Journal articles: 'Colorism'

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Crutchfield, Jandel, Latocia Keyes, Maya Williams, and Danielle R. Eugene. "A Scoping Review of Colorism in Schools: Academic, Social, and Emotional Experiences of Students of Color." Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010015.

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Students of color experience academic, social, and emotional challenges due to colorism in schools. The purpose of this scoping review is to compare the experiences with colorism of students from varying racial backgrounds (African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and Latin) in U.S. public schools. It is predicted that the understudied group of Latinx and indigenous students of color will uniquely experience colorism in academic settings when compared to African American and Asian students. A 30 article literature review utilizing search dates from 1990 to 2020 was conducted employing a scoping review framework. Themes emerged that include: the privileging of lighter skin and more Eurocentric features in academic outcomes, the complicated social status created for students of color experiencing colorism in schools, and the increased potential for emotional challenges as a result of colorism. This review highlights possible school reform efforts to affirm all skin tones, reduce colorist biases, and offer mediation to mitigate colorist experiences in the school environment.

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Mitchell Dove, Lakindra. "The Influence of Colorism on the Hair Experiences of African American Female Adolescents." Genealogy 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5010005.

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This article addresses the prevalence of colorism among the hair care narratives of African American female adolescents. Eleven interviews were conducted to explore the connection between hair and sense of self and self-esteem. During data collection and analysis, the theme surrounding colorism emerged, as many participants discussed its influence on hair, recalling traumatic hair and colorist experiences. This article focuses on the analysis of these narratives using the colorist-historical trauma framework. Three themes emerged: (1) colorist experiences; (2) perceptions of good hair; and (3) the influence of White beauty standards. These themes reflect how participants conceptualized the implications of colorism and its impact on their psychosocial and emotional well-being. The article highlights how colorism is embedded in their lived experiences and how participants combated the presence of colorism perpetuated by family, peers, and society, to embrace their identities. The article outlines the implications of collective efforts to decolonize hair and promote healing and liberation through actions such as the natural hair movement, legal efforts to protect hairstyle preferences in schools and the workplace, and overall awareness of the perception of Black women in media. It also discusses shifts in attitudes, perspectives, and beliefs regarding hair among younger generations.

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Crutchfield, Jandel, J. Camille Hall, Anna Ortega-Williams, and Sarah L. Webb. "Colorism and the Poetics of Resistance Among Black Youth: An Application of the Colorist-Historical Trauma Framework." Journal of Black Studies 51, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 813–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934720935849.

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The colorist-historical trauma framework offers scholars, practitioners, and educators a new lens with which to more effectively combat racial disparities in society through the understanding of the intergenerational transmission of colorism in the historical trauma response of African Americans. This article applies the colorist-historical trauma framework to the colorism poems of young African Americans who demonstrate that poetry, as a device of healing, can be a useful mechanism of passing on more than the challenges associated with colorism, but also the art of resistance. The results of this thematic analysis produced three emerging concepts about the poetics of 16 young African Americans and have implications for mental health practitioners, educators, and scholars that uplift the healing process of poetry.

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Monk, Ellis P. "Colorism and Physical Health: Evidence from a National Survey." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 62, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146520979645.

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This study uses nationally representative data to extend a steadily growing body of research on the health consequences of skin color by comparatively examining the consequences of perceived ingroup and outgroup skin color discrimination (perceived colorism) for physical health among African Americans. Using a comprehensive set of measures of physical health, I find that perceived ingroup colorism is significantly associated with worse physical health outcomes among African Americans. Notably, the magnitude of ingroup colorism’s associations with most of these outcomes rivals or even exceeds that of major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and perceived outgroup colorism. These findings compellingly suggest the inclusion of perceived colorism measures in future survey data collection efforts.

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Egbeyemi, Adeola. "Shedding Light on Colorism: How the Colonial Fabrication of Colorism Impacts the Lives of African American Women." Journal of Integrative Research & Reflection 2, no. 2 (June 23, 2019): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/jirr.v2.1574.

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It is fascinating that the phenomenon of colorism, with such large scale and profound individual impact, can remain in the infancy of sociological study. Some African Americans insist that delving into the issue of colorism is a “distraction” and that we cannot overcome internalized racism until we defeat outward racism. I maintain that the battles are the same, and the impacts of both must be analyzed, but colorism—the lesser understood—requires its own attention. Colorism, notably among women, cannot begin to be resolved until both marginalized and non-marginalized people fully understand its creation leading to its current impact. Various papers and novels written with both the academic background and research and lived perspective as a dark-skinned black woman will be consulted. The research paper will move from the analysis of the historical context of colonialism and colorism against dark-skinned black women to unpacking colorisms many impacts and implications derived from this colonial construction to its effects within personal, private life. Thus, in my research paper, I will investigate how the colonial legacy of colorism impacts the lives of African American woman in the present day.

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Wilder, JeffriAnne, and Colleen Cain. "Teaching and Learning Color Consciousness in Black Families: Exploring Family Processes and Women’s Experiences With Colorism." Journal of Family Issues 32, no. 5 (December 27, 2010): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10390858.

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Family is regarded as a powerful force in the lives of Black Americans. Often-times, families function as an agent of socialization that counters racism. At the same time, however, Black families can perpetuate skin tone consciousness and bias, or colorism . Although there is an extensive body of revisionist literature on Black families and a growing body of scholarship on the contemporary nature of colorism, there is a dearth of literature addressing the role of Black families in relation to colorism. This research begins to fill this gap by exploring the influence of Black families in the development and maintenance of a colorist ideology and consciousness among Black women. Results of focus group interviews with 26 Black women indicate that color differences are learned, reinforced, and in some cases contested within families, ultimately shaping Black women’s perspectives and experiences with colorism.

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Isaeva, Olga Anatolievna. "«Scottish colorists» in the art of European modernism: problems of context and style." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 1 (54) (2023): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2023-1-117-123.

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The article explores a complex and insufficiently studied phenomenon in the visual art of Scotland – Scottish colorism, and, accordingly, the work of masters of its circle. Colorism does not limit its appeal to various kinds of artistic trends, which creates the problem of determining both the stylistic commonality and the artistic background in the formation of the creative manner of Scottish colorists; another difficulty is to determine the contextual boundaries of this phenomenon. This article, therefore, is devoted to resolving these issues in order to outline the place and role of Scottish colorists in European pictorial practices.

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Marira, Tiwi D., and Priyanka Mitra. "Colorism: Ubiquitous Yet Understudied." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iops.12018.

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We agree whole-heartedly with Ruggs et al. (2013) call to focus more research attention on the workplace experiences of marginalized employees. Indeed, the authors raised many valid points concerning the needed contributions of industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology to both research and public policy as it relates to marginalized groups. However, we believe that the authors also missed an opportunity to highlight the workplace discrimination experienced by those individuals who are marginalized by their darker skin tones. This form of discrimination is more commonly known ascolorism. Subsequently, our commentary focuses on defining this form of discrimination that is not well known among I–O psychologists, explaining why our field should be concerned with studying colorism, and making recommendations regarding how our field can better study colorism, affect jurisprudence on the issue, and ameliorate colorism's effects in workplace settings.

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Abrams, Jasmine A., Faye Z. Belgrave, Chelsea D. Williams, and Morgan L. Maxwell. "African American Adolescent Girls’ Beliefs About Skin Tone and Colorism." Journal of Black Psychology 46, no. 2-3 (March 2020): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798420928194.

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Colorism is a pervasive system of inequality shown to negatively affect psychosocial and economic outcomes among African American adults. Among African American women and girls in particular, the social and psychological implications of colorist practices can be severe. The present study aimed to better understand African American girls’ understanding of this phenomenon during adolescence. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews and focus groups were conducted with African American girls ( N = 30) in order to determine which colorist messages are perceived and potentially internalized as communal beliefs. Iterative coding and subsequent thematic analysis revealed three primary themes and four subthemes: (a) Skin tone and attractiveness (Subthemes: Light skin as beautiful; Dark skin as unattractive), (b) Skin tone and social standing and education level (Subthemes: Dark skin as lower class; Light skin as higher class), and (c) Skin tone and personality/behavioral traits. Findings revealed that African American girls reported contemporary colorism biases similar to those found among African American women, suggesting temporal and generational continuity.

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Hannon, Lance. "White Colorism." Social Currents 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2015): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496514558628.

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Isnaeni, Dessi, Rachmawati Windyaningrum, and Faisal Reza. "Analisis Isi Pesan Colorism Pada Tayangan Channel Youtube Gitasav Berjudul "Ketika Warna Kulit Bikin Hidup Sulit" | Beropini Episode 59." In Search 20, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37278/insearch.v20i1.398.

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Colorism is the different manner that a person gets based on skin color. This research aims to find out how many messages contain colorism messages on YouTube channel Gitasav entitled "Ketika Warna Kulit Bikin Hidup Sulit" | Beropini Episode 59. This research uses content analysis of the Holsty model theory and Lasswell theory. This research uses quantitative methods through descriptive content analysis design. This research uses descriptive statistics that aim to describe how many colorism messages appear on these impressions. The results of this research indicate that there are messages of colorism on YouTube channel Gitasav entitled "Ketika Warna Kulit Bikin Hidup Sulit" Beropini| Episode 59 with a total frequency of 227 times(100%). There are colorism messages in the lighter skin color message category with a total frequency of 73 times (32.1%). There are colorism messages in the whiter skin color message category with a total frequency of 40 times (17.6%). There are messages of colorism in the darker skin color message category with a total frequency of 45 times (20%). There are messages of colorism in the browner skin color message category with a total frequency of 22 times (9.7%). There are messages of colorism in the category of psychological and economic privilege messages for light skin with a total frequency of 35 times (15.4%). There are messages of colorism in the low social and economic hierarchical message category for dark skin with a total frequency of 12 times (5.2%). It can be concluded that there are messages colorism in each message category colorism on YouTube content Gitasav.

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Webb, Sarah L. "Everyday Colorism: Reading in the Language Arts Classroom." English Journal 108, no. 4 (March 1, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej201930046.

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Dhillon-Jamerson, Komal K. "Euro-Americans Favoring People of Color: Covert Racism and Economies of White Colorism." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 14 (November 27, 2018): 2087–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810754.

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African American colorism in the United States is often viewed as an intraracial problem in which prejudice and discrimination are relegated to the scope of internal issues. What is often lacking in the discourse on colorism is the interracial component of intraracial hierarchies—referred to as White colorism. Colorism is not a phenomenon that originated within the Black community. Rather, it is a result of European American practices that further divided Blacks according to skin color. The historical underpinnings of colorism include colonialism and slavery, yet these ideologies continue to inform racism today. This article explores how colorism was established and is now sustained by Whites in various capacities, including social and economic spheres. Additionally, racialized dichotomies, borders of Whiteness, and Black consciousness are considered to demonstrate the intersection of historical racism and current racial rhetoric. Last, the effects of White colorism on Black achievement status, including education and employment, is elucidated through an analysis of data and literature.

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Oktaviani, Jusmalia. "FENOMENA 'COLORISM' SEBAGAI BENTUK STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA." Jurnal Dinamika Global 7, no. 01 (June 28, 2022): 54–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v7i01.1037.

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Penelitian ini merupakan riset awal untuk melihat gambaran besar mengenai Colorism di Kawasan Asia Tenggara. Colorism merupakan bentuk diskriminasi kepada seseorang karena perbedaan warna kulit. Dalam Colorism biasanya mereka yang memiliki warna kulit lebih cerah diberikan akses lebih mudah dalam berbagai hal. Colorism dikatakan sebagai fenomena global, namun dalam penelitian ini, peneliti bertujuan untuk menggambarkan fenomena tersebut di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Metode yang peneliti gunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui focus group discussion dan studi pustaka. Kerangka teoritis dalam studi ini adalah Poskolonialisme, konsep Kekerasan serta konsep Colorism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Colorism di wilayah Asia Tenggara terjadi salah satunya diperkuat oleh inferioritas masyarakat di Asia Tenggara terhadap kulit putih sebagai hasil dari penjajahan, akibat dari kelas-kelas sosial yang selama ini dikonstruksi oleh penjajah untuk melanggengkan kekuasaan mereka.

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Charles, Jenneil. "Colorism and the Afro-Latinx Experience: A Review of the Literature." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 43, no. 1-2 (February 2021): 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07399863211027378.

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Using Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecological Model, this systematic critical literature review investigated factors that contributed to the development of colorism, as well as the effects of colorism on Afro-Latinx persons, in Brazil, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, and the wider Latin American region. Agencies within the macrosystem and chronosystem were used to investigate factors involved in instituting colorism in Latin America. Constituents of the microsystem and mesosystem were used to research the effects of colorism on Afro-Latinx persons. The development of colorism ideologies and practices in Latin America was largely due to the endorsement of laws, cultural values, and cultural beliefs that arose from the perceptions and interactions between the region’s main ethnic groups and the biases that emerged from these interactions during key eras throughout their history. It was found that several studies documented the de facto impact of colorism on the family, school, community, and professional lives of Afro-Latinx persons.

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Sims, Cynthia, and Malar Hirudayaraj. "The Impact of Colorism on the Career Aspirations and Career Opportunities of Women in India." Advances in Developing Human Resources 18, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422315616339.

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The Problem Colorism is a preference for light skin tones and devaluing of dark skin. It is a genderized phenomenon, mostly affecting women, that creates social and workplace inequities and negatively affects women of color. In India, colorism is a customary practice perpetuated by cultural beliefs and values, social institutions, and the media. Although studies explore colorism among women of color within workplaces in the United States, qualitative research on the impact of colorism on career aspirations and opportunities of women of color abroad appears to be non-existent. The Solution Providing education about the impact of colorism on Indian women to HRD professionals can assist with the empowerment of women and address workplace inequalities based on skin tone. The Stakeholders As today’s global workforce is composed of people of color from various countries, and their cultural values affect their career aspirations and opportunities, human resource development professionals must understand the implications of colorism, particularly in countries where women are less empowered to challenge cultural beliefs and develop skills to address and prevent related workplace issues. The purpose of this article is to discuss how six India-born women experience colorism to increase awareness, fill the gap in the literature, and provide suggestions for engendering Indian women’s career empowerment.

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strmic-pawl, hephzibah v., Vanessa Gonlin, and Steve Garner. "Color in Context: Three Angles on Contemporary Colorism." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 7, no. 3 (July 2021): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23326492211012532.

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Colorism is a form of discrimination based on skin tone wherein people with light(er) complexions are advantaged over those with dark(er) ones. In this review, we define key terms, explore colorism as an individual and structural phenomenon, and identify some predominant themes in the existing scholarship on colorism. We review three case studies of contemporary uses and ramifications of colorism in order to encourage scholars to engage with this important field. These case studies are skin tone’s impact on U.S. politics, “transraciality,” the appropriation of skin tone, and finally, the global skin lightening industry. While the first two are mostly focused on the United States, the third enables an appreciation of the global dynamics of colorism, and links back to the national and regional contextual politics of skin tone.

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Garza, Sandra D. "Decolonizing Intimacies." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 39, no. 2 (2014): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2014.39.2.35.

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This essay explores colorism, or the ranking of individuals based on skin color or racialized phenotype, with a focus on women of Mexican descent. I offer a history of skin color consciousness, linking it to Spanish and Anglo American colonial beliefs about the value of women as reproductive objects and to contemporary articulations of lived experiences with colorism. First, I trace colorism historically, considering how discourses of difference built on sixteenth-century notions of gendered contamination and nineteenthcentury notions of purity and prestige were used to construct and privilege whiteness. Next, I draw from interviews with four women who self-identify as Mexican-descent to document how personal experiences with colorism are remembered and understood. These narratives reveal the importance of the family as an institution within which a collective memory of historical white supremacy is continuously performed through colorism. The recognition that colorism is both reproduced and resisted through intimate familial relations opens a space to ask questions about the relationships between contemporary experience and histories of colonization and suggests, finally, that the family is a critical site for decolonial healing.

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Rosario, R. Josiah, Imani Minor, and Leoandra Onnie Rogers. "“Oh, You’re Pretty for a Dark-Skinned Girl”: Black Adolescent Girls’ Identities and Resistance to Colorism." Journal of Adolescent Research 36, no. 5 (July 14, 2021): 501–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07435584211028218.

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The current analysis explored the relevance of colorism among Black girls enrolled at a predominately Black, all-girls high school, with a specific focus on their identities and well-being. Fifty-nine Black girls ( Mage = 16.97) completed a survey and semi-structured interview. Results from a two-step quant-qual analysis indicate a strong positive association between rejecting colorist ideology and positive self-esteem. Open coding of semi-structured interviews showed that 75% ( n = 44) of the sample spontaneously mentioned colorist ideology when describing their racial and gender identities, including references to skin color (56%), hair texture/style (50%), attractiveness/femininity (38%), and body type (18%). More importantly, 74% of these discussions indicated resistance to colorism illustrating Black girls’ engagement with and denouncement of ideologies of white supremacy, patriarchy, and anti-blackness. This critical qualitative analysis illustrates and offers guidance for practicing anti-racist adolescent research. We offer four insights: (a) consider the research spaces in which Black youth in our research are situated to better represent the diversity (and potential) of Black youth; (b) listen to and and follow the voices of Black girls; (c) attend to agency and resistance in development; and (d) recognize intersectionality as integral to anti-racist research.

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Bettache, Karim. "A Call to Action: The Need for a Cultural Psychological Approach to Discrimination on the Basis of Skin Color in Asia." Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 1131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691620904740.

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A strong preference for fair skin appears to be the norm across the Asian continent and may pervade many aspects of social life. Yet scholarly work on this ubiquitous phenomenon is rare within psychological science. This article is a call for a psychological investigation into colorism in Asia. I argue that colorism has firm systemic roots as a result of the sociohistorical trajectories of different Asian societies that have attached cultural meanings to skin color. Consequently, similarities and differences in such trajectories may account for variability in the expression of colorism within contemporary Asian societies. Directions for a cultural psychological approach to colorism are suggested.

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Lavi Wilson, Shanika, Shaquila O’Shay Massey, De’Onna Smith, and Christopher Solomon. "The Effects of Colorism on Self Perception and Self-Esteem." Psychology and Mental Health Care 5, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/120.

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Colorism has been a historical racial dilemma for the African American community since slavery. Colorism can be defined as a form of bias, based upon different aspects of physical appearance including skin color, facial features, and hair that favors the facial appearance of Caucasian white Americans (Beopple, 2015). Over the last 10 years quantitative and qualitative data has been gathered to study the effect of colorism on the African American community with a specific focus on the psychological well-being of this population. A survey was conducted to evaluate the effects of colorism on African American women and their self-esteem and self-perception. A total of 25(N=25) surveys were gathered of women, ages 18-50, who all identified as black, African American or a person of color. The analyzed research results concluded that colorism, although has negatively impacted many participants, has not lowered or altered their self esteem or self perception.

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Jam, Alma, and Gesine K. Hearn. "“You Can Put a Price Tag on Complexion”: Understanding Colorism Among African-Born and African American Black Men in America." Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 10, no. 2 (March 2023): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.10.2.04.

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ABSTRACT: This study explores how young Black men talk about colorism and identity. Few studies have investigated how men of color make meaning of colorism. Providing an open-arena for dialogue about colorism, we conducted two focus groups to examine the perceptions of colorism among young African American and African-born Black males. One focus group consisted of African-born Black men, the other consisted of African American Black men. Participants were recruited from a public four-year research university in the northwestern region of the US and ranged in age from 18 to 25. Findings indicate that to this day, young African American and African-born Black males are significantly impacted by their skin tone in their pursuit of access and opportunity in society, and just like women of color, skin tone influences their relationships, identity, and social mobility.

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Jam, Alma, and Gesine K. Hearn. "“You Can Put a Price Tag on Complexion”: Understanding Colorism Among African-Born and African American Black Men in America." Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 10, no. 2 (March 2023): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/spe.2023.a903151.

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ABSTRACT: This study explores how young Black men talk about colorism and identity. Few studies have investigated how men of color make meaning of colorism. Providing an open-arena for dialogue about colorism, we conducted two focus groups to examine the perceptions of colorism among young African American and African-born Black males. One focus group consisted of African-born Black men, the other consisted of African American Black men. Participants were recruited from a public four-year research university in the northwestern region of the US and ranged in age from 18 to 25. Findings indicate that to this day, young African American and African-born Black males are significantly impacted by their skin tone in their pursuit of access and opportunity in society, and just like women of color, skin tone influences their relationships, identity, and social mobility.

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Hall, Ronald E. "Media Stereotypes and “Coconut” Colorism: Latino Denigration Vis-à-Vis Dark Skin." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 14 (November 25, 2018): 2007–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810742.

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By stereotype media images, Latina(o)s interact with various Eurocentric elements of the dominant population, which results in a form of discrimination called colorism. Colorism is a partiality for light skin tones and the devaluing of dark skin. Coconut is colloquial reference to a Latina(o) population. As it pertains to media images, health status, empirical evidence, and judicial evidence, the devaluation of dark skin is a vehicle of coconut colorism. The influence of media forces motivated by somatic assimilation paradigms has extended this phenomenon, not irrelevant to the discriminatory experiences encountered by Latina(o) populations. As equal members of an oppressed minority group citizenry, Latina(o)s must be held to a higher standard of social justice activism. By virtue of their enthusiastic participation colorism can then be eliminated such that the future of humanity may be rescued from the transgressions of a postcolonial environment.

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Landor, Antoinette M., and Shardé McNeil Smith. "Skin-Tone Trauma: Historical and Contemporary Influences on the Health and Interpersonal Outcomes of African Americans." Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, no. 5 (August 14, 2019): 797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619851781.

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Empirical evidence demonstrates that racism is a source of traumatic stress for racial/ethnic minorities, particularly African Americans. Like race and racism, skin tone and experiences of colorism—an often overlooked form of discrimination that privileges lighter skinned over darker skinned individuals, although not uniformly, may also result in traumatic stress. This article proposes a new conceptual model of skin-tone trauma. The model depicts how historical and contemporary underpinnings of colorism lead to colorist incidents that may directly and indirectly, by eliciting traumatic stress reactions, lead to negative effects on the health and interpersonal relationships of African Americans. Key tenets of critical race and intersectionality theories are used to highlight the complexities of skin-tone trauma as a result of intersectional identities on the basis of existing social hierarchies. Last, we present suggestions for researchers, as well as recommendations and strategies for practitioners, to unmask “skin-tone wounds” and promote healing for individuals, families, and communities that suffer from skin-tone trauma. Skin-tone trauma should be acknowledged by researchers, scholars, and practitioners to better understand and assess the widespread scope of trauma in the African American community.

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E. Hall, Ronald. "ASIAN STILLBIRTHS VIS-À-VIS BLEACHING CREAM TOXICITY: COLORISM AS CRITICAL SOCIAL WORK EXPLANATION." Asian People Journal (APJ) 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/apj.2022.5.1.292.

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Abstract: Colorism as suggested by social science is a veiled construct less acknowledged in the Social Work curriculum and the Social Work literature. The objective of colorism directs Asian women to engage in efforts that they may acquire by artificial means access to having light skin. Such access is facilitated by application of toxic bleaching cream ingredients which include mercury, arsenic and hydroquinone. According to empirical investigations said ingredients factor in events of stillbirth colorism. Light-skinned Asian women are less susceptible to such stillbirth events attributed to their inherent complexions. The continual use of toxic bleaching creams may be an explanation of the 33 1/3% of global stillbirths unresolved. As pertains to Asian countries in general India, Pakistan, and China significantly account for nearly 50% of all the stillbirths globally. The acknowledgement of colorism in the context of Asian women experiencing stillbirth must be addressed by unveiling the stillbirth crisis. Keywords: Asian; Stillbirth; Dark skin; Health risks

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García Morgado, Mónica. "Colorism, Passing for White, and Intertextuality in Brit Bennett's The Vanishing Half: Rewriting African American Women's Literary Tradition." Babel – AFIAL : Aspectos de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemá, no. 31 (December 16, 2022): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35869/afial.v0i31.4298.

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This article draws on various theories and studies about the color line, colorism, and racial passing in African American culture, history, and literature to examine the themes of colorism and passing for white in Brit Bennett’s 2020 novel The Vanishing Half. This article juxtaposes Bennett’s novel alongside earlier works written by twentieth-century African American women writers, underscoring Bennett’s intertextual influences, which include Nella Larsen’s Passing (1929), Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), and Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye (1970), Sula (1973), and God Help the Child (2015). As Bennett revises and incorporates earlier novels into her own, she redeems tragic female characters such as Pecola Breedlove and Clare Kendry, highlights the persistence and damage of colorism, updates the passing narrative, and defies stereotypes about Black women. It concludes that in The Vanishing Half, Bennett proposes a fresh path for twenty-first-century African American fiction through the themes of colorism and passing for white in her rewriting of African American women’s literary tradition.

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Otieno, Millicent Awuor. "Colorism in advertisements in Kenyan print newspapers: A study of the nation newspaper." Journal of African History, Culture and Arts 3, no. 2 (October 12, 2023): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/jahca.v3i2.525.

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Colorism is discriminatory, as it excludes dark skin tones and elevates light skin tones. Studies have established the negative effects of colorism on different groups of people. Owing to the power of advertisements to influence and shape opinions, beliefs and perceptions, this study’s purpose was to determine colorism in advertisements in Kenyan print newspapers. The research methodology encompassed the use of a case study design. The Nation print newspaper was studied because it is the most widely read newspaper in Kenya. Data was collected through the content analysis of all advertisements from January to April 2023. The study found out that light skin was the most preferred skin tone for males and females in the advertisements. However, more females than males in the advertisements were light-skinned, whereas more males than females were dark-skinned. This study concludes that colorism exists in advertisements in Kenyan print newspapers. The study recommends equal representations of color tones to mirror the composition of the Kenyan population.

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Park, Sojeong. "Colorism of K-Beauty Industry." Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies 64, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 124–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2020.64.6.004.

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Park, Sojeong. "Colorism of K-Beauty Industry." Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies 64, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 124–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2020.64.6.004.

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Petersen, Nick, Yader R. Lanuza, and Marisa Omori. "Cumulative Colorism in Criminal Courts." Social Science Research 117 (January 2024): 102946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102946.

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Lewis, Rhonda. "The Lived Experiences of College Students Overcoming Colorism: Perspectives from the Midwest." Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal 8, no. 3 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/pprij-16000362.

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Colorism is a global phenomenon that has disenfranchised people of color, even from the most privileged backgrounds, for over a century. Skin complexion discrimination is an important factor to consider when examining the experiences of Blacks in America. The purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of college students and the impact that colorism has had on them. The study was conducted at a midsized university in the Midwest. A total of five focus groups were conducted, and a brief survey was given to undergraduate participants (N = 14), ages 18 – 25, in order to gather information about participants’ experiences throughout their lifetime regarding skin complexion (Colorism not racism). The survey assessed self-perception of skin complexion, satisfaction level with skin complexion, and life satisfaction. The findings revealed five major themes: Gender matters, mate selection bias, family dynamics, media, and resilience. Limitations and future research will be discussed.

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Harvey, Richard D., Rachel E. Tennial, and Kira Hudson Banks. "The Development and Validation of a Colorism Scale." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 7 (February 9, 2017): 740–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798417690054.

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Two studies were conducted to develop and then validate a scale to measure the construct of Colorism. While colorism is a long discussed phenomena within the Black community in the United States, there have been virtually no attempts to measure the degree to which individuals embrace it. The In-Group Colorism Scale (ICS) was developed to assess the degree to which skin tone variation is important across five essential domains: Self-Concept, Affiliation, Attraction, Impression Formation, and Upward Mobility. The scale was empirically tested and then replicated using two distinct national samples of Black Americans (total sample of 783 participants). The ICS proved to have both good reliability and good structural validity. Moreover, the ICS proved to be significantly related to other important constructs such as parental socialization, skin tone, self-esteem, stereotypes, racial identity, and socioeconomic status. The implications of the ICS for both research and practical applications are discussed.

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Harris, Keshia L. "Biracial American Colorism: Passing for White." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 14 (December 2018): 2072–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810747.

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Biracial Americans constitute a larger portion of the U.S. population than is often acknowledged. According to the U.S. Census, 8.4 million people or 2.6% of the population identified with two or more racial origins in 2016. Arguably, these numbers are misleading considering extensive occurrences of interracial pairings between Whites and minority racial groups throughout U.S. history. Many theorists posit that the hypodescent principle of colorism, colloquially known as “the one drop rule,” has influenced American racial socialization in such a way that numerous individuals primarily identify with one racial group despite having parents from two different racial backgrounds. While much of social science literature examines the racial identification processes of biracial Americans who identify with their minority heritage, this article focuses on contextual factors such as family income, neighborhood, religion, and gender that influence the decision for otherwise African/Asian/Latino/Native Americans to identify as White.

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Portzer, Lori A., Elizabeth R. Leedy, Vylinh J. Nguyen, Amy L. Winger, Robert A. Creath, and Bettie J. Bertram. "Analysis Of Colorism In Educational Images." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 55, no. 9S (September 2023): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000987312.06523.b1.

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Ajay, Makwana. "COLORISM IN TONI MORRISONS GOD HELP THE CHILD." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13565.

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The present paper has been specifically designed to scrutinize the aspect of colorism in Toni Morrisons well acclaimed novel God Help the Child. African American literature is an academic body of writing produced by African descendants residing in America. The literary canon of African- American literature emerged in late part of 18th century in oral forms like sermon, gospel, music, jazz, blues and spirituals. African American writers have deliberately expressed their painful agony, racial segregation, social injustice and ill treatment which they tolerated in white American society. Toni Morrison was a prolific female novelist of African-American literary writing. Morrisons eleventh novel God Help the Child prominently deals with colorism, racism and child abuse. Conceptually, the term Colorism was coined by Alice Walker to address the superiority of lighter or white skin over the dark. Colorism has its genetic roots in racism because without racism the standardization of color conflict would not be exist. The novel unfolds the story of Bride, also known as Lula Ann who is born with dark black color. She receives ill treatment by her own parents and gets negative rejection because of having black skin. Brides dark color ruins her golden childhood period. Louis Bridewell rejects Bride from accepting as his baby. Similarly, Sweetness breeds Bride with harsh treatment and cruelty. The research study will primarily focus on to address the color conflict faced by child protagonist Lula Ann.

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Reece, Robert L. "Color Crit: Critical Race Theory and the History and Future of Colorism in the United States." Journal of Black Studies 50, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934718803735.

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Critical race theory teaches that racism and racial inequality are constants in American society that stand outside of the prejudices of individuals. It argues that structures and institutions are primarily responsible for the maintenance of racial inequality. However, critical race theorists have neglected to formally examine and theorize colorism, a primary offshoot of racial domination. Although studies of colorism have become increasingly common, they lack a unifying theoretical framework, opting to lean on ideas about prejudice and preference to explain the advantages lighter skinned, Black Americans are afforded relative to darker skinned Black Americans. In this study, I deploy a critical race framework to push back against preference as the only, or primary, mechanism facilitating skin tone stratification. Instead, I use historical Census data and regression analysis to explore the historical role of color-based marriage selection on concentrating economic advantage among lighter skinned Black Americans. I then discuss the policy and legal implications of developing a structural view of colorism and skin tone stratification in the United States and the broader implications for how we conceptualize race in this country.

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Reece, Robert L. "Coloring Weight Stigma: On Race, Colorism, Weight Stigma, and the Failure of Additive Intersectionality." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218795185.

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Mukherjee, Sayantan. "Darker shades of “fairness” in India: Male attractiveness and colorism in commercials." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0007.

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AbstractThe skin-lightening products for men in India and their mode of advertising have been shaping the concept of attractiveness for Indian men by portraying lighter skin tone as the most fundamental quality of being attractive, always desirable, and successful. Although women’s skin-lightening products in India have received attention by a few scholars lately, men’s products are still underresearched. Hence, this study aims to investigate the issue of colorism augmented by television commercials for men’s “fairness” (light skin tone) products in India. The primary data for this study are six Hindi television commercials for men’s skin-lightening products which were broadcast from 2005 to 2015 and were available on YouTube during data collection. The commercials are by one popular brand, Emami Fair and Handsome. The target commercials are significant for their categorical distinction in directness as well as for their nature of storytelling that helps facilitate the discourse of colorism itself. The methodology is a combination of multimodal analysis, critical discourse analysis, and advertisement analysis. The overall goal of this study is to bring visibility to this subtle and multilayered problem of colorism in Indian society which is being reinforced by the skin-lightening products for men.

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Watts, Akiah. "Attitudinal Judgments of Dialect Traits and Colorism in African Americans." Lifespans and Styles 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v7i2.2021.6637.

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This study demonstrates how language and complexion influence professional and social perceptions of African Americans. This study contains an online verbal-guise survey where participants either saw a photo of a lighter skin-toned African-American male and female or an electronically darkened version. Audio was attached to each photo, which contains traits of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the case of the male and Standard American English for the female. The results suggest African-American females are more likely to experience colorism in professional traits while African-American males are more likely to experience colorism in social traits. Additionally, the respondent’s race influences perceptions of AAVE.

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Dupree-Wilson, Teisha. "Phenotypic Proximity: Colorism and Intraracial Discrimination among Blacks in the United States and Brazil, 1928 to 1988." Journal of Black Studies 52, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 528–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219347211021088.

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The level of colorism that developed among blacks in the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, during the 20th century, gave rise to intense altitudes of intraracial discrimination. This distinct form of discrimination was based on proximity to whiteness and white privilege. This essay will illustrate how attitudes toward complexion, within the black community, are a direct consequence and perpetual remnant of the white supremacy and racial hierarchy that developed in colonized societies. Colorism manifested itself in different forms in Brazil and in the U.S. However, the level of black-on-black discrimination that it spawned was grounded in the belief that one’s immediacy to whiteness created a vehicle for upward mobility.

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Monroe, Carla R. "Colorizing Educational Research." Educational Researcher 42, no. 1 (January 2013): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x12469998.

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Although previous authors have offered persuasive arguments about the salience of race in the scholastic enterprise, colorism remains a relatively underexplored concept. This article augments considerations of social forces by exploring how color classifications within racial arrangements frame pathways for communities of color and, therefore, must inform educational inquiries. Consistent with the rich tradition of ethnic studies, I draw on sources in the humanities, legal profession, and social sciences to demonstrate how colorism surfaces in lived experiences. The African American community is used as an exemplar for illustrating historical foundations of color bias, discussing implications of complexion difference, and offering suggestions for scholarship that advances educational research agendas.

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Monroe, Carla R., and Ronald E. Hall. "Colorism and U.S. Immigration: Considerations for Researchers." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 14 (December 2018): 2037–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810753.

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Research on colorism in the United States frequently focuses on people of color who were born in the country such as African Americans. Globalization, however, requires social scientists to consider new dimensions of intraracial discrimination as research studies must attend to realities and standpoints about race, as well as other forms of categorization, that are not traditionally represented in conversations about in-group stratification. In this article, we consider how colorism acts as a force that propels many immigrants toward identification with whiteness. Based on historical and contemporary snapshots of immigrant trends in the United States, we discuss how and why some groups opt to self-identify as racially White and/or align themselves with the ideological status quo regardless of their racial, phenotypic, and/or cultural self-ascriptions.

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Smith, Zoë. "4 Colorism: The Ashiness of It All." Inks: The Journal of the Comics Studies Society 4, no. 3 (2020): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ink.2020.0025.

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Lemi, Danielle Casarez, and Nadia E. Brown. "The Political Implications of Colorism Are Gendered." PS: Political Science & Politics 53, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096520000761.

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Keith, Verna M., and Carla R. Monroe. "Histories of Colorism and Implications for Education." Theory Into Practice 55, no. 1 (December 8, 2015): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1116847.

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Gastelum, Cathy Duarte, Juvenal Caporale, and Roberto Rodriguez. "“Smiling Brown” in the Face of Colorism." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 46, no. 1 (2021): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2021.46.1.53.

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Privileges and hindrances based on phenotype in the nation’s Latina/o communities continue to be a significant issue that is underresearched. This study analyzed testimonios (n=83) that discussed personal or observed experiences pertaining to skin color and indigeneity. While we did not use a specific framework for the analysis, we found consistent themes of colorism across the testimonios, refl ecting the preference for European-appearing features (light skin, blond hair, blue or green eyes) in society, in the media, and within Latina/o families. The majority of testimonios stated that when the writers were children, light skin color was preferred within their families; however, a small number voiced high levels of pride in dark skin color, an attitude that also was mainly taught in family settings. Findings of within-group racism, historical trauma, and prevalent negative messaging related to darker skin and Indigenous features also emerged. The testimonios provide a voice to persons whose experiences, histories, and traumas have been silenced. By disrupting the discourses of power that favor European features, they potentially serve as a decolonial narrative.

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Kukreja, Reena. "Colorism as Marriage Capital: Cross-Region Marriage Migration in India and Dark-Skinned Migrant Brides." Gender & Society 35, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243220979633.

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This article, based on original research from 57 villages in four provinces from North and East India, sheds light on a hitherto unexplored gendered impact of colorism in facilitating noncustomary cross-region marriage migrations in India. Within socioeconomically marginalized groups from India’s development peripheries, the hegemonic construct of fairness as “capital” conjoins with both regressive patriarchal gender norms governing marriage and female sexuality and the monetization of social relations, through dowry, to foreclose local marriage options for darker-hued women. This dispossession of matrimonial choice forces women to “voluntarily” accept marriage proposals from North Indian bachelors, who are themselves faced with a bride shortage in their own regions due to skewed sex ratios. These marriages condemn cross-region brides to new forms of gender subordination and skin-tone discrimination within the intimacy of their marriages, and in everyday relations with conjugal families, kin, and rural communities. Because of colorism, cross-region brides are exposed to caste-discriminatory exclusions and ethnocentric prejudice. Dark-skin shaming is a strategic ideological weapon employed to extract more labor from them. The article extends global scholarly discussion on the role of colorism in articulating new forms of gendered violence in dark-complexioned, poor rural women’s lives.

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Ahuja, Amit, Susan L. Ostermann, and Aashish Mehta. "Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 1, no. 2 (June 21, 2016): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2016.6.

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AbstractAdoration for fair skin color and bias against dark skin color are strong in Indian society. The theory of colorism suggests that, irrespective of a voter’s own phenotype, voters prefer lighter- to darker-skinned candidates. And yet, a substantial number of dark-skinned politicians get elected into office in India. In the first systematic study of voter preferences for candidate skin color in India, we conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly administered one of three treatments based upon candidate skin tone: fair, wheatish (medium-brown), and dark. We find only weak evidence for colorism in the sample as a whole—the fair candidate is supported more than the dark and wheatish candidates, but at only marginal significance levels. This is because color preferences are heterogeneous amongst respondent groups. Dalits and the poor, groups that are darker relative to other groups and have been politically mobilized, exhibit much stronger support for dark candidates than other groups, consistent with a desire for descriptive representation. Amongst those who do not belong to these two groups, including dark respondents, the fair candidate finds more support than the dark candidate. This shows that even in the absence of skin color-based electoral appeals, skin color can emerge as an implicit marker of politically mobilized identities, and that this mobilization can undercut colorism.

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Kalev, Henriette Dahan. "Colorism in Israel: The Construct of a Paradox." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 14 (December 2018): 2101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810749.

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The main argument in this article is that while attempting to establish a social and national unity, the Zionist movement has ended up in a socioeconomic split that lines up with ethnic rifts and a skin color divide. The Ashkenazi (East Europeans) have set up a white skin tone as the “zero point of reference” using bio-power practices in order to turn Mizrahim (Jews of Arab and Moslem countries of origin) into “New Jews” constructed in the images of the Jews of European origin. Later this practice was applied to Ethiopian immigrants. Consequently, in order to integrate “Mizrahim” and Ethiopian, Jews developed a paradoxical “Ashkenaziation” in their appearance and their practices, which included turning Mizrahiness and black skin assets into political capital.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Colorism'

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