Journal articles: 'Colour proof'

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Calude, Cristian S., and Elena Calude. "The complexity of the four colour theorem." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 13 (August 27, 2010): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157009000461.

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AbstractThe four colour theorem states that the vertices of every planar graph can be coloured with at most four colours so that no two adjacent vertices receive the same colour. This theorem is famous for many reasons, including the fact that its original 1977 proof includes a non-trivial computer verification. Recently, a formal proof of the theorem was obtained with the equational logic program Coq [G. Gonthier, ‘Formal proof–the four color theorem’,Notices of Amer. Math. Soc.55 (2008) no. 11, 1382–1393]. In this paper we describe an implementation of the computational method introduced by C. S. Calude and co-workers [Evaluating the complexity of mathematical problems. Part 1’,Complex Systems18 (2009) 267–285; A new measure of the difficulty of problems’,J. Mult. Valued Logic Soft Comput.12 (2006) 285–307] to evaluate the complexity of the four colour theorem. Our method uses a Diophantine equational representation of the theorem. We show that the four colour theorem is in the complexity class ℭU,4. For comparison, the Riemann hypothesis is in class ℭU,3while Fermat’s last theorem is in class ℭU,1.

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KIERSTEAD, H. A., and A. V. KOSTOCHKA. "A Short Proof of the Hajnal–Szemerédi Theorem on Equitable Colouring." Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 17, no. 2 (March 2008): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548307008619.

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A proper vertex colouring of a graph is equitable if the sizes of colour classes differ by at most one. We present a new shorter proof of the celebrated Hajnal–Szemerédi theorem: for every positive integer r, every graph with maximum degree at most r has an equitable colouring with r+1 colours. The proof yields a polynomial time algorithm for such colourings.

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Taylor, Bernard. "The proof of the colour is in the projection." Physics Education 39, no. 4 (June 22, 2004): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/39/4/f04.

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Melia, Tom. "Proof of a new colour decomposition for QCD amplitudes." Journal of High Energy Physics 2015, no. 12 (December 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2015)107.

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Pretorius, L. M., and K. J. Swanepoel. "A generalised Sylvester-Gallai Theorem." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, no. 1 (September 21, 2007): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i1.118.

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We give an algorithmic proof for the contrapositive of the following theorem that has recently been proved by the authors:Let S be a ﬁnite set of points in the plane, with each point coloured red, blue or with both colours. Suppose that for any two distinct points A and B in S sharing a colour k, there is a third point in S which has (inter alia) the colour different from k and is collinear with A and B. Then all the points in S are collinear.This theorem is a generalization of both the Sylvester-Gallai Theorem and the Motzkin-Rabin Theorem.

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Thörnblad, Erik. "The dominating colour of an infinite Pólya urn model." Journal of Applied Probability 53, no. 3 (September 2016): 914–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2016.49.

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AbstractWe study a Pólya-type urn model defined as follows. Start at time 0 with a single ball of some colour. Then, at each time n≥1, choose a ball from the urn uniformly at random. With probability ½<p<1, return the ball to the urn along with another ball of the same colour. With probability 1−p, recolour the ball to a new colour and then return it to the urn. This is equivalent to the supercritical case of a random graph model studied by Backhausz and Móri (2015), (2016) and Thörnblad (2015). We prove that, with probability 1, there is a dominating colour, in the sense that, after some random but finite time, there is a colour that always has the most number of balls. A crucial part of the proof is the analysis of an urn model with two colours, in which the observed ball is returned to the urn along with another ball of the same colour with probability p, and removed with probability 1−p. Our results here generalise a classical result about the Pólya urn model (which corresponds to p=1).

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Prabhu, Anusha, Giri Nandagopal M. S., Prakash Peralam Yegneswaran, Vijendra Prabhu, Ujjwal Verma, and Naresh Kumar Mani. "Thread integrated smart-phone imaging facilitates early turning point colorimetric assay for microbes." RSC Advances 10, no. 45 (2020): 26853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05190j.

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Ma, Weiguang, Dongxue Han, Min Zhou, Hao Sun, Lingnan Wang, Xiandui Dong, and Li Niu. "Ultrathin g-C3N4/TiO2composites as photoelectrochemical elements for the real-time evaluation of global antioxidant capacity." Chem. Sci. 5, no. 10 (2014): 3946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc00826j.

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Using utg-C₃N₄/TiO₂, a photoelectrochemical platform was designed for the sensing of global antioxidant capacity, which presented a rapid response, and anti-fouling and colour-interference-proof properties.

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Mattuschka, Marco, Andreas Kraushaar, Philipp Tröster, and Jaqueline Wittmann. "Consistent colour appearance - A novel measurement approach." Color and Imaging Conference 2019, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2019.27.57.

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If an image, for example a company logo, is shown on different devices the degree of colour consistency amongst this set of stimuli can be defined as common or consistent colour appearance (CCA). In this work, a procedure which is able to evaluate CCA is developed for the first time. A psychophysical experiment is presented with which the existence of CCA is proofed. For the evaluation of CCA, the colour naming approach from [5] is consistently continued and a measuring tool is developed. In addition, the correctness of the measuring tool is tested on the basis of the experiment. This work is based on two psychophysical experiments, the first to proof CCA, the second to create the colour naming database. This setup is very general and can therefore also be applied to other cultures in order to develop a measuring tool for CCA.

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Chaudhary, D. D., and Nikita Jadhav. "LEARNING INVARIANT COLOUR FEATURES FOR PERSON REIDENTIFICATION." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i5.2018.227.

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In this examination we have proposed Learning invariant shading highlights for individual recognizable proof utilizing human face for high proficient flag exchange framework applications. In this paper, we have a tendency to propose an information driven approach for taking in shading designs from pixels examined from pictures crosswise over to camera sees. The instinct behind this work is that, even assuming picture element values of same colour would wander across views, they thought to be encoded with indistinguishable qualities. We tend to model colour feature age as a learning drawback by together learning a direct transformation and a wordbook to write in code picture component esteems. We have a tendency to conjointly dissect entirely unexpected estimating invariant shading zones. Abuse shading in light of the fact that the exclusively prompt, we tend to contrast our approach and all the estimating invariant shading zones and show better execution over every one of them. Overwhelming pivoted nearby double example is anticipated yields higher execution. This paper proposes a totally exceptional strategy of characterizing the outer body part misuse Convolutional Neural Network.

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Kumagai, Shinji, Norio Kurumatani, Akira Arimoto, and Gaku Ichihara. "Cholangiocarcinoma among offset colour proof-printing workers exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane and/or dichloromethane." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 70, no. 7 (March 14, 2013): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-101246.

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Budzianowski, Armand, and Andrzej Katrusiak. "Coupling of the lactone-ring conformation with crystal symmetry in 6-hydroxy-4,4,5,7,8-pentamethyl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin. Erratum." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 58, no. 3 (May 29, 2002): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768102003518.

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In the paper by Budzianowski & Katrusiak (2002) Acta Cryst. (2002), B58, 125–133 Figs. 5 and 8 on pages 131 and 132 were transposed while adjusting colour details indicated by the authors in the proof. Revised PDF versions of these pages are available in the online version of this erratum, which is available through Crystallography Journals Online.

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Sultana, Shabiha, Md Rakibul Hassan, Byung Soo Kim, and Kyeong Seon Ryu. "Effect of various monochromatic light-emitting diode colours on the behaviour and welfare of broiler chickens." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0242.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different monochromatic light-emitting diode colours on the behaviour and welfare of broiler chicks. A total of 750 one-day-old chicks were used and lighting was set up as follows: pure blue (PB, 440–450 nm), bright blue (460–470 nm), sky blue (480–490 nm), greenish blue (500–510 nm), and green (530–540), while fluorescent white (400–700 nm) was used as a control. Birds were placed into 30 independent light proof pens and each light treatment was replicated five times with 25 birds in each pen. Video was recorded and behaviour was evaluated twice per day and observed five consecutive days in a week. Broiler welfare was evaluated using the characteristics of gait score, tibia dyschondroplasia, tonic immobility duration, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. In results, sitting, walking, and ground pecking behaviour were influenced by the light colour from 0 to 7 d. Extending the rearing period from 8 to 21 d resulted in increased sitting behaviour and decreased walking and pecking behaviour in chicks in the PB treatment (P < 0.05). When the growth period was extended further (22–42 d), sitting behaviour increased when chicks were exposed to PB light (P < 0.05). The effect of light colour did not significantly influence welfare of broiler chicks. Thus, the present results suggest that PB light colour decreased broiler chickens movement and thus increased duration of sitting behaviour. These results would be helpful to choose light colour for broiler producers.

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KURPITA, BOHDAN I., and KUNIO MURASUGI. "PERIODIC RESULTS FOR THE COLOURED (GENERALISED) JONES POLYNOMIAL." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 04, no. 04 (December 1995): 633–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216595000272.

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Using the vertex model interpretation of the coloured (generalised) Jones polynomial of a link L, we show that if the colour of the ith component is Ni+mir, then modulo tr−1 this coloured Jones polynomial is congruent, up to a product of calculable factors, to the coloured Jones polynomial with the colour of the ith component Ni, where Ni and r are positive integers, and mi is a non-negative integer. The proof depends on the fact that, up to a known factor, the coloured Jones polynomial of a link may be calculated from a (1, 1)-tangle, the closure of which represents the link.

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Javadi, R., F. Khoeini, G. R. Omidi, and A. Pokrovskiy. "On the Size-Ramsey Number of Cycles." Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 28, no. 06 (July 17, 2019): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548319000221.

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AbstractFor given graphs G1,…, Gk, the size-Ramsey number $\hat R({G_1}, \ldots ,{G_k})$ is the smallest integer m for which there exists a graph H on m edges such that in every k-edge colouring of H with colours 1,…,k, H contains a monochromatic copy of Gi of colour i for some 1 ≤ i ≤ k. We denote $\hat R({G_1}, \ldots ,{G_k})$ by ${\hat R_k}(G)$ when G1 = ⋯ = Gk = G.Haxell, Kohayakawa and Łuczak showed that the size-Ramsey number of a cycle Cn is linear in n, ${\hat R_k}({C_n}) \le {c_k}n$ for some constant ck. Their proof, however, is based on Szemerédi’s regularity lemma so no specific constant ck is known.In this paper, we give various upper bounds for the size-Ramsey numbers of cycles. We provide an alternative proof of ${\hat R_k}({C_n}) \le {c_k}n$ , avoiding use of the regularity lemma, where ck is exponential and doubly exponential in k, when n is even and odd, respectively. In particular, we show that for sufficiently large n we have ${\hat R_2}({C_n}) \le {10^5} \times cn$ , where c = 6.5 if n is even and c = 1989 otherwise.

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Gaunt, Jonathan R., and Tomas Kasemets. "Transverse Momentum Dependence in Double Parton Scattering." Advances in High Energy Physics 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3797394.

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In this review, we describe the status of transverse momentum dependence (TMD) in double parton scattering (DPS). The different regions of TMD DPS are discussed, and expressions are given for the DPS cross section contributions that make use of as much perturbative information as possible. The regions are then combined with each other as well as single parton scattering to obtain a complete expression for the cross section. Particular emphasis is put on the differences and similarities to transverse momentum dependence in single parton scattering. We further discuss the status of the factorisation proof for double colour singlet production in DPS, which is now on a similar footing to the proofs for TMD factorisation in single Drell-Yan, discuss parton correlations, and give an outlook on possible research on DPS in the near future.

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Grande, Marco, Maria Antonietta Vincenti, Tiziana Stomeo, Giuseppe Valerio Bianco, Domenico de Ceglia, Giuseppe Morea, Roberto Marani, et al. "Novel Plasmonic Bio-Sensing System Based on Two-Dimensional Gold Patch Arrays for Linear and Nonlinear Regimes." Advances in Science and Technology 81 (September 2012): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.81.15.

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We propose a novel bio-sensing platform based on the observation of the shift of the leaky surface plasmon mode that occurs at the edge of the plasmonic band gap of metal gratings based on two-dimensional gold nano-patch arrays when an analyte is deposited on the top of the metallic structure. We detail the numerical analysis, the fabrication and the characterization of these two-dimensional arrangements of gold patches in linear regime showing that sensitivity of our device approaches a value of 1000 nm/RIU with a corresponding Figure of Merit (FOM) of 222 RIU-1. We provide experimental proof of the sensing capabilities of the device by observing colour variations in the diffracted field when the air overlayer is replaced with a small quantity of Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA). Effects of technological tolerance such as rounded corners and surface imperfections are also discussed. We also report proof of changes in colour intensities as a function of the air/filling ratio ad periodicity and discuss how they can be obtained by diffracted spectra. Finally we report the numerical and experimental investigation of the non-linear behaviour of the device highlighting the Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) performance.

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Friedgut, Ehud, Yoshiharu Kohayakawa, Vojtěch Rodl, Andrzej Rucinski, and Prasad Tetali. "Ramsey Games Against a One-Armed Bandit." Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 12, no. 5-6 (November 2003): 515–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548303005881.

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We study the following one-person game against a random graph process: the Player's goal is to 2-colour a random sequence of edges of a complete graph on n vertices, avoiding a monochromatic triangle for as long as possible. The game is over when a monochromatic triangle is created. The online version of the game requires that the Player should colour each edge as it comes, before looking at the next edge.While it is not hard to prove that the expected length of this game is about , the proof of the upper bound suggests the following relaxation: instead of colouring online, the random graph is generated in only two rounds, and the Player colours the edges of the first round before the edges of the second round are thrown in. Given the size of the first round, how many edges can there be in the second round for the Player to be likely to win? In the extreme case, when the first round consists of a random graph with edges, where c is a positive constant, we show that the Player can win with high probability only if constantly many edges are generated in the second round.

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Crilly, Tony. "Arthur Cayley FRS and the four-colour map problem." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 59, no. 3 (September 22, 2005): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2005.0097.

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The four-colour map problem (to prove that on any map only four colours are needed to separate countries) is celebrated in mathematics. It resisted the attempts of able mathematicians for over a century and when it was successfully proved in 1976 the ‘computer proof’ was controversial: it did not allow scrutiny in the conventional way. At the height of his influence in 1878, Arthur Cayley had drawn attention to the problem at a meeting of the London Mathematical Society and it was duly ‘announced’ in print. He made a short contribution himself and he encouraged the young A. B. Kempe to publish a paper on the subject. Though ultimately unsuccessful, the work of Cayley and Kempe in the late 1870s brought valuable insights. Using previously unpublished historical sources, of letters and manuscripts, this article attempts to piece together Cayley’s contribution against the backcloth of his other deliberations. Francis Galton is revealed as the ‘go-between’ in suggesting Cayley publish his observations in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society . Of particular interest is that Cayley submitted two manuscripts prior to publication. A detailed comparison of these initial and final manuscripts in this article sheds new light on the early history of this great problem.

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McDiarmid, Colin. "On a Correlation Inequality of Farr." Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096354830000016x.

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Suppose that each vertex of a graph independently chooses a colour uniformly from the set {1, …, k}; and let Si be the random set of vertices coloured i. Farr shows that the probability that each set Si is stable (so that the colouring is proper) is at most the product of the k probabilities that the sets Si separately are stable. We give here a simple proof of an extension of this result.

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Bizoń-Angov, Patrycja, Dominik Osiński, Michał Wierzchoń, and Jarosław Konieczny. "Visual Echolocation Concept for the Colorophone Sensory Substitution Device Using Virtual Reality." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010237.

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Detecting characteristics of 3D scenes is considered one of the biggest challenges for visually impaired people. This ability is nonetheless crucial for orientation and navigation in the natural environment. Although there are several Electronic Travel Aids aiming at enhancing orientation and mobility for the blind, only a few of them combine passing both 2D and 3D information, including colour. Moreover, existing devices either focus on a small part of an image or allow interpretation of a mere few points in the field of view. Here, we propose a concept of visual echolocation with integrated colour sonification as an extension of Colorophone—an assistive device for visually impaired people. The concept aims at mimicking the process of echolocation and thus provides 2D, 3D and additionally colour information of the whole scene. Even though the final implementation will be realised by a 3D camera, it is first simulated, as a proof of concept, by using VIRCO—a Virtual Reality training and evaluation system for Colorophone. The first experiments showed that it is possible to sonify colour and distance of the whole scene, which opens up a possibility to implement the developed algorithm on a hardware-based stereo camera platform. An introductory user evaluation of the system has been conducted in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution for perceiving distance, position and colour of the objects placed in Virtual Reality.

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Tilley, Jim. "Will an old problem yield a new insight? Perhaps an elegant proof of the 4-colour theorem?" Research Outreach, no. 107 (May 28, 2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32907/ro-107-2629.

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23

Winterbottom, Richard. "Two new gobiid fish species (in Priolepis and Trimma) from the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-109.

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Priolepis compita n. sp. is described from specimens from the Chagos Archipelago, but other material indicates an Indo-west Pacific distribution from South Africa to Fiji. Trimma emeryi n. sp. was described and illustrated in colour by Winterbottom in 1984 under the name T. mendelssohni, with a note added in proof stating that it was not that species but represented an undescribed form. Priolepis and Trimma are closely related, differing mainly in the anteroventral extent of the gill opening and in colour pattern. The new Priolepis differs from its congeners in having the vertical bars on the postocular portion of the head and the nape joined by a horizontal line, sometimes staggered, at the level of the dorsal margin of the pupil. Its distribution includes the Kwazulu coast of southern Africa to at least Fiji in the western Pacific. The new Trimma differs from other species in the genus in colour pattern, a number of meristic characters, and in details of fin-ray branching patterns. The new species is recorded definitely only from Chagos and the Gulf of Tadjoura in the Gulf of Aden. Specimens from Fiji apparently represent a closely related species.

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Hauber, Márk E., Csaba Moskát, and Miklós Bán. "Experimental shift in hosts' acceptance threshold of inaccurate-mimic brood parasite eggs." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0438.

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Hosts are expected to evolve resistance strategies that efficiently detect and resist exposure to virulent parasites and pathogens. When recognition is not error-proof, the acceptance threshold used by hosts to recognize parasites should be context dependent and become more restrictive with increasing predictability of parasitism. Here, we demonstrate that decisions of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus to reject parasitism by the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus vary adaptively within a single egg-laying bout. Hosts typically accept one of their own eggs with experimentally added spots and the background colour left visible. In contrast, hosts reject such spotted eggs when individuals had been previously exposed to and rejected one of their own eggs whose background colour had been entirely masked. These results support patterns of adaptive modulation of antiparasitic strategies through shifts in the acceptance threshold of hosts and suggest a critical role for experience in the discrimination decisions between inaccurate-mimic parasite eggs and hosts' own eggs.

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Mares, Daryl, and Kolumbina Mrva. "Genetic variation for quality traits in synthetic wheat germplasm." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 5 (2008): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07224.

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Synthetic hexaploid wheats offer breeders ready access to potentially novel genetic variation associated with the D genome of Aegilops tauschii. In order to assess the application of this germplasm to wheat quality improvement, collections of primary and derived synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were surveyed for traits that determine colour and colour stability in Asian noodles and the frequency of a genetic defect know as late maturity α-amylase (LMA). The range of variation was then compared with bread wheat and durum wheat cultivar collections. Primary synthetics contained substantial genetic variation for quality traits associated with colour and colour stability of Asian noodles including near-zero extremes for polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase. These extremes represent a significant advantage compared with current bread wheat cultivars and are similar to the best durum wheats. While alternative strategies for reducing polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase are available, the synthetics nevertheless provide a useful resource for wheat breeders attempting to develop improved wheat cultivars for the Asian noodle market. Unfortunately, however, most primary synthetics were prone to late maturity α-amylase and mature grain contained unacceptably high levels of α-amylase. Elimination of this genetic defect, or selection within breeding populations for low or non-LMA, is both time consuming and labour intensive and presents a significant obstacle to exploitation of variation for other traits. As proof of concept, near-zero polyphenol oxidase (PPO) lines, free from LMA, were recovered from backcross populations involving a high LMA primary synthetic.

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šKREKOVSKI, R. "A Grötzsch-Type Theorem for List Colourings with Impropriety One." Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 8, no. 5 (September 1999): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096354839900396x.

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A graph G is m-choosable with impropriety d, or simply (m, d)*-choosable, if, for every list assignment L, where [mid ]L(v)[mid ][ges ]m for every v∈V(G), there exists an L-colouring of G such that each vertex of G has at most d neighbours coloured with the same colour as itself. We prove a Grötzsch-type theorem for list colourings with impropriety one, that is, the (3, 1)*-choosability for triangle-free planar graphs; in the proof the method of extending a precolouring of a 4- or 5-cycle is used.

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Chakraborty, Buddhadeb, Maheshwari Horalavadi Mahadavaiah, Dandamudi Usharani, and Harapriya Rath. "Fluoride ion promoted NH deprotonation of dioxaPhlorin with NIR absorption vs. acid induced facile conversion to aromatic dioxaSapphyrin: Synthesis, spectroscopic and theoretical characterization." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 25, no. 05n06 (May 2021): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424621500425.

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Synthesis, spectroscopic and solid state structural proof of hitherto unknown highly stable meso-pyrrole appended expanded dioxaphlorin is reported. The macrocycle was susceptible to NH deprotonation upon TBAF titration leading to NIR absorption with vivid colour change to the naked eye paving the way towards the application as a fluoride ion sensor. Contrarily, efficient conversion to aromatic dioxasapphyrin has been anticipated upon trifluoroacetic acid reaction owing to facile elimination of meso-appended pyrrole ring. The conformational preorganzation and anion induced conformational reorganization owing to the base promoted NH deprotonation are thoroughly investigated by various spectroscopic techniques and DFT level theoretical calculations.

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Poulton, E. B. "The Experimental Proof of the Protective Value of Colour and Markings in Insects in reference to their Vertebrate Encmies." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 55, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 191–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1887.tb02961.x.

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Ferreira, Ana V., Egipto Antunes, Artur Ribeiro, Teresa Matamá, Nuno G. Azoia, Joana Cunha, and Artur Cavaco-Paulo. "Design of a chromogenic substrate for elastase based on split GFP system—Proof of concept for colour switch sensors." Biotechnology Reports 22 (June 2019): e00324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00324.

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GROHE, MARTIN, and MARTIN OTTO. "PEBBLE GAMES AND LINEAR EQUATIONS." Journal of Symbolic Logic 80, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 797–844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsl.2015.28.

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AbstractWe give a new, simplified and detailed account of the correspondence between levels of the Sherali–Adams relaxation of graph isomorphism and levels of pebble-game equivalence with counting (higher-dimensional Weisfeiler–Lehman colour refinement). The correspondence between basic colour refinement and fractional isomorphism, due to Tinhofer [22; 23] and Ramana, Scheinerman and Ullman [17], is re-interpreted as the base level of Sherali–Adams and generalised to higher levels in this sense by Atserias and Maneva [1] and Malkin [14], who prove that the two resulting hierarchies interleave. In carrying this analysis further, we here give (a) a precise characterisation of the level k Sherali–Adams relaxation in terms of a modified counting pebble game; (b) a variant of the Sherali–Adams levels that precisely match the k-pebble counting game; (c) a proof that the interleaving between these two hierarchies is strict. We also investigate the variation based on boolean arithmetic instead of real/rational arithmetic and obtain analogous correspondences and separations for plain k-pebble equivalence (without counting). Our results are driven by considerably simplified accounts of the underlying combinatorics and linear algebra.

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Dutkiewicz, Stephanie, Anna E. Hickman, and Oliver Jahn. "Modelling ocean-colour-derived chlorophyll a." Biogeosciences 15, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-613-2018.

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Abstract. This article provides a proof of concept for using a biogeochemical/ecosystem/optical model with a radiative transfer component as a laboratory to explore aspects of ocean colour. We focus here on the satellite ocean colour chlorophyll a (Chl a) product provided by the often-used blue/green reflectance ratio algorithm. The model produces output that can be compared directly to the real-world ocean colour remotely sensed reflectance. This model output can then be used to produce an ocean colour satellite-like Chl a product using an algorithm linking the blue versus green reflectance similar to that used for the real world. Given that the model includes complete knowledge of the (model) water constituents, optics and reflectance, we can explore uncertainties and their causes in this proxy for Chl a (called derived Chl a in this paper). We compare the derived Chl a to the actual model Chl a field. In the model we find that the mean absolute bias due to the algorithm is 22 % between derived and actual Chl a. The real-world algorithm is found using concurrent in situ measurement of Chl a and radiometry. We ask whether increased in situ measurements to train the algorithm would improve the algorithm, and find a mixed result. There is a global overall improvement, but at the expense of some regions, especially in lower latitudes where the biases increase. Not surprisingly, we find that region-specific algorithms provide a significant improvement, at least in the annual mean. However, in the model, we find that no matter how the algorithm coefficients are found there can be a temporal mismatch between the derived Chl a and the actual Chl a. These mismatches stem from temporal decoupling between Chl a and other optically important water constituents (such as coloured dissolved organic matter and detrital matter). The degree of decoupling differs regionally and over time. For example, in many highly seasonal regions, the timing of initiation and peak of the spring bloom in the derived Chl a lags the actual Chl a by days and sometimes weeks. These results indicate that care should also be taken when studying phenology through satellite-derived products of Chl a. This study also reemphasizes that ocean-colour-derived Chl a is not the same as the real in situ Chl a. In fact the model derived Chl a compares better to real-world satellite-derived Chl a than the model actual Chl a. Modellers should keep this is mind when evaluating model output with ocean colour Chl a and in particular when assimilating this product. Our goal is to illustrate the use of a numerical laboratory that (a) helps users of ocean colour, particularly modellers, gain further understanding of the products they use and (b) helps the ocean colour community to explore other ocean colour products, their biases and uncertainties, as well as to aid in future algorithm development.

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Willis, D. M., and F. R. Stephenson. "Simultaneous auroral observations described in the historical records of China, Japan and Korea from ancient times to AD 1700." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0001-6.

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Abstract. Early auroral observations recorded in various oriental histories are examined in order to search for examples of strictly simultaneous and indisputably independent observations of the aurora borealis from spatially separated sites in East Asia. In the period up to ad 1700, only five examples have been found of two or more oriental auroral observations from separate sites on the same night. These occurred during the nights of ad 1101 January 31, ad 1138 October 6, ad 1363 July 30, ad 1582 March 8 and ad 1653 March 2. The independent historical evidence describing observations of mid-latitude auroral displays at more than one site in East Asia on the same night provides virtually incontrovertible proof that auroral displays actually occurred on these five special occasions. This conclusion is corroborated by the good level of agreement between the detailed auroral descriptions recorded in the different oriental histories, which furnish essentially compatible information on both the colour (or colours) of each auroral display and its approximate position in the sky. In addition, the occurrence of auroral displays in Europe within two days of auroral displays in East Asia, on two (possibly three) out of these five special occasions, suggests that a substantial number of the mid-latitude auroral displays recorded in the oriental histories are associated with intense geomagnetic storms.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; storms and substorms)

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Anufrieva, Natalia V. "The Stylistic Peculiarities of the Illuminated Manuscript Sermon of Palladii the Monk in Old Believer Book Culture." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 25 (2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/25/4.

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Images of the Last Judgement in the eschatological writing Sermon of Palladii the Monk attracted the interest of Old Believer scribes as a visual proof of the truth of their faith. In the epoch when the Last Judgement was intensively anticipated (the second half of the 17th and the 18th centuries), illuminated Old Believer manuscripts were especially popular and significant. In different regional centres of Old Belief, rules for decorating such manuscripts were developed. The means of formulating and spreading visual information were distinct in terms of colour, the way in which narrative details were drawn, and the general composition. Using the illuminated manuscript Sermon of Palladii the Monk as an example, one can trace these stylistic distinctions. As a result of a comparative analysis with fifteen other illuminated manuscripts, it is possible to define four sustained styles used in the creation of this artefact. The “Northern Letters” style (present among the priestless Old Believers of the Russian North, the Urals, Sibe-ria, and Central Russia) is distinguished by the particular combination of colours (the combination of bright red, green and their shades) and the templates used to paint the pictures. The “Volga” style (which united different regions of the Volga, such as Irgiz, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets, Kerzhenets, Saratov, and others) stands out due to the richness and variety of the colours, which ranged from light and airy to bright and catchy, like purple and violet. Developing at the beginning of the 19th century in the Urals, the “Shartash” style includes decorative elements from the artistic schools of Pomor’e, Vetka, and Guslitsa. Often, these miniatures resemble lubki in terms of their narratives, fragmentation of the plot, and numerous explanations. Among the priestless Old Believers, the so-called “Baroque Rocaille” style was widespread: this contained elements from the art of the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries (such as Baroque and Rococo). These reflected the desires of scribes and artists to take into account modern developments, thereby keeping up with the times. Examining in paral-lel several different manuscripts and their characteristic features allows us to see the repeatability of individual stable forms of composition, as well as the breadth of the colour choices and the artistic qualities of the manuscripts. As the size of the study base increases, new information on the characteristic iconographic attributes of Sermon of Palladii the Monk will become available.

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Chang, Yu-Chun, Yi-Hsuan Chu, Chien-Cheng Wang, Chih-Hsuan Wang, You-Lin Tain, and Hung-Wei Yang. "Rapid Detection of Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide for Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention." Biosensors 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11090339.

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The gut microbiota plays a critical role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and trimethylamine (TMA) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites, and both are known uraemic toxins that are implicated in CKD, atherosclerosis, colorectal cancer and cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the detection and quantification of TMAO, which is a metabolite from gut microbes, are important for the diagnosis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis and colorectal cancer. In this study, a new “colour-switch” method that is based on the combination of a plasma separation pad/absorption pad and polyallylamine hydrochloride-capped manganese dioxide (PAH@MnO2) nanozyme was developed for the direct quantitative detection of TMAO in whole blood without blood sample pretreatment. As a proof of concept, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of less than 6.7 μM for TMAO was obtained with a wide linear quantification range from 15.6 to 500 μM through quantitative analysis, thereby suggesting potential clinical applications in blood TMAO monitoring for CKD patients.

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Pesetskaya, Aleksandra A. "The Mari wedding robes as a group’s identity marker (based on the materials of the Russian Museum of Ethnography)." Finno-Ugric World 11, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.011.2019.04.451-465.

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Introduction. In traditional culture, wedding clothing is distinguished by its multifunctionality and attractiveness, as it is meant to reflect significant social changes. In a Mari wedding clothing, robes have always played a particular role of an indicator of belonging to the community. The robe’s design and decorative features played a role of a marker. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography, which has an archive of wedding caftans of the Hill and Meadow Mari, as well as a great deal of written and field sources (2010 – 2018). Results and Discussion. The article differentiates male’s and female’s wedding caftans, underlines their basic local distinctive decor features. The colour serves as the main criterion. Apart from that, there are some distinctive features in the caftans’ back part and breast area. The article singles out highly and least decorated parts of the wedding caftan, takes a look at various materials served as a basis for decoration of the most important areas of the item. The paper highlights the most “alteration-proof” parts of the caftan and underlines the features of the wedding clothing. Conclusion. A study of this clothing item is of great significance in terms of the research of changes in the Mari traditional ceremonial clothes, because as field research in the region has proved, the color of the wedding caftan keeps on varying depending on local customs and remains to be a criterion of the group’s identity.

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DONNELLAN, STEPHEN C., RALPH FOSTER, CLAUDIA JUNGE, CHARLIE HUVENEERS, PAUL ROGERS, ANDRZEJ KILIAN, and TERRY BERTOZZI. "Fiddling with the proof: the Magpie Fiddler Ray is a colour pattern variant of the common Southern Fiddler Ray (Rhinobatidae: Trygonorrhina)." Zootaxa 3981, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3981.3.3.

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Ardeleanu, Stefan. "Directing the faithful, structuring the sacred space: funerary epigraphy in its archaeological context in late-antique Tipasa." Journal of Roman Archaeology 31 (2018): 475–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759418001447.

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In 1972, an inscribed mensa mosaic was found in a late 4th-c. burial ground (‘Matarès necropolis’) outside the Algerian town of Tipasa. The text mentions the convivium, a meal celebrated here in pax et concordia (see no. 49 in the Appendix, where all the inscriptions are listed; fig. 1 in colour on p. 483). What makes this inscription so valuable is the fact that its archaeological context was still intact. A water basin southwest of the mensa and a channel linking both structures were quickly interpreted by scholars as proof of the well-attested refrigerium, a commemorative meal that was practiced periodically at tombs. The inscription from Tipasa is the only example which names this rite in situ, and the vivid marine mosaic — especially when flooded or ‘refreshed’ — supports the notion of a rich meal in an allusive manner. A similar example from the same cemetery (no. 51) shows the direct integration of an epitaph into such rites. There is no doubt that these installations reflect the rite of dining with the dead.

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HAN, YAN-LI, DAI-KE TIAN, NAI-FENG FU, YAN XIAO, ZONG-YUN LI, and YONG-HUA HAN. "Comparative analysis of rDNA distribution in 29 species of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum Irmsch." Phytotaxa 381, no. 1 (December 7, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.381.1.18.

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The rDNA sites are useful chromosome landmarks and can provide valuable information for species identification and species relationships. In this study, we investigated the distribution of 5S and 45S rDNA sites in 29 species of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum Irmsch. using a two-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. This is the first report of chromosomal rDNA mapping in Begonia species. The analyzed species showed considerable diversity in rDNA distribution patterns. The 45S rDNA signals are always located in terminal regions on 1−4 chromosomes, while 5S rDNA signals are mainly located at proximal regions on 2−8 chromosomes, varying from specific major signals to highly dispersed minor signals. Based on rDNA FISH patterns, most of the investigated species could be distinguished from each other and species relationships were identified. In addition, the results provided clear proof that B. huangii is of hybrid origin and the triploid B. longgangensis was allotriploid rather than autotriploid as suggested before. The data will provide a useful reference for evaluation, conservation and utilization of the natural resources of the mega-diverse genus Begonia.

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Mayr, A., M. Bremer, M. Rutzinger, and C. Geitner. "UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE LASER SCANNING FOR EROSION MONITORING IN ALPINE GRASSLAND." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W5 (May 29, 2019): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w5-405-2019.

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Abstract. With this contribution we assess the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based laser scanning for monitoring shallow erosion in Alpine grassland. A 3D point cloud has been acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (ULS) at a test site in the subalpine/alpine elevation zone of the Dolomites (South Tyrol, Italy). To assess its accuracy, this point cloud is compared with (i) differential global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reference measurements and (ii) a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud. The ULS point cloud and an airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud are rasterized into digital surface models (DSMs) and, as a proof-of-concept for erosion quantification, we calculate the elevation difference between the ULS DSM from 2018 and the ALS DSM from 2010. For contiguous spatial objects of elevation change, the volumetric difference is calculated and a land cover class (bare earth, grassland, trees), derived from the ULS reflectance and RGB colour, is assigned to each change object. In this test, the accuracy and density of the ALS point cloud is mainly limiting the detection of geomorphological changes. Nevertheless, the plausibility of the results is confirmed by geomorphological interpretation and documentation in the field. A total eroded volume of 672&thinsp;m3 is estimated for the test site (48&thinsp;ha). Such volumetric estimates of erosion over multiple years are a key information for improving sustainable soil management. Based on this proof-of-concept and the accuracy analysis, we conclude that repeated ULS campaigns are a well-suited tool for erosion monitoring in Alpine grassland.

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Chan, Matthew C., and John P. Stott. "Deep-CEE I: fishing for galaxy clusters with deep neural nets." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 5770–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2936.

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ABSTRACT We introduce Deep-CEE (Deep Learning for Galaxy Cluster Extraction and Evaluation), a proof of concept for a novel deep learning technique, applied directly to wide-field colour imaging to search for galaxy clusters, without the need for photometric catalogues. This technique is complementary to traditional methods and could also be used in combination with them to confirm existing galaxy cluster candidates. We use a state-of-the-art probabilistic algorithm, adapted to localize and classify galaxy clusters from other astronomical objects in Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging. As there is an abundance of labelled data for galaxy clusters from previous classifications in publicly available catalogues, we do not need to rely on simulated data. This means we keep our training data as realistic as possible, which is advantageous when training a deep learning algorithm. Ultimately, we will apply our model to surveys such as Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and Euclid to probe wider and deeper into unexplored regions of the Universe. This will produce large samples of both high-redshift and low-mass clusters, which can be utilized to constrain both environment-driven galaxy evolution and cosmology.

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Nithyananda Sastry, D., T. Prabhakar, and M. Lakshmi Narasu. "Studies on preparation of Bio-Paints using fungal bio-colors." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-02-2015-0022.

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Purpose – This paper aims to isolate fungal strains producing natural colours, explore their application as colourant in paints and develop cost-effective durable natural paints. Design/methodology/approach – Fungal strains producing natural colours of different shades were isolated. Colourant production was carried out by fermentation method. Natural lime, milk, oil-in-water emulsion paints using natural microbial colours and eco-friendly ingredients were prepared. Bio-paint applications were carried out and evaluated. Findings – Our results indicate that microbes in general and fungi in specific represent dependable source of variety of natural colours, and cost-effective durable natural paints can be prepared with commonly available natural ingredients using scientific information based on history of paints. Research limitations/implications – Natural colours are gaining importance because of their use in health, nutrition, pharmaceutical, textile and environmental applications. Nature is quite rich in several types of colourants. Chemical synthesis of synthetic dyes is complex and not environmental friendly. Microbial dyes manufactured can evade inherent environmental problems of synthetic dyes and offer significant opportunity as a colourant in paints. However, only generally regarded as safe microbial strains are to be considered for colour production. Practical implications – Choosing natural alternatives to protect the health and environment is the need of hour. Fungal colourants are relatively more stable and robust and offer significant opportunity as a colourant in paints. Cost-effective durable natural paints can be prepared using selected stable fungal colourants with commonly available natural ingredients. High diversity of rich and complex natural colourants can be obtained from microorganisms. With the available techniques of fermentation, natural colours can be produced in large quantities of on an economically viable scale and explored for their applications. Social implications – Bio-paints are eco-friendly natural paints, low volatile organic compounds (VOC) paints or organic paints alternate to conventional paints. Most of these natural paints are durable, breathable, prevent moisture problems, contribute to a positive room climate, use safer technology and are less energy-intensive than conventional latex paints to produce. These paints improve indoor air quality and reduce urban smog and offer beneficial characteristics such as low odour, excellent durability and a washable finish. Originality/value – Many of the old art works that still survive today are a tangible proof and evidence of beauty and durability of natural paints. Organic materials used in these paints include natural pigments of mineral, plant and animal origin and other raw biodegradable ingredients. Successful commercialisation of many microbial pigments for food and textile applications is reported in literature. Therefore, present research work aims at developing natural paints using microbial pigments and recipes that have been successfully used by people for years.

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Berger, Cordula, Josephin Heinrich, Burkhard Berger, Werner Hecht, and Walther Parson. "Towards Forensic DNA Phenotyping for Predicting Visible Traits in Dogs." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060908.

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The popularity of dogs as human companions explains why these pets regularly come into focus in forensic cases such as bite attacks or accidents. Canine evidence, e.g., dog hairs, can also act as a link between the victim and suspect in a crime case due to the close contact between dogs and their owners. In line with human DNA identification, dog individualization from crime scene evidence is mainly based on the analysis of short tandem repeat (STR) markers. However, when the DNA profile does not match a reference, additional information regarding the appearance of the dog may provide substantial intelligence value. Key features of the dog’s appearance, such as the body size and coat colour are well-recognizable and easy to describe even to non-dog experts, including most investigating officers and eyewitnesses. Therefore, it is reasonable to complement eyewitnesses’ testimonies with externally visible traits predicted from associated canine DNA samples. Here, the feasibility and suitability of canine DNA phenotyping is explored from scratch in the form of a proof of concept study. To predict the overall appearance of an unknown dog from its DNA as accurately as possible, the following six traits were chosen: (1) coat colour, (2) coat pattern, (3) coat structure, (4) body size, (5) ear shape, and (6) tail length. A total of 21 genetic markers known for high predicting values for these traits were selected from previously published datasets, comprising 15 SNPs and six INDELS. Three of them belonged to SINE insertions. The experiments were designed in three phases. In the first two stages, the performance of the markers was tested on DNA samples from dogs with well-documented physical characteristics from different breeds. The final blind test, including dogs with initially withheld appearance information, showed that the majority of the selected markers allowed to develop composite sketches, providing a realistic impression of the tested dogs. We regard this study as the first attempt to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of forensic canine DNA phenotyping.

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Varnakulendran, Nagalingam, and Veeriah Elango. "Study on physical properties of Ayabirungaraja Karpam engaged by Traditional and Modern technique." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i3.1916.

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The physical characterization is an authentic proof for the metal and mineral drug formulations used in traditional system of medicine. Now a day quality assurance is a thrust area for the evaluation of traditionally used medicinal plants and herbal formulations. In this research work, author aims to elicit traditional and modern physical characterization of Siddha formulation Ayabirungaraja karpam(ABK). It was prepared as per Siddha reputed text classical method and subjected to physical characterization traditionally such as consistency, lightness, texture, particle size, colour, odour, tactile sensation, irreversible nature and modern parameters like pH value, Loss on drying, Total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, Bulk density, Tapped density, Zeta size, Zeta potential and BET analysis for surface area. The results reveal as per traditional trait, ABK is non-adhesive freeness, fineness and lightness which enhance absorption and assimilation of particle in body without producing any irritation to the mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract. Modern parameter indicate the presence of organic moieties as well as mineral, acidic medium which was not favour for microbial growth , cohesive, low porosity and compaction of drug powder was confirmed. Particle size matches well with colloidal size which attached to human intestine and thus provide large surface area, thereby increase absorption of macro, micronutrients and drug. Therefore, it is concluded the drug is user friendly for human oral administration.

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Trees, Victor, Ping Wang, and Piet Stammes. "Restoring the top-of-atmosphere reflectance during solar eclipses: a proof of concept with the UV absorbing aerosol index measured by TROPOMI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 8, 2021): 8593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8593-2021.

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Abstract. During a solar eclipse the solar irradiance reaching the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is reduced in the Moon shadow. The solar irradiance is commonly measured by Earth observation satellites before the start of the solar eclipse and is not corrected for this reduction, which results in a decrease in the computed TOA reflectances. Consequently, air quality products that are derived from TOA reflectance spectra, such as the ultraviolet (UV) absorbing aerosol index (AAI), are distorted or undefined in the shadow of the Moon. The availability of air quality satellite data in the penumbral and antumbral shadow during solar eclipses, however, is of particular interest to users studying the atmospheric response to solar eclipses. Given the time and location of a point on the Earth's surface, we explain how to compute the obscuration during a solar eclipse, taking into account wavelength-dependent solar limb darkening. With the calculated obscuration fractions, we restore the TOA reflectances and the AAI in the penumbral shadow during the annular solar eclipses on 26 December 2019 and 21 June 2020 measured by the TROPOMI/S5P instrument. We compare the calculated obscuration to the estimated obscuration using an uneclipsed orbit. In the corrected products, the signature of the Moon shadow disappeared, but only if wavelength-dependent solar limb darkening is taken into account. We find that the Moon shadow anomaly in the uncorrected AAI is caused by a reduction of the measured reflectance at 380 nm, rather than a colour change of the measured light. We restore common AAI features such as the sunglint and desert dust, and we confirm the restored AAI feature on 21 June 2020 at the Taklamakan Desert by measurements of the GOME-2C satellite instrument on the same day but outside the Moon shadow. No indication of local absorbing aerosol changes caused by the eclipses was found. We conclude that the correction method of this paper can be used to detect real AAI rising phenomena during a solar eclipse and has the potential to restore any other product that is derived from TOA reflectance spectra. This would resolve the solar eclipse anomalies in satellite air quality measurements in the penumbra and antumbra and would allow for studying the effect of the eclipse obscuration on the composition of the Earth's atmosphere from space.

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Kirk, Raymond, Grzegorz Cielniak, and Michael Mangan. "L*a*b*Fruits: A Rapid and Robust Outdoor Fruit Detection System Combining Bio-Inspired Features with One-Stage Deep Learning Networks." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010275.

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Automation of agricultural processes requires systems that can accurately detect and classify produce in real industrial environments that include variation in fruit appearance due to illumination, occlusion, seasons, weather conditions, etc. In this paper we combine a visual processing approach inspired by colour-opponent theory in humans with recent advancements in one-stage deep learning networks to accurately, rapidly and robustly detect ripe soft fruits (strawberries) in real industrial settings and using standard (RGB) camera input. The resultant system was tested on an existent data-set captured in controlled conditions as well our new real-world data-set captured on a real strawberry farm over two months. We utilise F 1 score, the harmonic mean of precision and recall, to show our system matches the state-of-the-art detection accuracy ( F 1 : 0.793 vs. 0.799) in controlled conditions; has greater generalisation and robustness to variation of spatial parameters (camera viewpoint) in the real-world data-set ( F 1 : 0.744); and at a fraction of the computational cost allowing classification at almost 30fps. We propose that the L*a*b*Fruits system addresses some of the most pressing limitations of current fruit detection systems and is well-suited to application in areas such as yield forecasting and harvesting. Beyond the target application in agriculture this work also provides a proof-of-principle whereby increased performance is achieved through analysis of the domain data, capturing features at the input level rather than simply increasing model complexity.

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Bellapart, Judith, Kimble R. Dunster, Sara Diab, David G. Platts, Christopher Raffel, Levon Gabrielian, Marc O. Maybauer, Adrian Barnett, Robert James Boots, and John F. Fraser. "Intracardiac Echocardiography Guided Transeptal Catheter Injection of Microspheres for Assessment of Cerebral Microcirculation in Experimental Models." Cardiology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/595838.

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The use of microspheres for the determination of regional microvascular blood flow (RMBF) has previously used different approaches. This study presents for the first time the intracardiac injection of microspheres using transeptal puncture under intracardiac echocardiography guidance. Five Merino sheep were instrumented and cardiovascularly supported according to local guidelines. Two catheter sheaths into the internal jugular vein facilitated the introduction of an intracardiac probe and transeptal catheter, respectively. Five million colour coded microspheres were injected into the left atrium via this catheter. After euthanasia the brain was used as proof of principle and the endpoint for determination of microcirculation at different time points. Homogeneous allocation of microspheres to different regions of the brain was found over time. Alternate slices from both hemispheres showed the following flow ranges: for slice 02; 0.57–1.02 mL/min/g, slice 04; 0.45–1.42 mL/min/g, slice 06; 0.35–1.87 mL/min/g, slice 08; 0.46–1.77 mL/min/g, slice 10; 0.34–1.28 mL/min/g. A mixed effect regression model demonstrated that the confidence interval did include zero suggesting that the apparent variability intra- and intersubject was not statistically significant, supporting the stability and reproducibility of the injection technique. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the transeptal injection of microspheres, showing a homogeneous distribution of blood flow through the brain unchanged over time and has established a new interventional model for the measurement of RMBF in ovine models.

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Gasarch, William. "Open Problems Column Edited by William Gasarch This Issue's Column!" ACM SIGACT News 51, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3444815.3444822.

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In this column we state a class of open problems in Ramsey Theory. The general theme is to take Ramsey-type statements that are false and weaken them by allowing the homogenous set to use more than one color. This concept is not new, and the theorems we state and/or prove are not new; however, the open questions that request easier proofs of the known theorems (or weaker versions) may be new. We use the phrase an elementary proof. This is not meant to be a technical or rigorous term. What we really mean is a proof that can be taught in an undergraduate combinatorics course. A good example of what we mean is the proof of Theorem 9.3.

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Xiandou Zhang, Xiandou Zhang, Qiang Wang Qiang Wang, Jincheng Li Jincheng Li, Ping Yang Ping Yang, and Jieyue Yu Jieyue Yu. "Prof ile connection space for spectral color reproduction." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s1 (2012): S13301–313303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s13301.

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Appel, K., and W. Haken. "The four color proof suffices." Mathematical Intelligencer 8, no. 1 (March 1986): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03023914.

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Minervini, Massimo, Hanno Scharr, and Sotirios A. Tsaftaris. "The significance of image compression in plant phenotyping applications." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 10 (2015): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15033.

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We are currently witnessing an increasingly higher throughput in image-based plant phenotyping experiments. The majority of imaging data are collected using complex automated procedures and are then post-processed to extract phenotyping-related information. In this article, we show that the image compression used in such procedures may compromise phenotyping results and this needs to be taken into account. We use three illuminating proof-of-concept experiments that demonstrate that compression (especially in the most common lossy JPEG form) affects measurements of plant traits and the errors introduced can be high. We also systematically explore how compression affects measurement fidelity, quantified as effects on image quality, as well as errors in extracted plant visual traits. To do so, we evaluate a variety of image-based phenotyping scenarios, including size and colour of shoots, leaf and root growth. To show that even visual impressions can be used to assess compression effects, we use root system images as examples. Overall, we find that compression has a considerable effect on several types of analyses (albeit visual or quantitative) and that proper care is necessary to ensure that this choice does not affect biological findings. In order to avoid or at least minimise introduced measurement errors, for each scenario, we derive recommendations and provide guidelines on how to identify suitable compression options in practice. We also find that certain compression choices can offer beneficial returns in terms of reducing the amount of data storage without compromising phenotyping results. This may enable even higher throughput experiments in the future.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Colour proof'

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