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Journal articles on the topic 'Color Flow Mapping (CFM)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Vixège, Florian, Alain Berod, Yunyun Sun, et al. "Physics-constrained intraventricular vector flow mapping by color Doppler." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66, no. 24 (2021): 245019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac3ffe.

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Abstract Color Doppler by transthoracic echocardiography creates two-dimensional fan-shaped maps of blood velocities in the cardiac cavities. It is a one-component velocimetric technique since it only returns the velocity components parallel to the ultrasound beams. Intraventricular vector flow mapping (iVFM) is a method to recover the blood velocity vectors from the Doppler scalar fields in an echocardiographic three-chamber view. We improved our iVFM numerical scheme by imposing physical constraints. The iVFM consisted in minimizing regularized Doppler residuals subject to the condition that two fluid-dynamics constraints were satisfied, namely planar mass conservation, and free-slip boundary conditions. The optimization problem was solved by using the Lagrange multiplier method. A finite-difference discretization of the optimization problem, written in the polar coordinate system centered on the cardiac ultrasound probe, led to a sparse linear system. The single regularization parameter was determined automatically for non-supervision considerations. The physics-constrained method was validated using realistic intracardiac flow data from a patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The numerical evaluations showed that the iVFM-derived velocity vectors were in very good agreement with the CFD-based original velocities, with relative errors ranged between 0.3% and 12%. We calculated two macroscopic measures of flow in the cardiac region of interest, the mean vorticity and mean stream function, and observed an excellent concordance between physics-constrained iVFM and CFD. The capability of physics-constrained iVFM was finally tested with in vivo color Doppler data acquired in patients routinely examined in the echocardiographic laboratory. The vortex that forms during the rapid filling was deciphered. The physics-constrained iVFM algorithm is ready for pilot clinical studies and is expected to have a significant clinical impact on the assessment of diastolic function.

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Brands, Peter J., Arnold P. G. Hoeks, and Léon A. F. Ledoux. "A Single Bit RF Domain Complex Cross-Correlation Velocity Estimator for Color Flow Mapping." Ultrasonic Imaging 19, no. 3 (1997): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469701900302.

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This paper evaluates the performance of a one bit mean frequency estimator to estimate blood flow velocity for ultrasound color flow mapping. This one bit mean frequency estimator, referred to as BC3 estimator, is derived from the recently introduced complex cross-correlation model (C3M) employing the full dynamic data range. The C3M velocity estimator is not suitable for application in color flow mapping because of its high hardware complexity and associated computational load. The BC3 estimator estimates the mean blood flow velocity using only two complex cross-correlation coefficients. For this purpose the latter are computed by means of a complex one bit cross-correlation operation. Each sample of the RF signals is converted into an one bit representation based on the sign of the real and imaginary part of the RF samples. A full derivation and mathematical description of the BC3 estimator is presented. In addition, a thorough performance evaluation of the BC3 estimator in comparison with the full dynamic range C3M velocity estimator is carried out by means of signal simulations to document the effect of signal to noise ratio, sample frequency and bandwidth. For the specific simulation conditions considered the standard deviation of both estimators (C3M and BC3) is comparable. The bias of the BC3 estimator appears to be a function of velocity, while the full dynamic range C3M velocity estimator exhibits no bias. The simulation results are confirmed by evaluation of data from an in vivo measurement. Taking into account the low hardware complexity and computational load in combination with the achieved precision, it may be concluded that the BC3 estimator is well suited for implementation in color flow mapping.

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Vixège, Florian, Alain Berod, Pierre-Yves Courand, et al. "Full-volume three-component intraventricular vector flow mapping by triplane color Doppler." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 9 (2022): 095004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac62fe.

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Abstract Objective. Intraventricular vector flow mapping (iVFM) is a velocimetric technique for retrieving two-dimensional velocity vector fields of blood flow in the left ventricular cavity. This method is based on conventional color Doppler imaging, which makes iVFM compatible with the clinical setting. We have generalized the iVFM for a three-dimensional reconstruction (3D-iVFM). Approach. 3D-iVFM is able to recover three-component velocity vector fields in a full intraventricular volume by using a clinical echocardiographic triplane mode. The 3D-iVFM problem was written in the spherical (radial, polar, azimuthal) coordinate system associated to the six half-planes produced by the triplane mode. As with the 2D version, the method is based on the mass conservation, and free-slip boundary conditions on the endocardial wall. These mechanical constraints were imposed in a least-squares minimization problem that was solved through the method of Lagrange multipliers. We validated 3D-iVFM in silico in a patient-specific CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model of cardiac flow and tested its clinical feasibility in vivo in patients and in one volunteer. Main results. The radial and polar components of the velocity were recovered satisfactorily in the CFD setup (correlation coefficients, r = 0.99 and 0.78). The azimuthal components were estimated with larger errors ( r = 0.57) as only six samples were available in this direction. In both in silico and in vivo investigations, the dynamics of the intraventricular vortex that forms during diastole was deciphered by 3D-iVFM. In particular, the CFD results showed that the mean vorticity can be estimated accurately by 3D-iVFM. Significance. Our results tend to indicate that 3D-iVFM could provide full-volume echocardiographic information on left intraventricular hemodynamics from the clinical modality of triplane color Doppler.

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Tantipalakorn, Charuwan, Dangcheewan Tinnangwattana, Thitikarn Lerthiranwong, Suchaya Luewan, and Theera Tongsong. "Comparisons of Effectiveness in Differentiating Benign from Malignant Ovarian Masses between Conventional and Modified Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (2023): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010888.

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Objective: To compare the predictive performance in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian masses between the modified risk malignancy index (RMI) and the conventional RMI (RMI-1 and RMI-2). Methods: Women scheduled for elective surgery because of adnexal masses were recruited to undergo pelvic sonography within 24 h before surgery to assess the sonographic characteristics of the masses, focusing on loculi, solid part, ascites, bilateralness, papillary projection, and color flow mapping (CFM). Preoperative CA-125 levels were also measured. Modified RMI, RMI-1, and RMI-2 systems were used to predict malignant masses. The gold standard was pathological or intraoperative diagnosis. Results: A total of 342 ovarian masses, benign: 243 (71.1%); malignant: 99 (28.9%), meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The sensitivity and the specificity of the modified RMI (87.9% and 81.9%) were significantly higher than those of RMI-1 (74.7% and 84.4%), and RMI-2 (79.8% and 81.1%, respectively). Based on ROC curves, the area under the curves were 0.930, 0.881 and 0.882 for modified RMI, RMI-1 and RMI-2, respectively. Conclusion: Modified RMI had better predictive performance than the conventional RMI in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian masses. Modified RMI may be useful to help general gynecologists or practitioners to triage patients with an adnexal mass, especially in settings of low resources.

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5

Wellert, S. R., S. E. Battista, J. Kieffer, R. N. Lurch, and A. Garcia-Guerra. "168 Comparison of different Doppler ultrasound settings for pregnancy diagnosis based on corpus luteum perfusion at 21 days after AI in beef cattle." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab168.

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Colour Doppler ultrasonography of the corpus luteum (CL) can be used for early pregnancy diagnosis to improve reproductive efficiency and increase the use of AI in beef cattle. The objective of the present study was to determine the diagnostic performance of different Doppler ultrasonography settings for pregnancy diagnosis based on CL perfusion at 21 days after fixed-time AI in beef heifers and cows. Yearling Angus-cross heifers (n=25) and suckled Angus-cross cows (n=84) aged 2-13 years were submitted to a 5-day CO-Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and timed AI at 60 or 72h after CIDR removal for heifers and cows, respectively. Animals were evaluated by a single operator using colour Doppler ultrasonography (Esaote MyLab Delta) at Day 21. Three settings for colour flow mapping (720, 960, and 1500Hz) and one setting for power Doppler (960Hz), which differed in pulse repetition frequency, were evaluated. The other settings remained unchanged with a probe frequency of 6.3MHz, wall filter of 3, and gain of 61. The pregnancy status (pregnant or non-pregnant) of cows and heifers was determined at 21 days following insemination using colour Doppler ultrasonography. Cows and heifers were considered to be pregnant if the CL blood flow area covered &gt;10% of the periphery of the CL and contained at least two colour internal tracts penetrating towards the centre of the CL. Cattle were evaluated using transrectal B-mode ultrasonography on Day 35 to determine actual pregnancy status. Differences between diagnostic performance variables were evaluated using logistic regression, and setting, category (heifer or cow), and the interaction were included as fixed effects. Pregnancies per AI at Day 35 after fixed-time AI were 47.7% (52/109). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for pregnancy diagnosis at Day 21 for each setting are included in Table 1. There were no differences in sensitivity and NPV between settings (P&gt;0.9), category (P&gt;0.9), or the interaction (P&gt;0.9). There was no effect of setting (P&gt;0.5) or category×setting interaction (P&gt;0.8) on specificity and PPV. There was, however, an effect of category (P&lt;0.01). Colour Doppler ultrasonography had less specificity (59.1% compared with 90.2%) and PPV (75% compared with 89.3%) in heifers than in cows. In conclusion, colour Doppler ultrasonography settings that were evaluated did not affect the diagnostic performance for pregnancy diagnosis at Day 21 after AI, although, numerically the colour flow mapping at 960Hz appears to maximise diagnostic accuracy. In addition, the false-positive rate was greater in heifers, which warrants further research. Table 1.Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for pregnancy diagnosis for four colour Doppler ultrasound settings (colour flow mapping (CFM) at 720, 960, and 1500Hz and power Doppler (PWD) at 960Hz) at 21 days after fixed-time AI Item CFM720 CFM960 CFM1500 PWD960 Sensitivity,% 100 100 92.3 100 Specificity,% 80.7 87.7 87.7 80.7 PPV,% 82.5 88.1 87.3 82.5 NPV,% 100 100 92.6 100

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6

Kruse, D., and K. Ferrara. "Color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 26 (May 2000): S16—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(00)00154-x.

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7

Ferrara, Katherine, and Gia DeAngelis. "Color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 23, no. 3 (1997): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(96)00216-5.

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8

Chapanova, E. M., M. A. Ikonnikova, G. G. Ikonnikov, et al. "Assessment of the temporomandibular joint condition using two-dimensional ultrasound scanning and doppler ultrasonography methods in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 21-2 (January 9, 2022): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-21-2-118-123.

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Introduction. Currently, dentists are increasingly detecting changes in the temporomandibular joint in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.Aim of the study. To carry out a comprehensive dynamic assessment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condition and the registration of regional blood flow using two-dimensional ultrasound scanning to improve the efficiency of diagnostics of inflammatory periodontal diseases.Materials and methods. The study included 2 groups of patients: group 1 (control) consisted of 20 volunteers aged 20–25; Group 2 consisted of 52 people aged 25–45 years with moderate chronic periodontitis. For TMJ ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound, a portable ultrasound scanner LogicScan 128 with an HL-10 linear ultrasound transducer with an operating frequency of 5 to 12 MHz was used.Results and discussion. During ultrasound examination of the temporomandibular joint and measuring the size of the joint space in patients with moderate chronic periodontitis in a state of relative physiological rest, the following values were obtained: in the anterior region – 2.3 ± 0.5 mm; in the upper section – 1.6 ± 0.6 mm; in the posterior section – 1.8 ± 0.3 mm. We also measured the area of the temporomandibular joint disc in various positions. According to ultrasound data, an increase in the size of the joint space from 12.2 to 16.1% and an increase in the area of the articular disc by 17.1 to 36.7% were found in patients with chronic periodontitis. When assessing the trajectory of the articular track, motion delay and joint wedging are determined. In addition, in the color Doppler mapping (CDM) mode, the speed and index indicators of Doppler ultrasonography of the external carotid and temporal arteries were calculated.Conclusions. Modern diagnostic methods of ultrasound and Doppler mapping, assessing the hemodynamics and functional state of the TMJ, allow early diagnosis of changes in order to prevent the development of TMJ disorders in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases.

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9

Switzer, Donald F., and Navin C. Nanda. "Doppler color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 11, no. 3 (1985): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(85)90151-6.

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10

Tuchkina, I. O., S. V. Kiebashvili, O. V. Piontkovska, and N. V. Romanova. "Clinical-ultrasound and clinical-morphological characteristics of adnexal torsion in girls and adolescents." Medicine Today and Tomorrow 90, no. 1 (2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/msz.2021.90.01.08.

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Clinical-ultrasound and clinical-morphological characteristics of adnexal torsion to the improvement of early diagnosis and development of optimal ways of organ-preserving surgical tactics of treatment have been determined. An analysis was carried out of 71 patients with adnexal torsion (group 1– 30 girls of 2–12 years, group 2 – 41 adolescents of 13–17 years). The main clinical signs of adnexal torsion were nonspecific and similar to the well-known clinic of acute abdomen. Ultrasound examination with color doppler mapping (CDM) allowed to suspect adnexal torsion in 44 (62 %) patients. The main echographic features of adnexal torsion were: ovarian enlargement, non-typical location and a change in the structure of ovary, the presence of a free liquid in the cavity of a small pelvis or in the abdominal cavity, «a symptom of springs» (a twisted vascular leg), a decrease or absence of blood flow in CDM. The torsion of intact uterine appendages is installed in 29 patients (twice as often in group 1). In 42 cases were detected the torsion of the uterine appendages, compromised by the presence of tumors and tumor-like formations (twice as often in group 2). In both groups, 36 (50.7 %) organ-preserving and 35 (49.3 %) radical operations were carried out. According to the results of morphological examination of the removed tissues, the following data were obtained: follicular cysts – 15, paratubal cysts – 8, corpus luteum cysts – 8, teratomas – 5, serous cystadenomas – 2, mucinous cystadenoma – 1, paraovarian cysts – 3. Differential diagnosis of adnexal torsion in girls and adolescents should include a thorough collection of anamnestic data, taking into account the features of the clinical course of the disease, the results of a comprehensive examination with an assessment of ultrasound data from CDM, computer and magnetic resonance imaging, which will contribute to the advanced adequate selection of tactics of urgent gynecological intervention. The method of choice for the treatment of adnexal torsion is a minimally invasive surgical intervention – a laparoscopy with organ-preserving operations. Keywords: adnexal torsion, girls, ultrasound and morphological characteristics.

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11

Kurjak, Asim, Branko Breyer, Davor Jurković, Žarko Alfirević, and Mladen Miljan. "Color flow mapping in obstetrics." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 15, no. 3 (1987): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1987.15.3.271.

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12

Beach, Kirk W. "Color flow mapping and hemodynamics." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 23, no. 3 (1997): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(96)00214-1.

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13

Bruijn, Norbert P. de, Fiona M. Clements, and Joseph A. Kisslo. "Intraoperative Transesophageal Color Flow Mapping." Anesthesia & Analgesia 66, no. 5 (1987): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198705000-00002.

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14

Copel, Joshua A., John C. Hobbins, and Charles S. Kleinman. "Doppler Echocardiography and Color Flow Mapping." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 18, no. 4 (1991): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(21)00255-2.

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15

Takizawa, D., T. Sakurai, H. Suzuki, et al. "504. Color Flow Mapping of Hyperthyroidism." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 48, no. 8 (1992): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003500897.

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16

Hata, Toshiyuki, Kohkichi Hata, Daisaku Senoh, et al. "Transvaginal Doppler Color Flow Mapping (With 1 color plate)." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 27, no. 4 (1989): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000293660.

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Ge, Shuping, Michael Jones, Takahiro Shiota, et al. "Quantification of mitral flow by doppler color flow mapping." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 9, no. 5 (1996): 700–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-7317(96)90067-x.

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AGGARWAL, K. K., SALLY MOOS, ELIZABETH F. PHILPOT, SURESH P. JAIN, FREDERICK HELMCKE, and NAVIN C. NANDA. "Color Velocity Determination Using Pixel Color Intensity in Doppler Color Flow Mapping." Echocardiography 6, no. 6 (1989): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1989.tb00330.x.

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19

Chapman, James V. "Semiquantitative and Quantitative Color Flow Mapping Methods." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 22, no. 3 (2006): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479306288824.

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20

LOWERY, CURTIS L., H. K. CHOPRA, NAVIN C. NANDA, KANWAL K. KAPUR, and DEV MAULIK. "Color Flow Doppler Mapping of the Fetus." Echocardiography 5, no. 6 (1988): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1988.tb00282.x.

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21

Gembruch, Ulrich, Molly S. Chatterjee, Rainer Bald, Dirk A. Redel, and Manfred Hansmann. "Color Doppler flow mapping of fetal heart." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 19, no. 1-2 (1991): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1991.19.1-2.27.

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22

OMOTO, RYOZO, and CHIHIRO KASAI. "Physics and Instrumentation of Doppler Color Flow Mapping." Echocardiography 4, no. 6 (1987): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1987.tb01361.x.

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23

Burckhardt, C. B. "The Performance of Mechanically Scanned Color Flow Mapping." Ultrasonic Imaging 11, no. 4 (1989): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173468901100401.

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The performance of mechanically scanned Color Flow Mapping is analysed. It is shown that the Doppler spectrum is convolved with a scaled version of the Fourier transform of the two-way point spread function of the transducer. This spectral broadening is no larger than the inherent limit of the method if the point spread function shows smooth amplitude variation and little phase variation. The spectral broadening can cause clutter from stationary objects to fall outside the MTI filter stopband and, thereby, alter the estimates of the mean velocity and turbulence. Mechanically scanned and electronically stepped Color Flow Mapping are compared.

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Aoki, Showa, Toshiyuki Hata, Kohkichi Hata, et al. "Doppler Color Flow Mapping of an Invasive Mole." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 27, no. 1 (1989): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000293617.

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Clyne, Christopher A., Gerard Aurigemma, Andrea Sweeney, A. Thomas Pezzella, John Paraskos, and Linda Pape. "Traumatic Intracardiac Communication: Detection by Color Flow Mapping." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2, no. 5 (1989): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-7317(89)80010-0.

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26

Behar, Vera, Dan Adam, and Zvi Friedman. "A new method of ultrasound color flow mapping." Ultrasonics 41, no. 5 (2003): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-624x(03)00106-9.

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Sahn, David J. "Applications of Color Flow Mapping in Pediatric Cardiology." Cardiology Clinics 7, no. 2 (1989): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30434-x.

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Nanda, Navin C., Ming C. Hsiung, James P. Youngblood, and Dev Maulik. "Doppler Color Flow Mapping of the Fetal Heart." Angiology 37, no. 9 (1986): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331978603700902.

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Burckhardt, C. "The performance of mechanically scanned Color Flow Mapping." Ultrasonic Imaging 11, no. 4 (1989): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-7346(89)90076-x.

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Gupta, Nidhi. "Adnexal Masses in Perimenopausal Women: How Effective is Color Flow Mapping and Pulse Doppler Waveform Studies in detecting Malignancy Preoperatively?" Journal of SAFOMS 1, no. 1 (2013): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10032-1007.

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ABSTRACT Objective This prospective study was undertaken to assess the sensitivity and specificity of color flow mapping and pulse Doppler waveform in identifying malignancy preoperatively in adnexal masses in perimenopausal women. Materials and methods A total of 100 cases with adnexal masses in perimenopausal women were scanned, underwent color flow mapping and pulsed Doppler waveform studies. These cysts were divided into three groups according to their ultrasound appearance – cystic, mixed cystic and solid. All the adnexal mases were removed surgically and sent for histopathological study. Results The sensitivity and specificity of color flow mapping in identifying malignant ovarian tumors was 63.6 and 87.0% respectively. In the case of solid cysts, color flow mapping identified all malignant tumors. But, color flow mapping missed malignancies in cystic and mixed cystic masses. To improve detection rates, we used Doppler waveform studies and used resistance index less than 0.4 as the indicator of malignancy and found overall sensitivity and specificity of 90.9 and 92.3%, which was higher than that of color flow mapping. Conclusion To conclude ultrasonic color flow mapping and pulse Doppler waveform studies used preoperatively on adnexal masses in perimenopausal women are widely available, performed rapidly and relatively easily, cost-effective and a reliable noninvasive method to predict malignancy preoperatively. How to cite this article Gupta N. Adnexal Masses in Perimenopausal Women: How Effective is Color Flow Mapping and Pulse Doppler Waveform Studies in detecting Malignancy Preoperatively? J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2013;1(1):27-33.

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Gardin, Julius M., and Slawomir M. Lobodzinski. "Do Doppler Color Flow Algorithms for Mapping Disturbed Flow Make Sense?" Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 3, no. 4 (1990): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80314-3.

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Guidi, Francesco, and Piero Tortoli. "Real-Time High Frame Rate Color Flow Mapping System." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 68, no. 6 (2021): 2193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2021.3064612.

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Hsieh, F. J., H. F. Chen, T. M. Ko, C. Y. Hsieh, and H. Y. Chen. "Antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa by color-flow mapping." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 10, no. 7 (1991): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.1991.10.7.397.

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DeVore, Greggory R. "DOPPLER COLOR FLOW MAPPING: IT’S USE IN FETAL MEDICINE." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 18, s1 (1990): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1990.18.s1.26.

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Yamakoshi, Yoshiki, Toshihiro Kasahara, Tomohiro Iijima, and Yasushi Yuminaka. "Shear Wave Wavefront Mapping Using Ultrasound Color Flow Imaging." Ultrasonic Imaging 37, no. 4 (2015): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734614568532.

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36

Perry, Gilbert J., Frederick Helmcke, Navin C. Nanda, Christopher Byard, and Benigno Soto. "Evaluation of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 9, no. 4 (1987): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(87)80254-1.

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37

Garcia, Damien, Juan Carlos del Álamo, Cristina Cortina, et al. "FULL INTRAVENTRICULAR FLOW MAPPING BY CONVENTIONAL COLOR-DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY." Journal of Biomechanics 41 (July 2008): S151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(08)70151-9.

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Dagli, Siddharth V., Navin C. Nanda, David Roitman, et al. "Evaluation of aortic dissection by doppler color flow mapping." American Journal of Cardiology 56, no. 7 (1985): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(85)90903-8.

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39

Yoshikawa, Junichi, Kiyoshi Yoshida, Takashi Akasaka, Masahiro Shakudo, and Hiroshi Kato. "Color Doppler flow mapping in cardiomyopathies and prosthetic valves." International Journal of Cardiac Imaging 2, no. 2 (1987): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01785753.

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WITTLICH, NORBERT, RAIMUND ERBEL, MICHAEL DREXLER, SUSANNE MOHR-KAHALY, RUDIGER BRENNECKE, and JURGEN MEYER. "Color-Doppler Flow Mapping of the Heart in Normal Subjects." Echocardiography 5, no. 3 (1988): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1988.tb00248.x.

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41

Kwon, Sung-Jae. "Enhancement of SNR Characteristics in Ultrasound Doppler Color Flow Mapping." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 5 (2011): 2261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.5.2261.

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ONO, Sayoko, Shigeo NAKAMURA, and Tameo HATANO. "Evaluation of Neonatal Cerebral Hemodynamics by Doppler Color Flow Mapping." Neurosonology 3, no. 2 (1990): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2301/neurosonology.3.78.

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Yatchenko, Artem M., Andrey S. Krylov, Valeriy A. Sandrikov, and Tatyana Yu Kulagina. "Regularizing method for phase antialiasing in color doppler flow mapping." Neurocomputing 139 (September 2014): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.09.060.

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Mehta, Rajendra H., Frederick Helmcke, Navin C. Nanda, Ming Hsiung, Albert D. Pacifico, and Tsui Lieh Hsu. "Transesophageal Doppler color flow mapping assessment of atrial septal defect." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16, no. 4 (1990): 1010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(10)80355-9.

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Chiba, Yoshihide, Toru Kanzaki, Hideki Kobayashi, Masayoshi Murakami, and Chikao Yutani. "Evaluation of fetal structural heart disease using color flow mapping." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 16, no. 3 (1990): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(90)90001-s.

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Ritter, S. B. "Two-Dimensional doppler color flow mapping in congenital heart disease." Clinical Cardiology 9, no. 12 (1986): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960091201.

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Aragam, Jayashri R., Joan Main, J. Luis Guerrero, et al. "Doppler color flow mapping of epicardial coronary arteries: Initial observations." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 21, no. 2 (1993): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90692-t.

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Chen, I.-Ching, Fun-Chung Lin, Ming-Shyan Chern, San-Jou Yeh, and Delon Wu. "Diagnosis of postlaminectomy arteriovenous fistula using color Doppler flow mapping." American Heart Journal 121, no. 1 (1991): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(91)90985-q.

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Simpson, I. A. "Quantitative color Doppler flow mapping. Is flow convergence at the end of the rainbow?" Circulation 87, no. 5 (1993): 1762–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.87.5.1762.

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Sørensen, Keld E., Bent Ø. Kristensen, and Ole K. Hansen. "Frequency of occurrence of residual ductal flow after surgical ligation by color-flow mapping." American Journal of Cardiology 67, no. 7 (1991): 653–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90911-4.

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