Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coloring Agents'

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two bleaching agents on color of one composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT - 3M ESPE) in the opacities of enamel and dentin, previously subjected to the action of deionized water or red wine. Sixty specimens (sp) were made for each composite resin using a metal matrix with 8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness. Immediately after polymerization with LED (Emitter Schuster / Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) for 40 s, the sp were polished with Diamond Pro discs (FGM / Joinvile SC, Brasil), and felt discs with diamond paste (Diamond Excel FGM / Joinvile SC, Brasil), then sp were washed in water and dried. The sp were divided into two groups for each opacity: immersed in red wine or deionized water for 14 days and then divided into three subgroups: one group subjected to bleaching with hydrogen peroxide 35% (Mix One Lot: 043 - Dental Villevie Brasil Ltda), one group submitted to bleaching with carbamide peroxide 16% (Mix Night - Lot: 007 - Dental Villevie Brasil Ltda) and one group not subjected to bleaching. Successive measurements were conducted 24 hours after polishing procedures, after 14 days of immersion on their respective immersion media, and after the action of the bleaching agents, using a spectrophotometer (SP60 EX-Rite / Grand Rapid Michigan, USA), with CIE L* a* b* system. Data were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey (5%). Red wine caused significant color change in the composites in relation to water, and the enamel resin presented greater color change than the dentin resin. Bleaching agents partially removed the pigmentation of the sp which were immersed in wine, and the carbamide peroxide showed more significant results. The bleaching agents did not determine significant results when the sp were immersed in water. Red wine had great influence on the color change of composite resins and water caused no significant color change. The bleaching agents were capable of partial removal of the pigmentation produced by red wine.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de dois agentes clareadores sobre a cor de uma resina composta (Filtek Z350 XT 3M ESPE) nas opacidades de esmalte e dentina, previamente submetidas à ação de água deionizada ou vinho tinto suave. Foram confeccionados 60 corpos-de-prova (cps) para cada resina composta utilizando uma matriz metálica com 8 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura. Imediatamente após a fotoativação com um LED (Emitter Schuster / Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) por 40s, os cps foram polidos com discos Diamond Pro (FGM / Joinvile SC, Brasil) e disco de feltro com pasta diamantada (Diamond Excel FGM / Joinvile SC, Brasil), lavados em água e secos. Os cps foram divididos em 2 grupos para cada opacidade: imersos em vinho tinto suave ou em água deionizada, por 14 dias e subdivididos em 3 subgrupos: um grupo submetido ao clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% (Mix One Lot: 043 - Dental Villevie Brasil Ltda), um grupo submetido ao clareamento com peróxido de carbamida 16% (Mix Night - Lot: 007 - Dental Villevie Brasil Ltda) e um grupo não submetido ao clareamento. Sucessivas leituras foram realizadas após 24 horas da confecção dos corpos-de-prova (inicial), após 14 dias de imersão nos respectivos meios; e após a ação de agentes clareadores utilizando um espectrofotômetro (SP60 EX-Rite / Grand Rapid Michigan, USA), com o sistema CIE L* a* b*. Os dados foram submetidos ao Teste t, análise de variância uma via e Tukey (5%). O vinho tinto suave causou significativa alteração de cor nas resinas compostas em relação à água, sendo que, a resina composta de esmalte sofreu maior alteração de cor que a de resina composta de dentina. Os agentes clareadores removeram parcialmente o pigmento dos cps que foram imersos em vinho, sendo que o peróxido de carbamida apresentou resultados mais significativos. Já quando os cps foram imersos em água os agentes clareadores não determinaram resultados relevantes. O vinho tinto suave teve grande influência na alteração de cor das resinas compostas e a água não causou alteração de cor significativa. Os géis clareadores foram capazes de fazer a remoção parcial da pigmentação produzida pelo vinho tinto.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study aimed to determine the color stability of aesthetic brackets (plastic and ceramic) when stored in red wine, subjected to daily baths of wine, and immersed in distilled water for different periods. With the aid of a spectrophotometer (SP60 - XRite) and using the CIE L * a * b * system, the initial color parameters and after 15, 30, and 45 days were measured. Brackets of different composition and trademarks were evaluated: Composite (polycarbonate) and Ceramic (polycrystalline ceramic)from Dental Morelli, Maia (polycrystalline ceramic) and Zetta (monocrystalline ceramic)from Eurodonto Orthodontic Products. After the initial color measurements, brackets were divided into 12 groups (n = 10) according to storage media and trademark. The control group remained immersed in distilled water, the wine test group received daily baths of red wine for 15 minutes during the entire period of the study and the immersion test group remained immersed in red wine throughout the study. Repeated readings were performed at 15, 30,and 45 days. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey s test (5%). Color changes were observed in all tested materials, with the greatest change found in group immersioned in red wine, followed by the group subjected to daily baths, and the group stored in distilled water. The polycarbonate showed the greatest color change comparing to ceramics, and the polycrystalline ceramic demonstrated greater color change than monocrystalline ceramic. For all tested groups, the longer the period the greater the changes in color. The type of material and the time in contact with the staining agente had a directly influence in the color stability of brackets.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a estabilidade de cor de bráquetes estéticos (plásticos e cerâmicos) quando armazenados em vinho tinto, submetidos a banhos diários de vinho tinto e imerso em água destilada, durante períodos de tempo distintos. Com o uso de um espectrofotômetro (SP60 - X-Rite), empregando o sistema CIE L* a* b*, os parâmetros de cor inicial e após 15, 30e 45 dias foram aferidos. Bráquetes de diferentes composições e marcas comerciais foram avaliados: Composite (policarbonato) e Ceramic (cerâmica policristalina) da Dental Morelli, Maia (cerâmica policristalina) e Zetta (cerâmica monocristalina),da Eurodonto Produtos Ortodônticos. Após a mensuração da cor inicial, os bráquetes foram divididos em 12 grupos (n=10) de acordo com os meios de armazenamento e marca comercial. O grupo controle permaneceu imerso em água destilada, o grupo teste de banho em vinho foi colocado em vinho tinto por 15 minutos diários durante o período do estudo e o grupo teste de imersão permaneceu imerso em vinho tinto durante todo o período dos testes. Sucessivas leituras foram realizadas nos períodos de 15, 30 e 45 dias. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e teste de Tukey (5%).Encontrou-se alteração de cor em todos os materiais testados, sendo a maior encontrada na imersão contínua em vinho tinto, seguida do grupo submetido a banhos diários e do grupo em água destilada. O policarbonato sofreu a maior alteração de cor em relação às cerâmicas e a cerâmica policristalina sofreu maior alteração de cor em relação à cerâmica monocristalina. Em tempos mais longos houve maior alteração em todos os grupos. O tipo de material e o tempo de contato com a substância corante influenciaram diretamente na estabilidade da cor dos bráquetes.

The aim of this study was to determine translucency of composite resins formed by different monomers when stored in two distinct environments (immersed in dis tilled water and red wine) and periods of time (immediately after curing, 24h and 30 days). Also two methods for translucency evaluation (Translucency Parameter and Percentage of Opacity) were compared. Three composite resins were tested: one silorane-based (Filtek P90) and two metacrilate-based (Filtek Z350 and Rok). Fourteen specimens (sp) were made for each composite using a metallic matrix with 10 mm of diameter and 2 mm of thickness. Immediately after light curing using a LED (±800mW/cm2) for 40 seconds, sp were polished with Sof-Lex Pop On Orange Series discs and with felt and diamond paste, then sp were washed in water and dried. Immediately after polishing, the initial translucency was measured with the spectrophotometer SP60 - X-Rite using the CIE L * a * b * system. Then the sp of each composite resin was divided into two groups (n = 7) according to the storage media. Successive readings were conducted in periods of 24 hours and 30 days. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey s test (5%) to compare the means of the groups. The silorane-based composite resin showed less translucency changes than metacrilate-based resins, only when stored in wine. In deionized water the modification of P90 was greater than other resins, improving the translucency. All composites presented more alteration when stored in wine than in water, and such variation was higher in longer periods of storage. No differences were found between the methods of evaluation. Both methods of translucency evaluation demonstrated similar results. The translucency of composites was more affected by the red wine than by the water and the longer the period of contact with this substance the greater the modification. The type of monomer seems to be a factor that will influence the translucency changes of composite resins. The variation of translucency can be measured by the two tested methods
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a translucidez de resinas compostas constituídas por diferentes monômeros, quando armazenadas em meios (imersos em água e em vinho tinto suave) e períodos distintos (imediatamente após a fotoativação, 24h e 30 dias). Também foram comparados dois métodos de análise de translucidez (Parâmetro de Translucidez e o Percentual de Opacidade) das resinas compostas. Três resinas compostas foram utilizadas, uma a base de silorano (Filtek P90) e duas a base de metacrilatos (Filtek Z350 e Rok). Foram confeccionados 14 corpos-de-prova (cps) para cada resina composta, utilizando uma matriz metálica com 10 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura. Imediatamente após a fotoativação com uma fonte de luz LED (±800mW/cm2), por 40s, os cps foram polidos com discos Sof-Lex Pop On e disco de feltro com pasta diamantada, lavados em água e secos com gaze. A translucidez inicial dos cps foi aferida imediatamente após o polimento com o espectrofotômetro SP60 - X-Rite, utilizando o sistema CIE L* a* b*. Os cps de cada resina composta foram divididos em dois grupos (n=7) de acordo com os meios de armazenamento. Sucessivas leituras foram realizadas nos períodos de 24h e 30 dias. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (5%). A resina a base de silorano apresentou menor variação de translucidez, que as resinas a base de metacrilatos, apenas, quando armazenada em vinho. Já em água deionizada, a variação da P90 foi maior que nas demais, ficando mais translucida. Todas as resinas apresentaram maior alteração de translucidez, quando armazenadas em vinho do que em água, e esta variação foi maior no período de trinta dias. O tipo de monômero parece ser um fator que irá influenciar a variação da translucidez da resina composta. A variação de translucidez pôde ser aferida pelos dois métodos testados de forma semelhante.

Presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização da tecnologia de banda estreita com filtros ópticos (TBE) no rastreamento do carcinoma espinocelular do esôfago (CEC), utilizando como método comparativo a cromoscopia com a solução de Lugol. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo de teste de diagnóstico, para o qual foram avaliados 129 pacientes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), com diagnóstico de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço, em programa de rastreamento de tumores secundários, no período de agosto de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Os exames de endoscopia convencional, TBE e a cromoscopia com Lugol foram realizados consecutivamente em um mesmo procedimento, e as lesões encontradas foram registradas e submetidas a biópsias. Foram calculados para cada método valores da sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, valores de verossimilhança positivo e negativo. Foram diagnosticados nove carcinomas superficiais (7%), sendo cinco carcinomas in situ e quatro carcinomas intramucosos, todos detectados pelo TBE e pelo Lugol, porém apenas seis foram diagnosticados pelo exame convencional e destes, nenhum foi menor ou igual a 10 mm. A tecnologia de bandas estreitas com filtros ópticos (TBE) sem magnificação de imagem apresentou resultados superponíveis a cromoscopia com Lugol, método atualmente de escolha para rastreamento do CEC esofágico em grupos de pacientes de alto risco, portadores de tumores de cabeça e pescoço
Background and study aims: The aim of this study was to compare narrow band imaging (NBI) without magnification and chromoendoscopy with Lugols solution for detecting superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with head and neck cancer. Patients and methods: This is a prospective observational study of 129 patients with primary head and neck tumors consecutively referred to the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School (FMUSP), Brazil, between August 2006 and February 2007. Conventional examinations, NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy were consecutively performed, and the detected lesions were mapped, recorded and sent for biopsy. The results of the three methods were compared regarding sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood value and negative likelihood value. Results: Of the 129 patients, nine (7%) were diagnosed with carcinomas, five of which were in situ and four intramucosal. All carcinomas were detected through NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy. Only six lesions were diagnosed by conventional examination, all of which were larger than 10 mm. Conclusions: Narrow-band imaging technology with optical filters has high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for detecting superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and produces results comparable to those obtained with 2.0% Lugol chromoendoscopy in patients with head and neck cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal staining of ceramic laminates cemented with and without the presence of enamel preparation. Thirty-two (32) permanent central incisors were selected and randomly divided into two groups (CP and SP). In group-CP (n = 16) the laminates were bonded to the prepared enamel and in group-SP (n=16) laminates were cemented directly over the intact enamel, with no preparation. The preparation and cementation were standardized and performed by a single operator. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 8) which correspond to different immersion media - coffee and water ( SPc , SPa , CPc and CPa ). After an immersion period of 10 days, stereomicroscope pictures with 20X of the mesial, distal, cervical and incisal surface of each specimen were made. The interfaces tooth - resin cement - laminate were evaluated by three blind, trained and calibrated examiners. Data were subjected to statistical Kruskal - Wallis and Mann - Whitney analysis. The prepared group as well as the unprepared group showed higher marginal staining when immersed in coffee. When immersed in coffee, the prepared laminates presented more marginal staining then unprepared laminates. But when immersed in water there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. The adhesive interface of ceramic laminates cemented on prepared enamel presented more marginal staining than laminates cemented on intact enamel, with no preparation, after immersion in staining solution.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o manchamento marginal de laminados cerâmicos cimentados com e sem a presença de preparo do esmalte. Trinta e dois (32) incisivos inferiores permanentes hígidos foram selecionados e aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos (CP e SP). No grupo CP (n=16) os laminados foram cimentados sobre o esmalte preparado e no grupo SP (n=16) os laminados foram cimentados diretamente sobre o esmalte intacto, sem preparo. Os preparos e a cimentação foram padronizados e realizados por um único operador. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos (n=8) que correspondem a diferentes meios de imersão café e água (SPc, SPa, CPc e CPa). Após um período de imersão de 10 dias, foram feitas imagens em Estereomicroscópio com aumento de 20X das faces mesial, distal, cervical e incisal de cada corpo de prova. As interfaces dente - cimento resinoso - laminado foram avaliadas por três examinadores cegos, treinados e calibrados. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Os corpos de prova imersos no café apresentaram maior manchamento que os imersos na água, tanto no grupo com preparo como no sem preparo. As interfaces dos laminados com preparo mancharam mais do que os sem preparo quando imersos em café. Porém quando imersos em água não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que a interface adesiva de laminados cerâmicos cimentados sobre esmalte preparado apresenta maior manchamento do que os laminados cimentados sobre o esmalte intacto quando submersos em solução corante.

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques provide a simple, highly sensitive method of studying live cells and whole organisms in real time. Without question, fluorophores such as GFP, fluorescein, and rhodamines have contributed vastly to our understanding of both cell biology and biochemistry. However, most of the fluorescent molecules currently utilized suffer from one major drawback, the use of visible light. Due to cellular autofluorescence and the absorbance of incident light by cellular components, fluorescence imaging with visible wavelength fluorophores often results in high background noise and thus a low signal-to-noise ratio. Fortunately, this situation can be ameliorated by altering the wavelength of light used during imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) light (650-900 nm) is poorly absorbed by cells; therefore, fluorophores excited by this light provide a high signal-to-noise ratio and low background in cellular systems. While these properties make NIR fluorophores ideal for cellular imaging, most currently available NIR molecules cannot be used in live cells. The first half of this thesis addresses the synthetic difficulties associated with preparing NIR fluorophores that can be used within living systems. Small molecule NIR fluorophores are inherently hydrophobic which makes them unsuitable for use in the aqueous environment of the cell. Water-solubility is imparted to these dyes through highly polar sulfonates, which subsequently prevents the dyes from entering the cell. The novel work presented here details vii synthetic routes to aid in the development of sulfonated NIR fluorophores, which can be delivered into live cells through the inclusion of an esterase-labile sulfonate protecting group. Application of these synthetic techniques should allow for the development of novel NIR fluorophores with intracellular applications. The second half of this thesis addresses the need for novel NIR imaging reagents. Although several classes of NIR scaffolds do exist, most NIR probes are derivatives of a single class, heptamethine indocyanines. The work described here increases this palette by displaying the ability of NIR oxazines to function as an imaging reagent in live cells and in vivo and as a molecular sensor of biologically-relevant environmental conditions. Combined, the work contained herein has the capacity to not only advance the current NIR toolkit, but to expand it so that fluorescence imaging can move out of the dark and into the NIR light.

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques provide a simple, highly sensitive method of studying live cells and whole organisms in real time. Without question, fluorophores such as GFP, fluorescein, and rhodamines have contributed vastly to our understanding of both cell biology and biochemistry. However, most of the fluorescent molecules currently utilized suffer from one major drawback, the use of visible light. Due to cellular autofluorescence and the absorbance of incident light by cellular components, fluorescence imaging with visible wavelength fluorophores often results in high background noise and thus a low signal-to-noise ratio. Fortunately, this situation can be ameliorated by altering the wavelength of light used during imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) light (650-900 nm) is poorly absorbed by cells; therefore, fluorophores excited by this light provide a high signal-to-noise ratio and low background in cellular systems. While these properties make NIR fluorophores ideal for cellular imaging, most currently available NIR molecules cannot be used in live cells. The first half of this thesis addresses the synthetic difficulties associated with preparing NIR fluorophores that can be used within living systems. Small molecule NIR fluorophores are inherently hydrophobic which makes them unsuitable for use in the aqueous environment of the cell. Water-solubility is imparted to these dyes through highly polar sulfonates, which subsequently prevents the dyes from entering the cell. The novel work presented here details vii synthetic routes to aid in the development of sulfonated NIR fluorophores, which can be delivered into live cells through the inclusion of an esterase-labile sulfonate protecting group. Application of these synthetic techniques should allow for the development of novel NIR fluorophores with intracellular applications. The second half of this thesis addresses the need for novel NIR imaging reagents. Although several classes of NIR scaffolds do exist, most NIR probes are derivatives of a single class, heptamethine indocyanines. The work described here increases this palette by displaying the ability of NIR oxazines to function as an imaging reagent in live cells and in vivo and as a molecular sensor of biologically-relevant environmental conditions. Combined, the work contained herein has the capacity to not only advance the current NIR toolkit, but to expand it so that fluorescence imaging can move out of the dark and into the NIR light.

Orientadores: Luiz Roberto Lopes, Celso Dario Ramos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução - Com os estudos de Gould et al. (1960), Cabanas (1977) e Morton et al. (1992), estabeleceu-se o conceito da pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela. Esse se baseia na teoria de que ao identificar a presença ou ausência de metástase no primeiro linfonodo que recebe a drenagem linfática a partir do tumor (sentinela), poderia representar o estado de acometimento dos outros linfonodos. Isto evitaria a realização desnecessária de linfadenectomias. Com o passar dos anos, foi consagrada para ser aplicada em casos de melanoma e câncer de mama. Nesta última década, tenta-se estender os princípios da utilização da pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela para os cânceres do aparelho digestivo. Entretanto, no caso do estômago, existem algumas dificuldades, como: presença de sistema de drenagem linfática multidirecional, ocorrência de metástases saltatórias e identificação de mais de um linfonodo sentinela por indivíduo. Objetivo - Criar e padronizar um modelo animal para o treinamento de pesquisa de linfonodos sentinelas em estômago. Método - Trinta e dois coelhos, saudáveis, foram submetidos à anestesia exclusivamente intramuscular. Por meio de laparotomia, foi injetado na subserosa da parede anterior do corpo gástrico, 0,1 ml de fitato marcado com tecnécio-99m (0,2 mCi), em seguida pelo mesmo orifício, de 0,2 ml de Azul Patente V® 2,5%. A cavidade abdominal foi avaliada, "in vivo", para pesquisa de suspeitas de linfonodos azuis (corados em azul) e com detector manual de radiação gamma aos 5, 10 e 20 minutos para detecção de suspeitas de linfonodos radioativos (radioatividade identificada superior a 10X o valor apresentado pelo fundo). Após 20 minutos, realizou-se ressecção e exérese total do estômago, baço e suspeitas de linfonodos, para posterior avaliação da radioatividade "ex vivo". A seguir, encaminharam-se as suspeitas de linfonodos para estudo histológico para identificação de tecido linfóide. Resultados - Foram identificados linfonodos em 30 coelhos (93,75%) com média de 2,2 por animal. Das 90 suspeitas de linfonodos detectadas, em 70 casos (77,77%) obteve-se confirmação histológica para tecido linfóide. Dessas, a maioria foi identificada e localizada na região entre o esôfago e o fundo gástrico durante a avaliação "in vivo" aos 5 minutos. Dois coelhos faleceram durante os experimentos (Taxa de mortalidade = 6,25%). Conclusão - O modelo experimental em coelhos para pesquisa de linfonodos sentinelas em estômago por métodos combinados foi factível, de fácil execução e baixa mortalidade, podendo ser usado para treinamento
Abstract: Introduction - The concept of sentinel lymph node was established by the studies of Gould et al. (1960), Cabanas (1977) and Morton et al. (1992). It is based on the theory that, whenever the presence or absence of metastasis is identified in the first lymph node that receives the lymphatic drainage from the tumor (sentinel) the status of involvement of other lymph nodes might be infered. This could avoid the performance of unnecessary lymphadenectomies. Over the years, its use was consecrated by its application in melanoma and breast cancer. In the last decade, attempts have been made to extend the principles of sentinel lymph node investigation to cancers of the digestive tract. In the case of stomach cancer, additional difficulties were found, such as multiple and aberrant lymphatic routes, the occurrence of skip metastasis and the possible identification of more than one sentinel lymph node in the same patient. Aim - To develop and evaluate an animal model for training sentinel lymph node navigation in the stomach. Methods - Thirtytwo healthy rabbits, were prepped and given intramuscular anesthesia. Through a formal laparotomy, they received a subserosal injection of 0.1 ml of phytate labeled with technetium-99m (0.2 mCi) in the anterior wall of the gastric corpus, followed by 0.2 ml of Blue Patent ® V 2.5%, through the same puncture site. Suspicious lymph nodes were searched in-vivo at 5, 10 and 20 minutes, both visually (Blue Patent stained lymph nodes) and with a manual gamma radiation detector (to detect suspected radioactive lymph nodes, displaying radioactivity levels over 10X the value displayed by the background). En-block resection of the stomach, spleen, visible limph nodes and local fat tissue was then performed and the specimen was assessed "ex vivo" for radioactivity. Suspected lymph nodes were sent for histological study to evaluate the presence of lymphoid tissue. Results - Radiolabeled or stained lymph nodes were identified in 30 rabbits (93.75%) with an average of 2.2 specimens per animal; of the 90 suspicious lymph nodes detected, histology confirmed lymphoid tissue in 70 cases (77.77%). Most lymph nodes were identified at the 5-minute in-vivo evaluation and their most common location was found to be in the region between the esophagus and the gastric fundus. Two rabbits died during the procedure resulting in a 6.25% mortality. Conclusion - The rabbit model proved adequate for training in sentinel node navigation in the stomach by combined methods (dye and radiocolloid) being easy to execute and associated with low mortality
Doutorado
Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica
Doutor em Ciências

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The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate whether exposure to coffee during the bleaching treatment with PC 16 (Whiteness Perfect, FGM,Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil) affects the degree of whitening and tooth sensitivity. We selected 40 patients with central incisors darker than A2, which were divided into 2 groups (n=20): GC - control group and GE - the experimental group. For the CG was no restriction of foods with dyes and the GE patients beyond the usual coffee intake in his diet made with black coffee rinses soluble Nescafé® Tradição (Nestlé), 4 times daily for 30 seconds. For both groups we used PC 16 for a period of 3 hours daily for 3 weeks. The color scale was assessed by spectrophotometer Easyshade and in the periods: initial, during the whitening (1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd week) and postbleaching (1 week and 1 month). Patients recorded their perceptions of sensitivity through the NRS scale (0-4) and VAS. For the color analysis was performed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on two factors (time vs. treatment groups), time being the repeated measure (=0.05). We carried out the Tukey test for contrast of means (=0.05). The tooth sensitivity was evaluated by Fisher's exact test and the intensity of tooth sensitivity was evaluated by Mann-Whitney test (=0.05) for both scales. There effectiveness of tooth whitening over time (p <0.001). For both groups was not statistical differences in absolute risk of sensitivity between the groups (p=1.0). Most patients had mild tooth sensitivity and no statistically significant difference was detected between groups for both the NRS scale (p=0.529) and for the VAS (p=0.258). It was concluded that dental bleaching is effective for the groups studied, which makes possible the consumption of coffee during the bleaching treatment.
O objetivo deste estudo clínico foi avaliar se a exposição ao café durante o tratamento clareador com PC 16% (Whiteness Perfect, FGM, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil) afeta o grau de clareamento e a sensibilidade dental. Foram selecionados 40 pacientes com os incisivos centrais mais escuros que A2, os quais foram divididos em 2 grupos (n=20): GC - grupo controle e GE - grupo experimental. Para o GC houve restrição de alimentos com corantes e para o GE os pacientes, além da ingestão usual do café na sua dieta, realizaram bochecho com café preto solúvel Nescafé Tradição (Nestlé) 4 vezes ao dia, por 30 segundos. Para os dois grupos utilizou-se PC 16% pelo período de 3h diariamente, durante 3 semanas. A cor foi avaliada através da escala Vita Classical e espectrofotômetro Vita Easyshade, nos períodos: inicial, durante o clareamento dental (1ª, 2ª e 3ª semanas) e pós-clareamento (1 semana e 1 mês). Os pacientes registraram suas percepções de sensibilidade através da escala NRS (0-4) e VAS. Para a análise de cor foi efetuada ANOVA de dois fatores (grupos vs tempo de tratamento), sendo o tempo a medida repetida (=0,05). Foi realizado o teste de Tukey para o contraste das médias =0,05). A sensibilidade dental foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher e a intensidade da sensibilidade dental foi avaliada pelo teste Mann-Whitney (=0,05) para ambas as escalas. Houve efetividade do clareamento dental ao longo do tempo (p<0,001). Para ambos os grupos não foi verificada diferença estatística no risco absoluto de sensibilidade entre os grupos (p=1,0). A maioria dos pacientes apresentou sensibilidade dental leve e não foi detectada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, tanto para a escala NRS (p=0,529) como para a VAS (p=0,258). Concluiu-se que o clareamento dental foi eficaz para os grupos avaliados, o que torna possível o consumo de café durante o tratamento clareador.

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Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
The aim of this study was to determine a microwave polymerization cycle that resulted in adequate physicomechanical and biological properties for the denture base acrylic resins polymerized in water bath (Vipi Cril-VC, VIPI®) or processed by microwave energy (Vipi Wave-VW, VIPI®). The evaluated polymerization cycles were: 1) WB (water bath) = (65ºC during 90 min + boiling during 90 min), recommended cycle for the VC resin; 2) M630/25 = 10 min at 270 W + 5 min at 0 W + 10 min at 360 W, recommended cycle for VW resin; 3) M650/5 = 5 min at 650 W; 4) M550/3 = 3 min at 550 W. The following properties were evaluated: degree of conversion (n=6), cytotoxicity (n=9), porosity (n=10), water sorption and solubility (n=10), and surface roughness and color stability (n=5) after immersion in potential colorant beverages and simulated toothbrushing. Data were submitted to analysis of variance ANOVA-2 way followed by Bonferroni’s test for degree of conversion and color stability, ANOVA-2 way for porosity and cytotoxicity, ANOVA-2 way followed by HSD Tukey’s test for water sorption and solubility, and ANOVA-3 way followed by Bonferroni’s test for surface roughness (α=0.05). For VC resin, there was no significant difference among the groups for degree of conversion. For VW resin, the lowest degree of conversion values appeared in the M630/25 and M650/5 cycles (P<0.05). Degree of conversion values ranged from 66.9 to 85.9%. There was no difference between the materials and experimental groups for cytotoxicity and all conditions resulted in non-cytotoxic effects. Porosity mean values below 1.52% with no significant difference among groups for both materials were observed. Resins showed water sorption and solubility values without a significant difference. The highest water sorption (2.43%) and solubility (0.13%) values were obtained for WB and M550/3, respectively (P<0.05). After immersion in coffee, M550/3 and WB groups of VC resin showed the highest and the lowest roughness values, respectively (P<0.05). There was also an increase in roughness of M550/3 group after immersion in wine (P<0.05). For VW resin, M650/5 group presented rougher surface after immersion in coffee (P<0.05). There was no difference in color among cycles for VW resin and VC resin showed more changes (P<0.05). All medium values were classified as acceptable, exception for VW resin (M630/25 group) which presented NBS=4.88 after immersion in wine. Vipi Cril conventional resin can be polymerized in microwave without impairment to the evaluated properties. According to the obtained results, the better experimental condition was the microwave polymerization at 650 W for 5 min for Vipi Cril.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar um ciclo de polimerização em micro-ondas que resultasse em propriedades físico-químicas e biológicas satisfatórias para resinas acrílicas termopolimerizáveis para base de prótese processadas em banho de água (Vipi Cril-VC, VIPI®) ou por energia de micro-ondas (Vipi Wave-VW, VIPI®). Os ciclos de polimerização avaliados foram: 1) BA (banho de água) = (65ºC por 90 min + 90 min em ebulição), ciclo recomendado para a resina VC; 2) M630/25 = 10 min a 270 W + 5 min a 0 W + 10 min a 360 W, ciclo recomendado para a resina VW; 3) M650/5 = 5 min a 650 W; 4) M550/3 = 3 min a 550 W. Foram avaliadas as seguintes propriedades: grau de conversão (n=6), citotoxicidade (n=9), porosidade (n=10), sorção de água e solubilidade (n=10) e rugosidade de superfície e estabilidade de cor (n=5) após imersão em líquidos potencialmente corantes e escovação simulada. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA-2 fatores seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni para grau de conversão e estabilidade de cor, ANOVA-2 fatores para porosidade e citotoxicidade, ANOVA-2 fatores seguida pelo teste de Tukey HSD para sorção de água e solubilidade e ANOVA-3 fatores seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni para rugosidade de superfície (α=0,05). Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos para os resultados de grau de conversão da resina VC. Para a resina VW, os valores mais baixos de grau de conversão foram obtidos nos ciclos M630/25 e M650/5 (P<0,05). Os valores médios de grau de conversão foram entre 66,9% e 85,9%. Não houve diferença entre os materiais e os grupos experimentais para os resultados de citotoxicidade e todas as condições resultaram em efeitos não citotóxicos. Foram observados valores médios de porosidade inferiores a 1,52%, sem diferença significante entre os grupos para ambos os materiais. As resinas apresentaram valores de sorção de água e solubilidade sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre elas. Os valores mais altos de sorção de água (2,43%) e de solubilidade (0,13%) foram obtidos nos grupos BA e M550/3, respectivamente (P<0,05). Com a imersão em café, os grupos M550/3 e BA da resina VC apresentaram os maiores e os menores valores de rugosidade de superfície, respectivamente (P<0,05). Também houve aumento da rugosidade do grupo M550/3 após imersão no vinho tinto (P<0,05). Para a resina VW, o grupo M650/5 demonstrou superfície mais rugosa após imersão em café (P<0,05). Não houve diferença de cor entre os ciclos para a resina VW e a resina VC apresentou mais alterações (P<0,05). Todos os valores médios de estabilidade de cor foram classificados como aceitáveis, exceto para a resina VW (grupo M630/25) que apresentou NBS=4,88 após imersão em vinho tinto. A resina Vipi Cril formulada para polimerização convencional pôde ser polimerizada em micro-ondas sem prejuízo às suas propriedades avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a melhor condição experimental foi a polimerização da resina Vipi Cril em micro-ondas a 650 W por 5 min.

O diagnóstico precoce dos Segundos Tumores Primários (STP) em pacientes já tratados por um carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço deve ser realizado, pois possibilita um tratamento resolutivo com baixa morbidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se a cromoscopia com Lugol permite uma melhora na identificação de lesões malignas ou pré malignas em fases iniciais na boca e orofaringe, bem como se a imunoexpressão do p53 e da Metalotioneína no tumor índice predizem o aparecimento de um STP. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo onde dois grupos comparáveis de portadores de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço foram formados (um com 106 pacientes e outro com 105 pacientes). Foram acompanhados durante um período médio de 25 meses aproximadamente. No primeiro grupo (grupo A) não foram utilizados corantes, já no segundo (grupo B) utilizou-se o Lugol. Foi observado um número de diagnósticos 200% maior no grupo em que foi utilizada a coloração de Lugol (grupo B) em relação ao grupo A. A imunoexpressão aumentada do p53 no tumor índice foi estatisticamente significante quando o paciente desenvolveu um segundo tumor primário diagnosticado pelo Lugol, não visível sem o corante, o que não ocorreu com a metalotioneína.
The early diagnosis of seconds primary tumors (STP) in patients already treated for carcinoma of the head and neck should be done, because enables a resolutive treatment with low morbidity. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether chromoscopia using Lugols solution allows an improvement in the identification of malignant or pre malignant lesions in early stages in the mouth and oropharynx, and whether the expression of P53 and metallothionein in tumor index predict the emergence of a STP. A prospective study was conducted, where two groups statistically similar of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (one with 106 patients and another with 105 patients) were followed-up for a median period of 25 months, approximately. In the first group dyes were not used, and in the second Lugols solution was employed. It was observed a number of diagnoses 100%i higher in the group that Lugols solution was used. The increasing of P53 expression in tumor index was statistically significant when the patient developed a second primary tumor diagnosed by Lugol, not visible without dye, which has not occurred with metallothionein.

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Os besouros Carabidae (Coleoptera) apresentam grande importância para a agricultura como inimigos naturais de insetos pragas. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre hábitos alimentares desses besouros. O presente trabalho visou verificar a ocorrência e o hábito alimentar de espécies de carabídeos associadas a plantas herbáceas floríferas nos diferentes Períodos fenológicos do algodoeiro colorido. O conteúdo alimentar foi avaliado em espécies presentes em cultura de algodoeiro colorido, Gossypium hirsutum L. raça latifolium Hutch., cultivar BRS verde, herbáceo, adjacente de plantas espontâneas e das plantas herbáceas floríferas (PHF) Lobularia maritima (L.) (Brassicaceae), Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Polygonaceae). Algumas espécies de carabídeos ocorreram em diferentes Períodos fenológicos do algodoeiro e o número mais elevado de indivíduos verificou-se no período reprodutivo do algodoeiro. Os resultados obtidos no aparelho digestivo das espécies de carabídeos mostram que esses insetos podem se alimentar de vários tipos de conteúdo alimentar, relacionados com artrópodes e vegetais associados aos canteiros de PHF, nos diferentes períodos fenológicos do algodoeiro, podendo ser considerados predadores polífagos, e a morfologia do aparelho digestivo das nove espécies de carabídeos mostraram padrões de estruturas adaptadas para o tipo de dieta consumida por essas espécies
The Carabidae beetles (Coleoptera) have great importance to agriculture as natural enemies of insect pests. However, little is known about the content of these beetles feed. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and feeding habits of Carabid species associated with herbaceous plants (PHF) in different growth periods of coloured cotton. The food contents was evaluated in species that occurred in coloured cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. latifolium Hutch., variety BRS green, herbaceous cotton, adjacent weeds and PHF Lobularia maritima (L.), Tagetes erecta L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Some species of Carabid beetles occurred at different cotton growth periods and the highest number of individuals was found in the cotton reproductive stage. The results showed many types of feed contents ingested by the Carabidae beetles gut tract, like arthropods and vegetable associated with PHF in different growth periods of cotton and can be considered polyphagous predators. The gut tract morphology showed that nine species of Carabid beetles showed standards structures adapted to the type of diet ingested

Orientador: Francisco Jorge Cividanes
Banca: Antonio Carlos Busoli
Banca: Sergio Ide
Resumo: Os besouros Carabidae (Coleoptera) apresentam grande importância para a agricultura como inimigos naturais de insetos pragas. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre hábitos alimentares desses besouros. O presente trabalho visou verificar a ocorrência e o hábito alimentar de espécies de carabídeos associadas a plantas herbáceas floríferas nos diferentes Períodos fenológicos do algodoeiro colorido. O conteúdo alimentar foi avaliado em espécies presentes em cultura de algodoeiro colorido, Gossypium hirsutum L. raça latifolium Hutch., cultivar BRS verde, herbáceo, adjacente de plantas espontâneas e das plantas herbáceas floríferas (PHF) Lobularia maritima (L.) (Brassicaceae), Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Polygonaceae). Algumas espécies de carabídeos ocorreram em diferentes Períodos fenológicos do algodoeiro e o número mais elevado de indivíduos verificou-se no período reprodutivo do algodoeiro. Os resultados obtidos no aparelho digestivo das espécies de carabídeos mostram que esses insetos podem se alimentar de vários tipos de conteúdo alimentar, relacionados com artrópodes e vegetais associados aos canteiros de PHF, nos diferentes períodos fenológicos do algodoeiro, podendo ser considerados predadores polífagos, e a morfologia do aparelho digestivo das nove espécies de carabídeos mostraram padrões de estruturas adaptadas para o tipo de dieta consumida por essas espécies
Abstract: The Carabidae beetles (Coleoptera) have great importance to agriculture as natural enemies of insect pests. However, little is known about the content of these beetles feed. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and feeding habits of Carabid species associated with herbaceous plants (PHF) in different growth periods of coloured cotton. The food contents was evaluated in species that occurred in coloured cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. latifolium Hutch., variety BRS green, herbaceous cotton, adjacent weeds and PHF Lobularia maritima (L.), Tagetes erecta L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Some species of Carabid beetles occurred at different cotton growth periods and the highest number of individuals was found in the cotton reproductive stage. The results showed many types of feed contents ingested by the Carabidae beetles gut tract, like arthropods and vegetable associated with PHF in different growth periods of cotton and can be considered polyphagous predators. The gut tract morphology showed that nine species of Carabid beetles showed standards structures adapted to the type of diet ingested
Mestre

Orientador: Alvaro de Baptista Neto
Banca: Alberto Colli Badino Junior
Banca: Fernando Lucas Primo
Resumo: Com o desenvolvimento da indústria moderna, houve o aumento na utilização de colorantes artificiais em diferentes áreas, entre elas destaca-se o setor alimentício e farmacêutico. Com a utilização contínua desses colorantes no ramo alimentício foi verificado, dependendo da classe e da concentração, o grande potencial desses compostos causarem diversas doenças, dentre elas o câncer. Com isso, é possível observar um crescente desenvolvimento de tecnologias que visam à obtenção de processos de produção de colorantes naturais, de origem biológica, que são considerados mais saudáveis e menos nocivos à saúde humana. Nesse contexto, as antraquinonas, se destacam por possuírem compostos que podem ser utilizados como colorante natural. Há muitos trabalhos na literatura destacando diversas ações desses compostos naturais, como por exemplo, atividade hepatoprotetora, anticancerígena, antimicrobiana, antifúngica, antiviral, antidiabética, antioxidante, entre outras. Nesse sentido, visto a grande importância de colorantes naturais pertencentes ao grupo das antraquinonas, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver métodos para extração e quantificação de um colorante natural pertencente à classe das antraquinonas, e os resultados foram satisfatórios. Foi possível determinar o processo de purificação e extração através de cromatografia de adsorção, utilizando como adsorvente a resina IRA-410 e como eluente solução de Cloreto de Sódio 5,0% e Etanol PA, onde foi possível obter uma recu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: With modern industry development, the use of artificial colors in different areas has increased, among them, the alimentary segment. With the continuous use of these dyes in the food industry, it was verified that depending on the class and concentration, there's a huge potential of these compounds cause various diseases, among them cancer. With this, it is possible to observe a growing development of technologies that aim at obtaining biological origin natural dyes production processes, that are considered healthier and less harmful to human health. In this context, the anthraquinones, stand out because they have compounds that can be used as a natural dye. There are many works in the literature highlighting several actions of these natural compounds, such as hepatoprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, antioxidant, among others activities. In this sense, given the great importance of natural dyes belonging to the quinones group, the present work aimed to develop methods for extracting and quantifying a natural dye belonging to the class of anthraquinones, and the results were satisfactory. It was possible to determine the purification and extraction process by adsorption chromatography using as adsorbent IRA-410 resin and as eluent 5.0% Sodium Chloride solution and Ethanol PA, where it was possible to obtain a recovery of 100% and a yield of 86% when the fixed bed tests were performed, obtaining a promising method for determining the con... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

O grande desafio da Implantodontia é alcançar resultados a longo prazo com maior preservação dos tecidos ósseos, resposta adequada dos tecidos conjuntivos e manutenção da estabilidade secundária adequada para a retenção de próteses. Estes fatores evitam a perda indesejável tanto do tratamento reabilitador quanto dos tecidos ósseos de suporte. A região extraoral apresenta menores espessuras ósseas em comparação às regiões de maxila e mandíbula, especialmente no osso temporal. Portanto, os seguintes aspectos foram investigados: (i) Análise pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos (FEA) de 16 modelos virtuais, com aplicação de forças estáticas de tensão e compressão nos pontos médios entre os implantes. Três implantes maxilofaciais extraorais foram posicionados no osso temporal, onde um deles foi posicionado sobre o processo mastóide. Este estudo foi totalmente realizado em ambiente computacional. Foram empregados dois tipos de conexões protéticas e intermediários retos de conicidades 20º e 45º, posicionados virtualmente no modelo de osso temporal, com paralelismo entre eles. Foi desenhada uma barra virtual para retenção protética do tipo barra-clipe da prótese auricular. Foram consideradas as melhores configurações aquelas apresentando distribuição uniforme e branda das tensões de von Mises sobre o tecido ósseo adjacente aos implantes. (ii) Confecção de corpos de prova com graus variáveis de pigmentação para (a) melhorar a reprodutibilidade da coloração (b) entender e reduzir o processo de descoloração para melhorar a longevidade das próteses. Um elastômero maxilofacial tipo A foi pigmentado intrinsecamente de acordo com os seis tons da Escala de Fitzpatrick. Uma técnica de pigmentação foi desenvolvida a partir dos resultados obtidos a partir de uma Escala de Fitzpatrick impressa em papel e dos pigmentos intrínsecos de cores primárias. Este dimetil-metilvinil-siloxano reforçado por platina A 223-30 (Factor II, Inc., Lakeside, AZ, USA) apresenta dureza \"Shore-A\" 30. As amostras foram expostas a fotoenvelhecimento acelerado, e sua degradação mapeada com Espectroscopia UV/Vis/NIR. Concluiu-se que: (i) Os implantes com conexão cone Morse plataforma 3.7 tem melhor comportamento biomecânico com intermediários de 45o e altura de 2mm. Sugere-se planejamento cirúrgico visando a instalação a 3 horas para o temporal esquerdo e 9 horas para o temporal direito, mais 6 horas (mastóide). Implantes com conexão cone Morse plataforma 4.0 apresentaram comportamento biomecânico desejável com intermediários de 20o e alturas de 2mm or 4mm. Para implantes com conexão cone Morse plataforma 4.0, sugere-se a instalação a 6-9-12 horas para o temporal direito, e 12-6-3 para o esquerdo, visando comportamento biomecânico adequado. Sugere-se que os implantes extraorais Brånemark hexágono externo com plataforma 4.1 regular ou expandida sejam preferencialmente empregados com intermediários de 20o. (ii) O SiO2 5% pode ser adicionado à preparação do silicone para retardar o desbotamento da prótese maxilofacial. O TiO2 traz mudanças visuais significativas e pode ser considerado como opacificador.
Major challenges in Implantology include: achieving longevity of implants, bone tissue preservation, connective tissue suitable answer and maintenance of secondary stability in order to retain prosthesis. These factors avoid the undesirable loss of both rehabilitation treatment and supporting bone tissues. The extraoral region has less bone depth compared to the maxilla and mandible regions, especially for the temporal bone. Therefore, the following aspects were investigated: (i) Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) of 16 virtual models, with static application of tension and compression forces in medium points between implants. Three extraoral maxillofacial implants were placed on the temporal bone, which one of them was placed on the mastoid process. This study was made entirely in a computational environment. Two prosthetic connection types and straight Intermediários were employed, with conicities of 20º and 45º, placed virtually on the temporal bone model, mutually parallel. A virtual bar for bar-clip prosthetic retention of auricular prosthesis was designed. The best configurations were considered to be the ones presenting uniform and mild von Mises tension distribution over the bone tissue around the implants. (ii) Generation of samples with varying degree of pigmentation to (a) improve the reproducibility of the colouration (b) understand and minimise the discolouration process to improve prosthetics longevity. A maxillofacial elastomer type A was intrinsically pigmented according to the six tones of the Fitzpatrick Scale. A pigmentation technique was developed from spectroscopy outcomes of paper printed Fitzpatrick Scale and the primary colors pigments. This platinum reinforced dimethyl methylvinyl siloxane A 223-30 (Factor II, Inc., Lakeside, AZ, USA) presents \"Shore-A\" hardness 30. The samples were exposed to accelerated photo aging, and their degradation mapped with UV/Vis/NIR Spectroscopy. The effects of exclusion of oxygen and inclusion of nanoparticle fillers during prosthetic formulation were investigated. It was concluded that: (i) Morse taper prosthetic connection 3.7 platform implants, should be employed with 45o abutments with 2mm height. The surgical planning shall be for placement 3 hours for the left temporal bone and 9 hours for the right, and in 6 hours (mastoid). Morse taper prosthetic connection 4.0 platform implants behaved biomechanically desirably with 20o abutments in 2mm or 4mm heights. For the Morse taper connection 4.0 platform implants, their placement shall be in 6-9-12 hours, for the right temporal, and 12-3-6, for the left temporal, in order to achieve proper biomechanical behaviour. The Brånemark extraoral external hexagon implant, with 4.1 platform (normal or expanded) should preferrably be used with 20o abutments. (ii) The SiO2 5% may be added to the silicone preparation in order to slow maxillofacial prosthesis colour fading. The TiO2 brings visually significant changes and may be considered as an opacifier.

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The cultivation of cotton in the state of Paraíba is marked by high growth rates of both its economy and its population during the period of the Ouro Branco , Campina Grande had a prominent place on the world stage, being the second largest cotton trading post the world. Currently the numbers of cotton production in Paraíba are negligible when compared with the period between 1907 to 1960, yet because the serach for genetic improvement of cotton of EMBRAPA, the cultivation of cotton in the state has been increasing production capacity by using sustainable processes, such as the use biofertilizers, natural repellents, consortium and by the exclusion of pesticides on crops. On this basis, the proposed work aims to identify the key players participating in the processes of the production chain of naturally colored cotton in the state of Paraíba, to use either a case study that allows the observation of actions and activities undertaken by COOPNATURAL well and identifies the main agents involved in the various processes and often each other. The first chapter of the proposed work consists of a background on the culture of cotton, valued historical aspects since the arrival of settlers in Brazilian soil until the emergence of naturally colored cotton, developed through genetic improvement of naturally colored cotton, developed through genetic improvement research. The second chapter is intended to understand the specifics of the main processes in this chain, these distributes in family farming (planting, harvesting and processing), spinning, weaving, handicrafts and marketing the final product. In the third and final chapter COOPNATURAL serves as the object of case study, where actions, activities and strategies are described, as well as interviews and information about participating officers and partners involved in the chain. In several prospects were also identified some bottlenecks that hinder the development of the chain as a whole.
A cultura do algodão no estado da Paraíba é marcada por altos índices de crescimento, tanto da sua economia quanto da sua população. Durante o período do Ouro Branco, Campina Grande teve lugar de destaque no cenário mundial, e chegou a se firmar como o segundo maior entreposto comercial de algodão do mundo. Atualmente, os números da produção de algodão na Paraíba são irrisórios, se comparados com os do período compreendido entre 1907 e 1960; mesmo assim, devido à pesquisa de melhoramento genético do algodão colorido da EMBRAPA, o cultivo de algodão no estado vem se destacando pela capacidade de produção utilizando processos sustentáveis, como o uso de biofertilizantes e repelentes naturais, consórcio e pela exclusão de pesticidas e agrotóxicos nas plantações. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho tem o intuito de identificar os principais agentes participantes dos processos da cadeia produtiva do algodão naturalmente colorido do estado da Paraíba. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de caso que possibilitou a observação das ações e atividades desenvolvidas pela COOPNATURAL. A pesquisa empreendida permitiu identificar-se os principais agentes que se envolvem nos diversos processos e, muitas vezes, entre si. O segundo capítulo deste trabalho consiste em contextualizar a cultura do algodão ao valorizar aspectos históricos desde a chegada dos colonos em solo brasileiro até o surgimento do algodão naturalmente colorido, desenvolvido através da pesquisa de melhoramento genético. O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, se destina a compreender as especificidades dos principais processos dessa cadeia, os quais estão distribuídos em agricultura familiar (plantio, colheita e beneficiamento), fiação, tecelagem, artesanato, produto final e comercialização. No quarto capítulo, a COOOPNATURAL serve como objeto de estudo de caso, onde ações, atividades e estratégias são descritas. No quinto capítulo, foram identificados alguns obstáculos para o desenvolvimento da cadeia. Em diversas perspectivas, também foram identificados alguns gargalos que prejudicam o desenvolvimento da cadeia como um todo.

Orientador: Francisco Jorge Cividanes
Banca: Alexandre de Sene Pinto
Banca; Nilza Maria Martinelli
Resumo: A utilização de plantas herbáceas floríferas no Controle Biológico Conservativo pode atrair e favorecer a presença de inimigos naturais, como os formicídeos. Assim, este estudo visou avaliar a influência de plantas herbáceas floríferas (PHF) e espontâneas (PE) sobre a ocorrência de formigas predadoras e onívoras em algodoeiro colorido. Para isso, determinou-se a composição de espécies, abundância, flutuação populacional e correlação com fatores meteorológicos e comparou-se os índices de diversidade, equitabilidade e similaridade dessas formigas em algodoeiro colorido e nas plantas adjacentes. Foi avaliada uma área de 8.000 m² constituída por cinco blocos de algodoeiro colorido e quatro canteiros cultivados com Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Lobularia maritima (L.), Tagetes erecta L e PE. Em cada bloco foram instaladas 24 armadilhas tipo alçapão distribuídas no interior dos canteiros e na cultura. As amostragens foram quinzenais, sendo realizadas de março a junho de 2012 e dezembro de 2012 a maio de 2013. As espécies predominantes foram Solenopsis sp., Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908, Pheidole sp.2, Pheidole sp.1, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894 e Dorymyrmex sp. Em F. esculentum observou-se o maior índice de equitabilidade em relação ao algodoeiro, enquanto em T. erecta, L. maritima e PE este índice foi mais elevado no algodoeiro a 1 m da borda. Os maiores índices de diversidade de Shannon-Weaner (H') ocorreram em T. erecta, F. esculentum e plantas espontâneas, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The flowering herbaceous plants in Conservative Biological Control can attract and promote the presence of natural enemies, like ants. So, this study aims to evaluate the influence of flowering herbaceous plantas (FHP) and weed plants (WP) on the occurrence of predatory and omnivorous ants in colored cotton. For this, the composition of species, abundance, population fluctuation and correlation with meteorological factors was determined and the diversity index, evenness and similarity between these ants in colored cotton and adjacent plants were compared. The experimental area was composed of five blocks with colored cotton and four beds with Fagopyrum esculentum Moech, Lobularia maritima (L.), Tagetes erecta L. and WP, totalizing 8000m2 . In each block 24 pitfall traps were installed and distributed inside the beds and in the crop. The samplings were fortnightly covering the periods from March to June 2012 and December 2012 to May 2013. The predominant species were Solenopsis sp., Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908, Pheidole sp.2, Pheidole sp.1, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894 and Dorymyrmex sp. In Fagopyrum esculentum was observed higher evenness indice than colored cotton while T. erecta, L. maritima and WP the higher indice were in crop distance 1 m from edge. The highest Shannon-weaner (H') indice occurred in T. erecta, F. esculentum and weed plants and there was no significant difference between the diversity indice inside the bed and 1 m from edge. The si... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Apesar da grande quantidade de éguas idosas presentes nos programas de reprodução, poucos estudos que se preocupam em diagnosticar diferenças reprodutivas apresentadas por esta categoria animal. Sendo assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar as características foliculares de éguas jovens ( 12 anos, n=11) e idosas ( 18 anos, n=12) no momento pré-ovulatório, qual o agente indutor da ovulação de eleição para melhorar as características foliculares e se a diminuição da vascularização pode ser utilizada como parâmetro indicativo de iminência da ovulação. As éguas foram induzidas com hCG, acetato de deslorelina e associação dos dois agentes em três ciclos consecutivos de forma aleatória. Foram avaliadas na indução e a cada quatro horas, 32h após a indução até ovular. Modelos lineares de medidas repetidas foram usados para comparar média das variáveis-resposta entre momentos, tratamentos e idades. Teste de Qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar associação entre formato e momento. Nível de significância estatística 0,05. Quatro horas antes de ovular observou-se diminuição na taxa de crescimento folicular com perda do contorno esférico, banda anecóica em 51,28±2,52%, camada de células da granulosa com 1,95±0,07mm e ecogenicidade 2,38±0,07, vascularização em 50,57±2,03% da parede folicular, edema uterino 0,74±0,12 e flutuação 2,37±0,12. Todas as características foram semelhantes entre as duas faixas etárias e tratamentos. Éguas que não ovularam apresentaram características muito distintas no período. É possível concluir que características do folículo pré ovulatório não são causa da baixa fertilidade em éguas idosas; não existe tratamento para indução da ovulação de eleição visando melhorar as características foliculares no momento pré-ovulatório; a diminuição da vascularização...
Despite the large number of old mares in the breeding programs, few studies have focused on diagnosing reproductive differences presented by this animal category. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the follicular differences among young mares ( 12 years, n=11) and old mares ( 18 years, n=12) in the preovulatory phase, with one is the ovulation inductor of choice for improving the characteristics of follicles before ovulation and if the decrease on follicular vascularity is a good indicator of imminence of ovulation. The mares were induced to ovulate with hCG, delorelin and the association of the two agents in three consecutive cycles at random. The mares were evaluated at the induction and every 4 hours, 32h after induction until ovulation. Linear models for repeated measures were used to compare the average response variables between times for collection, treatment and age. Chi-square test was used to evaluate associations between shape and time of collections. The level of statistical significance was 0.05. Four hours before ovulation, follicles showed a decrease in growth rate with loss of spherical shape, anechoic band in 51,28±2,52%, granulose layer with 1,95±0,07mm and 2,38±0,07 of echogenicity, vascularization in 50,57±2,03% of the follicle wall, 0,74±0,12 of uterine edema and 2,37±0,12 of fluctuation. All the characteristics were similar between the two age groups and treatments. Mares that did not ovulate had very different characteristics in the period. In conclusion, low fertility in old mares is not due to preovulatory follcicle characteristics; doesn’t exists a treatment of choice for ovulation induction to improve the characteristics of the follicle in the preovulatory period; decrease in follicular... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marco Antonio Alvarenga
Coorientador: Luciano Andrade Silva
Banca: Frederico Azanam Papa
Banca: Julio Cesar Ferraz Jacob
Resumo: Apesar da grande quantidade de éguas idosas presentes nos programas de reprodução, poucos estudos que se preocupam em diagnosticar diferenças reprodutivas apresentadas por esta categoria animal. Sendo assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar as características foliculares de éguas jovens ( 12 anos, n=11) e idosas ( 18 anos, n=12) no momento pré-ovulatório, qual o agente indutor da ovulação de eleição para melhorar as características foliculares e se a diminuição da vascularização pode ser utilizada como parâmetro indicativo de iminência da ovulação. As éguas foram induzidas com hCG, acetato de deslorelina e associação dos dois agentes em três ciclos consecutivos de forma aleatória. Foram avaliadas na indução e a cada quatro horas, 32h após a indução até ovular. Modelos lineares de medidas repetidas foram usados para comparar média das variáveis-resposta entre momentos, tratamentos e idades. Teste de Qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar associação entre formato e momento. Nível de significância estatística 0,05. Quatro horas antes de ovular observou-se diminuição na taxa de crescimento folicular com perda do contorno esférico, banda anecóica em 51,28±2,52%, camada de células da granulosa com 1,95±0,07mm e ecogenicidade 2,38±0,07, vascularização em 50,57±2,03% da parede folicular, edema uterino 0,74±0,12 e flutuação 2,37±0,12. Todas as características foram semelhantes entre as duas faixas etárias e tratamentos. Éguas que não ovularam apresentaram características muito distintas no período. É possível concluir que características do folículo pré ovulatório não são causa da baixa fertilidade em éguas idosas; não existe tratamento para indução da ovulação de eleição visando melhorar as características foliculares no momento pré-ovulatório; a diminuição da vascularização... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Despite the large number of old mares in the breeding programs, few studies have focused on diagnosing reproductive differences presented by this animal category. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the follicular differences among young mares ( 12 years, n=11) and old mares ( 18 years, n=12) in the preovulatory phase, with one is the ovulation inductor of choice for improving the characteristics of follicles before ovulation and if the decrease on follicular vascularity is a good indicator of imminence of ovulation. The mares were induced to ovulate with hCG, delorelin and the association of the two agents in three consecutive cycles at random. The mares were evaluated at the induction and every 4 hours, 32h after induction until ovulation. Linear models for repeated measures were used to compare the average response variables between times for collection, treatment and age. Chi-square test was used to evaluate associations between shape and time of collections. The level of statistical significance was 0.05. Four hours before ovulation, follicles showed a decrease in growth rate with loss of spherical shape, anechoic band in 51,28±2,52%, granulose layer with 1,95±0,07mm and 2,38±0,07 of echogenicity, vascularization in 50,57±2,03% of the follicle wall, 0,74±0,12 of uterine edema and 2,37±0,12 of fluctuation. All the characteristics were similar between the two age groups and treatments. Mares that did not ovulate had very different characteristics in the period. In conclusion, low fertility in old mares is not due to preovulatory follcicle characteristics; doesn't exists a treatment of choice for ovulation induction to improve the characteristics of the follicle in the preovulatory period; decrease in follicular... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

The experiences of African American women managers in predominantly Black work environments and the implication of these experiences on their ability to lead remains unknown. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to gain deeper understanding of the leadership experiences of African American women managers employed in predominantly Black work environments. This study was framed by three key concepts: intersectionality of gender and race, intraracial discrimination, and colorism. The trustworthiness of the study's data was supported by employing methodological triangulation of the study's multiple data sources: semistructured interviews with 10 African American women managers as participants, journaling/ reflective field notes, and archival data. Cross case analysis revealed 8 categories that enclose a total of twelve themes: (a) career trajectory of African American woman manager, (b) gender challenges in a predominantly Black enterprise, (c) race challenges in a predominantly Black enterprise, (d) leadership experiences with subordinates informed by gender and race, (e) further career goals as an African American woman manager, (f) colorism in childhood and adolescence, (g) colorism in daily adult experiences, and (h) intraracial discrimination from subordinates based on skin tone. This study is likely to promote social change by sensitizing predominantly Black work environments on issues of equal treatment between gender groups and ways in which an intraracial context influences African American women's management experiences.

En raison des problèmes d'instabilité à moyen termes des cellules solaires à colorant (DSSC), l'électrolyte liquide à base d'iodure a été remplacé par plusieurs types de matériaux solides transport de trous (HTM) pour obtenir des DSSCs à l'état solide (s-DSSCs). Parmi ces matériaux, l’utilisation des polymères conducteurs(PC) a attiré une attention considérable en raison de leur bonne stabilité, de leur haute conductivité et de la facilité de leur dépôt sur le semi-conducteur mésoporeux TiO2. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs s-DSSCs basées sur des PC utilisés comme HTM ont été développés dans le but d'améliorer leurs performances photovoltaïques en tenant compte des deux objectifs suivants: (i) l'optimisation des processus de transfert inter facial de charge dans la cellule solaire, et (ii) l'optimisation du transport de charge dans le semi-conducteur d'oxyde de type n. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, chaque composant de la s-DSSC a été modifié afin d'étudier son effet sur les performances du dispositif final. En première tentative, une étude analytique est réalisée en faisant varier le sensibilisateur afin de déterminer les fragments de la structure du colorant, qui ont un effet important sur le processus de photopolymérization électrochimique in-situ (PEP) à la fois en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux mais aussi sur les performances des s-DSSCs. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau concept a été développé et consiste en la suppression totale de l'interface entre le colorant et le HTM. Ceci est obtenu par la synthèse de nouveaux colorants liés de façon covalente à un monomère électroactif qui est co-polymérisé par la PEP in-situ. Le copolymère résultant, utilisé comme HTM, est lié de manière covalente au colorant. En outre, la nature de la liaison chimique, reliant le résidu triphénylamine TPA au monomère, est également étudiée comme un facteur clé dans les performances de s-DSSC. En outre, et pour optimiser les processus de transport de charges dans ce type de s-DSSC, de nouvelles s-DSSC basées sur ZnO ont été réalisées et étudiées
Due to instability problems of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in longtime uses, the iodine based liquidelectrolyte has been replaced by several types of solid hole transporting materials (HTM) to perform solidstate DSSCs (s-DSSCs). Among them, the substitution by conducting polymers (CP) has attractedconsiderable attention because of their good stability, high hole-conductivity and simple deposition withinthe mesoporous TiO2 semiconductor. In this thesis work, several s-DSSCs based on CPs used as HTM havebeen developed in order to improve their photovoltaic performances taking into account the following twoobjectives: (i) the optimization of the interfacial charge transfer processes within the solar cell, and (ii) theoptimization of the charge transport within the n-type oxide semiconductor. To reach these goals, eachcomponent that constitutes the device was varied in order to investigate its effect on the device’sperformances. As first attempt, an analytical study is carried out by varying the sensitizer in order todetermine the fragments of the dyes structures, that have an important effect on the in-situ photoelectrochemical polymerization process (PEP) both in organic and in aqueous media and hence on theperformances of the s-DSSCs. Based on these results, a new concept of removing completely the interfacebetween the dye and the HTM is developed. This is achieved by the synthesis of new dyes covalently linkedto an electroactive monomer which is co-polymerized by in-situ PEP. The resulting co-polymer, used asHTM, is covalently linked to the dye. In addition, the nature of the chemical bond linking the triphenylamineresidue TPA to the monomer is also investigated as a key factor in the s-DSSCs performances. Besides, andto optimize the charge transport processes within this type of s-DSSC, the elaboration of novel ZnO baseds-DSSCs has been achieved and investigated

This thesis devote itself to use of information system for school agenda administration. Schools are forced to administer big amounts of informations, not only referred to their students. Broad issue is very extensive and disparate, so the most common types of data and demands on school information system operation are stated. The system for automatic generation of timetables is part of the school information system. At the first, basic conceptions of scheduling scope are defined and tied together with them are methods and algorithms for timetable creation problem solving. School timetabling is problem of scheduling lessons with certain limitative conditions. Further, thesis is engaged in design of school information system, data organization in such system and solving of system design problems. Designed information system accentuates on easy expandability and wide range of usage possibilities. Also suggested algorithm for solving of defined school timetabling is stated in this part of thesis.

En raison des problèmes d'instabilité à moyen termes des cellules solaires à colorant (DSSC), l'électrolyte liquide à base d'iodure a été remplacé par plusieurs types de matériaux solides transport de trous (HTM) pour obtenir des DSSCs à l'état solide (s-DSSCs). Parmi ces matériaux, l’utilisation des polymères conducteurs(PC) a attiré une attention considérable en raison de leur bonne stabilité, de leur haute conductivité et de la facilité de leur dépôt sur le semi-conducteur mésoporeux TiO2. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs s-DSSCs basées sur des PC utilisés comme HTM ont été développés dans le but d'améliorer leurs performances photovoltaïques en tenant compte des deux objectifs suivants: (i) l'optimisation des processus de transfert inter facial de charge dans la cellule solaire, et (ii) l'optimisation du transport de charge dans le semi-conducteur d'oxyde de type n. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, chaque composant de la s-DSSC a été modifié afin d'étudier son effet sur les performances du dispositif final. En première tentative, une étude analytique est réalisée en faisant varier le sensibilisateur afin de déterminer les fragments de la structure du colorant, qui ont un effet important sur le processus de photopolymérization électrochimique in-situ (PEP) à la fois en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux mais aussi sur les performances des s-DSSCs. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau concept a été développé et consiste en la suppression totale de l'interface entre le colorant et le HTM. Ceci est obtenu par la synthèse de nouveaux colorants liés de façon covalente à un monomère électroactif qui est co-polymérisé par la PEP in-situ. Le copolymère résultant, utilisé comme HTM, est lié de manière covalente au colorant. En outre, la nature de la liaison chimique, reliant le résidu triphénylamine TPA au monomère, est également étudiée comme un facteur clé dans les performances de s-DSSC. En outre, et pour optimiser les processus de transport de charges dans ce type de s-DSSC, de nouvelles s-DSSC basées sur ZnO ont été réalisées et étudiées
Due to instability problems of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in longtime uses, the iodine based liquidelectrolyte has been replaced by several types of solid hole transporting materials (HTM) to perform solidstate DSSCs (s-DSSCs). Among them, the substitution by conducting polymers (CP) has attractedconsiderable attention because of their good stability, high hole-conductivity and simple deposition withinthe mesoporous TiO2 semiconductor. In this thesis work, several s-DSSCs based on CPs used as HTM havebeen developed in order to improve their photovoltaic performances taking into account the following twoobjectives: (i) the optimization of the interfacial charge transfer processes within the solar cell, and (ii) theoptimization of the charge transport within the n-type oxide semiconductor. To reach these goals, eachcomponent that constitutes the device was varied in order to investigate its effect on the device’sperformances. As first attempt, an analytical study is carried out by varying the sensitizer in order todetermine the fragments of the dyes structures, that have an important effect on the in-situ photoelectrochemical polymerization process (PEP) both in organic and in aqueous media and hence on theperformances of the s-DSSCs. Based on these results, a new concept of removing completely the interfacebetween the dye and the HTM is developed. This is achieved by the synthesis of new dyes covalently linkedto an electroactive monomer which is co-polymerized by in-situ PEP. The resulting co-polymer, used asHTM, is covalently linked to the dye. In addition, the nature of the chemical bond linking the triphenylamineresidue TPA to the monomer is also investigated as a key factor in the s-DSSCs performances. Besides, andto optimize the charge transport processes within this type of s-DSSC, the elaboration of novel ZnO baseds-DSSCs has been achieved and investigated

La modification chimique au deuxieme degre de polymeres epoxydes a ete etudiee pour developper une methode de fixation de principes actifs (medicaments, colorants, complexants) comportant des fonctions acides, sur des supports macromoleculaires. Le catalyseur est un sel de tetramethylammonium de l'acide a fixer. Epoxydation de polyisoprene et polybutadiene

Leung Bo-Shan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-159).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
List of Abbreviations --- p.vi
List of Tables --- p.viii
List of Figures --- p.ix
Chapter 1 --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Food colorants --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Caramel --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Classes of caramel --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Toxicological studies of caramel --- p.5
Chapter 1.3 --- Castanea mollissima --- p.9
Chapter 1.4 --- Antioxidants --- p.10
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Background --- p.10
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Methods used to evaluate the antioxidative activity --- p.12
Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- DPPH* scavenging method --- p.13
Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.13
Chapter 1.5 --- Microtox® test --- p.19
Chapter 1.6 --- Mutatox® test --- p.19
Chapter 1.7 --- Methods used to evaluate the functions of major organs --- p.20
Chapter 1.7.1 --- Liver --- p.20
Chapter 1.7.2 --- Kidneys --- p.23
Chapter 1.8 --- Toxicology --- p.25
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Acute toxicity test --- p.25
Chapter 1.8.2 --- Chronic toxicity test --- p.26
Chapter 1.9 --- Objective --- p.27
Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28
Chapter 2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.28
Chapter 2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.28
Chapter 2.3 --- Pigment characterization --- p.30
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Stability test --- p.30
Chapter 2.3.2 --- HPLC separation of CP --- p.31
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Determination of antioxidative activity with the DPPH* scavenging method --- p.31
Chapter 2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.33
Chapter 2.5 --- Mutatox® test --- p.34
Chapter 2.6 --- Acute toxicity test --- p.35
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Animals --- p.35
Chapter 2.6.2 --- Housing and maintenance --- p.35
Chapter 2.6.3 --- Experimental design --- p.37
Chapter 2.6.4 --- Chemicals --- p.39
Chapter 2.6.5 --- Clinical pathology test --- p.41
Chapter 2.6.5.1 --- Haematology --- p.41
Chapter 2.6.5.2 --- Blood chemistry --- p.45
Chapter 2.6.5.3 --- Urinalysis --- p.55
Chapter 2.6.6 --- Histological study --- p.57
Chapter 2.6.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57
Chapter 2.7 --- Chronic toxicity test --- p.59
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Animals --- p.59
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Housing and maintenance --- p.59
Chapter 2.7.3 --- Experimental design --- p.59
Chapter 2.7.4 --- Chemicals --- p.60
Chapter 2.7.5 --- Clinical pathology test --- p.61
Chapter 2.7.5.1 --- Haematology --- p.61
Chapter 2.7.5.2 --- Blood chemistry --- p.62
Chapter 2.7.5.3 --- Urinalysis --- p.62
Chapter 2.7.6 --- Histological study --- p.62
Chapter 2.7.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.62
Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.63
Chapter 3.1 --- Pigment characterization --- p.63
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Stability test --- p.63
Chapter 3.1.2 --- HPLC separation of CP --- p.63
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Antioxidative activities of CP preparations --- p.63
Chapter 3.2 --- Microtox® test --- p.65
Chapter 3.3 --- Mutatox® test --- p.65
Chapter 3.4 --- Acute toxicity test --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Growth rate --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Food and fluid consumption --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Organ-weight --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Clinical pathology tests --- p.68
Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Haematology --- p.68
Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Blood chemistry --- p.70
Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Urinalysis --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.5 --- Histological study --- p.76
Chapter 3.5 --- Chronic toxicity test --- p.77
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Growth rate --- p.77
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Food and fluid consumption --- p.77
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Organ-weight --- p.77
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Clinical pathology tests --- p.78
Chapter 3.5.4.1 --- Haematology --- p.78
Chapter 3.5.4.2 --- Blood chemistry --- p.80
Chapter 3.5.4.3 --- Urinalysis --- p.82
Chapter 3.5.5 --- Histological study --- p.82
Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.137
Chapter 4.1 --- Pigment characterization --- p.137
Chapter 4.2 --- Toxicological studies of CP --- p.140
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.147
References --- p.148

by Yuen Pui-yee, Joyce.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 213-221).
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
List of Tables --- p.ix
List of Figures --- p.xi
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Problems of Pollution From Textile Industries --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Current Treatment Methods of Wastewater from Textile Industries --- p.5
Chapter 1.3 --- Adverse Effects of Dyes on the Environment --- p.11
Chapter 1.4 --- Classification of Dyes --- p.16
Chapter 1.5 --- Azo Dyes --- p.17
Chapter 1.6 --- Metabolisms of Azo Dyes in Microbial and Animal Systems --- p.21
Chapter 1.7 --- "Toxicity, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Azo Dyes" --- p.31
Chapter 1.8 --- Removal of Azo Dyes --- p.35
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Biological Methods --- p.35
Chapter 1.8.2 --- Physico-chemical Methods --- p.49
Chapter 1.9 --- Purposes of Study --- p.50
Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.53
Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.54
Chapter 3.1 --- "Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Methyl Red-degrading and N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Microbial Isolates" --- p.54
Chapter 3.1.1 --- "Isolation of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates from Dye- containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil" --- p.54
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.56
Chapter 3.1.3 --- "Enrichment of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria from Dye-containing wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil" --- p.59
Chapter 3.1.4 --- "Isolation of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.60
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Selection of N，N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria --- p.60
Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Identification of the Selected Methyl Red-degrading and N,N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.61
Chapter 3.1.7 --- Correlationship of Dry Weight and Absorbance of Cells of Selected Methyl Red-degrading Bacterial Isolates --- p.63
Chapter 3.2 --- "Characterization of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.64
Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Chemical Stability of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.64
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Change of UV-Vis Spectra of Methyl Red and N，N-Dimethyl-p- phenylene diamine at Different pH and Matrixes --- p.64
Chapter 3.2.3 --- "UV-Vis Spectra and Standard Curves of Methyl Red, N，N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.66
Chapter 3.2.4 --- "HPLC separation of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.67
Chapter 3.3 --- Methyl Red Degradation by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.68
Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Monitoring of Percentage of Methyl Red Cleaved, Degradation Value of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o- Aminobenzoic acid, and Growth of Selected Methyl Red- degrading Bacteria by Spectrophotometric Analysis " --- p.68
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Study of Degrading Products of Methyl Red by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.71
Chapter 3.4 --- Degradation of Other Azo Dyes by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.73
Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.74
Chapter 4.1 --- "Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Methyl Red-degrading and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Microbial Isolates " --- p.74
Chapter 4.1.1 --- "Isolation of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates from Dye- containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.74
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Selection of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.79
Chapter 4.1.3 --- "Enrichment of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria from Dye-containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.85
Chapter 4.1.4 --- "Isolation of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.85
Chapter 4.1.5 --- "Selection of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.90
Chapter 4.1.6 --- "Identification of the Selected Methyl Red-degrading and N,N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.90
Chapter 4.1.7 --- Correlationship of Dry Weight and Absorbance of Cells of Selected Methyl Red-degrading Bacterial Isolates --- p.94
Chapter 4.2 --- "Characterization of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Chemical Stability of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Change of UV-Vis Spectra of Methyl Red and N,N-Dimethyl-p- phenylene diamine at Different pH and Matrixes " --- p.108
Chapter 4.2.3 --- "UV-Vis Spectra and Standard Curves of Methyl Red, N，N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.123
Chapter 4.2.4 --- "HPLC Separation of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.129
Chapter 4.3 --- Methyl Red Degradation by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.138
Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Monitoring of Percentage of Methyl Red Cleaved and Degradation Value of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid and Growth of Selected Methyl Red- degrading Bacterial Isolates by Spectrophotometric Analysis " --- p.138
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Study of Degradation Products of Methyl Red by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates by HPLC --- p.175
Chapter 4.4 --- Degradation of Other Azo Dyes by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.175
Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.181
Chapter 5.1 --- "Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Methyl Red-degrading and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Microbial Isolates " --- p.181
Chapter 5.1.1 --- "Isolation and Selection of Methyl Red-degrading Microbes from Dye-containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.181
Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Isolation and Selection of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine- degrading Microbial Isolates from Dye-containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.183
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Identification of the Selected Methyl Red-degrading and N，N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria --- p.185
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Correlationship of Dry Weight and Absorbance of Cells of Selected Methyl Red-degrading Bacterial Isolates --- p.185
Chapter 5.2 --- "Characterization of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.186
Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Chemical Stability of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid in 0.05 M phosphate buffer and 0.2MHC1 " --- p.186
Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Change of UV-Vis Spectra of Methyl Red and N,N-Dimethyl-p- phenylene diamine at Different pH and Matrixes " --- p.187
Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Change of UV-Vis Spectra of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine in Different Matrixes at Different pH " --- p.187
Chapter 5.2.4 --- "UV-Vis Spectra and Standard Curve of Methyl Red, N,N- dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.188
Chapter 5.2.5 --- "HPLC Separation of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.189
Chapter 5.3 --- Methyl Red Degradation by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.190
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose --- p.194
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of Ethanol --- p.196
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of Ammonium Sulphate --- p.198
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of Yeast Extract --- p.199
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of Phosphate Buffer (pH 7) --- p.200
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of pH --- p.201
Chapter 5.3.7 --- Effect of Temperature at Static and Shaking Conditions --- p.203
Chapter 5.3.8 --- Study of Degradation Products of Methyl Red by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates by HPLC Analysis --- p.206
Chapter 5.4 --- Degradation of Other Azo Dyes by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.207
Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.209
Chapter 7. --- References --- p.213
Chapter 8. --- Appendix 1: Composition of Media --- p.222
Appendix 2: Composition of Buffers --- p.225
Appendix 3 --- p.228