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1
Engel, Emily A. "Colour between the Lines." Art History 35, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8365.2011.00879.x.
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Leonards, U., and W. Singer. "Texture Segregation by Orientation Differences: Colour Sensitive but Not Hue Specific?" Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0503.
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Segregation of textures on the basis of orientation differences between texture elements is achieved even when these texture elements differ from their surround only by colour (McIlhagga et al, 1990 Vision Research30 489 – 495). This finding seems to contradict the assumption that colour and orientation are extracted in separate feature maps (eg Treisman and Sato, 1990 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance16 459 – 478). To examine whether colour information is evaluated in parallel in different processing streams for the assessment of hue and form, we tested whether texture elements can be segregated if they differ only by specific conjunctions of colour and orientation; texture elements consisted of crosses with their two crossing lines differing in colour. Texture elements defining figure and background had the same coloured composition but the conjunction of colour with the two crossing lines was reversed. Different colour combinations were tested under various luminance contrast conditions, irrespective of the colour combination, segmentation was achieved as long as the two crossing lines of the texture elements differed in luminance. If, however, the different colours of the two crossing lines were approximately equiluminant, segmentation was reduced or impossible. Thus, subjects were able to use for texture segregation conjunctions between luminance and orientation but not between colour and orientation. Our results suggest that colour cannot be associated selectively with differently oriented components of the same texture element. This supports the hypothesis that colour contrast is used in parallel by different processing streams to assess the orientation and hue of contours and reveals limitations in the selectivity with which features are subsequently bound together.
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Tepic, Aleksandra, Biserka Vujicic, Adam Takac, Borivoj Krstic, and Ljubica Calic. "Chemical heterogeneity of tomato inbred lines." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 37 (2006): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0637045t.
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Compositional characteristics of seven lines of tomatoes have been determined. The following parameters were evaluated: dry matter, acidity (citric acid equivalent), Ca-pectate, ash, cellulose, sugars (total, reducing sugars, sucrose), mineral substances (N, P, K, Ca, Na), surface color and carotenoid content. From a compositional viewpoint, there were no significant differences between lines, but in cellulose, sucrose, mineral substances, carotenoid content, and surface colour parameters, a*, b*, L and h?. .
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Ahmed, L. S. "IMPACT OF EGG SHELL AND SPOTS COLOUR ON THE QUALITY OF HATCHING EGGS DERIVED FROM THREE LINES OF LOCAL QUAIL." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 1256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i6.1640.
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This study was carried out to analyze the impact of lines, egg shell colour and intraction between (Line ⁎ eggshell colours) on egg quality characteristics and hatching parameters assess the correlation between these traits in three local quail eggs (desert, brown and white). A total of 409 eggs were collected from female quails during 16 weeks divided into five groups on the basis of eggshell colour and spot colour for each line. The results revealed that there were significant (P≤0.05) variances among lines for quality characteristics of the whole egg (weight, length, width, Egg volume, Haugh unit), albumen (weight, height, diameter), yolk (weight, height, index, Yolk/albumen) and shell (weight, thickness, egg surface area, unit surface). The desert line resulted in the best quality. The results demonstrated that internal and external egg quality characters were differed significantly among egg shell colour. Whereas, yolk parameters such as: yolk weight, yolk height, Yolk diameter and Yolk percentage revealed no significance differences among these groups. Phenotypic correlation appeared that there were significant correlation coefficients among the internal and external egg quality traits. The incubation characteristics, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, hatchability of set eggs and Chick hatching weight were significantly differences among eggshell colour groups within lines.
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Cabrera, A., and A. Martin. "Variation in tannin content in Vicia faba L." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 2 (April 1986): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063978.
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SUMMARYThe tannin content of milled seed of 55 lines of Vicia faba was evaluated and related to flower and testa colour, seed weight and percentage of testa. Tannin content in the lines analysed was related more to flower colour than to testa colour. No relationship existed between tannin content and seed weight. Lines with low tannin content had a low proportion of testa.
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Albertazzi, Liliana, Michela Malfatti, Luisa Canal, and Rocco Micciolo. "The Hue of Angles — Was Kandinsky Right?" Art & Perception 3, no. 1 (2015): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-00002025.
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This article presents an experimental study on the natural association between angles and colour. Specifically, for each angle width — formed by two segments joined at their vertex — studied, participants were asked to indicate the colour that they perceived as most closely related to it, choosing from the NCS Hue Circle. The results show that participants systematically established a natural and consistent association between certain angles and colours, when explicitly asked to choose the colour that they perceived as most naturally related to a given angle presented as two lines. The overall results suggest an association between acute angles and warm colours and obtuse angles and cool colours, confirming Kandinsky’s hypothesis. In particular, the strongest relations were found between the angle of 22.5° and yellows, the angles of 45°, 90° and 135° and green-yellows, and the angle of 157.5° and red-blues, when angles were presented on a white background.
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Al-Rawi, A. A., and A. K. Al-Athari. "Characteristics of indigenous chicken in Iraq." Animal Genetic Resources Information 32 (April 2002): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001589.
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SummaryThe Iraqi indigenous chickens (I.I.C.) are well adapted to a wide range of ambient temperature (-5°C to 50°C). They are found throughout the country and are raised for meat and eggs. The birds are active and independent foragers.The IPA Agricultural Research Centre played a role in the purification and multiplication of five different genetic lines according to feather colour. These lines are the progeny of segregating populations of the foundation stock which was a specimen collected from all over the country. The plumage colour of the I.I.C. lines varied from white to black. Most of the birds have white skin colour; comb type is single; egg-shell colour varied between white, tinted to brown; age at sexual maturity ranged between 162 to 166 days; body weight at sexual maturity was found to be similar for the differentlines (1.4 kg) indicating that I.I.C are small-sized birds and variations among lines of the I.I.C were significant for egg production, egg weight and feed efficiency.
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Dyer, Adrian G., Angelique C. Paulk, and David H. Reser. "Colour processing in complex environments: insights from the visual system of bees." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1707 (December 8, 2010): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2412.
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Colour vision enables animals to detect and discriminate differences in chromatic cues independent of brightness. How the bee visual system manages this task is of interest for understanding information processing in miniaturized systems, as well as the relationship between bee pollinators and flowering plants. Bees can quickly discriminate dissimilar colours, but can also slowly learn to discriminate very similar colours, raising the question as to how the visual system can support this, or whether it is simply a learning and memory operation. We discuss the detailed neuroanatomical layout of the brain, identify probable brain areas for colour processing, and suggest that there may be multiple systems in the bee brain that mediate either coarse or fine colour discrimination ability in a manner dependent upon individual experience. These multiple colour pathways have been identified along both functional and anatomical lines in the bee brain, providing us with some insights into how the brain may operate to support complex colour discrimination behaviours.
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Bassoi, Manoel Carlos, and John Flintham. "Relationship between grain colour and preharvest sprouting-resistance in wheat." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 10 (October 2005): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005001000006.
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Since red alleles (R) of the genes that control grain colour are important for the improvement of preharvest sprouting resistance in wheat and there are three independently inherited loci, on chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D of hexaploid wheat, it is possible to vary the dosage of dominant alleles in a breeding program. The objective of this work was to evaluate the dosage effect of R genes on preharvest sprouting, in a single seed descent population, named TRL, derived from the cross between Timgalen, white-grained wheat, and RL 4137, red-grained wheat. The study was carried out using sprouting data in ripe ears obtained under artificial conditions in a rainfall simulator over three years. According to the results there is a significant effect on preharvest sprouting provided by colour and a weaker effect of increasing R dosage. However, the significant residual genotypic variation between red lines and all lines (reds and whites) at 0.1% level showed that preharvest sprouting was also controlled by other genes. There are no significant correlations between sprouting and date of ripeness or between ripeness, R dosage and colour intensity.
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Farup, Ivar. "A computational framework for colour metrics and colour space transforms." PeerJ Computer Science 2 (March 9, 2016): e48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.48.
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An object-oriented computational framework for the transformation of colour data and colour metric tensors is presented. The main idea of the design is to represent the transforms between spaces as compositions of objects from a class hierarchy providing the methods for both the transforms themselves and the corresponding Jacobian matrices. In this way, new colour spaces can be implemented on the fly by transforming from any existing colour space, and colour data in various formats as well as colour metric tensors and colour difference data can easily be transformed between the colour spaces. This reduces what normally requires several days of coding to a few lines of code without introducing a significant computational overhead. The framework is implemented in the Python programming language.
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Monadi, Reza, and Simeon Bird. "Improved selection of extremely red quasars with boxy C iv lines in BOSS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 511, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 3501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac294.
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ABSTRACT Extremely red quasars (ERQs) are an interesting sample of quasars in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Sample (BOSS) in the redshift range of 2.0–3.4 and have extreme red colours of i − W3 ≥ 4.6. Core ERQs have strong C iv emission lines with rest equivalent width of ≥100 Å. Many core ERQs also have C iv line profiles with peculiar boxy shapes which distinguish them from normal blue quasars. We show, using a combination of kernel density estimation and local outlier factor analyses on a space of the i − W3 colour, C iv rest equivalent width and line kurtosis, that core ERQs likely represent a separate population rather than a smooth transition between normal blue quasars and the quasars in the tail of the colour-REW distribution. We apply our analyses to find new criteria for selecting ERQs in this 3D parameter space. Our final selection produces 133 quasars, which are three times more likely to have a visually verified C iv broad absorption line feature than the previous core ERQ sample. We further show that our newly selected sample are extreme objects in the intersection of the WISE AGN catalogue with the MILLIQUAS quasar catalogue in the colour–colour space of (W1 − W2, W2 − W3). This paper validates an improved selection method for red quasars which can be applied to future data sets such as the quasar catalogue from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument.
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LE Minh, Phuong, Lachman Jaromír, KOTÍKOVÁ Zora, Orsák Matyáš, MICHLOVÁ Tereza, and MARTINEK Petr. "Selenium in colour-grained winter wheat and spring tritordeum." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 7 (July 19, 2017): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/259/2017-pse.
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Eighteen winter wheat cultivars with different grain colour (purple-, blue-, yellow- and red-grained) and three spring tritordeum yellow-grained cultivars and breeding lines were assessed for grain selenium (Se) content from the crop season 2014/2015 on the experimental field Agrotest fyto, Ltd., Kroměříž (Czech Republic). Se content has shown to be genotype dependent, with the highest contents in control red-grained cv. Bohemia (0.235 mg/kg dry matter (DM)) and yellow-grained cv. Bona Vita (0.229 mg/kg DM), and breeding lines V2 10–16 (blue-grained), KM 53–14 (blue-grained) and V2 15–16 (yellow-grained) winter wheats. In new spring tritordeums, average Se content was comparable (0.039 mg/kg DM) with purple pericarp wheats (0.042 mg/kg DM); in wheats with blue aleurone and yellow endosperm it was higher (0.057 mg/kg DM and 0.069 mg/kg DM). Although in most cultivars the Se contents were not significantly different, statistically significant differences were determined between the cvs. Bohemia and Bona Vita with the highest Se content and breeding line V2 31–16 with the lowest Se content as well as between the cv. Bohemia and breeding line KM 178–14. Grain colour of wheat cultivars and breeding lines affected Se content, so possible wheat genetic resources for use in the breeding process can be assessed. Diversity in certain wheat accessions offers genetic potential for developing cultivars with better ability to accumulate beneficial Se micronutrient in grains.
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Niu, Yang, Zhe Chen, Martin Stevens, and Hang Sun. "Divergence in cryptic leaf colour provides local camouflage in an alpine plant." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 4, 2017): 20171654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1654.
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The efficacy of camouflage through background matching is highly environment-dependent, often resulting in intraspecific colour divergence in animals to optimize crypsis in different visual environments. This phenomenon is largely unexplored in plants, although several lines of evidence suggest they do use crypsis to avoid damage by herbivores. Using Corydalis hemidicentra, an alpine plant with cryptic leaf colour, we quantified background matching between leaves and surrounding rocks in five populations based on an approximate model of their butterfly enemy's colour perception. We also investigated the pigment basis of leaf colour variation and the association between feeding risk and camouflage efficacy. We show that plants exhibit remarkable colour divergence between populations, consistent with differences in rock appearances. Leaf colour varies because of a different quantitative combination of two basic pigments—chlorophyll and anthocyanin—plus different air spaces. As expected, leaf colours are better matched against their native backgrounds than against foreign ones in the eyes of the butterfly. Furthermore, improved crypsis tends to be associated with a higher level of feeding risk. These results suggest that divergent cryptic leaf colour may have evolved to optimize local camouflage in various visual environments, extending our understanding of colour evolution and intraspecific phenotype diversity in plants.
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Sánchez-Marañón, M., R. Huertas, and M. Melgosa. "Colour variation in standard soil-colour charts." Soil Research 43, no. 7 (2005): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04169.
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This paper presents colourimetric analyses of 6 standard soil-colour charts (1372 chips) from different manufacturers, editions, and degrees of use. The CIELAB hab, L*, and C*ab were found to have significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) variations among tested charts, and the Munsell hue, value, and chroma measured in most chips varied from their notation by as much as 1 unit. This discrepancy can be attributed to printing differences and/or colour fading. The Munsell loci of constant hue and chroma plotted in CIELAB colour space showed that colour fading is not uniform, so that visual steps between neighbouring chips change, and constant hue and chroma lines become deformed. The colour difference between chips identically designated in two charts ranged from 0.94 CIEDE2000 units (above perception threshold) for charts from the same manufacturer and degree of use, to 3.72 CIEDE2000 units for old charts from 2 different manufacturers. Chips from old charts became yellowish, darker, and less saturated. These colour changes are consistent with the responses of 10 observers who, on assessing 10 soil-colour samples, reported Munsell notations to have redder hue, lighter value and greater chroma. Periodic colourimetric checking of soil-colour charts would be advisable in order to avoid mistakes in soil-colour description.
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Messina, Valeria, Pía Guadalupe Domínguez, Ana Maria Sancho, Noemi Walsöe de Reca, Fernando Carrari, and Gabriela Grigioni. "Tomato Quality during Short-Term Storage Assessed by Colour and Electronic Nose." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/687429.
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An assay based on an electronic olfactory system was set to evaluate tomato fruits by sensing the aromatic volatiles during postharvest storage of 21 days at C in darkness. Olfactory system measurements were coupled with colour values. Odour profile and senescence parameters were carried out at 7-day intervals. Discriminant function analysis applied to electronic nose data showed three components, accounting for 99.2% of the total variance. In the present assay, separation among groups according to storage time (0, 7, and 14 days) was observed for wildtype. Overexpressed (Money Maker) lines/plants of tomato showed difference between odour profile for day 0 and day 21, even tough a no clear discrimination between 7 and 14 days was observed. Fruit lost weight almost linearly with shelf life () presenting an averaged loss of 21% () for over-expressed (Money Maker) lines/plants, 13% () for silenced (Money Maker), and 14% () for wild type during 21 days of storage. Colour values , , and data showed that colour properties changed during storage for all the lines considered. Correlations between odour profiles and colour parameter were obtained showing that the electronic nose is a useful technique for monitoring short-term storage of tomato.
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Bulegeya, Victoria B., Mark W. Jones, Tryphone G. Muhamba, Biswanath Das, Peter R. Thomison, David M. Francis, and Margaret G. Redinbaugh. "Selecting for Coupling-Phase Recombination Between Potyvirus Resistance and White Endosperm Colour in Maize Preferred by Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)." Afrika Focus 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03202004.
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Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease caused by a combined infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any cereal infecting potyvirus is a threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Resistance to potyvirus has been extensively studied and Mdm1 gene for potyvirus resistance on chromosome 6 of maize is linked to Y1 gene for maize endosperm colour. This study is aimed at selecting for coupling-phase recombination of potyvirus resistance and white endosperm colour. White susceptible maize lines CML333 and CML277 were crossed with a yellow resistant line, Pa405, to produce F1 and F2 progenies. Progenies were screened using molecular markers to recover 22 white endosperm recombinants. 22 selections were advanced to F3 recombinant families, and 10 were assayed for their responses to Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Four families segregated for SCMV resistance, selection of homozygous recombinants within these families will provide lines appropriate for improving lines with resistance to SCMV and MLN resistance in SSA.
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Lampi Dique, José Eulário, César Pedro, Custódio Jorge José Fernando, Maria Da Luz Quinhentos, Ivan De Paiva Barbosa, Leonel Tarcísio da Cristina Bungala, Domingos Dias, António Arlindo Mendes, and José Eustáquio de Souza Carneiro. "Genetic Divergence and Selection of Genitors Aiming to Generate Variability in Common Bean Lines." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (October 27, 2022): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.912.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence between common bean strains from the breeding program of the Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique (IIAM)-Zonal Centre (CZC) and to identify potential genitors to generate segregating populations with high average and wide genetic variability. Five common bean lines were evaluated in a randomized block design with three repetitions. The quantitative traits evaluated were leaf area index, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, several pods per plant, 100 seed weight, and yield, while the qualitative traits were growth habit, epicotyl colour, leaf colour intensity, leaf roughness, fresh pod colour, grain colour, grain size, and flower colour. The data obtained were submitted to variance analysis and grouping of means by the Scott-Knott test. The relative importance of characters was evaluated by the Singh. Clustering was performed by the Tocher optimization method and distance projection in the 2D plane, using the generalized Mahalanobis distance as a measure of dissimilarity. The degree of preservation of genetic distances in the 2D plane was assessed by the Cohenetic Correlation Coefficient, distortion, and stress. The LPA54 and Bonus lines were highlighted by direct selection based on the performance per se of their characteristics. Genetic variability was checked for the trait’s days to 50% flowering several of pods per plant, and 100-seed weight and the strains were separated into two groups. The crosses between (G19833, LPA54, Manteiga, and Bonus) with the strain DOR364 there is the potential for obtaining hybrids with higher heterotic effect and segregating populations with high variability. The traits of 100-seed weight, pods per plant, epicotyl colour, and grain size were the most important in the discrimination of the strains
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Pawluk, Rebecca Jane, Carlos Garcia de Leaniz, Joanne Cable, Bernard Tiddeman, and Sofia Consuegra. "Colour plasticity in response to social context and parasitic infection in a self-fertilizing fish." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (July 2019): 181418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181418.
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Many animal species rely on changes in body coloration to signal social dominance, mating readiness and health status to conspecifics, which can in turn influence reproductive success, social dynamics and pathogen avoidance in natural populations. Such colour changes are thought to be controlled by genetic and environmental conditions, but their relative importance is difficult to measure in natural populations, where individual genetic variability complicates data interpretation. Here, we studied shifts in melanin-related body coloration in response to social context and parasitic infection in two naturally inbred lines of a self-fertilizing fish to disentangle the relative roles of genetic background and individual variation. We found that social context and parasitic infection had a significant effect on body coloration that varied between genetic lines, suggesting the existence of genotype by environment interactions. In addition, individual variation was also important for some of the colour attributes. We suggest that the genetic background drives colour plasticity and that this can maintain phenotypic variation in inbred lines, an adaptive mechanism that may be particularly important when genetic diversity is low.
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Knights, E. J., and R. J. Mailer. "Association of seed type and colour with establishment, yield and seed quality in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 3 (December 1989): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070003.
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SUMMARYUsing closely related inbred lines, the effects of selecting for two contrasting seed types (desi and kabuli) and colours (brown and white) were determined for a number of agronomic and seed characters in chickpea. Plant establishment was 53% higher in desi types than in kabuli types, and 20% higher in brown-seeded lines than in white-seeded lines. Increased contents of tannins in testas of brown seeds were associated with the seed colour response, whereas the difference in establishment between desi and kabuli types was probably a function of the thicker desi testa. Differences in yield due to seed type and colour reflected differences in establishment, but were smaller in magnitude.Seed type was clearly associated with testa fraction and fibre content. Desi seeds averaged 15·7% testa and 13·2% acid detergent fibre, but kabuli seeds contained only 6·7% testa and 5·6% fibre. In contrast, the crude protein content of kabuli seeds was 1·4 percentage points higher than that of desi seeds. Testa and fibre contents of brown kabuli seeds were significantly greater than those of white kabuli seeds, although the differences were smaller than those between desi and kabuli types.Decortication was satisfactory for white desi seeds, but for white kabuli seeds it gave rise to highly fragmented cotyledons which were often contaminated with attached testa. Brown kabuli seeds produced a sample of intermediate quality. It is suggested that, with some genetic improvements and processing refinements, brown kabuli genotypes could be developed as dual-purpose chickpeas, having both culinary and stockfeed uses.
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Al- Kaisi, Haitham Rajab. "Comparison of the Production Performance of the third Generation Among four lines Selection on the Basis of Plumage Color in Quail." Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.4.7.
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This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of the third-generation of quails selected according to the color of the plumage to produce a hybrid line distinguished by the productive performance depending on the color of the plumage. 48 females of different plumage (Black, Golden, White and Brown) were compared and transferred at the age of five weeks. To a hall dedicated to breeding containing rooms with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 40 cm and numbered. The females were randomly distributed to the rooms individually and for each line (12 females). The results of the study showed that there were significant (p≤0.05) differences in the effect of the colour of the plumage selection according to each line (golden, brown, white and black) in the average body weight at the age of five and six weeks, body weight at sexual maturity, weight of eggs produced within 60 days, and the number of days required to produce the first 60 eggs And mass of eggs during 60 days, while there was no significant effect between the plumage colour lines in the trait of average age at sexual maturity, weight of the first egg, number of days needed to produce the first 30 eggs, and number of eggs produced during 60 days. As for the phenotypic correlations, a positive and highly significant phenotypic correlation was found between the traits of body weight at five and six weeks of age and body weight at sexual maturity, as well as between egg weight, body weight at sexual maturity and egg mass.
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Borges, M., P. Bose, H. G. Frank, P. Kaufmann, and A. J. G. Pötgens. "A Two-Colour Fluorescence Assay for the Measurement of Syncytial Fusion between Trophoblast-Derived Cell Lines." Placenta 24, no. 10 (November 2003): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-4004(03)00173-5.
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Heneen, W. K., and R. B. Jørgensen. "Cytology, RAPD, and seed colour of progeny plants from Brassica rapa-alboglabra aneuploids and development of monosomic addition lines." Genome 44, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-095.
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Progeny plants from Brassica rapa-alboglabra aneuploids were characterized genetically by scoring random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and seed colour and cytologically as to chromosome number and pairing. Sets of RAPD markers specific for each of the encountered eight alien Brassica alboglabra chromosomes were defined. The finding of subsets of markers associated with the presence or absence of alien chromosomes inferred the frequent occurrence of intergenomic genetic recombination and introgression. The chromosome numbers were in the range 2n = 2028, with a maximum of seven alien B. alboglabra chromosomes and one trisomic B. rapa chromosome. Five types of monosomic addition lines were obtained, two of which have not been developed before. Differences in chromatin condensation patterns made it possible to differentiate between the B. rapa and B. alboglabra chromosomes at diakinesis, and to detect intergenomic homoeological pairing. In addition to the frequent formation of trivalents by homoeologous pairing of an alien B. alboglabra chromosome and a background B. rapa pair, occasional heteromorphic intergenomic bivalents and B. rapa univalents were encountered. Homoeological intergenomic pairing occurred between chromosomes with similar centromeric and karyotypic positions. Plants with structurally changed alien chromosomes were found. The RAPD and cytological data substantiated each other. Observations of the colour of sown and harvested seeds indicated that B. alboglabra chromosome 4 carries a gene for brown seed colour. It exerts its control embryonically, and thus it differs from chromosome 1 which controls seed colour maternally.Key words: Brassica rapa-alboglabra, monosomic addition line, chromosome homoeology, RAPD markers, seed colour.
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Epstein, Hannah E., Joshua M. Hallas, Rebecca Fay Johnson, Alessandra Lopez, and Terrence M. Gosliner. "Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 116–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly048.
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Kolláth, Zoltán, Dénes Száz, Kai Pong Tong, and Kornél Kolláth. "The Colour of the Night Sky." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090090.
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The measurement of night sky quality has become an important task in night sky conservation. Modern measurement techniques involve mainly a calibrated digital camera or a spectroradiometer. However, panchromatic devices are still prevalent to this day, even in the absence of determining the spectral information of the night sky. In the case of multispectral measurements, colour information is currently presented in multiple ways. One of the most frequently used metrics is correlated colour temperature (CCT), which is not without its limitation for the purpose of describing especially the colour of natural night sky. Moreover, visually displaying the colour of the night sky in a quantitatively meaningful way has not attracted sufficient attention in the community of astronomy and light pollution research—most photographs of the night sky are post-processed in a way for aesthetic attractiveness rather than accurate representation of the night sky. The spectrum of the natural night sky varies in a wide range depending on solar activity and atmospheric properties. The most noticeable variation in the visible range is the variation of the atomic emission lines, primarily the green oxygen and orange sodium emission. Based on the accepted models of night sky emission, we created a random spectral database which represents the possible range of night sky radiance distribution. We used this spectral database as a learning set, to create a colour transformation between different colour spaces. The spectral sensitivity of some digital cameras is also used to determine an optimal transformation matrix from camera defined coordinates to real colours. The theoretical predictions were extended with actual spectral measurements in order to test the models and check the local constituents of night sky radiance. Here, we present an extended modelling of night sky colour and recommendations of its consistent measurement, as well as methods of visualising the colour of night sky in a consistent way, namely using the false colour enhancement.
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Szała, Laurencja, Zygmunt Kaczmarek, Marcin Matuszczak, and Teresa Cegielska-Taras. "Genetic Variability in a Population of Oilseed Rape DH Lines Developed from F1 Hybrids of a Cross between Black- and Yellow-Seeded DH Lines. II. Seed Quality." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030340.
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One of the main reasons for oilseed rape breeding is to improve the quality and composition of seeds by increasing fat and protein content, and to reduce dietary fibre. We attempted to obtain such varieties by crossing two DH lines of winter oilseed rape of different origin, H2-26 and Z-114, which have black and yellow seeds, respectively. The cross was followed by in vitro androgenesis, resulting in a population of 44 DH lines that were studied in a field experiment over two seasons. The following characters of the resulting seeds were analysed: fat, protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, glucosinolate content and seed colour. The main objective was to check the variability of the DH lines obtained from F1 hybrid black- and yellow-seeded oilseed rape. The range of variability of the DH lines significantly exceeded the range of variability of the parental lines for all traits. These experiments showed that by choosing the appropriate parental genotypes of oilseed rape it is possible to break the negative correlation between protein and fat content. The high level of heritability of traits related to seed quality raises the possibility of improving breeding lines through selection based on phenotype.
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Getinet, A., and G. Rakow. "Repression of seed coat pigmentation in Ethiopian mustard." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-152.
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The inheritance of seed colour in Brassica carinata A. Braun was investigated in backcross and F2 generations derived from two crosses between the brown seeded cultivar S-67 and two, true breeding, yellow seeded lines, PGRC/E 21164 and PGRC/E 21224 of the Plant Gene Resources Centre of Ethiopia. F1 seed was identical in colour to self-pollinated seed borne on the respective brown and yellow seeded parents indicating maternal control of seed colour in B. carinata. F1 plants of reciprocal crosses produced yellow seed that was somewhat darker than that of the yellow-seeded parent indicating incomplete dominance of yellow over brown. Backcross F1 plants, derived from the backcross to the brown parent, segregated brown and light yellow-brown/yellow seeded plants in a 1:1 ratio, while backcrosses to both yellow seeded parents produced only light yellow-brown/yellow seeded plants. The F2 generation segregated brown and light yellow-brown/yellow seeded plants in a 1:3 ratio. These results are in contrast to seed colour inheritance pattern observed in other Brassica species, where brown seed colour was fully or partially dominant over yellow. The apparent dominance of the absence of a gene product in yellow seed over its presence in brown seed, was explained by the presence of a dominant repressor gene (Rp) in yellow seed which inhibits the expression of seed coat pigment synthesis genes. The repressor gene is absent in brown seeded plants. The significance of this finding in relation to the development of yellow seeded lines in other Brassica species is discussed. Key words: Brassica carinata, seed colour inheritance, repressor
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Burbulis, N., and L. S. Kott. "A new yellow-seeded canola genotype originating from double low black-seeded Brassica napus cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-030.
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A new source of yellow-seeded Brassica napus canola has been identified in doubled haploid progeny, from a cross between the two black-seeded spring cultivars, Star and Bolero. Six yellow-seeded doubled haploid lines were extracted from the F1 generation of this cross. The yellow-seeded doubled haploid lines and some of their progeny showed differences in yellow seed colour expression in different temperature environments, among the 11 lines investigated. Similar populations of plants grown in daily maximum temperatures of 20, 28 and over 30°C showed increasing seed yellowness in the hot temperature and were darker in colour in the cool environments. Oil quality and fatty acid profiles were compared between yellow and dark seeded pairs. Although percent oil showed no overall trend in direction of change, oleic acid increased on average by 10%, while linolenic acid decreased by 5% under warmer growing conditions. Glucosinolate levels were stable between the yellow-seeded and dark-seeded pairs grown in either hot or cool temperatures. The yellow-seeded inbreds retained canola quality. Preliminary inheritance ratios suggest that this trait might be governed by fewer than three genes, and PCR analysis indicates that different genes may be involved here than those for the yellow-seeded genotypes previously published, which were derived from interspecific crosses. Key words: Brassica napus, yellow seed, temperature, oil quality
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Estévez, Oscar. "Interindividual Receptor Variability of Normal Colour Observers: Analysis of the 2-Deg Stiles and Burch Data." Perception 15, no. 6 (December 1986): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p150677.
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Examination of the interobserver variability among the ten observers of the 2-deg Stiles and Burch colorimetric study reveals an interesting pattern: the chromaticities of the matches made by different normal subjects fall approximately on straight lines and these lines appear to converge. Because of a geometric relationship that holds between the normal, anomalous, and dichromatic colour spaces, it can be argued that part of the variability must be due to actual differences in the shape or spectral position of the receptor sensitivities of different normal observers.
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GOULART, PAULO R. K., MARCIO L. BANDEIRA, DANIELA TSUBOTA, NESTOR N. OIWA, MARCELO F. COSTA, and DORA F. VENTURA. "A computer-controlled color vision test for children based on the Cambridge Colour Test." Visual Neuroscience 25, no. 3 (May 2008): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080589.
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The present study aimed at providing conditions for the assessment of color discrimination in children using a modified version of the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT, Cambridge Research Systems Ltd., Rochester, UK). Since the task of indicating the gap of the Landolt C used in that test proved counterintuitive and/or difficult for young children to understand, we changed the target stimulus to a patch of color approximately the size of the Landolt C gap (about 7° of visual angle at 50 cm from the monitor). The modifications were performed for the CCT Trivector test which measures color discrimination for the protan, deutan and tritan confusion lines. Experiment 1 sought to evaluate the correspondence between the CCT and the child-friendly adaptation with adult subjects (n = 29) with normal color vision. Results showed good agreement between the two test versions. Experiment 2 tested the child-friendly software with children 2 to 7 years old (n = 25) using operant training techniques for establishing and maintaining the subjects' performance. Color discrimination thresholds were progressively lower as age increased within the age range tested (2 to 30 years old), and the data—including those obtained for children—fell within the range of thresholds previously obtained for adults with the CCT. The protan and deutan thresholds were consistently lower than tritan thresholds, a pattern repeatedly observed in adults tested with the CCT. The results demonstrate that the test is fit for assessment of color discrimination in young children and may be a useful tool for the establishment of color vision thresholds during development.
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Roberts-Borsani, G. W., R. S. Ellis, and N. Laporte. "Interpreting the Spitzer/IRAC colours of 7 ≤ z ≤ 9 galaxies: distinguishing between line emission and starlight using ALMA." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 497, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 3440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2085.
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ABSTRACT Prior to the launch of JWST, Spitzer/IRAC photometry offers the only means of studying the rest-frame optical properties of z >7 galaxies. Many such high-redshift galaxies display a red [3.6]−[4.5] micron colour, often referred to as the ‘IRAC excess’, which has conventionally been interpreted as arising from intense [O iii]+H β emission within the [4.5] micron bandpass. An appealing aspect of this interpretation is similarly intense line emission seen in star-forming galaxies at lower redshift as well as the redshift-dependent behaviour of the IRAC colours beyond z ∼ 7 modelled as the various nebular lines move through the two bandpasses. In this paper, we demonstrate that, given the photometric uncertainties, established stellar populations with Balmer (4000 Å rest frame) breaks, such as those inferred at z > 9 where line emission does not contaminate the IRAC bands, can equally well explain the redshift-dependent behaviour of the IRAC colours in 7 ≲ z ≲ 9 galaxies. We discuss possible ways of distinguishing between the two hypotheses using ALMA measures of [O iii] λ88 micron and dust continuum fluxes. Prior to further studies with JWST, we show that the distinction is important in determining the assembly history of galaxies in the first 500 Myr.
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ZHOU, Xiaohui, Songyu LIU, Yaping LIU, Jun LIU, Yan YANG, Dan WANG, and Yong ZHUANG. "Extensive transcriptome changes underlying the fruit skin colour intensity variation in purple eggplant." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 12434. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49312434.
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Fruit skin colour intensity is one of the most important economic traits of purple eggplant. A wide diversity for fruit skin colour intensity exists in purple eggplant and the accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls of fruit skin mainly affected colour intensity. However, limited information is available contributing to the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit skin colour intensity variation in purple eggplant. In the present study, variation of two purple eggplant advanced lines EP26 and EP28, with different fruit skin colour intensity was investigated. Higher anthocyanin contents and lower chlorophyll contents were observed in EP26 with deeper fruit skin colour intensity at two developmental stages. Comparative transcriptome analysis of EP26 and EP28 identified a total of 2218 differential expressed genes (DEGs) at two developmental stages. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. In addition, a total of 131 transcription factors including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and NAC exhibited dynamic changes, which might be responsible for the variation of fruit pigments accumulation between EP26 and EP28. Taken together, these results expand our knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying fruit skin colour intensity variation in eggplant, which allowing for improvement of fruit coloration in eggplant breeding.
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Premadi, Premana W., and A. Sitti Maryam. "SFR Relation with Galaxy Environment and Colour at z between 0.03 and 0.1." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S235 (August 2006): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306006387.
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This work is a preliminary result of our attempt to examine the use of SFR in the study of galaxy evolution. For this purpose we use the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 2 (SDSS DR2) Abazajian et al. (2004) and the SFR Catalogue generated from this data set by Brinchmann et al. (2004) and Kaufmann et al. (2003). Following Kewley et al. (2001) we use the Diagnostic Diagram, log ([OIII]/Hβ) vs log ([NII]/Hα), to separate the star forming galaxies from other emission lines sources such as AGN. Choosing only those with S/N > 3 out of the Brinchmann et al. (2004) catalogue, we arrive at about 200 thousand galaxies as our starting SFR subsample. With 0.05 < z < 0.22 and limit at r = 17.77, the subsample can be used to reconstruct the properties of a volume limited sample of galaxies with M* = 6 1010Modot. We benefit from the fact that Brinchmann et al. (2004) SFR Catalogue has already been aperture-corrected using the likelihood distribution P(SFR/Li/colour) scheme. For the environment, we use the data generated by Kaufmann et al. (2003), and arrive at about 40 thousand target galaxies. In this work the environment is characterised by the number (N=0-30) of neighbouring galaxies within a projected radius of 2 Mpc and velocity di.erence of 500km/s from each target galaxy, and the magnitude limit is 14.5 < r < 17.77.
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Leisle, D., M. I. Kovacs, and N. Howes. "Inheritance and linkage relationships of gliadin proteins and glume color in durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-107.
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Reciprocal backcross lines of two crosses were used to study the inheritance and linkage relationships of gliadin bands 42 and 45, as determined by polyacrylimide gel electrophoresis, and glume color in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). Glume color was monogenically inherited, with partial dominance of buff color. Gliadin bands 42 and 45 were each controlled by one gene, located 7.87 ± 2.39 and 10.32 ± 2.44 crossover units, respectively, from the gene for glume color. Gliadin band 42 was always associated with bands 31 and 35. Gluten strength, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation test, related closely to the genetics of gliadin bands 42 and 45, with the heterozygous band 42/45 types falling midway between the weak gluten homozygous band 42 and strong gluten homozygous band 45 types. Gluten strength data indicated that at least one additional gene, independent of those controlling these gliadins, is also involved.Key words: Triticum, gliadin, glume colour, linkage.
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Innes, James, Sebastian Brandner, and Silvia Marino. "Multi-colour lineage tracing to asses intra-tumour heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_4 (October 2019): iv1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz167.001.
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Abstract Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents nearly 50% of all malignant brain tumours. Molecular and genomic diagnostics are beginning to unravel the variation between individual tumours. However, there is growing evidence that cellular heterogeneity exists within a single malignancy. Singe cell analysis has demonstrated the presence of subpopulations corresponding to distinct expression profiles. Objective and experimental approach characterisation of the intratumor heterogeneity is essential to understand biological behaviour and therapy response. Through combining a genetically labelled mouse model (rosa26-confetti lineage tracing locus) with genetically engineered GBM model we can label distinct cellular lineages. Results For three-dimensional imaging of these fluorescently labelled tumours we have optimised tissue clearing protocols. Fluorescence activated sorting of genetically labelled tumour cells identifies distinct populations within single tumours. With these techniques can now interrogate the spatial organisation of clones across large areas and we can compare distinct tumour lineages. Outlook Currently, we are engineering human glioblastoma cell lines with genetic fluorescent labels for lineage tracing. Several genetically characterised human cell lines are available for which novel therapeutic targets have been identified. We will apply our lineage tracing approach to investigate the clonal effects of these tailored therapeutics.
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Danilova, M. V., and J. D. Mollon. "Superior discrimination for hue than for saturation and an explanation in terms of correlated neural noise." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1831 (May 25, 2016): 20160164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0164.
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The precision of human colour discrimination depends on the region of colour space in which measurements are made and on the direction in which the compared colours—the discriminanda—differ. Working in a MacLeod–Boynton chromaticity diagram scaled so that thresholds at the white point were equal for the two axes, we made measurements at reference points lying on lines that passed at 45° or −45° through the white point. At a given reference chromaticity, we measured thresholds either for saturation (i.e. for discriminanda lying radially along the line passing through the white point) or for hue (i.e. for discriminanda lying on a tangent of a circle passing through the reference point and centred on the white point). The discriminanda always straddled the reference point in chromaticity. The attraction of this arrangement is that the two thresholds can be expressed in common units. All that differs between saturation and hue measurements is the phase with which the short-wave signal is combined with the long-/middle-wave signal. Except for chromaticities very close to the white point, saturation thresholds were systematically higher than hue thresholds. We offer a possible explanation in terms of correlated neural noise.
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Geiger, Jeffrey. "Exquisite wonder: Colour film, realism and the Yankee voyage, 1936–38." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00015_1.
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This article looks at rare Kodachrome film taken across Oceania, mostly shot by a skilled amateur filmmaker, Edmund Zacher, to document the circumnavigation of the famous clipper Yankee. There are three intertwined lines of inquiry traced here. The first explores relations between US imperialism, moving image media and a popular imaginary, considering how experiences of virtual travel engage with cultural ideology. The second examines how this footage may be interpreted: how might critical frameworks brought to bear on amateur non-fiction differ from those commonly applied to professional and narrative fiction film? A key reference point is the theory of cinematic gesture developed by Giorgio Agamben, who expands on the work of Gilles Deleuze and his notion of the movement image. This stress on gesture and on the mediality of moving images leads towards a third key area under consideration: colour and the (then) new medium of Kodachrome. Homing in on relations between colour stock and motion picture realism, this study explores the ways that Kodachrome colour might have affected broader perceptions of the world itself.
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Rahajeng, S. M., A. N. Sugiharto, and T. Wardayati. "Colchicine-induced mutation for new line development of tropical maize (Zea mays L.)." Food Research 5, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).594.
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This research aimed to identify colchicine-induced tropical Yellow Corn characters and their potential in superior traits development. Single cross was applied to colchicine mutant line with tester line, INOAXM2 yellow and white seeds, to observe and test the characters enrichment of colchicine mutant, while pure line tester of sweet corn (OP-SBX) was used to observe the enhancement of germination and growth rate. Analysis of various quantitative data was determined using F test at the level of 5%, continued with Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the level of 5%. Potential characters and its inheritance pattern were determined by a descriptive statistical approach. Overall, germination and growth test of mutant show significant improvement when mutant crossed with tester lines. According to qualitative characters analysis of mutant line and its single way, it is found that glum colour is influenced by the male parent (Paternal Effect), while seed colour is determined by the female (Maternal Effect). From mutant M1 to M4, quantitative mutant (INFM) characters showed significant differences between lines within one generation and revealed improvements in single cross progeny. Single cross between colchicine line and tester mutant (IONAXM2) presents significant differences in all cobs characters (cob length, number of seeds in a row, number of rows, cob dry weight, and weight of 100 seeds (g) and reveals higher value compared to other lines. Mid-parent heterosis of single cross progeny of mutants was high for cob dry weight, those were 202.38% and 166.67%. The chromosomes observation of pink and yellow seeds of colchicine mutants revealed the presence of diploid, triploid, and euploid chromosomes, which verify chromosomal changes inside colchicine mutant lines.
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Szakács, É., and M. Molnár-Láng. "Development and molecular cytogenetic identification of new winter wheat – winter barley (‘Martonvásári 9 kr1’ – ‘Igri’) disomic addition lines." Genome 50, no. 1 (January 2007): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-134.
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This paper describes a series of winter wheat – winter barley disomic addition lines developed from hybrids between winter wheat line Triticum aestivum L. ‘Martonvásári 9 kr1’ and the German 2-rowed winter barley cultivar Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Igri’. The barley chromosomes in a wheat background were identified from the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) patterns obtained with various combinations of repetitive DNA probes: GAA–HvT01 and pTa71–HvT01. The disomic addition lines 2H, 3H, and 4H and the 1HS isochromosome were identified on the basis of a 2-colour FISH with the DNA probe pairs GAA–pAs1, GAA–HvT01, and pTa71–HvT01. Genomic in situ hybridization was used to confirm the presence of the barley chromosomes in the wheat genome. The identification of the barley chromosomes in the addition lines was further confirmed with simple-sequence repeat markers. The addition lines were also characterized morphologically.
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Carvalho, Paulo Levi De Oliveira, Edmar Soares de Vasconcelos, Rodrigo Daniel Ansolin, Kelly Aparecida Lorscheiter, Poliana Caroline da Silva Chambo, Silvana Teixeira Carvalho, Ana Lúcia Almeida Santana, Aparecida Da Costa Oliveira, and Jansller Luiz Genova. "Performance and carcass traits of different commercial pig lines." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 5 (October 26, 2016): 3317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5p3317.
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The study objective was to evaluate the performance and the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits of three different commercial pig lines. Seventy-two animals were included, 24 animals of each lineage, 36 females and 36 immunocastrated males, with an initial and final average weight of 26 ± 6.5 kg and 139.49 ± 4.05 kg, respectively. These animals were identified and distributed in randomised blocks in a 2 x 3 factorial analysis (two sexes and three lineages) with three replicates per treatment and four animals per experimental unit. The daily gain (kg), feed conversion (kg kg-1), daily feed intake (kg), carcass weight (kg), backfat thickness (mm), loin depth (mm), lean meat percentage (%) lean beef kilograms (kg), marbling, water loss by leaking (%), water loss by defrosting (%), water loss by cooking (%), shear force (kgf cm2 -1) and objective colour were measured. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means (Tukey’s test) of 5%. There was no interaction between factors, and evaluating the factors separately did not yield significant differences between the lineages for any of the evaluated parameters. For the gender factor, a difference was obtained only for loin depth during the growth phase, lean meat percentage and defrosting water loss. Overall, the evaluated commercial lines were similar and gender influenced some performance parameters.
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Mahmood, T., M. H. Rahman, G. R. Stringam, J. P. Raney, and A. G. Good. "Molecular markers for seed colour in Brassica juncea." Genome 48, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-122.
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A detailed RFLP map was used to map QTLs associated with seed colour in Brassica juncea using a doubled-haploid population derived from a cross between a black/brown-seeded cultivar and a yellow-seeded breeding line. Segregation analysis suggested that seed colour was under control of 2 unlinked loci with duplicate gene action. However, QTL analysis revealed 3 QTLs, SC-B4, SC-A10 and SC-A6, affecting seed colour. The QTLs were consistent across environments, and individually explained 43%, 31%, and 16%, respectively, and collectively 62% of the phenotypic variation in the population. Digenic interaction analysis showed that closest flanking locus of QTL SC-B4, wg7b6cNM, had strong epistasis with the locus wg5a1a, which is tightly linked to QTL SC-A6. The interaction of these 2 loci explained 27% of the phenotypic variation in the population, while the whole model explained 84%. In a multiple regression model, the effects of QTL SC-A10, as well as its interaction with other loci, were non-significant, whereas the effects of loci wg7b6cNM and wg5a1a and their interaction were significant. Ninety-eight percent of the DH lines carried the expected alleles of loci wg7b6cNM and wg5a1a for seed colour, confirming that only these 2 loci were linked to seed colour in B. juncea. Four additional digenic interactions significantly affected seed colour, and all 5 digenic interactions were consistent across environments.Key words: epistasis, Brassica juncea, seed colour, quantitative trait loci, molecular mapping.
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Onstein, Renske E., Daphne N. Vink, Jorin Veen, Christopher D. Barratt, S. G. A. Flantua, Serge A. Wich, and W. Daniel Kissling. "Understanding the relationship between fruit colour and primate vision requires multiple lines of evidence. A reply to Heymann & Fuzessy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1943 (January 20, 2021): 20202981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2981.
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LIPSA, Florin Daniel, Rod SNOWDON, Benjamin WITTKOP, and Wolfgang FRIEDT. "QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC ACIDS IN OILSEED RAPE MEAL." Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment 55, no. 2 (190) (January 16, 2023): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/alse-552051.
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Rapeseed meal, a by-product of oilseed extraction related to the agri-food and biofuel industries due to its favourable composition of essential amino acids, is currently utilised for animal feed. In this study, 166 doubled haploid (DH) rapeseed lines from the segregating Brassica napus doubled haploid population YE2-DH were genetically and chemically analysed for phenolic acids. The relationship between seed colour and phenolic acid fractions in B. napus was investigated using these analyses to improve the quality of rapeseed meal. High-performance liquid chromatography assays were used to estimate phenolic acid content, and the outcomes were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). Nine quantitative feature loci for three distinct phenolic acid compounds were mapped to seven linkage groups. A minor QTL for sinapine was located on linkage group C05 in the same interval as the QTL for seed colour. On chromosome A09, two loci for phenolic acids colocalised with the main QTL for seed colour. Closely linked molecular markers for the target traits (seed colour, phenolic acids) identified during this study could be useful tools for breeding new oilseed rape cultivars with lower levels of antinutritive compounds.
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Oktaviani, Eka, Suprayogi Suprayogi, and Zulfa Ulinnuha. "Amylose profile and rice grain morphology of selected F6 lines derived from a crossing of Black Rice and Mentik Wangi for the development of waxy pigmented rice." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 6, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.61867.
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Research on rice plant breeding to get superior black rice varieties with tender rice texture can be carried out by crossing Black Rice and Mentik Wangi variety. The rice lines derived from a crossing of these two varieties have recently reached the F6 line. The texture of rice is distinguished by the amylose content. The lower of the rice amylose, the more tender of the rice texture, and vice versa. This study aimed to find out the profile of amylose content and the grains morphology of the lines that will be developed as waxy pigmented rice. Analysis of amylose content was carried out using iodine-colorimetry methods. The quantification of amylose was measured based on the regression of the standard amylose curve. The results showed that all the F6 lines had the potential to be developed as waxy pigmented rice. Based on the Kruskall Wallis test, there was a variance in the amylose profile average of the eight genotypes. In terms of grains morphology, the line 482-17-7 and 482-17-18 had a combination colour between the two parents. In addition, there was a significant difference in grains size between the genotypes and the grain size of all lines were classified in the medium size. F6 lines resulted from the crossing between Black Rice and Mentik Wangi are recommended to be used as superior varieties of waxy pigmented rice.
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Frary, A., S. Doganlar, A. Frampton, T. Fulton, J. Uhlig, H. Yates, and S. Tanksley. "Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for improved fruit characteristics from Lycopersicon chmielewskii chromosome 1." Genome 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-122.
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The near-isogenic line (NIL) TA1150 contains a 56-cM introgression from Lycopersicon chmielewskii chromosome 1 and has several interesting phenotypic characteristics including fruit with orange color, high levels of soluble solids, thick pericarp, small stem scars, and good firmness. A set of overlapping recombinant lines (subNILs) was developed and field tested to fine map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling these traits. The results indicated that the solids, pericarp thickness, and firmness QTL are distinct from the color locus. Several of the QTL mapped in this study, including the soluble-solids QTL, probably correspond to QTL mapped in other wild species of tomato. However, analysis of a set of TA523 subNILs containing complementary introgressions from Lycopesicon hirsutum chromosome 1 suggests that this wild species may contain a different locus for improved soluble solids. Thus, it might be possible to combine the L. chmielewskii and L. hirsutum alleles for these loci in a single line with the potential for extremely highly soluble solids. The TA1150 subNIL TA1688 contains the smallest introgression of the solids locus (approximately 19 cM), as well as the pericarp thickness and firmness QTL, with a yield that was equivalent to two of the three control lines. Isolation of recombinant subNILs from TA1688 should break the linkage between orange color and high solids and provide a small introgressed segment for marker-assisted breeding and genetic improvement of processing tomato.Key words: tomato, QTL, soluble solids, Brix, colour.
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Ristic, M., and K. Damme. "Significance of pH-value for meat quality of broilers: Influence of breed lines." Veterinarski glasnik 67, no. 1-2 (2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1302067r.
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For determination of poultry quality shortly after slaughtering, physical criteria (pH-value, conductivity, colour, juice retention) are of importance. However, they are affected by breeding, transport, cooling and the storage period. PH-values of breast meat (genetically structured material) were recorded shortly after slaughtering (15 min p.m.) and differences between breeding line and gender were found (n=5109). The pH1-values ranged from 5.50 to 6.79. Male broilers showed significantly lower pH1-values than female ones (6.02:6.10). There were also significant differences concerning breeding line and gender. Meat quality (PSE, DFD) of broilers can be recorded quickly and accurately determining the pH1-value of breast meat. Threshold ranges to be considered are ? 5.8 (PSE), 5.9-6.2 (standard meat properties) and ? 6.3 (DFD). This classification is not to be compared to the deviation of pork.
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Soto, David, and Glyn W. Humphreys. "Automatic Selection of Irrelevant Object Features Through Working Memory." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 3 (January 2009): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.3.165.
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Recent research has shown that the contents of working memory (WM) can guide the early deployment of attention in visual search. Here, we assessed whether this guidance occurred for all attributes of items held in WM, or whether effects are based on just the attributes relevant for the memory task. We asked observers to hold in memory just the shape of a coloured object and to subsequently search for a target line amongst distractor lines, each embedded within a different object. On some trials, one of the objects in the search display could match the shape, the colour or both dimensions of the cue, but this object never contained the relevant target line. Relative to a neutral baseline, where there was no match between the memory and the search displays, search performance was impaired when a distractor object matched both the colour and the shape of the memory cue. The implications for the understanding of the interaction between WM and selection are discussed.
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Poggianti, B. M., and G. Barbaro. "Galaxy Evolution in Distant Clusters." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 171 (1996): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900233512.
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A significant evolution has been detected in intermediate redshift clusters (z < 0.9), first by photometric studies ([1], [2]), which showed an excess of blue objects; subsequent spectroscopic studies revealed anomalies in most of the galaxies, mainly consisting of excessively strong Balmer lines. In order to explain the spectroscopic observations, bursts of star formation superimposed to the traditional scenario of galactic evolution are needed. The analysis of spectral lines and colours by means of an evolutionary synthesis model ([3]), including both the stellar contribution and the emission of the ionized gas, allows in most of the cases the determination of the time elapsed since the end of the burst and the fraction of galactic mass involved in it. In the clusters considered (AC103, AC114, AC118 at z = 0.31, [4]), the theoretical analysis demonstrates that the bursts affect substantial galactic mass fractions, typically 30 % or more. The observations can be equally well reproduced by either elliptical+burst models or by spiral+burst models in which the star formation is truncated at the end of the burst. The analysis of an UV colour such as (1550-V) is proposed as a valid method to distinguish between the two cases for Hδ strong red galaxies.
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Regan, David. "Orientation Discrimination for Bars Defined by Orientation Texture." Perception 24, no. 10 (October 1995): 1131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241131.
Full textAbstract:
A texture pattern consisting of short (0.2 deg) lines contained a 5.0 deg × 1.4 deg texture-defined bar. The bar was rendered visible by the difference in orientation (2θ) between the lines inside the bar and outside the bar. Orientation-discrimination threshold for the texture-defined bar was a U-shaped function of 2θ over the range 2θ = 0° to 2θ = 180°. The lowest threshold was at 2θ = 90°, and was 0.57° for both subjects tested. This threshold was little different from the lowest values of threshold for motion-defined bars, disparity-defined bars, and colour-defined gratings reported elsewhere. A luminance-defined bar was created by switching off all texture lines outside the texture-defined bar. Orientation-discrimination threshold fell to a limiting value as the luminance contrast of this bar was progressively increased. The lowest value of orientation discrimination for the luminance-defined bar (0.42° and 0.35° for the two subjects) was not greatly less than the lowest value for the texture-defined bar.
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Van der Veken, Frederik F. "Working with Wilson Lines." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516600429.
Full textAbstract:
We present an algorithm to express Wilson lines that are defined on piecewise linear paths in function of their individual segments, reducing the number of diagrams needed to be calculated. The important step lies in the observation that different linear path topologies can be related to each other using their color structure. This framework allows one to easily switch results between different Wilson line topologies, which is helpful when testing different structures against each other.
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Demir, E., and A. Balkaya. "Seed development stages of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) genotypes in Turkey." Horticultural Science 32, No. 4 (November 23, 2011): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3781-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
This research determined the stages of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) seed development in Samsun province, Turkey, between 2002 and 2003. Plants of inbred kale lines (55TE07, 55TK09, 52PE09, 61ÇY01 and 67DE01) were grown. On the basis of seed and embryo colour, seed morphology (seed length, seed width and embryo length), seed development can be divided into 7 discrete but contiguous stages. The germination rate of inbred lines was at its maximum, or near to its maximum, until the seed moisture declined to 50%. Germination rates reached a maximum level at 65 days after pollination (DAP). It was concluded that kale seeds should be harvested when pods became brown in stage 7 (65 DAP). This study will be used for comparisons with seed development in other Brassica species.