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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Color Vision Defects

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Academic literature on the topic 'Color Vision Defects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Color Vision Defects"

1

Godar, ST, KR Kaini, and JB Khattri. "Profile of Color Vision Defects in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Nepal." Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 1 (May 2, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10340.

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Background: Significant numbers of people suffer from color vision defect but most of the time remains an unnoticed problem. The present work was undertaken to study the profile of color vision defects in Western region of Nepal. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, hospital based study conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal from January 2012 to December2012. Total of 971 patients were selected by simple random method. In each patient assessment of visual acuity and the examination of anterior segment and posterior segment was done. Color vision was tested by Ishihara Pseudo isochromatic chart. Results: Out of total 971 patients, 501 were males (51.59%) and 470were females (48.40%). Out of this total, 91 (9.37%) had color vision defects. Among the color vision defects patients,68were males (74.72%)and 23 were females (25.27%). Congenital color vision defect was seen in 10.97% of males and 2.97% of females whereas acquired color vision defect was observed in 2.57% of males and 1.91% of females respectively. Color vision defects were observed more in Chhetri (14.38%), followed by Brahmin (10.16%) and Magar caste (9.89%). Conclusion: The prevalence of color vision defect in Nepal is significant. All people should be screened for color vision defect and advised about it so that they can take special care in daily practice as well as in future life Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 1-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10340

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Neitz, Maureen. "Molecular Genetics of Color Vision and Color Vision Defects." Archives of Ophthalmology 118, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.118.5.691.

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Khatri, Anadi, Bal Kumar K.C, Sudhir Gautam, and Muna Kharel. "THE BURDEN OF COLOR VISION DEFECT IN NEPAL – AN ICEBERG PHENOMENON." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 9, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.32.

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Background: Color vision tests are routinely performed and are mandatory in most part of the world. However, in Nepal and many other developing countries, color vision may often be overlooked. We evaluated a possible burden of color vision in a group of patients who were specifically evaluated for a color vision defects. This study evalutes the awareness of color vision defect among the patients evaluated and highlights the importance of the color vision evaluation. Methods: A sequential group of 73 people from August to September 2017 specifically evaluated for color vision defect for recruitment of government employment were evaluated. Ishiharapseudo-isochromatic plates and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 test were used for screening. Mean and Standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis of the data. Results: Fifty-seven were male and sixteen were female. The mean age was 23 years (SD ± 3.7). On evaluation of the color vision defect, 9 (12.3%) were found to have total color vision defect (achromatopsia), 3 (4%)-red-green defect and 1(1%) with blue red defect. None of the patients had undergone color vision test at eye hospital previously. There were 4 patients who were registered drivers who had color vision defect. Conclusions: Color vision is an important part of the vision. It should not be ignored.All of the patients evaluated were found to be unware of their condition. Early detection of color vision defects in individuals, if possible, at school level can help them to determine their careers and future endeavors at early stage.

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Khatri, Anadi, Bal Kumar K.C, Sudhir Gautam, and Muna Kharel. "The burden of color vision defect in Nepal – an iceberg phenomenon." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 9, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v9i4.26906.

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Background: Color vision tests are routinely performed and are mandatory in most part of the world. However, in Nepal and many other developing countries, color vision may often be overlooked. We evaluated a possible burden of color vision in a group of patients who were specifically evaluated for a color vision defects. This study evalutes the awareness of color vision defect among the patients evaluated and highlights the importance of the color vision evaluation. Methods: A sequential group of 73 people from August to September 2017 specifically evaluated for color vision defect for recruitment of government employment were evaluated. Ishiharapseudo-isochromatic plates and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 test were used for screening. Mean and Standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis of the data. Results: Fifty-seven were male and sixteen were female. The mean age was 23 years (SD ± 3.7). On evaluation of the color vision defect, 9 (12.3%) were found to have total color vision defect (achromatopsia), 3 (4%)-red-green defect and 1(1%) with blue red defect. None of the patients had undergone color vision test at eye hospital previously. There were 4 patients who were registered drivers who had color vision defect. Conclusions: Color vision is an important part of the vision. It should not be ignored.All of the patients evaluated were found to be unware of their condition. Early detection of color vision defects in individuals, if possible, at school level can help them to determine their careers and future endeavors at early stage.

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Dahal, Manisha, Pragati Gautam Adhikari, Sanjeev Bhattarai, and Sanjeeb Mishra. "Pattern of Colour Vision Anomalies Among Patients Presenting to a Tertiary Eye Center of Nepal." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 43, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.1189.

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Introduction: Colour vision deficiency (CVD) is the inability to clearly differentiate colour differences under normal lighting condition. People are unaware of colour vision defect due to which they suffer in various aspects of their career. The purpose of this study was to explore the colour vision defect pattern among patients attending tertiary eye centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A hospital based, retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the defective colour vision pattern in patients attending B.P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal where total of 692 subjects medical case sheetswere reviewed and included in the study from September 2018 to April 2019. Results: Among 692 patients enrolled in the study, 272 (39.30%) patients were found to have CVD . Among 272 CVD,227(83.45%) were males and 45(16.54%) were females. Congenital colour vision defect was found in 139 (26.73%) males and 21 (13.81%) females. Acquired color vision defect was found in 88 (16.92%) males and 24 (15.78%) females . When congenital CVD was observed, deutan (28.3%) CVD was more prevalent than protan (22.79%) and tritan defect (7.72%). For acquired CVD, non-specific type of CVD (8.92%) was more prevalent followed by tritan CVD (5.35%). Conclusion: Significant proportion of patient presenting for eye care at tertiary eye hospital have color vision defects. Congenital CVD was found more in males than females whereas acquired color vision defect was found almost in same proportion in both males and females.

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Park, Yong-Sin, Chang-Myung Kim, and Eun-Hee Lee. "Acupuncture Therapy for Color Vision Defects." Journal of Korean Medicine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13048/jkm.14021.

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MacKay, Cynthia J. "Color Vision Defects in Retinal Disease." Archives of Ophthalmology 107, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010812006.

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Hussein, Azad Jameel, and Samim Ahmed Al-Dabbagh. "Prevalence of color vision deficiency among primary school pupils in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Advanced medical journal 7, no. 1 (July 27, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56056/amj.2022.153.

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Background and objectives: Color vision deficiency or color blindness is a difficulty in recognizing certain colors. The color vision deficient persons remain unmindful about their condition and only become aware accidentally when tested for color vision. Color vision deficiency may affect job performance in certain careers like drivers, pilots, electrical and electronic engineers, policemen, artists, and medical practitioners. The study aims to detect the color vision deficiency prevalence among the primary school pupils in Duhok city. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among randomely selected two primary school children in Duhok city, Iraq from 1st February 2019 to 1st May 2019. Socio-demographic data was collected by interview using a questionnaire. All participants underwent color vision evaluation using Ishihara’s pseudo isochromatic test 24 plate editions. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 24. Results: Out of 978 pupils, 491 were males (50.21%) and 487 were females (49.79%), color vision deficiency was detected in 55 pupils giving a prevalence of (5.63%); among them, 38 pupils have had deutan defects (3.89%) and 17 had protan defects (1.74%). Color vision deficient pupils were 47 males (9.6%) and 8 females (1.64%). Conclusions: This study found that 5.63% of pupils were color deficient, with male gender predominance. All of the color deficient pupils were unmindful of their condition. Green color deficient pupils (deutans) were more than red color deficient (protans), with zero cases of total color blindness.

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Yang, Zeqing, Zhimeng Li, Ning Hu, Mingxuan Zhang, Wenbo Zhang, Lingxiao Gao, Xiangyan Ding, Zhengpan Qi, and Shuyong Duan. "Multi-Index Grading Method for Pear Appearance Quality Based on Machine Vision." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020290.

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The appearance quality of fruits affects consumers’ judgment of their value, and grading the quality of fruits is an effective means to improve their added value. The purpose of this study is to transform the grading of pear appearance quality into the classification of the categories under several quality indexes based on industry standards and design effective distinguishing features for training the classifier. The grading of pear appearance quality is transformed into the classification of pear shapes, surface colors and defects. The symmetry feature and quasi-rectangle feature were designed and the back propagation (BP) neural network was trained to distinguish standard shape, apical shape and eccentric shape. The mean and variance features of R and G channels were used to train support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish standard color and deviant color. The surface defect area was used to participate in pear appearance quality classification and the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features of defect area were extracted to train BP neural network to distinguish four common defect categories: tabbed defects, bruised defects, abraded defects and rusty defects. The accuracy rates of the above three classifiers reached 83.3%, 91.0% and 76.6% respectively, and the accuracy rate of pear appearance quality grading based on grading rules was 80.5%. In addition, the hardware system prototype for experimental purpose was designed, which have certain reference significance for the further construction of the pear appearance quality grading pipeline.

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Shin, Young Joo, Kyu Hyung Park, Jeong-Min Hwang, Won Ryang Wee, and Jin Hak Lee. "A New Color Vision Test to Differentiate Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects." Ophthalmology 114, no. 7 (July 2007): 1341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.030.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Color Vision Defects"

1

Marshall, David. "The development and use of trichromatic mixture thresholds for the study of color vision defects /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487780393267809.

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Lowe, Jennifer Kathryn. "Linkage mapping and molecular characterization of canine inherited eye diseases /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5054.

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Goulding, John Robert. "Adaptive Color Correlation of Knots in Wood Images and Weighted-value Product Selection Methods in a Machine Vision System." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5189.

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The biggest obstacle to robust color image processing of wood is in developing a color model that represents all possible defect colors. When the color model is too general or too specific, defect recognition fails because too many or too few non-defect pixels match the model, respectively. Because a color image of wood contains far more clear and clear-grain colored pixels than grain-knot and knot colored pixels, it is beneficial to first statistically identify and remove the clear and clear-grain colors and to use the accumulated data to simultaneously enhance and normalize the remaining grainknot and knot colored pixels. This process is here called adaptive color correlation. The normal image processing strategy is to search and test for defect features directly. The strategy proposed and developed here is to instead classify all wood pixels containing non-defect colors first, and then identify defect features. Once non-defect features are removed from an image, the task of finding candidate defects becomes easier and faster. This improvement is realized in a sigmoid-shaped color correlation implemented as an adaptive look-up table. As wood has become more expensive relative to manufacturing costs, more efficient methods of maximizing the recovery of clear wood in every board are sought. Optimization, in the present context, is a broad term for selecting products that are made from wood boards so the value of products produced is maximized for a given production requirement. Wood contains random defects which prohibit the production of some products. The normal optimization strategy is to mathematically change the value of under/over-produced products directly. The strategy proposed and developed here is to instead separate optimization into two steps: 1) determine all possible product solutions for a board; and 2) select the single best solution that satisfies value and production goals. Maximum utilization of clear wood is achieved because the solution is "frozen" before mathematically changing the value of products. Recovering long-lengths of clear wood is achieved because various length-based valuation strategies may be implemented as postsolution processes. Separating the product selection process from the solution generation process is shown by this work (simulation) to maximize value recovery.

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Wilson, John Barry. "Colour vision defects : the development of computer-generated test for their diagnosis." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265365.

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Gilday, R. T. "Inexpensive equipment for the detection of acquired and congenital colour-vision defects." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318605.

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Widoyoko, Agus. "Evaluation of color-based machine vision for lumber processing in furniture rough mills." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222008-063556/.

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Campos, Quispe Luis Fernando. "Diseño e implementación de una interface usuario-máquina basada en visión computacional para automatizar la selección de frutos cítricos según la forma, tamaño, color y defectos externos." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16878.

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Dentro del proceso de producción de cítricos para exportación y consumo local existen etapas que, por su alta especialización, requiere de una persona para ser ejecutadas. Tales etapas pueden ser identificadas como la medición del tamaño, la forma, el color y la detección de defectos externos. La participación de una persona para llevar a cabo estas tareas trae como consecuencia una ralentización del proceso de producción debido a que la velocidad de trabajo de una persona no se puede comparar a la de una máquina industrial. En vista de este problema se ha trabajado en el diseño de una interface basada en una cámara de visión computacional para realizar todos los trabajos que aun dependían del ojo y del cerebro humano para ser llevadas a cabo. La interface diseñada es capaz de evaluar cada fruto a una velocidad de 0.6 segundo por fruto. Este es el tiempo que demora cada fruto en atravesar el campo de visión de la cámara del recinto de captura y procesamiento de imágenes. La interface está basada en algoritmos computacionales, los cuales a su vez están basados en métodos de procesamiento de imágenes para poder extraer las características más importantes de la fruta evaluada. Los resultados obtenidos, luego de probar la interface con diferentes frutos cítricos son alentadores. Se pudo medir con una precisión del 100% el calibre de cincuenta naranjas y con una precisión de 94% el calibre de cincuenta mandarinas. El error máximo obtenido en la medición de los diámetros de los frutos evaluados fue de 2.5% para el caso de las naranjas y de 4.8% para el caso de las mandarinas. También se lograron resultados importantes al momento de medir el color y el área externa defectuosa, sin embargo, estos aspectos requieren ser mejorados. En líneas generales los logros alcanzados en el presente trabajo de tesis representan la base para futuros trabajos más especializados.
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Chien, Chih-Hao, and 錢志豪. "Machine Vision System for Inspecting Color Deviation Defects of Liquid Crystal Displays." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2btc6b.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士班
91
Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) has excellent properties such as lower voltage to start and less occupied space if comparing with traditional Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) but flaw points and color small shift detection related to color deviation defects in display of image quality exist in TFT-LCD products. Currently, most of TFT-LCD defect inspection tasks are done by human measure. This research proposes a new automated inspection and process control system integrating machine vision techniques, biological techniques and statistical process control methods to solve the problems. In development of the system, we first use multivariate Hotelling T2 statistic for integrating coordinates of color models to construct a T2 energy image for inspecting defects and controlling patterns in TFT-LCD display images. For defect inspection, this research proposes computer vision techniques by applying ant colony algorithm to multivariate image processing. Inspection of flaw points is based on good solution effects and optimum calculation of ant colony algorithm. In detection of color small shift, Back Propagation Network (BPN) model is proposed to detect small deviations of the process control model for color deviation defects. After conducting experiments of this research, ACPM method applying L*u*v* model can not only reduce error rates but also have a larger relative ratio (γ= 1.9733). The BPN model applying Yxy model has good effects of color small shift detection and lower RMSEs. The automated inspection process and quality assurance model of TFT-LCD are constructed based on research analysis and system develop. This research contributes a solution to common problems of flaw points and color small shift detection and offers a computer-aided detection and a process control system to meet the process and quality control request. In addition, the results of this research can be beneficial to enterprises that have similar process and quality control request.

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Chen, Yen Hung, and 陳彥宏. "Research of Color Machine Vision to the Surface defect Inspection." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95637598219487844634.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
91
Applications of machine vision systems have been widely used in recent years. Techniques involved, however, are mostly constrained in defect inspection with gray level information, such as optical character recognition (OCR), industrial parts inspections, etc. There is a plenty room for machine vision inspection with color signals. Comparing to gray level images color images could provide more abundant data information. By all means, higher complication and computational time are needed. With the rapid development in faster CPU and higher resolution color CCD it is helpful to develop color machine vision environment. The aim of this study is to use color machine vision to the surface defect inspection. This study includes color calibration of color CCD and the development of an automatic optical inspection system for BGA substrate as an example.

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Chen, Yu-Chun, and 陳昱君. "Application of machine vision for color filter surface defect inspection." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63741334500749360719.

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碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
96
The color filer (CF) is a key component for manufacturing TFT-LCD’s. Micro-defects are generally very small and cannot be easily detected by operators. This study proposes an automatic visual inspection method for defect detection, and especially focus on micro-defects of color filter in the manufacturing process. The micro-defects of color filter investigated in this study focused on particles on CF surfaces. The micro-defects have very few information on color filter. Defects in a one-dimensional gray signals of color filer are detected directly by the proposed method. Since the surface of color filter is formed with equally-spaced vertical lines, horizontal lines and curves. The combination of frequency methods and spatial methods are used in this study. The periodical pattern of one-dimension gray signal is analyzed by 1D Fourier transform, So and Chan and Entropy methods. Then the local defects image can be enhanced by using 1D Otsu method. To avoid removing the defects in the periodical patterns, a statistical concept of using 95% confidence level was applied to sort out the defects by a special set of features. The results showed that a 95% correctness rate can be achieved, and spent 7.2593 seconds per image from an experiment of inspecting 195 images of color filers.

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Books on the topic "Color Vision Defects"

1

Jeffries, B. Joy. Color-blindness. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Jeffries, B. Joy. Color-blindness. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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B, Drum, and International Colour Association, eds. Colour vision deficiencies XI: Proceedings of the eleventh Symposium of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies, held in Sydney, Australia, 21-23 June 1991, including a joint IRGCVD-AIC meeting on mechanisms of colour vision, 24 June 1991. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Birch, Jennifer. Diagnosis of defective colour vision. Oxford: OUP, 1993.

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Symposium, International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies. Color vision deficiencies: Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Research Group on Color Vision Deficiencies, Tokyo, Japan, March 26-28, 1990. Amsterdam: Kugler & Ghedini, 1990.

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R, Cavonius C., and Adams A. J, eds. Colour vision deficiencies XIII: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Symposium of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies, held in Pau, France, July 27-30, 1995. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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B, Drum, Moreland J. D, and Serra A, eds. Colour vision deficiencies X: Proceedings of the tenth Symposium of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies, held in Cagliari, Italy, 25-28 June 1989. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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Hukami, Kaitiro. Standard pseudoisochromatic plates. Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin, 1994.

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1948-, Phillips Robert H., ed. Coping with color-blindness. Garden City Park, N.Y: Avery Pub. Group, 1997.

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Guy, Verriest, ed. Colour vision deficiencies VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies, held at the Palais des Papes, Avignon, France, 23-26 June 1985. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff/W. Junk Publishers, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Color Vision Defects"

1

King-Smith, P. Ewen. "Cortical Color Defects." In Colour Vision Deficiencies IX, 131–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2695-0_16.

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Carroll, Joseph J. "Inherited Color Vision Defects." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_79-5.

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Carroll, Joseph J. "Inherited Color Vision Defects." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 933–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_79.

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Yari, Niloofar, Sumayya J. Almarzouqi, Michael Morgan, and Andrew G. Lee. "Red-Green Color Vision, Defects." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_1222-1.

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Yari, Niloofar, Sumayya J. Almarzouqi, Michael L. Morgan, and Andrew G. Lee. "Red-Green Color Vision, Defects." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1499–501. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_1222.

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Kandatsu, Atsushi, Hiroshi Kitahara, and Kenji Kitahara. "Rayleigh Color Matches in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy with Congenital Color Vision Defects." In Colour Vision Deficiencies VIII, 373–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4275-2_55.

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Hart, William M. "Color Contrast Perimetry: Hue Discrimination Defects in Acquired Dyschromatopsias." In Colour Vision Deficiencies VIII, 267–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4275-2_39.

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Ichikawa, Kazuo, Hiroshi Ichikawa, and Shoko Tanabe. "Detection of Acquired Color Vision Defects by Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates Part 2." In Colour Vision Deficiencies VIII, 133–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4275-2_19.

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Kitahara, Kenji, Atsushi Kandatsu, Mari Nishimuta, and Ryutaro Tamaki. "Theoretical Patterns of Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test in Congenital Color Vision Defects." In Colour Vision Deficiencies IX, 455–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2695-0_52.

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Massof, Robert W., and Matthew L. Severns. "The Anomaloscope Plate Test: A New Color Vision Test for Screening Congenital Red-Green Defects." In Colour Vision Deficiencies IX, 539–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2695-0_62.

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Conference papers on the topic "Color Vision Defects"

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Severns, Matthew L., Bruce A. Drum, and Robert W. Massof. "Comparative Evaluation of Two Red-Green Color Vision Screening Tests." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1990.we3.

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Approximately ten percent of males in the United States and one half of one percent of females have a congenital red-green color vision defect. Detection of this defect early in life is important because school children with color vision defects can be as much as one year behind in learning ability when compared to their color-normal peers.2 Although the pseudoisochromatic plate tests (e.g. the Ishihara test) are quite sensitive when administered properly, many vision testers administer them under improper lighting conditions, leading to somewhat less reliable results. In addition, pseudoisochromatic plate tests are subject to fading from exposure to light and from repeated handling. We have evaluated two color vision screening tests which are suitable for use in large scale screening programs.

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2

Marty-Mahe, Pascale, Philippe Loisel, and Didier Brossard. "Color image segmentation to detect defects on fresh ham." In Quality Control by Artificial Vision, edited by Kenneth W. Tobin, Jr. and Fabrice Meriaudeau. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.514936.

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Swanson, William H., and David G. Birch. "Sws-Cone Defects In Photoreceptor Degenerations." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1991.wb2.

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Retinal disease often affects color vision, and one of the most common acquired color vision defects is the “blue defect,” in which performance is decreased for discriminations normally mediated by the short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) cone pathways (reviewed by Pokorny & Smith, 1986). In recent years there has been considerable interest in the mechanisms underlying blue defects. Analysis of these mechanisms could result in a better understanding of the etiology of the diseases and development of tests useful for following patients and assessing the effectiveness of treatments. In particular it would be useful to know if SWS cones are selectively affected by photoreceptor degenerations. As compared to the long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) and middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) cones, the SWS cones are morphologically distinct (Ahnelt, Kolb & Pflug, 1987), their membranes are more permeable to some molecules (DeMonasterio, Schein & McCrane, 1981), and their calcium metabolism may be more like that of rods (Zrenner, 1983).

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Gunkel, R. D., M. S. Roy, and A. Roy. "Measurement of Color Thresholds." In Noninvasive Assessment of Visual Function. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navf.1985.tua4.

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The description and measurement of defective color vision has been a problem of long standing for clinicians. Since subtle color defects are known to be correlated with some systemic disorders and toxic conditions, thresholds of discrimination for each color would be most informative, but neither they nor any closely related measurements are obtained by the conventional color tests. Louise Sloan in 1943 devised a Color Threshold Tester1 which was used briefly by the Air Force, but it was not widely accepted because of the cumbersome procedure involved and the lack of an effective data system. The so-called "New Color Test" of P. Lanthony2 undertook to determine thresholds of discrimination, which were plotted on the uniform chromaticity circle of Munsell to reveal a neutral zone or area. Unfortunately the test requires arrangement and scoring of 70 colored and gray caps or buttons, so it is nearly as tedious as the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test3. Sahlgren's Saturation Test4 is another attempt at determining thresholds, but it is limited to the blue and blue-purple part of color-space. Grützner5 demonstrated neutral bands in the visible spectrum of patients with acquired color vision defects, but his system was not easily adapted to clinical use. Marré6 used a modification of Wright's Trichromatic Colorimeter7 to measure the first saturation step from white throughout the whole spectrum, which is exactly what we would all like to do, but with a less complicated and time-consuming method. Herewith we are presenting Marré's type of data, which we obtained and plotted on a color circle with the chromagraph8. We believe that this circle concept is more acceptable to clinicians than either the conventional spectral sensitivity curves or the C.I.E. chromaticity diagram. The circle developed by the chromagraph has been confirmed mathematically and the colors calibrated by the Bureau of Standards, so threshold points on it can be transformed into C.I.E. coordinates if necessary. The system applies equally well to congenital and acquired color defects, but the distinction can usually be made without difficulty.

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Pokorny, Joel, and Vivianne C. Smith. "Color matching as a clinical tool." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.tuo2.

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Color matching is the definitive technique for documenting normal color vision and for diagnosing congenital color vision defects. The efficacy of the technique lies in the widely accepted supposition that color matching directly reflects the number and spectral sensitivities of the active receptor types. Color matching behavior may be modified by systemic or ophthalmic disease. There are two major ways in which disease alters color matching; the match-midpoint may be shifted (an alteration of normal color vision) and/or the match-width may be enlarged (a reduction of normal color vision). The nature of the change often allows precise interpretation of the etiology of the functional change. Simplified procedures which we use for clinical evaluation include a match of a yellow to a mixture of red and green (the Rayleigh equation) and a match of blue-green to a mixture of blue and green (the Moreland equation). To evaluate reduced forms of color vision we use a match of a green to a mixture of red and blue (a dichromatic coefficient). Examples are given of alteration systems (both prereceptoral and retinal) and reduction systems (both receptoral and neural).

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Rizzo, Matthew. "Color perception in central dyschromatopsia." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.tucc2.

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Central dyschromatopsia is an acquired disorder of color vision caused by damage in the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe. Its existence, once questioned by Gordon Holmes, is no longer in doubt. Patients with the disorder may report that colors look "dirty," "dull," "faded," or "wrong" in the affected visual fields. In the worst cases they may report a visual experience of the world in shades of gray, as if viewed on a black-and-white television set. The pattern of psychophysical defects associated with such descriptions may provide insights on how signals from the short, long, and middle wavelength sensitive cones are processed at cortical levels. The problem, however, is that central dyschromatopsia usually affects a quadrant or hemifield and spares fixation, the region where most standard color tests are presented. Consequently, its psychophysical underpinnings remain poorly defined.

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Pokomy, Joel, Vivianne C. Smith, and Tsaiyao Yeh. "Analysis of tritan detection thresholds and discrimination errors." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1990.tub2.

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The Type III acquired blue yellow color vision defect is characterized by failure of screening plates (e.g. the Standard Pseudo-isochromatic Plates, Part II) and an accumulation of errors on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Recent studies of acquired color vision defects have included specialized tests of increment detection for the isolated S (Short Wavelength Sensitive) cone system. A puzzling aspect in at least one such study was the lack of correlation between evidence of S cone loss on increment detection and evidence of S cone loss on the FM-100-hue test1. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to reconcile these findings, and to provide a unified framework for analyzing detection and discrimination data.

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Neitz, Jay, and Gerald H. Jacobs. "Systematic variations in color matching among normal humans." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.tuj6.

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There is evidence suggesting that the spectral positioning of cone photopigments varies among individuals with normal color vision. To examine this we obtained Rayleigh matches from 200 young (mean age = 20.6 yrs) color-normal individuals using large field substitution, a method which enhances color discrimination. The results reveal a discrete variation in color matches between individuals and a striking difference between males and females. The color matches made by males fall into two distributions nearly equal in size. The color matches of the females are trimodally distributed: two modes correspond to the male matches, but a majority of females match in a position intermediate to the male modes. The modal nature of the distributions indicates a stepwise variation in the spectral positioning of the cone mechanisms while the male bimodality indicates that among normals only one cone mechanism varies. The distribution of matches made by females can be accounted for by assuming that this polymorphism is X-chromosome linked. Analysis of the color matches reveals that (a) it is the long-wavelength cone mechanism that varies among normal humans and (b) the difference in λmax between the two types of long-wavelength mechanisms is ~3 nm. These results may provide insights into the mechanisms that produce inherited color vision defects.

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Rubin, Gary S., and Brian C. Lerner. "Contrast Sensitivity and Vernier Acuity After Resolution of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1987.wd2.

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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a macular disease which predominately affects males 25 to 50 years of age. The disease is characterized by one or more focal defects or detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with a serous detachment of the overlying sensory retina. Visual symptoms include blurred vision, scotoma, metamorphopsia, micropsia, and color vision abnormalities. The patients frequently have reduced acuity, though seldom worse than 20/70.

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Rádli, Richárd, and László Czúni. "About the Application of Autoencoders For Visual Defect Detection." In WSCG'2021 - 29. International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision'2021. Západočeská univerzita, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.2021.3002.20.

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Visual defect detection is a key technology in modern industrial manufacturing systems. There are many possibleappearances of product defects, including distortions in color, shape, contamination, missing or superfluous parts.For the detection of those, besides traditional image processing techniques, convolutional neural networks basedmethods have also appeared to avoid the usage of hand-crafted features and to build more efficient detectionmechanisms. In our article we deal with autoencoder convolutional networks (AEs) which do not require examplesof defects for training. Unfortunately, the manual and/or trial-and-error design of AEs is still required to achievegood performance, since there are many unknown parameters of AEs which can greatly influence the detectionabilities. For our study we have chosen a well performing AE known as structural similarity AE (SSIM-AE),where the loss function and the comparison of the output with the input is implemented via the SSIM instead ofthe often used L1 or L2 norms. Investigating the performance of SSIM-AE on different data-sets, we found that itsperformance can be improved with modified convolutional structures without modifying the size of latent space.We also show that finding a model with low reconstruction error during training does not mean good detectionabilities and denoising AEs can increase efficiency.

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Reports on the topic "Color Vision Defects"

1

Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.

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