Academic literature on the topic 'Color Relational Analysis(CRA)'

The idea that colors have a particular power is elaborated in this chapter. The effects of color are particularly expressed by artists. Color is regarded as a language without words and it can directly address our emotions and feelings. Green, for instance, has a retiring and relaxing effect, and gives the impression of refreshment, naturalness, and quietness but it is also associated with tiredness and guilt. If colors are connected with meanings and emotions, this may have implications for psychological well-being and functioning. The effects of color on human behaviour and performance are therefore extensively studied. In contexts in which an achievement is expected, perception of red impairs performance, particularly when cognitive analysis, mental manipulations and flexible processes are required. On the other hand, blue enhances performance of a creative task. That the context is important for the effects of colors is shown in studies about contests. In a competitive context the color red influences the outcome of a contest. Also in relational contexts, red seems to be a positive color, for example enhancing the attractiveness of women. Studies of the effect of colors usually have practical implications. The assumed effects of colors on human emotions and behaviors is especially examined in the marketing industry as well as in relation to food. Since the studies of Goethe in the Romantic era the affective power of colors has attracted growing attention. Colors are characterized as active (plus) or passive (minus), warm or cold. They evoke a range of particular feelings between excitement and energy on the one hand, and relaxation on the other. Goethe relates the power of colors to the associations they generate; they are connected to positive and negative meanings. For this reason, it is difficult to determine whether the effect of colors are produced by the colors themselves, the meanings associated with them, or both. The difficulty is that many studies are not rigorous and controlled for various factors. First, colors have the dimensions of hue, saturation and lightness which are often not distinguished. Second, it is clear that light has an influence on the human organism but frequently no distinction is or can be made between hue and light. Third, many studies are performed in experimental, laboratory conditions in which the context of color vision is disregarded and only the effects of colors are tested. For these reasons, it is often not clear that the experimental findings can be applied in everyday real situations. That does not imply that colors have no effect at all.

In this chapter, we focus on those functionalities of multimedia databases that are not present in traditional databases but are needed when dealing with multimedia information. Multimedia data are inherently subjective; for example, the association of a meaning and the corresponding content description of an image as well as the evaluation of the differences between two images or two pieces of music usually depend on the user who is involved in the evaluation process. For retrieval, such subjective information needs to be combined with objective information, such as image color histograms or sound frequencies, that is obtained through (generally imprecise) data analysis processes. Therefore, the inherently fuzzy nature of multimedia data, both at subjective and objective levels, may lead to multiple, possibly inconsistent, interpretations of data. Here, we present the FNF2 data model, a Non-First Normal Form extension of the relational model, which takes into account subjectivity and fuzziness while being intuitive and enabling user-friendly information access and manipulation mechanisms.

Automated driving requires a large number of sensors. They are used to detect environmental influences and regulate vehicle guidance. Many of these sensors have to fulfil requirements regarding position and functional installation space. This creates a conflict of objectives between aesthetically appealing integration into the design and functional integration into trim parts or an aerodynamic concept. In addition, the perception of the sensors by vehicle users and other road users could favour the recognition of an automated vehicle (AV). Numerous studies showed the fundamental importance of a vehicle's exterior, especially with regard to the various semantic aspects of the resulting product effect. This is particularly apparent with regard to the communication between the driver or AV and other road users. Therefore, in this paper we consider the preconditioning of the user in relation to the degree of integration of sensor technology for automated driving. For this purpose, sensor configurations differing in shape and colour are applied to a concept car and examined in an eye-tracking study with regard to their influence on the perception of passengers and other road users. This will provide designers and engineers with insights into the design of sensor clusters in the exterior design of future vehicles.METHODSIn a first step, existing studies were systematically examined to determine the influence of the exterior design on the perception of the vehicle. In addition to the basic idea of appeal, the preconditioning by the design was examined in particular. It has been shown that the exterior design has an influence on the user's driving style, the spatial perception and the brand affiliation recognition. In more recent studies, the influence of so-called external HMIs (eHMI) on the perception of an automated vehicle has been increasingly investigated. Studies on the influence of more or less exposed sensors for automated driving on the perception of users or pedestrians are not known.In a second step, an eye-tracking study was therefore designed. In the study, the test persons were sequentially shown renderings in ¾ front and ¾ rear perspective of a concept car with different sensor configurations on the screen. The relevant sensor configurations are based on a previous study in which we conducted a position analysis and derived integration strategies for sensors. The stimulus patterns differ specifically in the sub-forms of structure (position), shape and colour. The test persons evaluated each of the stimulus patterns by means of a questionnaire with regard to their subjective impression in the use cases "crossing the street as a pedestrian" and "getting into the vehicle and being driven home". System trust, the perception of safety, recognisability and the judgement of appeal were assessed. Absolute dwell time, relative dwell time and fixation were recorded via eye tracking.RESULTSThe statistical evaluation of the results has shown that the sensors already have an influence on system trust and the perception of safety of the users and other road users in both use cases considered. In particular, for the configuration without visible sensors and additively integrated sensors, significant differences emerged as expected. As expected, there was a high degree of dispersion in the opinion towards liking the design of the users. Areas of interest were derived from the eye-tracking data via heat maps. The more accurate understanding of the perception of the degree of integration of sensors into the exterior design can support the work of designers by giving them the freedom to realise significantly more innovative designs in their design proposals compared to previous vehicles.OUTLOOKExtending the investigations to much larger vehicles, especially trucks or robotic vehicles according to SAE Level 5 without passengers could show whether the perception of sensors can already be used as a salient feature in exterior design. Furthermore, it should be investigated whether there are interactions with eHMI on AVs. In addition, system trust and safety perception could be investigated in an extended virtual reality test design with a variety of other relevant use cases such as: "oncoming AV at right-before-left intersection" to show influences of immersion. Also, the influence of time and the associated habituation factor certainly plays a role. For this reason, the effects of road users getting used to the sight with sensors should also be considered.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research was supported by Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action in the national research project RUMBA.

The new generation State Test House Brix/Acid test system, is a bold integration of open platform, personal computer and process controller instrumentation and software sub-systems designed to maximize the efficiency and utilization of existing automatic fruit analyzer hardware. The new equipment provides cost-effective, state-of-the-art hardware connectivity and software programmability. The new generation of test house equipment is a recombination of basic industry approved automatic fruit analysis, test hardware and procedures. The scope of modernization and renovation included system rewiring, incorporation of a programmable controller, a new test computer, UNIX operating system, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software, a fourth generation relational data base, communications system, and a central office host computer. A new environmental systems enclosure, new weight controllers, sample scale, Super VGA color monitor, pH and temperature sensing instrumentation, multi-form printers, and 9600 baud modems were also furnished. The method of testing for Brix and acid remained intact. Paper published with permission.