correlation Velocity Estimator for Color Flow Mapping." Ultrasonic Imaging 19, no. 3 (1997): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469701900302.

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This paper evaluates the performance of a one bit mean frequency estimator to estimate blood flow velocity for ultrasound color flow mapping. This one bit mean frequency estimator, referred to as BC3 estimator, is derived from the recently introduced complex cross-correlation model (C3M) employing the full dynamic data range. The C3M velocity estimator is not suitable for application in color flow mapping because of its high hardware complexity and associated computational load. The BC3 estimator estimates the mean blood flow velocity using only two complex cross-correlation coefficients. For this purpose the latter are computed by means of a complex one bit cross-correlation operation. Each sample of the RF signals is converted into an one bit representation based on the sign of the real and imaginary part of the RF samples. A full derivation and mathematical description of the BC3 estimator is presented. In addition, a thorough performance evaluation of the BC3 estimator in comparison with the full dynamic range C3M velocity estimator is carried out by means of signal simulations to document the effect of signal to noise ratio, sample frequency and bandwidth. For the specific simulation conditions considered the standard deviation of both estimators (C3M and BC3) is comparable. The bias of the BC3 estimator appears to be a function of velocity, while the full dynamic range C3M velocity estimator exhibits no bias. The simulation results are confirmed by evaluation of data from an in vivo measurement. Taking into account the low hardware complexity and computational load in combination with the achieved precision, it may be concluded that the BC3 estimator is well suited for implementation in color flow mapping.
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Vixège, Florian, Alain Berod, Pierre-Yves Courand, et al. "Full-volume three-component intraventricular vector flow mapping by triplane color Doppler." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 9 (2022): 095004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac62fe.

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Abstract Objective. Intraventricular vector flow mapping (iVFM) is a velocimetric technique for retrieving two-dimensional velocity vector fields of blood flow in the left ventricular cavity. This method is based on conventional color Doppler imaging, which makes iVFM compatible with the clinical setting. We have generalized the iVFM for a three-dimensional reconstruction (3D-iVFM). Approach. 3D-iVFM is able to recover three-component velocity vector fields in a full intraventricular volume by using a clinical echocardiographic triplane mode. The 3D-iVFM problem was written in the spherical (radial, polar, azimuthal) coordinate system associated to the six half-planes produced by the triplane mode. As with the 2D version, the method is based on the mass conservation, and free-slip boundary conditions on the endocardial wall. These mechanical constraints were imposed in a least-squares minimization problem that was solved through the method of Lagrange multipliers. We validated 3D-iVFM in silico in a patient-specific CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model of cardiac flow and tested its clinical feasibility in vivo in patients and in one volunteer. Main results. The radial and polar components of the velocity were recovered satisfactorily in the CFD setup (correlation coefficients, r = 0.99 and 0.78). The azimuthal components were estimated with larger errors ( r = 0.57) as only six samples were available in this direction. In both in silico and in vivo investigations, the dynamics of the intraventricular vortex that forms during diastole was deciphered by 3D-iVFM. In particular, the CFD results showed that the mean vorticity can be estimated accurately by 3D-iVFM. Significance. Our results tend to indicate that 3D-iVFM could provide full-volume echocardiographic information on left intraventricular hemodynamics from the clinical modality of triplane color Doppler.
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Tantipalakorn, Charuwan, Dangcheewan Tinnangwattana, Thitikarn Lerthiranwong, Suchaya Luewan, and Theera Tongsong. "Comparisons of Effectiveness in Differentiating Benign from Malignant Ovarian Masses between Conventional and Modified Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (2023): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010888.

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Objective: To compare the predictive performance in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian masses between the modified risk malignancy index (RMI) and the conventional RMI (RMI-1 and RMI-2). Methods: Women scheduled for elective surgery because of adnexal masses were recruited to undergo pelvic sonography within 24 h before surgery to assess the sonographic characteristics of the masses, focusing on loculi, solid part, ascites, bilateralness, papillary projection, and color flow mapping (CFM). Preoperative CA-125 levels were also measured. Modified RMI, RMI-1, and RMI-2 systems were used to predict malignant masses. The gold standard was pathological or intraoperative diagnosis. Results: A total of 342 ovarian masses, benign: 243 (71.1%); malignant: 99 (28.9%), meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The sensitivity and the specificity of the modified RMI (87.9% and 81.9%) were significantly higher than those of RMI-1 (74.7% and 84.4%), and RMI-2 (79.8% and 81.1%, respectively). Based on ROC curves, the area under the curves were 0.930, 0.881 and 0.882 for modified RMI, RMI-1 and RMI-2, respectively. Conclusion: Modified RMI had better predictive performance than the conventional RMI in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian masses. Modified RMI may be useful to help general gynecologists or practitioners to triage patients with an adnexal mass, especially in settings of low resources.
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Pomytkina, N. V., and E. L. Sorokin. "Study of hemodynamics and microcirculation of the eye in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus." POINT OF VIEW. EAST – WEST 11, no. 4 (2025): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.25276/2410-1257-2024-4-11-17.

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Purpose. Analysis of the state of hemodynamics and microcirculation of the eye in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Material and methods. 248 pregnant women with GDM and 60 healthy women with physiological gestation, and depending on the timing (trimester), GSD1, GSD2, and GSD3 were identified. The following were examined: subfoveal choroidal thickness, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters, color Doppler mapping (CDM) in the central retinal artery (CRA) and posterior short ciliary arteries (PSCA). Results. There were no significant differences in choroidal thickness and OCTA parameters between pregnant women with GDM and healthy pregnant women, and in subgroups with different periods of GDM onset. In patients with GDM, a decrease in blood flow velocity indices in the CRA and PSCA was found, with the exception of the end-diastolic velocity in the PSCA, as well as the resistance index in the PSCA, compared to the control group. This was associated with vasodilation in the ophthalmic artery system at the level of large vessels, while maintaining stable perfusion at the level of the microcirculatory bed due to autoregulation mechanisms. Conclusion. No significant differences in subfoveal choroidal thickness and OCTA indices were found in the third trimester in pregnant women with GDM and with physiological gestation, including at different stages of its onset. In this trimester, a decrease in most blood flow velocity indices in the CAS and PCCAA, as well as the resistance index in the latter, was noted, compared to the control. At the same time, at different stages of GDM manifestation, there were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters in the PCCAA and CAS in the third trimester. Key words: gestational diabetes, OCT angiography, ocular microcirculation, color Doppler mapping
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Chapanova, E. M., M. A. Ikonnikova, G. G. Ikonnikov, et al. "Assessment of the temporomandibular joint condition using two-dimensional ultrasound scanning and doppler ultrasonography methods in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 21-2 (January 9, 2022): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-21-2-118-123.

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Introduction. Currently, dentists are increasingly detecting changes in the temporomandibular joint in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.Aim of the study. To carry out a comprehensive dynamic assessment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condition and the registration of regional blood flow using two-dimensional ultrasound scanning to improve the efficiency of diagnostics of inflammatory periodontal diseases.Materials and methods. The study included 2 groups of patients: group 1 (control) consisted of 20 volunteers aged 20–25; Group 2 consisted of 52 people aged 25–45 years with moderate chronic periodontitis. For TMJ ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound, a portable ultrasound scanner LogicScan 128 with an HL-10 linear ultrasound transducer with an operating frequency of 5 to 12 MHz was used.Results and discussion. During ultrasound examination of the temporomandibular joint and measuring the size of the joint space in patients with moderate chronic periodontitis in a state of relative physiological rest, the following values were obtained: in the anterior region – 2.3 ± 0.5 mm; in the upper section – 1.6 ± 0.6 mm; in the posterior section – 1.8 ± 0.3 mm. We also measured the area of the temporomandibular joint disc in various positions. According to ultrasound data, an increase in the size of the joint space from 12.2 to 16.1% and an increase in the area of the articular disc by 17.1 to 36.7% were found in patients with chronic periodontitis. When assessing the trajectory of the articular track, motion delay and joint wedging are determined. In addition, in the color Doppler mapping (CDM) mode, the speed and index indicators of Doppler ultrasonography of the external carotid and temporal arteries were calculated.Conclusions. Modern diagnostic methods of ultrasound and Doppler mapping, assessing the hemodynamics and functional state of the TMJ, allow early diagnosis of changes in order to prevent the development of TMJ disorders in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases.
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Kruse, D., and K. Ferrara. "Color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 26 (May 2000): S16—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(00)00154-x.

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Ferrara, Katherine, and Gia DeAngelis. "Color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 23, no. 3 (1997): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(96)00216-5.

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Switzer, Donald F., and Navin C. Nanda. "Doppler color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 11, no. 3 (1985): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(85)90151-6.

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Tuchkina, I. O., S. V. Kiebashvili, O. V. Piontkovska, and N. V. Romanova. "Clinical-ultrasound and clinical-morphological characteristics of adnexal torsion in girls and adolescents." Medicine Today and Tomorrow 90, no. 1 (2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/msz.2021.90.01.08.

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Clinical-ultrasound and clinical-morphological characteristics of adnexal torsion to the improvement of early diagnosis and development of optimal ways of organ-preserving surgical tactics of treatment have been determined. An analysis was carried out of 71 patients with adnexal torsion (group 1– 30 girls of 2–12 years, group 2 – 41 adolescents of 13–17 years). The main clinical signs of adnexal torsion were nonspecific and similar to the well-known clinic of acute abdomen. Ultrasound examination with color doppler mapping (CDM) allowed to suspect adnexal torsion in 44 (62 %) patients. The main echographic features of adnexal torsion were: ovarian enlargement, non-typical location and a change in the structure of ovary, the presence of a free liquid in the cavity of a small pelvis or in the abdominal cavity, «a symptom of springs» (a twisted vascular leg), a decrease or absence of blood flow in CDM. The torsion of intact uterine appendages is installed in 29 patients (twice as often in group 1). In 42 cases were detected the torsion of the uterine appendages, compromised by the presence of tumors and tumor-like formations (twice as often in group 2). In both groups, 36 (50.7 %) organ-preserving and 35 (49.3 %) radical operations were carried out. According to the results of morphological examination of the removed tissues, the following data were obtained: follicular cysts – 15, paratubal cysts – 8, corpus luteum cysts – 8, teratomas – 5, serous cystadenomas – 2, mucinous cystadenoma – 1, paraovarian cysts – 3. Differential diagnosis of adnexal torsion in girls and adolescents should include a thorough collection of anamnestic data, taking into account the features of the clinical course of the disease, the results of a comprehensive examination with an assessment of ultrasound data from CDM, computer and magnetic resonance imaging, which will contribute to the advanced adequate selection of tactics of urgent gynecological intervention. The method of choice for the treatment of adnexal torsion is a minimally invasive surgical intervention – a laparoscopy with organ-preserving operations. Keywords: adnexal torsion, girls, ultrasound and morphological characteristics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Color Flow Mapping (CFM)"

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Giangrossi, Claudio. "Development and real-time implementation of novel 2-D and 3-D imaging techniques on a research scanner." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1272194.

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In the last decades, ultrasound imaging systems have become more and more popular thanks to their capability to investigate tissues in safe, cost effective, and non-invasive way. Their role in diagnostic imaging has become fundamental in several medical specialties, thanks also to the introduction of advanced echographic systems fostered by the efforts of several research laboratories around the world. Such efforts are more frequently based on the use of special research scanners, characterized by flexible hardware and programmable software and firmware. These features have been demonstrated ideal for the implementation and test of new methods, such as high frame-rate (HFR) imaging, color flow imaging (CFI), vector Doppler imaging, and 3 D imaging. Especially HFR and 3 D imaging have recently attracted great interest, but they are technically demanding since they involve either the formation of thousands of images per second, or the use of 2-D probes having a large number of elements. Therefore, great challenges must be faced for effective real-time implementation of 3 D and HFR imaging methods. My PhD activity aimed to implement and test advanced 2 D and 3 D ultrasound imaging modalities on an open research scanner called ULA OP 256. In the first part of my work, a new ultrasound imaging modality called Virtual real-time (VRT) was introduced through the modification of the firmware and software of the research scanner ULA-OP 256. With this modality, during a real-time (RT) investigation, the scanner initially acquires and stores in its memory up to 20 s of raw echo data. On user demand, the scanner can be switched to VRT mode: the stored data are re processed by the same resources used in RT but at different (typically lower) rates and, possibly, with different processing algorithms and parameters. In this way, contingent difficulties of image interpretation (especially in presence of rapidly moving phenomena), or possible computational limitations imposed by hardware during continuous RT processing can be overcome. The VRT modality has been demonstrated useful in different applications, for example, to implement a high-PRF version of the Multiline vector Doppler (MLVD) method, and a High- rame-rate CFI method, characterized by enhanced temporal and spatial resolution. The second part of my work included the software upgrade of ULA OP 256; it enabled the use of 2 D probes and the implementation of 3 D scanning methods. The ULA OP 256 can now be coupled to 2 D probes with arbitrary geometries, including matrix and sparse arrays. Furthermore, the scanner is now capable of simultaneously imaging multiple planes with programmable rotational angles. Novel approaches based on a sparse spiral array probe have been implemented and tested for different applications. For example, bi-plane imaging was evaluated for robust flow mediated dilation exams. Real-time 3 D spectral Doppler analysis was also performed. Here, two planes with programmable rotational angles were scanned to produce corresponding B-Mode images, over which multiple Doppler lines could be arbitrarily set to obtain the relative Multigate spectral Doppler (MSD) profiles. Finally, the last part of my work was specifically dedicated to the technical problems involved by HFR 3 D imaging. The management of (several) hundreds of transducer elements of a 2 D probe yields a huge amount of echo data: this makes complex and computationally expensive the processing of data volumes including thousands of lines, especially if performed at HFR. As a case report, the requirements of the main processing stages involved in ULA OP 256 receiver have been thoroughly investigated to detect and, possibly, solve the main bottlenecks. The study has evidenced that the star architecture that digitally interconnects the eight front-end boards of ULA OP 256 may frequently encounter data transfer bandwidth saturation that limits the overall performance in terms of frame/volume rate. A new architecture for data transfer has been proposed and shown effective to reduce the bandwidth requirements and thus, increase the performance of the scanner.
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Lin, Shu-Chuen, and 林樹淳. "The study of time distortion correction techniques for color doppler flow mapping." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22348867946451466577.

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Books on the topic "Color Flow Mapping (CFM)"

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Color Flow Mapping: A Visual Text of Congenital and Acquired Hear Ritter. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,US, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Color Flow Mapping (CFM)"

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Iwase, Masatsugu, and Iwao Sotobata. "Color coded Doppler flow mapping." In Clinical Echocardiography. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0867-3_11.

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Mcnamara, Brian R. "Color Mapping Cluster Cooling Flow Galaxies." In The Stellar Populations of Galaxies. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2434-8_123.

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Maulik, Dev. "Sonographic Color Flow Mapping: Basic Principles." In Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86441-4_5.

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Yock, Paul G., Ingela Schnittger, and Richard L. Popp. "Two-dimensional Doppler flow mapping in adult cardiology: advantages and limitations." In Color Doppler Flow Imaging. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4283-7_6.

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de Bruijn, Norbert P., Fiona M. Clements, and Joseph A. Kisslo. "Transesophageal Doppler color flow mapping: initial experience." In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0907-6_22.

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Kyo, Shunei, Shinichi Takamoto, Eiko Takanawa, Makoto Matsumura, Yuji Yokote, and Ryozo Omoto. "Does color flow mapping Doppler echocardiography allow the catheterization laboratory to be bypassed in surgery of congenital heart disease?" In Color Doppler Flow Imaging. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4283-7_8.

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Ferrara, Katherine, and V. Ralph Algazi. "Comparison of Estimation Strategies for Color Flow Mapping." In Acoustical Imaging. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3370-2_50.

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Yatchenko, Artem, and Andrey Krylov. "Iterative Phase Unwrapping in Color Doppler Flow Mapping." In Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36669-7_41.

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Fripp, Raymond R. "UNM Experience with Color Doppler Flow Mapping in Fetal Echocardiography." In Biochemical Monitoring of the Fetus. Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2259-8_11.

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Chatterjee, Molly S. "Importance of Pulsed Doppler and Color Flow Mapping in Diabetic Pregnancies." In Biochemical Monitoring of the Fetus. Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2259-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Color Flow Mapping (CFM)"

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Bonnefous, O., P. Pesque, and X. Bernard. "A New Velocity Estimator for Color Flow Mapping." In IEEE 1986 Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1986.198856.

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Herment, Demoment, Pellot, Dumee, and Peronneau. "An Efficient Algorithm for Real Time Adaptive Color Flow Mapping." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.590491.

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Herment, Alain, Guy Demoment, Claire Pellot, Philippe Dumee, and Pierre Peronneau. "An efficient algorithm for real time adaptive color flow mapping." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5762194.

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Li, Ye, Peter Moller Hansen, Martin Christian Hemmsen, Michael Bachmann Nielsen, and Jorgen Arendt Jensen. "In vivo color flow mapping using synthetic aperture dual stage beamforming." In 2012 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2012.0398.

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Zhang, Qinghui, Yufeng Zhang, Yi Zhou, and Lian Gao. "The effect of the vessel wall motion on color flow mapping images." In 2016 5th International Conference on Measurement, Instrumentation and Automation (ICMIA 2016). Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmia-16.2016.64.

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Choupani, Samaneh, François Varray, Bruno Gilles, Jean-Christophe Béra, and Damien Garcia. "Arterial Pressure Loss from Vascular Vector Flow Mapping with Conventional Color Doppler." In 2023 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230728.

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Jamal, Arshad, and K. S. Venkatesh. "A New Color Based Optical Flow Algorithm for Environment Mapping Using a Mobile Robot." In 2007 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Intelligent Control. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isic.2007.4450948.

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Kimura, Masashi, Gakuto Masuyama, and Kazunori Umeda. "Three-dimensional mapping by direct estimation of a small motion using range images and optical flow of color images." In 2016 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sii.2016.7844090.

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Einav, S., U. Zaretsky, G. Keren, and J. Sherez. "In Vitro Evaluation of Combined Cardiac Stenotic and Regurgitant Valve." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1184.

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Abstract The simplified Bernoulli equation may not accurately calculate pressure gradient across the valve in combined aortic stenosis and regurgitation (Cujec, 1992 and Stewart, 1991). The specific aim of this project is to investigate in a pulse duplicator system the pressure and flow changes for a caged and tilting disk aortic valve with combined lesions and to correlate parameters derived from Continuous wave and Color Doppler flow mapping to hemodynamic measurements. The various severity of valve insufficiency and/or stenosis were simulated. Parameters, obtained by Doppler measurements, should be corrected in case of combined aortic valve lesions to avoid incorrect diagnosis. Degree of insufficiency in the stenosed valve influenced pressure gradient. Area of regurgitant jet depends on stenosis severity as well.
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Menon, Rajan K. "Three Component Velocity Measurements in the Interblade Region of a Fan." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-207.

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Optimizing aerodynamics and improving blade designs to make efficient power-generating machinery requires a good understanding of the rotor flow field. Swirl, flow instabilities, and high turbulence highlight the need for understanding the three-dimensional nature of the flow. Dynamic interaction between fluid and structural aspects in fluid machinery, impact of unsteady flows or loads, and enhancement of property transport can be studied through simultaneous measurement of three components of velocity. A three color, three component Laser Velocimeter System is used to simultaneously measure the three orthogonal components of velocity in the interblade region of a fan. The non-invasive nature of the technique combined with the very small measuring volume of the system provides detailed mapping of the flow field in the interblade region. The data acquisition package collects all the data available while the machine is running and sorts the raw data into bins corresponding to the various circumferential positions. Each velocity measurement — all three components — along with the circumferential position information is collected by a DEC PDP 11/23 Computer. The analysis package allows the user to examine a portion of the interblade region, look at alternate interblade gaps, omit data during blade passage, etc. Statistical properties such as mean, turbulence, skewness, flatness, Reynolds stress values, and projections in cross sectional planes are obtained and displayed as a function of circumferential position. Thus, the detailed properties of the three dimensional flow field are obtained from the three component LDV measurements.
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