Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colour semantics'

The Japanese language has a colour term, 'ao' (or 'aoi'), which is usually referred to in bilingual dictionaries as being the equivalent of English 'blue'. Very often, however, it is used to describe things which English speakers would describe as being green. Granny Smith apples are 'ao', so are all Westerners' eyes, regardless of whether they would be described as being 'blue' or 'green' in English. The sky and the sea are prototypically 'ao', but this term is also used to describe lawns, forests, traffic lights and unripe tomatoes. What, then, do Japanese native speakers (henceforth JNS) understand by this term? How do its semantic boundaries relate to those of the term 'midori' (`green')? What is the JNS understanding of the foreign loan words 'guriin' (green) and 'buruu' (blue)? This study pursues these questions seeking to delineate the semantic boundaries of the colour term 'ao'.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’influence de facteurs perceptifs et psycholinguistiques sur la couleur, en tant que construction cognitive. Des millions de teintes peuvent être discriminées alors que moins d’une centaine de termes de couleur existe. L’origine des onze termes basiques identifiés dans la littérature reste débattue, mais serait plutôt perceptive pour les couleurs uniques noir, blanc, rouge, vert, jaune et bleu, et liée à un consensus culturel et langagier pour orange, marron, rose, violet et gris. La couleur aurait aussi une dimension émotionnelle, comme le suggère l’expression langagière « voir rouge ». Dans ce travail, une première étude a examiné l’organisation conceptuelle des 11 termes de couleur basiques. Les participants devaient fournir le niveau de proximité entre chacun des termes pris deux-a-deux. Les résultats ont montré que l’espace coloré conceptuel était corrélé à l’espace coloré perceptif pour toutes les couleurs uniques sauf le jaune. Les autres couleurs basiques s’organisaient selon des facteurs perceptifs, ainsi que culturels, en relation avec leur association à certains concepts ou connaissances sémantiques. Une deuxième étude a permis de préciser la familiarité et la valence émotionnelle de couleurs basiques et non-basiques présentées sous forme de mots ou de patchs. La familiarité et l’arousal étaient supérieurs pour les couleurs basiques présentés sous forme de mots, suggérant une conceptualisation plus accessible que pour les non-basiques et les patchs. Des mesures de valence émotionnelle, arousal, familiarité et d'association aux six émotions basiques pour 33 mots et 33 patchs de couleurs basiques et non-basiques sont fournies comme outil potentiel pour de futures recherches. Une troisième étude se focalise sur un pigment médiéval ayant un spectre de réflectance plat, mais dont des appariements et dénominations confirment une illusion de bleu pour la moitié des observateurs. Une tâche de Stroop a été adaptée pour tester les effets perceptifs et sémantiques sur la présence de cette illusion. Des effets de congruence ont été obtenus en associant ce pigment au mot gris tout comme au mot bleu. Les résultats montraient (a) un ancrage des réponses à la teinte ambigüe vers la catégorie disponible la plus ressemblante, témoignant de l’élasticité de la représentation de couleur, et (b) que l’effet de congruence de la tâche de Stroop dépendait également de facteurs perceptifs, tel un contraste coloré crée en manipulant le fond d’écran. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats amènent de nouveaux éléments précisant l’interaction des traitements perceptifs et psycholinguistiques dans l’interprétation de l’environnement coloré
The objective of this thesis is to study the influence of perceptive and psycholinguistic factors on color, considered as a cognitive construction. Millions of hues can be discriminated while less than a hundred color terms are used. The origin of the eleven basic color terms identified in the literature is still debated, but may be more perceptive for the unique colors black, white, red, green, yellow and blue, and linked to cultural and linguistic consensus for orange, brown, purple and grey. Color may also have an emotional dimension, as denotes for example the expression “seeing red”. In this work, a first study investigated the conceptual organization of the 11 basic color terms. Participants had to provide proximity levels for each two-by-two pairs of the terms. Results showed that the conceptual color space is correlated to the perceptual color space for all unique colors but yellow. Other basic colors were organized based on perceptive factors, and also cultural ones, in relation to their association with certain concepts or semantic knowledge. A second study focalized on familiarity and emotional valence of basic and non-basic colors presented as words or as patches. Familiarity and arousal were higher for basic colors presented as words, which may be explained by a more accessible conceptualization than for non-basic colors and patches. Measures of emotional valence and associations with the six basic emotions for 33 color words and 33 patches, basic and non-basic, are provided as a potential tool for future research. A third study investigated a medieval pigment with a flat reflectance spectrum, but for which pairings and denominations confirmed an illusory blue for half of observers. A Stroop task was adapted to test perceptive and semantic effects on the presence of this illusion. Congruency effects were obtained upon association of this pigment as much with the word grey as with the word blue. Results showed (a) an anchoring of responses to the ambiguous hue biased towards the most resembling available category, testifying to the elasticity of color representation, and (b) that the congruence effect in the Stroop task also depended on perceptive factors, such as a color contrast created by manipulating background color during the task. On the whole, these results bring new elements specifying the interaction of perceptive and psycholinguistic processing in the interpretation of the colored environment

Un dels problemes fonamentals de la visió per computador és representar imatges amb descripcions compactes semànticament rellevants. Aquestes descripcions podrien utilitzar-se en una àmplia varietat d'aplicacions, com la comparació d'imatges, la detecció d'objectes i la cerca de vídeos. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és estudiar les representacions d'imatges des de dos aspectes: les descripcions de color i les descripcions profundes amb xarxes neuronals. A la primera part de la tesi partim de descripcions de color modelades a mà. Existeixen noms comuns en diverses llengües per als colors bàsics, i proposem un mètode per estendre els noms de colors addicionals d'acord amb la seva naturalesa complementària als bàsics. Això ens permet calcular representacions de noms de colors de longitud arbitrària amb un alt poder discriminatori. Els experiments psicofísics confirmen que el mètode proposat supera els marcs de referència existents. En segon lloc, en agregar estratègies d'atenció, aprenem descripcions de colors profundes amb xarxes neuronals a partir de dades amb anotacions per a la imatge, en comptes de per a cada un dels píxels. L'estratègia d'atenció aconsegueix identificar correctament les regions rellevants per a cada classe que volem avaluar. L'avantatge de l'enfocament proposat és que els noms de colors a utilitzar es poden aprendre específicament per a dominis dels que no existeixen anotacions a nivell de píxel. A la segona part de la tesi, ens centrem en les descripcions profundes amb xarxes neuronals. En primer lloc, abordem el problema de comprimir grans xarxes de descriptors en xarxes més petites, mantenint un rendiment similar. Proposem destil·lar les mètriques d'una xarxa mestre a una xarxa estudiant. S'introdueixen dues noves funcions de cost per a modelar la comunicació de la xarxa mestre a una xarxa estudiant més petita: una basada en un mestre absolut, on l'estudiant pretén produir els mateixos descriptors que el mestre, i una altra basada en un mestre relatiu, on les distàncies entre parells de punts de dades són comunicades del mestre a l'alumne. A més, s'han investigat diversos aspectes de la destil·lació per a les representacions, incloses les capes d'atenció, l'aprenentatge semi-supervisat i la destil·lació de qualitat creuada. Finalment, s'estudia un altre aspecte de l'aprenentatge per mètrica profund, l'aprenentatge continuat. Observem que es produeix una variació del coneixement après durant l'entrenament de noves tasques. En aquesta tesi es presenta un mètode per estimar la variació semàntica en funció de la variació que experimenten les dades de la tasca actual durant el seu aprenentatge. Tenint en compte aquesta estimació, les tasques anteriors poden ser compensades, millorant així el seu rendiment. A més, mostrem que les xarxes de descripcions profundes pateixen significativament menys oblits catastròfics en comparació amb les xarxes de classificació quan aprenen noves tasques.
Uno de los problemas fundamentales de la visión por computador es representar imágenes con descripciones compactas semánticamente relevantes. Estas descripciones podrían utilizarse en una amplia variedad de aplicaciones, como la comparación de imágenes, la detección de objetos y la búsqueda de vídeos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar las representaciones de imágenes desde dos aspectos: las descripciones de color y las descripciones profundas con redes neuronales. En la primera parte de la tesis partimos de descripciones de color modeladas a mano. Existen nombres comunes en varias lenguas para los colores básicos, y proponemos un método para extender los nombres de colores adicionales de acuerdo con su naturaleza complementaria a los básicos. Esto nos permite calcular representaciones de nombres de colores de longitud arbitraria con un alto poder discriminatorio. Los experimentos psicofísicos confirman que el método propuesto supera a los marcos de referencia existentes. En segundo lugar, al agregar estrategias de atención, aprendemos descripciones de colores profundos con redes neuronales a partir de datos con anotaciones para la imagen en vez de para cada uno de los píxeles. La estrategia de atención logra identificar correctamente las regiones relevantes para cada clase que queremos evaluar. La ventaja del enfoque propuesto es que los nombres de colores a usar se pueden aprender específicamente para dominios de los que no existen anotaciones a nivel de píxel. En la segunda parte de la tesis, nos centramos en las descripciones profundas con redes neuronales. En primer lugar, abordamos el problema de comprimir grandes redes de descriptores en redes más pequeñas, manteniendo un rendimiento similar. Proponemos destilar las métricas de una red maestro a una red estudiante. Se introducen dos nuevas funciones de coste para modelar la comunicación de la red maestro a una red estudiante más pequeña: una basada en un maestro absoluto, donde el estudiante pretende producir los mismos descriptores que el maestro, y otra basada en un maestro relativo, donde las distancias entre pares de puntos de datos son comunicadas del maestro al alumno. Además, se han investigado diversos aspectos de la destilación para las representaciones, incluidas las capas de atención, el aprendizaje semi-supervisado y la destilación de calidad cruzada. Finalmente, se estudia otro aspecto del aprendizaje por métrica profundo, el aprendizaje continuado. Observamos que se produce una variación del conocimiento aprendido durante el entrenamiento de nuevas tareas. En esta tesis se presenta un método para estimar la variación semántica en función de la variación que experimentan los datos de la tarea actual durante su aprendizaje. Teniendo en cuenta esta estimación, las tareas anteriores pueden ser compensadas, mejorando así su rendimiento. Además, mostramos que las redes de descripciones profundas sufren significativamente menos olvidos catastróficos en comparación con las redes de clasificación cuando aprenden nuevas tareas.
One of the fundamental problems of computer vision is to represent images with compact semantically relevant embeddings. These embeddings could then be used in a wide variety of applications, such as image retrieval, object detection, and video search. The main objective of this thesis is to study image embeddings from two aspects: color embeddings and deep embeddings. In the first part of the thesis we start from hand-crafted color embeddings. We propose a method to order the additional color names according to their complementary nature with the basic eleven color names. This allows us to compute color name representations with high discriminative power of arbitrary length. Psychophysical experiments confirm that our proposed method outperforms baseline approaches. Secondly, we learn deep color embeddings from weakly labeled data by adding an attention strategy. The attention branch is able to correctly identify the relevant regions for each class. The advantage of our approach is that it can learn color names for specific domains for which no pixel-wise labels exists. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on deep embeddings. Firstly, we address the problem of compressing large embedding networks into small networks, while maintaining similar performance. We propose to distillate the metrics from a teacher network to a student network. Two new losses are introduced to model the communication of a deep teacher network to a small student network: one based on an absolute teacher, where the student aims to produce the same embeddings as the teacher, and one based on a relative teacher, where the distances between pairs of data points is communicated from the teacher to the student. In addition, various aspects of distillation have been investigated for embeddings, including hint and attention layers, semi-supervised learning and cross quality distillation. Finally, another aspect of deep metric learning, namely lifelong learning, is studied. We observed some drift occurs during training of new tasks for metric learning. A method to estimate the semantic drift based on the drift which is experienced by data of the current task during its training is introduced. Having this estimation, previous tasks can be compensated for this drift, thereby improving their performance. Furthermore, we show that embedding networks suffer significantly less from catastrophic forgetting compared to classification networks when learning new tasks.

SUMMARY The names of colours in the Lithuanian dialects have not been investigated at all; therefore, the topic of the present work for Master of Arts “The Names of Colours in Dialects” is relevant and important. The aim of the work is to investigate and describe the names of colours in dialects. The main objectives of the work: 1) to identify the frequency of the use of the names of colours; 2) to identify the kind of things the characteristic colour of which is marked by the names of colours; 3) to identify the semantic contents of the names of colours. The methods of the work: descriptive, statistical, the method of semantic analysis. The material has been selected from 6 dialectal dictionaries: “Dictionary of Daukšiai Region” by V. Labutis; “Dictionary of Druskininkai Dialect” by G. Naktinienė, A. Paulauskienė, V. Vitkauskas; “Dictionary of Lazūnai Dialect” by J. Petrauskas, A. Vidugiris, “Dictionary of North East Dūnininkai Subdialects” by V. Vitkauskas; Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 of “Dictionary of Zanavykai Subdialect” by R. Bacevičiūtė, G. Čepaitienė, V. Sakalauskienė, J. Švambarytė, K. Vosylytė; “Dictionary of Zietela Subdialect” by A. Vidugiris. The object of the work: 1) combinations in which certain two denotats are compared according to the common feature of a colour; 2) usually metaphoric combinations epithet + noun marking a characteristic feature (the combinations in which the name of a colour has a secondary meaning have been rejected); 3) metaphoric derivatives... [to full text]

The purpose of my research is to investigate the processes and mechanisms of semantic change in two basic colour terms: green in English and zielony in Polish. My research methodology focuses on existing English and Polish corpora, namely the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the National Corpus of Polish. I analyze my data both synchronically and diachronically (comparing two periods of time: 1985-1994, 2001-2010). My study also evaluates the use of corpus evidence for the purpose of investigating the processes of semantic change. Various factors have caused the Basic Colour Terms (BCTs) green and zielony to form metaphorical and metonymical meanings that have been conventionalised in English and Polish respectively. These processes have long played an important role in our understanding of the surrounding world. Investigating semantic changes in these two colour terms and two periods of time is key to my cross-cultural research, and this entails answering the questions: Why do green and zielony develop different senses? What are the similarities and differences between these two colour terms? How have these two terms developed and might they develop new senses in future? Are metonymy and metaphor the only mechanisms of semantic change in green and zielony? The semantic change of each colour term is shown through a network of meanings, where all the different meanings of green and zielony are presented together with their stages of development in the form of codes. Additionally each stage is a separate prototype. The aim of the network is to show the etymological prototype and various senses (new prototypes) developing from this original sense. Moreover the number of occurrences of each prototype might indicate which meaning or meanings are most common or even central in a given language at a certain point in time. The network of meanings is a visual representation of semantic change and processes involved in it. A very detailed analysis of corpus examples provides an insight into the uses of green and zielony in English and Polish respectively. The data are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Such an approach offers a thorough analysis of the two terms in question.

Not all combinations of nouns and adjectives are possible and some are clearly more fre- quent than other. With this in mind this study aims to construct semantic representations of the two types of parts-of-speech, based on how they occur with each other. By inves- tigating these ideas via automatic natural language processing paradigms the study aims to find evidence for a semantic mutuality between nouns and adjectives, this notion sug- gests that the semantics of a noun can be captured by its corresponding adjectives, and vice versa. Furthermore, a set of proposed categories of adjectives and nouns, based on the ideas of Gärdenfors (2014), is presented that hypothetically are to fall in line with the produced representations. Four evaluation methods were used to analyze the result rang- ing from subjective discussion of nearest neighbours in vector space to accuracy generated from manual annotation. The result provided some evidence for the hypothesis which suggests that further research is of value.

We introduce normal coordinates in Riemannspaces as a tool to construct color-weak compensation methods.We use them to compute color stimuli for a color weakobservers that result in the same color perception as theoriginal image presented to a color normal observer in the sensethat perceived color-differences are identical for both. Thecompensation is obtained through a color-difference-preservingmap, i.e. an isometry between the 3D color spaces of a colornormaland any given color-weak observer. This approach usesdiscrimination threshold data and is free from approximationerrors due to local linearization. The performance is evaluatedwith the help of semantic differential (SD) tests.
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research through grant IIS11-0081.
European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 - Challenge 2 Cognitive Systems, Interaction, Robotics - under grant agreement No 247947 - GARNICS.

[EN] The long-lasting trend in the field of computation of stress and resource distribution has found its way into computer networks via the concept of peer-to-peer (P2P) connectivity. P2P is a symmetrical model, where each network node is enabled a comparable range of capacities and resources. It stands in a stark contrast to the classical, strongly asymmetrical client-server approach. P2P, originally considered only a complimentary, server-side structure to the straightforward client-server model, has been shown to have the substantial potential on its own, with multiple, widely known benefits: good fault tolerance and recovery, satisfactory scalability and intrinsic load distribution. However, contrary to client-server, P2P networks require sophisticated solutions on all levels, ranging from network organization, to resource location and managing. In this thesis we address one of the key issues of P2P networks: performing efficient resource searches of semantic nature under realistic, dynamic conditions. There have been numerous solutions to this matter, with evolutionary, stigmergy-based, and simple computational foci, but few attempt to resolve the full range of challenges this problem entails. To name a few: real-life P2P networks are rarely static, nodes disconnect, reconnect and change their content. In addition, a trivial incorporation of semantic searches into well-known algorithms causes significant decrease in search efficiency. In our research we build a solution incrementally, starting with the classic Ant Colony System (ACS) within the Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic (ACO). ACO is an algorithmic framework used for solving combinatorial optimization problems that fits contractually the problem very well, albeit not providing an immediate solution to any of the aforementioned problems. First, we propose an efficient ACS variant in structured (hypercube structured) P2P networks, by enabling a path-post processing algorithm, which called Tabu Route Optimization (TRO). Next, we proceed to resolve the issue of network dynamism with an ACO-compatible information diffusion approach. Consequently, we attempt to incorporate the semantic component of the searches. This initial approximation to the problem was achieved by allowing ACS to differentiate between search types with the pheromone-per-concept idea. We called the outcome of this merger Routing Concept ACS (RC-ACS). RC-ACS is a robust, static multipheromone implementation of ACS. However, we were able to conclude from it that the pheromone-per-concept approach offers only limited scalability and cannot be considered a global solution. Thus, further progress was made in this respect when we introduced to RC-ACS our novel idea: dynamic pheromone creation, which replaces the static one-to-one assignment. We called the resulting algorithm Angry Ant Framework (AAF). In AAF new pheromone levels are created as needed and during the search, rather than prior to it. The final step was to enable AAF, not only to create pheromone levels, but to reassign them to optimize the pheromone usage. The resulting algorithm is called EntropicAAF and it has been evaluated as one of the top-performing algorithms for P2P semantic searches under all conditions.
[ES] La popular tendencia de distribución de carga y recursos en el ámbito de la computación se ha transmitido a las redes computacionales a través del concepto de la conectividad peer-to-peer (P2P). P2P es un modelo simétrico, en el cual a cada nodo de la red se le otorga un rango comparable de capacidades y recursos. Se trata de un fuerte contraste con el clásico y fuertemente asimétrico enfoque cliente-servidor. P2P, originalmente considerado solo como una estructura del lado del servidor complementaria al sencillo modelo cliente-servidor, ha demostrado tener un potencial considerable por sí mismo, con múltiples beneficios ampliamente conocidos: buena tolerancia a fallos y recuperación, escalabilidad satisfactoria y distribución de carga intrínseca. Sin embargo, al contrario que el modelo cliente-servidor, las redes P2P requieren de soluciones sofisticadas a todos los niveles, desde la organización de la red hasta la gestión y localización de recursos. Esta tesis aborda uno de los problemas principales de las redes P2P: la búsqueda eficiente de recursos de naturaleza semántica bajo condiciones dinámicas y realistas. Ha habido numerosas soluciones a este problema basadas en enfoques evolucionarios, estigmérgicos y simples, pero pocas han tratado de resolver el abanico completo de desafíos. En primer lugar, las redes P2P reales son raramente estáticas: los nodos se desconectan, reconectan y cambian de contenido. Además, la incorporación trivial de búsquedas semánticas en algoritmos conocidos causa un decremento significativo de la eficiencia de la búsqueda. En esta investigación se ha construido una solución de manera incremental, comenzando por el clásico Ant Colony System (ACS) basado en la metaheurística de Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). ACO es un framework algorítmico usado para búsquedas en grafos que encaja perfectamente con las condiciones del problema, aunque no provee una solución inmediata a las cuestiones mencionadas anteriormente. En primer lugar, se propone una variante eficiente de ACS para redes P2P estructuradas (con estructura de hipercubo) permitiendo el postprocesamiento de las rutas, al que hemos denominado Tabu Route Optimization (TRO). A continuación, se ha tratado de resolver el problema del dinamismo de la red mediante la difusión de la información a través de una estrategia compatible con ACO. En consecuencia, se ha tratado de incorporar el componente semántico de las búsquedas. Esta aproximación inicial al problema ha sido lograda permitiendo al ACS diferenciar entre tipos de búsquedas através de la idea de pheromone-per-concept. El resultado de esta fusión se ha denominado Routing Concept ACS (RC-ACS). RC-ACS es una implementación multiferomona estática y robusta de ACS. Sin embargo, a partir de esta implementación se ha podido concluir que el enfoque pheromone-per-concept ofrece solo escalabilidad limitada y que no puede ser considerado una solución global. Por lo tanto, para lograr una mejora a este respecto, se ha introducido al RC-ACS una novedosa idea: la creación dinámica de feromonas, que reemplaza la asignación estática uno a uno. En el algoritmo resultante, al que hemos denominado Angry Ant Framework (AAF), los nuevos niveles de feromona se crean conforme se necesitan y durante la búsqueda, en lugar de crearse antes de la misma. La mejora final se ha obtenido al permitir al AAF no solo crear niveles de feromona, sino también reasignarlos para optimizar el uso de la misma. El algoritmo resultante se denomina EntropicAAF y ha sido evaluado como uno de los algoritmos más exitosos para las búsquedas semánticas P2P bajo todas las condiciones.
[CAT] La popular tendència de distribuir càrrega i recursos en el camp de la computació s'ha estès cap a les xarxes d'ordinadors a través del concepte de connexions d'igual a igual (de l'anglès, peer to peer o P2P). P2P és un model simètric on cada node de la xarxa disposa del mateix nombre de capacitats i recursos. P2P, considerat originàriament només una estructura situada al servidor complementària al model client-servidor simple, ha provat tindre el suficient potencial per ella mateixa, amb múltiples beneficis ben coneguts: una bona tolerància a errades i recuperació, una satisfactòria escalabilitat i una intrínseca distribució de càrrega. No obstant, contràriament al client-servidor, les xarxes P2P requereixen solucions sofisticades a tots els nivells, que varien des de l'organització de la xarxa a la localització de recursos i la seua gestió. En aquesta tesi s'adreça un dels problemes clau de les xarxes P2P: ser capaç de realitzar eficientment cerques de recursos de naturalesa semàntica sota condicions realistes i dinàmiques. Existeixen nombroses solucions a aquest tema basades en la computació simple, evolutiva i també basades en l'estimèrgia (de l'anglès, stigmergy), però pocs esforços s'han realitzat per intentar resoldre l'ampli conjunt de reptes existent. En primer lloc, les xarxes P2P reals són rarament estàtiques: els nodes es connecten, desconnecten i canvien els seus continguts. A més a més, la incorporació trivial de cerques semàntiques als algorismes existents causa una disminució significant de l'eficiència de la cerca. En aquesta recerca s'ha construït una solució incremental, començant pel sistema clàssic de colònia de formigues (de l'anglés, Ant Colony System o ACS) dins de la metaheurística d'optimització de colònies de formigues (de l'anglès, Ant Colony Optimization o ACO). ACO és un entorn algorísmic utilitzat per cercar en grafs i que aborda el problema de forma satisfactòria, tot i que no proveeix d'una solució immediata a cap dels problemes anteriorment mencionats. Primer, s'ha proposat una variant eficient d'ACS en xarxes P2P estructurades (en forma d'hipercub) a través d'un algorisme de processament post-camí el qual s'ha anomenat en anglès Tabu Route Optimization (TRO). A continuació, s'ha procedit a resoldre el problema del dinamisme de les xarxes amb un enfocament de difusió d'informació compatible amb ACO. Com a conseqüència, s'ha intentat incorporar la component semàntica de les cerques. Aquest enfocament inicial al problema s'ha realitzat permetent a ACS diferenciar entre tipus de cerques amb la idea de ''feromona per concepte'', i s'ha anomenat a aquest producte Routing Concept ACS o RC-ACS. RC-ACS és una implementació multi-feromona robusta i estàtica d'ACS. No obstant, s'ha pogut concloure que l'enfocament de feromona per concepte ofereix només una escalabilitat limitada i no pot ser considerada una solució global. En aquest respecte s'ha realitzat progrés posteriorment introduint una nova idea a RC-ACS: la creació dinàmica de feromones, la qual reemplaça a l'assignació un a un de les mateixes. A l'algorisme resultant se l'ha anomenat en anglès Angry Ant Framework (AAF). En AAF es creen nous nivells de feromones a mesura que es necessiten durant la cerca, i no abans d'aquesta. El progrés final s'ha aconseguit quan s'ha permès a AAF, no sols crear nivells de feromones, sinó reassignar-los per optimitzar la utilització de feromones. L'algorisme resultant s'ha anomenat EntropicAAF i ha sigut avaluat com un dels algorismes per a cerques semàntiques P2P amb millors prestacions.
Krynicki, KK. (2016). Ant Colony Algorithms for the Resolution of Semantic Searches in P2P Networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61293
TESIS
Premiado

This study investigates the effects of language contact, particularly contact with English, on the Korean language. One chapter reviews the historical and sociocultural background of the three major influences on modern Korean--Chinese, Japanese, and English. Another chapter discusses the patterns of English lexical borrowing and semantic changes that occur during the borrowing process, both in the English words and related Korean words in the same semantic fields. A third chapter describes some other uses of English in Korea, including advertising, product naming, and current slang. Finally, a substantial part of the dissertation is devoted to a study of the influence of contact with English on the Korean semantic field of color. Data were elicited from forty-four consultants in two age groups (18-24 and 47-85) using Munsell color samples as stimulus materials in a three-part interview procedure based on the work of MacLaury (1986, 1992) that asked consultants to: (1) name 330 different loose color chips to determine their individual vocabulary of color terms; (2) choose a focus for each term from an array of the same color chips; and (3) map the range of each term on the array. It was found that consultants varied greatly in the number of color categories they used, with age, sex, level of education, and attitude toward the topic as possible influences. A number of English color terms were used by consultants of both sexes and in both age groups, and it is suggested that two of these, orange and pink, have possibly become the most basic terms for naming their categories for some of the consultants. It is also suggested that these two terms, as well as contact with English in general, are partly responsible for certain semantic changes in related Korean words. Another specific finding was that Korean seems to have color categories in addition to Berlin and Kay's (1969) eleven basic categories, including LIGHT BLUE, DARK BLUE, and YELLOW-GREEN, which is similar to the situation that Stanlaw (1987) found in Japanese.

In order to investigate the temporal characteristics of cognitive processing, we apply multivariate phase synchronization analysis to event-related potentials. The experimental design combines a semantic incongruity in a sentence context with a physical mismatch (color change). In the ERP average, these result in an N400 component and a P300-like positivity, respectively. The synchronization analysis shows an effect of global desynchronization in the theta band around 288ms after stimulus presentation for the semantic incongruity, while the physical mismatch elicits an increase of global synchronization in the alpha band around 204ms. Both of these effects clearly precede those in the ERP average. Moreover, the delay between synchronization effect and ERP component correlates with the complexity of the cognitive processes.

As definições de cores encontradas nos dicionários semasiológicos do português estão passíveis a uma série de críticas. A análise dos verbetes de cores dos dicionários AuE (2004), HouE (2001), MiE (2001) e AnMS (1813) revelou que nenhuma destas obras apresentam verbetes de cores satisfatórios no que diz respeito à elucidação do significado de uma cor. Além disso, foi constatado que poucas foram as modificações sofridas nas definições de cores das obras do século XXI quando comparadas à obra do século XIX. O fato de os verbetes de cores dos dias atuais apresentarem falhas semelhantes às dos verbetes de cores de obras editadas há quase 200 anos parece indicar uma lacuna nos estudos lexicográficos que trate das cores nos dicionários. O presente trabalho se dispõe a discutir e tentar preencher esta lacuna. Para tanto, se procurou estabelecer uma relação entre os problemas encontrados nos verbetes de cores e a teoria lexicográfica, a fim de explicar o problema e, se possível, solucioná-lo. A partir dessa primeira análise, foi constatado que os verbetes de cores precisavam ser reestruturados. Para tanto, foi necessário estabelecer parâmetros que elencassem os segmentos informativos realmente necessários em um verbete de cor, para depois, se pensar em reelaborar estes segmentos. Os segmentos informativos reestruturados foram as paráfrases explanatórias e os exemplos, e esta reestruturação se deu com base nos postulados da Semântica Cognitiva. A visão prototípica de categorização, bem como a noção de corporeidade e de experiencialismo trazidas pela Semântica Cognitiva foram bastante proveitosas na discussão a respeito do fenômeno cromático no âmbito da Lexicografia. Através da relação entre teorias lexicográficas e a Semântica Cognitiva, chegou-se à conclusão de que as paráfrases de cores simples devem ser do tipo paráfrase explanatória analítica por metalinguagem do signo extensional e contarem com exemplares universais de cor no seu viés extensional para elucidar a cor. Em relação aos exemplos, eles devem estar alicerçados em padrões sintáticos curtos e frases de construções simples, além de contarem com exemplares prototípicos culturalmente situados das categorias de cor. Em complementação a isto, as cores simples devem contar com o mecanismo de substituição ostensiva, localizado nos textos externos do dicionário, que traga uma gravura da cor definida. A gravura oferecida pelo dicionário deve corresponder à elucidação de uma categoria inteira de cor, em conformidade com os postulados da Semântica Cognitiva sobre categorias prototípicas. Em relação às cores complexas, a Teoria da Mesclagem Conceitual aponta que este tipo de cor não necessita de uma definição, uma vez que seu significado é construído através da decodificação do próprio vocábulo. A proposta oferecida para as cores complexas é que o dicionário faça uma remissão para a cor simples da qual a cor complexa deriva e localize, dentro da categoria de cor simples, a zona correspondente à cor complexa. O desenvolvimento do presente estudo levou à conclusão de que o planejamento e reestruturação dos três segmentos informativos aqui elencados (paráfrase explanatória, exemplos e elementos iconográficos) permite a elaboração de definições mais satisfatórias para vocábulos de cores em dicionários semasiológicos.
Color definitions in Portuguese semasiological dictionaries are subject to much criticism. The analysis of color entries in AuE (2004), HouE (2001), MiE (2001), and AnMS (1813) revealed that none of these dictionaries have satisfactory entries when it comes to elucidating the meaning of colors. Moreover, it was observed that color definitions are quite similar when 21th century dictionaries and a 19th century dictionary are contrasted. Finding the same problems in color definitions of current and old dictionaries may indicate a gap in lexicographic studies concerning colors. This thesis aims to discuss and fill this gap. To do so, we tried to relate problems found in color entries to lexicographical theories, in order to explain these problems and, if possible, to solve them. This first analysis led us to conclude that color entries should be restructured. So it was necessary to set parameters, which could establish necessary informative segments to a color entry, and then restructure them. The restructured informative segments were explanatory paraphrases and examples. The restructuring was based on tenets of Cognitive Semantics. The Prototypical Theory and beliefs in Embodiment and Experientialism were very useful to the discussion about the chromatic phenomenon in lexicographical fields. From relating lexicographical theories to Cognitive Semantics, we concluded that simple color paraphrases should be explanatory, analytical paraphrases based on the metalanguage of the extensional sign, and they should rely on universal models of colors in their extensional part. Examples must be founded on short syntactic patterns and sentences with simple construction, relying on culturally situated, prototypical models of color categories. Besides this, simple colors must rely on ostensive replacement, situated in additional sections of the dictionary, which offer a picture of the related color. The picture has to represent/illustrate the entire category of that color, in accordance with the tenets of Cognitive Semantics about prototypical categories. Regarding complex colors, Conceptual Blending Theory shows that this kind of color does not require a definition, once its meaning is constructed by the decoding of the word itself. Our proposal concerning the lexicographical treatment of complex colors is to indicate them within the picture of simple colors. This study led us to conclude that, if one plans and restructures the three informative segments showed here (explanatory paraphrases, examples, and pictures), it is possible to provide more complete definitions of color words in semasiological dictionaries.

Modern software systems have increasingly higher expectations on their reliability, in particular if the systems are critical and real-time. The development of these complex software systems requires strong modelling and analysis methods including quantitative modelling and formal verification. Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a widely used and intuitive graphical modelling language to design complex systems, while formal models provide a theoretical support to verify system design models. However, UML models are not sufficient to guarantee correct system designs and formal models, on the other hand, are often restrictive and complex to use. It is believed that a combined approach comprising the advantages of both models can offer better designs for modern complex software development needs. This thesis focuses on the design and development of a rigorous framework based on Model Driven Development (MDD) that facilitates transformations of non-formal models into formal models for design verification. This thesis defines and describes the transformation from UML2 sequence diagrams to coloured Petri nets and proves syntactic and semantic correctness of the transformation. Additionally, we explore ways of adding information (time, probability, and hierarchy) to a design and how it can be added onto extensions of a target model. Correctness results are extended in this context. The approach in this thesis is novel and significant both in how to establish semantic and syntactic correctness of transformations, and how to explore semantic variability in the target model for formal analysis. Hence, the motivation of this thesis establishes: the UML behavioural models can be validated by correct transformation of them into formal models that can be formally analysed and verified.

La vision par ordinateur est un domaine interdisciplinaire étudiant la manière dont les ordinateurs peuvent acquérir une compréhension de haut niveau à partir d’images ou de vidéos numériques. En intelligence artificielle, et plus précisément en apprentissage automatique, domaine dans lequel se positionne cette thèse, la vision par ordinateur passe par l’extraction de caractéristiques présentes dans les images puis par la généralisation de concepts liés à ces caractéristiques. Ce domaine de recherche est devenu très populaire ces dernières années, notamment grâce aux résultats des réseaux de neurones convolutifs à la base des méthodes dites d’apprentissage profond. Aujourd’hui les réseaux de neurones permettent, entre autres, de reconnaître les différents objets présents dans une image, de générer des images très réalistes ou même de battre les champions au jeu de Go. Leurs performances ne s’arrêtent d’ailleurs pas au domaine de l’image puisqu’ils sont aussi utilisés dans d’autres domaines tels que le traitement du langage naturel (par exemple en traduction automatique) ou la reconnaissance de son. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les réseaux de neurones convolutifs afin de développer des architectures et des fonctions de coûts spécialisées à des tâches aussi bien de bas niveau (la constance chromatique) que de haut niveau (la segmentation sémantique d’image). Une première contribution s’intéresse à la tâche de constance chromatique. En vision par ordinateur, l’approche principale consiste à estimer la couleur de l’illuminant puis à supprimer son impact sur la couleur perçue des objets. Les expériences que nous avons menées montrent que notre méthode permet d’obtenir des performances compétitives avec l’état de l’art. Néanmoins, notre architecture requiert une grande quantité de données d’entraînement. Afin de corriger en parti ce problème et d’améliorer l’entraînement des réseaux de neurones, nous présentons plusieurs techniques d’augmentation artificielle de données. Nous apportons également deux contributions sur une problématique de haut niveau : la segmentation sémantique d’image. Cette tâche, qui consiste à attribuer une classe sémantique à chacun des pixels d’une image, constitue un défi en vision par ordinateur de par sa complexité. D’une part, elle requiert de nombreux exemples d’entraînement dont les vérités terrains sont coûteuses à obtenir. D’autre part, elle nécessite l’adaptation des réseaux de neurones convolutifs traditionnels afin d’obtenir une prédiction dite dense, c’est-à-dire, une prédiction pour chacun pixel présent dans l’image d’entrée. Pour résoudre la difficulté liée à l’acquisition de données d’entrainements, nous proposons une approche qui exploite simultanément plusieurs bases de données annotées avec différentes étiquettes. Pour cela, nous définissons une fonction de coût sélective. Nous développons aussi une approche dites d’auto-contexte capturant d’avantage les corrélations existantes entre les étiquettes des différentes bases de données. Finalement, nous présentons notre troisième contribution : une nouvelle architecture de réseau de neurones convolutifs appelée GridNet spécialisée pour la segmentation sémantique d’image. Contrairement aux réseaux traditionnels, notre architecture est implémentée sous forme de grille 2D permettant à plusieurs flux interconnectés de fonctionner à différentes résolutions. Afin d’exploiter la totalité des chemins de la grille, nous proposons une technique d’entraînement inspirée du dropout. En outre, nous montrons empiriquement que notre architecture généralise de nombreux réseaux bien connus de l’état de l’art. Nous terminons par une analyse des résultats empiriques obtenus avec notre architecture qui, bien qu’entraînée avec une initialisation aléatoire des poids, révèle de très bonnes performances, dépassant les approches populaires souvent pré-entraînés
Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field that investigates how computers can gain a high level of understanding from digital images or videos. In artificial intelligence, and more precisely in machine learning, the field in which this thesis is positioned,computer vision involves extracting characteristics from images and then generalizing concepts related to these characteristics. This field of research has become very popular in recent years, particularly thanks to the results of the convolutional neural networks that form the basis of so-called deep learning methods. Today, neural networks make it possible, among other things, to recognize different objects present in an image, to generate very realistic images or even to beat the champions at the Go game. Their performance is not limited to the image domain, since they are also used in other fields such as natural language processing (e. g. machine translation) or sound recognition. In this thesis, we study convolutional neural networks in order to develop specialized architectures and loss functions for low-level tasks (color constancy) as well as high-level tasks (semantic segmentation). Color constancy, is the ability of the human visual system to perceive constant colours for a surface despite changes in the spectrum of illumination (lighting change). In computer vision, the main approach consists in estimating the color of the illuminant and then suppressing its impact on the perceived color of objects. We approach the task of color constancy with the use of neural networks by developing a new architecture composed of a subsampling operator inspired by traditional methods. Our experience shows that our method makes it possible to obtain competitive performances with the state of the art. Nevertheless, our architecture requires a large amount of training data. In order to partially correct this problem and improve the training of neural networks, we present several techniques for artificial data augmentation. We are also making two contributions on a high-level issue : semantic segmentation. This task, which consists of assigning a semantic class to each pixel of an image, is a challenge in computer vision because of its complexity. On the one hand, it requires many examples of training that are costly to obtain. On the other hand, it requires the adaptation of traditional convolutional neural networks in order to obtain a so-called dense prediction, i. e., a prediction for each pixel present in the input image. To solve the difficulty of acquiring training data, we propose an approach that uses several databases annotated with different labels at the same time. To do this, we define a selective loss function that has the advantage of allowing the training of a convolutional neural network from data from multiple databases. We also developed self-context approach that captures the correlations between labels in different databases. Finally, we present our third contribution : a new convolutional neural network architecture called GridNet specialized for semantic segmentation. Unlike traditional networks, implemented with a single path from the input (image) to the output (prediction), our architecture is implemented as a 2D grid allowing several interconnected streams to operate at different resolutions. In order to exploit all the paths of the grid, we propose a technique inspired by dropout. In addition, we empirically demonstrate that our architecture generalize many of well-known stateof- the-art networks. We conclude with an analysis of the empirical results obtained with our architecture which, although trained from scratch, reveals very good performances, exceeding popular approaches often pre-trained

Notre thèse porte sur l’étude linguistique contrastive de la référence aux couleurs dans les proverbes à partir d'un corpus de 208 proverbes recueillis en France et en Irak. Nous étudierons la manière dont les couleurs sont exprimées dans les deux langues (catégories grammaticales, structure grammaticale et prosodique des énoncés, outils rhétoriques appliqués aux couleurs pour renforcer leur valeur expressive), ainsi que le rapport des locuteurs à l'usage des couleurs dans les proverbes qu'ils utilisent. Nous essayerons également d'explorer dans les deux langues les différences liées à l'époque où le proverbe a été le plus utilisé, ainsi que le degré de connaissance des proverbes selon l'âge, le sexe, la profession et la région du locuteur. La langue française, ainsi que le dialecte irakien contiennent une grande proportion de mots indiquant la couleur dans les proverbes. Et c’est la connotation de ces mots qui est à l’origine de la difficulté de compréhension. De plus, selon les pays, les cultures et les époques, les couleurs revêtent des significations différentes, parfois aux antipodes de celles des cultures voisines, comme le blanc, associé en occident et dans les pays arabes (comme en Irak) à la pureté, alors qu’il est lié au deuil dans la plupart des pays asiatiques. Grâce à la langue, comme nous le savons, l’homme peut communiquer, échanger les informations, les idées et les sentiments. En d’autres termes, les parleurs peuvent exprimer ce qu’ils veulent exprimer, ce qu’ils veulent dire et les auditeurs peuvent recevoir les informations. Cependant, dans la communication, il n’est pas toujours facile de comprendre complètement et exactement ce qui est dit et écrit, parce que le sens du mot est compliqué et sophistiqué. Le même mot, utilisé dans ces différentes situations, aura différentes significations. Les mots indiquant la couleur se heurtent aux mêmes problèmes. Fonctionnant comme une unité isolée, le proverbe est une combinaison de mots tirés du vocabulaire général de chaque langue. Nous considérons les mots indiquant la couleur dans les proverbes et les locutions proverbiales comme l’objet de notre étude parce que la couleur est partout dans notre vie : la couleur des plantes et des animaux, la couleur du ciel et de la terre, la couleur des aliments, mais aussi parce que les proverbes constituent une source de vocabulaire riche pour ceux qui apprennent la langue. Les proverbes portent divers champs sémantiques et ils reflètent bien les difficultés culturelles liées à l’apprentissage du français en Irak. En outre, nous essayerons de prouver, à travers des transformations et des manipulations, que ces proverbes peuvent être figés. Une étude approfondie de ces traits sémantiques et syntaxiques nous a paru de première nécessité pour rendre compte de l'existence du figement dans les proverbes, phénomène linguistique à la fois très important et très complexe. Par ailleurs, la comparaison critique entre ces deux langues, le français et l’arabe en l’occurrence, affirme que ce phénomène du figement n’est qu’un fait linguistique universel, et révèle que chaque langue a ses propres mécanismes de figement. Nous pouvons noter que du point de vue sémantique, le sens des proverbes n’est pas calculé selon les règles de la compositionalité ; autrement dit, le sens global des proverbes n’est pas l’addition du sens des éléments qui les composent
Our thesis concerns the contrastive linguistic study of The reference to colors in the proverbs from a corpus of 208 proverbs collected in France and in Iraq. We shall study how the colors are expressed in both languages (word classes, grammatical and prosodic structure of the statements, the rhetoric tools applied to colors to strengthen their meaning value) as well as the link of the speakers for colors in the proverbs they use. We shall also try to explore in both languages the differences related to the period when the proverb was the most used as well as in the degree of knowledge of the proverbs according to age, sex, profession and the region of the speaker. The French language as well as the Iraqi dialect contain a big proportion of words indicating the color in the proverbs. And it is the connotation of these words that is the origin of the difficulty of understanding. Furthermore, according to countries, cultures and times, the colors take on different meanings sometimes to the antipodes of those of the nearby cultures like the colour white, associated in the West and in Arab countries to purity, while it is refers to mourning in most of the Asian countries. Thanks to the language, as we know it, the man can communicate, exchange information, ideas and eelings. In other words, the speakers can express what they want to express, what they want to sayand the listenerscan receive the information. However, in communication, it is not always easy to understand completely and exactly what is said and written, because the meaning of the word is complicated and sophisticated. The same word, used in these various situations, will have various meanings. The words indicating the color come up against with the same problems. Working as an isolated unity, the proverb is a combinatio of words taken from the general vocabulary of every language. We consider the words indicating the color in the proverbs and the proverbial expressions as the object of our study because the color is everywhere in our life : the color of the plants and animals, the color of the sky and the earth, the color of food, but also because the proverbs constitute a source of rich vocabulary for those who learn the language. The proverbs refers to diverse semantic fields and they reflect nicely the cultural difficulties related to learning of the French language in Iraq. Besides this, we would try to prove through transformations and manipulations that these proverbs can be frozen. An elaborate study of these semantic and syntactical features seemed to us absolutely essential to report the existence of the congealing in the proverbs, a very important and very complex linguistic phenomenon at the same time. Besides that, the critical comparison between these two languages : French and Arabic in this particular case, asserts that the phenomenon of the congealing is just a universal linguistic fact, and reveals that each language has its own mechanisms of congealing. We can note that, from the semantic point of view, the meaning of the proverbs is not calculated according to the rules of the compositionality ; in other words, the global meaning of the proverbs is not the addition of the meaning of the elements which compose them

The subject of this thesis is Emile Zola’s novel Thérèse Raquin (1867). The principal aim is to examine lexical repetitions and their importance for semantic networks. The thesis studies the use of the noun cou and certain of its co-occurrences, as well as the use of colours and their derivatives. Employing the methods of Greimas and Rastier, the study is based upon two analyses, one narratological and the other thematic, an approach which allows us not only to study the importance of lexical repetitions, but also to study another aspect of the writing, Zola’s various sources of inspiration. This approach aids in showing the stylistic profile of the novel from a new perspective. Our second aim concerns the Swedish translations of the text. The degree of equivalence of lexical repetitions and their transmission has been studied in three versions (Wilson, 1884, Bjurman, 1911, and Bouleau, 1953). Our analysis draws on Berman’s and Heldner’s ideas about the critical evaluation of translated literary texts. The results of this thesis show that Zola, in Thérèse Raquin, uses lexical repetitions to create a stylistic effect that not only draws inspiration from literary and artistic sources, but that is also inspired by real events of the time. These stylistic properties, such as the system of colour leitmotivs, must be conveyed in a translation that is to be considered faithful to the original. The findings of this study suggest that there is a dependency between two of the examined versions and that it would be desirable to produce a new Swedish translation of the novel, equivalent to Zola’s text.
Le roman Thérèse Raquin (1867) d’Émile Zola est l’objet d’étude de la présente thèse. Le premier but est d’y examiner des répétitions lexicales et leur importance pour des réseaux sémantiques. Nous y étudions l’emploi du nom cou et certaines de ses co-occurrences, ainsi que des couleurs et leurs dérivés présents. Suivant des méthodes de Greimas et Rastier, l’étude s’effectue au moyen de deux analyses, l’une narratologique, l’autre thématique, ce qui nous permet non seulement d’examiner l’importance des répétitions lexicales, mais aussi d’étudier un aspect supplémentaire de l’écriture, les diverses sources d’inspiration de Zola. Cette approche contribue à montrer, dans une perspective nouvelle, le profil stylistique du roman. Notre deuxième but concerne des traductions suédoises du texte. Dans trois versions (Wilson, 1884, Bjurman, 1911, et Bouleau, 1953), est évalué le degré d’équivalence des répétitions lexicales et la transmission des répétitions lexicales examinées. Pour notre analyse, nous nous servons des idées de Berman et de Heldner, qui traitent le sujet d’évaluation critique de textes littéraires traduits.  Les résultats de la présente thèse montrent que Zola, dans Thérèse Raquin, utilise les répétitions lexicales pour créer un effet de style qui puise son inspiration non seulement dans des sources littéraires et artistiques, mais aussi dans des événements de la réalité de son époque. Ces propriétés stylistiques, comme la systématique des leitmotivs des couleurs, doivent être rendues dans une traduction censée être fidèle à l’original. Les analyses de notre étude évoquent qu’il y a une dépendance entre deux des versions examinées et qu’il est souhaitable de produire une nouvelle traduction suédoise du roman, équivalente au texte de Zola.

Hlavním přínosem této práce jsou dva nové přístupy pro zvýšení bezpečnosti biometrických systémů založených na rozpoznávání podle otisků prstů. První přístup je z oblasti testování živosti a znemožňuje použití různých typů falešných otisků prstů a jiných metod oklamání senzoru v průběhu procesu snímání otisků. Tento patentovaný přístup je založen na změně barvy a šířky papilárních linií vlivem přitlačení prstu na skleněný podklad. Výsledná jednotka pro testování živosti může být integrována do optických senzorů.  Druhý přístup je z oblasti standardizace a zvyšuje bezpečnost a interoperabilitu procesů extrakce markantů a porovnání. Pro tyto účely jsem vytvořila metodologii, která stanovuje míry sémantické shody pro extraktory markantů otisků prstů. Markanty nalezené testovanými extraktory jsou porovnávány oproti Ground-Truth markantům získaným pomocí shlukování dat poskytnutých daktyloskopickými experty. Tato navrhovaná metodologie je zahrnuta v navrhovaném dodatku k normě ISO/IEC 29109-2 (Amd. 2 WD4).

No
The bag of visual words (BOW) model is an efficient image representation technique for image categorization and annotation tasks. Building good visual vocabularies, from automatically extracted image feature vectors, produces discriminative visual words, which can improve the accuracy of image categorization tasks. Most approaches that use the BOW model in categorizing images ignore useful information that can be obtained from image classes to build visual vocabularies. Moreover, most BOW models use intensity features extracted from local regions and disregard colour information, which is an important characteristic of any natural scene image. In this paper, we show that integrating visual vocabularies generated from each image category improves the BOW image representation and improves accuracy in natural scene image classification. We use a keypoint density-based weighting method to combine the BOW representation with image colour information on a spatial pyramid layout. In addition, we show that visual vocabularies generated from training images of one scene image dataset can plausibly represent another scene image dataset on the same domain. This helps in reducing time and effort needed to build new visual vocabularies. The proposed approach is evaluated over three well-known scene classification datasets with 6, 8 and 15 scene categories, respectively, using 10-fold cross-validation. The experimental results, using support vector machines with histogram intersection kernel, show that the proposed approach outperforms baseline methods such as Gist features, rgbSIFT features and different configurations of the BOW model.

Dissertação de mestrado Europeu em Lexicografia
O léxico, como parte da herança cultural de um povo, pode ser classificado em vários subconjuntos, dentre os quais podemos destacar o das cores. Analisar o léxico cromático português é descrever, para além de um sistema que funciona sobre uma base limitada de termos diretos ou livres relacionados com as cores (e.g. vermelho), uma multitude de denominações de cores indiretas ou complexas (e.g. vermelho-cereja; vermelho-escuro, etc.), isto é, significados secundários adquiridos que resultam de analogias, metáforas, metonímias, entre outros. O que propomos neste trabalho, através da análise de dicionários (de Cardoso a Houaiss), é estudar a cor do ponto de vista linguístico, analisando alguns dos aspetos cognitivos, semânticos e lexicográficos dos termos cromáticos. Situando a área de estudo entre a Lexicografia, Lexicologia e a Semântica Cognitiva, procuramos demonstrar a sua importância na criação destes termos, apontando para aspetos universais, em relação à experiência humana, mas também para restrições culturais, em que as línguas estabelecem, e.g., diferentes classificações dentro dos campos cromáticos, como no caso do português, que apresenta uma divisão interna, no campo do *vermelho*, entre cor livre (não determinada no seu uso por uma ligação a um objeto - vermelho/encarnado) e cor contextual (termos cromáticos que ganham novos valores quando associados a um conceito - ruivo; corado). Partindo deste campo cromático, que serviu de exemplo de análise para os restantes inicialmente escolhidos, foram analisados, em primeiro lugar, os artigos dos termos cromáticos simples, as suas definições, exemplos e subentradas formadas por combinações livres ou combinações mais ou menos fixas, permitindo, por sua vez, a análise da evolução semântica: de termos genéricos a significados secundários, figurados ou simbólicos. Em segundo lugar, foram analisadas a formação e disposição das cores complexas nos dicionários e, ainda, obtidos dados quantitativos das cores livres e cores contextuais, bem como analisada a capacidade produtiva da língua na criação de derivados, contribuindo, assim, para a compreensão do tratamento dos termos cromáticos nas obras lexicográficas portuguesas, de forma a serem aperfeiçoadas no futuro, quer em papel, quer online, monolingues ou bilingues.
The lexicon as part of the cultural heritage of a people can be classified into various subsets, among which we can highlight the colours. To analyse the Portuguese chromatic lexicon is to describe, in addition to a system that works on a limited basis of direct or free colour terms (e.g. vermelho), a multitude of indirect or complex colour terms (e.g. vermelho-cereja; vermelho-escuro; etc.), i.e., acquired secondary meanings, resulting from analogies, metaphors, metonymies, etc. In this work, we propose to study colours from the linguistic point of view based on dictionary analysis (from Cardoso to Houaiss), by analysing some of the cognitive, semantic and lexicographic aspects of chromatic terms. Situating the study area between the fields of Lexicography, Lexicology and Cognitive Semantics, we try to demonstrate their importance in creating these terms, pointing to universal aspects in relation to human experience, but also to cultural constraints that lead languages to establish, e.g., different classifications within the colour fields, as in the case of the Portuguese that establishes an internal division in the field of *vermelho* between free colour (it is not determined in its use by a connection to an object- vermelho/encarnado) and contextual colour (chromatic terms that gain new values when associated with a concept – ruivo; corado). Taking the aforementioned chromatic field as an example for others fields initially chosen, firstly we analysed the dictionary entries of simple chromatic terms (definition, examples,subentries) formed by free or more or less fixed combinations, thus allowing, the analysis of their semantic evolution: from generic terms to secondary, figurative or symbolic meanings. Secondly, we analysed the formation and arrangement of complex colours in dictionaries and gathered quantitative data concerning the free and contextual colour terms. We also analysed the productive potential of the language to create derivative forms, thus contributing to the understanding of the treatment of chromatic terms in Portuguese lexicographical works and therefore enabling the improvement of paper or online, monolingual or bilingual dictionaries in the future.
Le lexique, dans le cadre du patrimoine culturel d'un peuple, peut être classé en différents sous-ensembles, parmi lesquels on peut mettre en évidence les couleurs. Analyser le lexique chromatique portugais est décrire, au-delà d'un système qui fonctionne sur une base limitée de termes libres de couleurs (e.g. vermelho), une multitude de termes indirects (e.g. vermelho-cereja ; vermelho-escuro, etc.), c’est-à-dire de sens secondaires acquis par des analogies, des métaphores, des métonymies, etc. Ce que nous proposons dans ce travail, à travers l'analyse de dictionnaires (de Cardoso à Houaiss), est d'étudier la couleur du point de vue linguistique, en analysant certains aspects cognitifs, sémantiques et lexicographiques des termes chromatiques. En situant la zone d'étude entre la lexicographie, la lexicologie et la sémantique cognitive, nous essayons de démontrer leur importance dans la création de ces termes, en faisant référence à des aspects universels relatifs à l'expérience humaine, mais aussi à des contraintes culturelles, où les langues établissent des classifications différentes dans les champs de couleur, comme dans le cas du Portugais qui présente une division interne à l’intérieur de *vermelho* entre couleur libre (non déterminée dans son utilisation par une connexion à un objet : vermelho/encarnado) et couleur contextuelle (termes chromatiques qui acquièrent de nouvelles valeurs lorsqu'ils sont associés à un concept : ruivo; corado). En partant du champ chromatique de *vermelho*, qui a servi d'exemple d'analyse pour d'autres couleurs, il a été analysé les entrées des termes chromatiques simples dans les dictionnaires, leurs définitions, des exemples et des sous-entrées formées par des combinaisons libres ou plus ou moins fixes, ce qui nous a permi d’étudier l'évolution sémantique de ces termes, leurs significations secondaires, figuratives ou symboliques. Nous avons analysé aussi la formation et l'organisation des couleurs complexes dans les dictionnaires et également obtenu des données quantitatives sur les couleurs libres et les couleurs contextuelles. Nous avons étudié la capacité productive de la langue dans la création de dérivés. Ces éléments d’analyse contribuent à la compréhension du traitement des termes chromatiques dans les dictionnaires portugais, permettant, ainsi, d’y apporter des améliorations, qu’il s’agisse de dictionnaires sur papier ou en ligne, monolingues ou bilingues.

The thesis deals with the subject of semantics of colours in the Czech folk texts using theoretical and methodological framework of culturally oriented and cognitive approaches to language. In order to contribute to the research of the colour domain in linguistic picture of the world in Czech, semantic structure of colour concepts is examined using qualitative analysis of the occurrences excerpted from the corpora of the selected compilations of folk songs of the 19th century. The topic of radiance and visual salience of colours and their manifestations in the source material is discussed as well. Furthermore, the thesis examines if conclusions concerning the usage of colour terms in folk texts drawn by the studies based on the folklore of other Slavic languages can be applicable to the Czech material.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate lexical replacement processes from several complementary perspectives. It does so through three studies, each with a different scope and time depth. The first study (chapter 3) takes a high time depth perspective and investigates factors that affect the rate (likelihood) of lexical replacement in the core vocabulary of 98 Indo-European language varieties through a multiple linear regression model. The chapter shows that the following factors predict part of the rate of lexical replacement for non-grammatical concepts: frequency, the number of synonyms and senses, and how imageable the concept is in the mind. What looks like a straightforward lexical replacement at a high time depth perspective is better understood as several intertwined gradual processes of lexical change at lower time depths. The second study (chapter 5) narrows the focus to seven closely-related Germanic language varieties (English, German, Bernese, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) and a single semantic domain, namely color.  The chapter charts several lexical replacement and change processes in the pink and purple area of color space through experiments with 146 speakers. The third study (chapter 6) narrows the focus even more, to two generations of speakers of a single language, Swedish. It combines experimental data on how the two age groups partition and label the color space in general, and pink and purple in particular, with more detailed data on lexical replacement and change from interviews, color descriptions in historical and contemporary dictionaries, as well as botanical lexicons, and historical fiction corpora. This thesis makes a descriptive, methodological and theoretical contribution to the study of lexical replacement. Taken together, the different perspectives highlight the usefulness of method triangulation in approaching the complex phenomenon of lexical replacement.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊管理所
95
Nowadays image retrieval has become a very important research domain. However, with the significant technological advances of multimedia manufacturing, storage and dissemination, more and more people can access to a great deal of film, video, animation, and other moving image data more conveniently and rapidly. Therefore, what people are facing now is no longer the problem of the lack of multimedia content information, but how to find their required information from a mass of multimedia data. On the other hand, many market research data from many famous market research organizations tells that the moving images downloading market of the mobile phone will be enormous. If mobile services companies can provide users with more effective retrieval mechanism, the users will be more likely to use the download services provided by the mobile services companies and improving the company''s profits. Hence it is necessary to make a mechanism to allow users to effectively retrieve the moving images they want. In this paper, we propose an enhancement color-semantic-based mechanism. The mechanism is mainly based on combining the concept of color semantics and TFIDF. And the moving images in our system comes form the real case company’s image gallery. In addition, in our system we allow users to use color semantics such as cute, cheerful and so on as the basis for retrieval. Retrieval results will be displaied descendedly according to the color semantics weights calculated by the concept of TFIDF. We used experimental method to evaluate the perceived usefulness and the user information satisfactionof our system. Experimental results show that the perceived usefulness and the user information satisfaction for users are satisfactory. And the experiment proved the validity of our mechanism.

This thesis deals with basic colour terms (in the conception of B. Berlin and P. Kay) in Czech and Russian idioms. The theoretical framework applied in this research incorporates the main tenets of cognitive semantics (the language is anthropocentric, it is interrelated with the mind, the lexical meaning is motivated by bodily experience of speakers, the categorization as a crucial way of reality interpretation). According to it the semantics of colour terms are presented as a structured mental category that consists of individual concepts (meanings), which are inter- linked with one another. The core of this thesis presents the analysis of the Czech and Russian dictionaries and the corpus data, in terms of which the prototypes of each colour term are revealed and visual schemes of their metaphorical and metonymic meaning extension are charted. The findings lead to designate the similarities and the differences in the meaning of studied terms, in particular to determinate some features, which are peculiar for linguistic worldview of Czech and Russian.

碩士
世新大學
資訊管理學研究所(含碩專班)
97
The aim of this study is to find the best lighting combination for camera-based textile spectral reflectance reconstruction to simulate outfit colors under various illuminants and simulate idea outfit colors based on user specified semantic image. In the first part, the results show two illuminants are better than one, and the best combination are CIE F4 and F11. The proposed model can suppress color errors below 2 �媧00. Using single light source with color filter also can obtain 6 channel color signals and using A illuminant with orange-red color filter give the best results. It would be useful to the development of multi-illuminant cloth color simulation systems. In the second part, an outfit color simulation system was proposed based on Ou's color emotion model and Moon and Spencers' color harmonic model. The software is composed by image segmentation, color selection and color rendering. It first converts the intensity of 10 color terms given by the user into 3 principal components, and then uses the 3 values to find colors having the given semantic image. The second color is selected based on Moon and Spencers' model. The proposed system successfully simulates outfit colors based on certain semantic image with high degree of color harmony.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
95
Abstract This study investigated the relationships between figure/ground color combinations and human affects. Many previous researches focus on the effect of VDT color combination on visual performances and visual fatigue. However, affect factor is an important factor influencing performance, too. In this study, 30 participants used the Method of Semantic Differential with 30 adjectives to rate 10 text /background color combinations under 2 ambient illuminations and 2 luminance contrast. Factor analysis of the data identified three factors (legibility, activity, potency) in the affective expression of color combination. Regression of the overall preference on the three factors showed that legibility was the most important factor influencing preference. Analysis of variance of the factor scores on color combination, luminance contrast and illumination showed that color combination had statistically significant effect on the three factor scores. Black on cyan and blue on black were significantly lower on legibility and activity, however, they were better on potency. On the other hand, purple on red and purple on yellow had lower potency score, but they were better on legibility and activity. In sum, different color combinations were rated differently on the three factors. Luminance contrast significant influenced legibility and activity. Luminance contrast 1:7 had significantly better legibility and activity scores than luminance contrast 1:3. However, the effect of illumination was significant only on activity factor. The findings of this study can contribute to Human-computer interface design.

碩士
國立新竹師範學院
臺灣語言與語文教育研究所
91
There are abundant ABB forms in Taiwanese. In this thesis, we focus on the ABB forms whose first morpheme indicates one of the five basic colors: black, blue (green), red, white, or yellow, trying to examine their usage frequency nowadays and to understand their semantic characteristics from the viewpoint of human cognition, especially the prototype theory. The semantic characteristics are induced from the language examples collected by the interviews with fluent native speakers. The usage frequency is calculated with the ratings of the informants. The informants are asked to do familiarity rating with a five-point scale. Their ratings are analyzed with the variables of their language ability and the other factors. After obtaining the list of the high-frequency ABB forms, which were beginning with one of the five basic color terms, we made some semantic hypotheses based on the sentences given by the informants and we designed a questionnaire of multiple choice sentences based on our hypotheses. There were 90 sentences in the questionnaire. And there were 34 fluent native speakers filling up our questionnaire. Based on their responses, we tested our hypotheses and finished the picture of the semantic characteristics for each high-frequency ABB forms beginning with color terms. The findings show that: (1) For some words, their core meanings are more precise, so that it is easier to depict their prototypical usages; while the core meanings of some other ABB forms are quite vague. (2) One ABB forms may be substituted by the other in some certain context, when there is some overlapping between their semantic characteristics. (3) Even with some overlapping, the semantic characteristics as a whole are unique for each ABB form. Beside of the main findings, the possible routes of sememe increasing and semantic change are also discussed in this thesis.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
95
In recent years, digital photography has been gradually replacing traditional film photography into the mainstream imaging methods. Due to the convenience of digital photography, the average consumer may also possess a staggering amount of digital photographs. Therefore, how to effectively manage the consumer digital photo database has become a topic worthy of study. This paper is proposed a semantic-oriented consumer image retrieval system which combines low-level feature with high-level semantic to classify consumer images into five popular categories including humans, plants, transportations, buildings, and heavenly bodies. The system aims to extract the suitable color characteristic for each category and carry on the classification. In the image retrieval, the system provides user three ways to retrieve images. First is by the example image to carry on the retrieval. Second is to input the semantic vector to carry on the retrieval. Third is expected retrieval result can more near user intent through weight classification from the user’s interaction. We hope that the proposed image retrieval can avoid the original subjective consciousness of artificial retrieval and provide image retrieval of more adapted for perception of human. The experiments in the thesis use three color feature stages to perform semantic classification on 2000 genuine heterogeneous consumer photos. The precision of classification reaches 79.34%. There are three ways in the query process. The precision of query process reaches 84.37%.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
東亞學系
101
This thesis is under the structure of cognizing the semantics. There are numbers of researches to explore about the color of the red. Now here is the point of the view to compare the differences for the word usage in between Korea and Taiwan by the questionnaires. First of all, according to the structure of cognizing the semantics, there is an analysis to define the different word meanings about the red by the theory of prototype、image schema、conceptual metaphor and metonymy. From Mandarin and Korean encyclopedic dictionary we are told both common and different intersection. The metaphor and the metonymy provides the concept saying red has meaning of women、passion、anger、danger、envy、loss、the communist 、warning and pleasure、luck、success、welcome in different meaning. Also worth seeing is the concept of the communist. The Communists is always the symbol of the red color. The idea does meet the concept of the red to both South Korea and Taiwan (R.O.C.). However there is still different definition to Mainland Chinese (P.R.O.C.) specifically to say. For example, The Chinese Communists seems to represent all Communists to Taiwanese. Comparing to South Korean, they tend to assume that the Communists means the political power facing to North Korea. Besides, South Koreans have stronger political position against the Communists than Taiwanese. Secondly, the questionnaires have been divided into three parts to discuss the definition for red which is based on Mandarin and Korean as a mother tongue. The phase one is referred to color connection. The quick reaction for the word meanings have recorded in ratio to show the interviewers understanding from Korean and Taiwanese. The phase two is referred to conceptual connection. The quick reaction for the conception when the interviewers think about the red. The phase three is referred to the point of view about the red color. All the interviewers start recognizing the theme of the questionnaires discuss about red. We can realize the general understandings about red in this phase. As a result, the questionnaires show the discrepancy is a lot of different from Korean and Mandarin. Obviously, Taiwanese have more positive thinking of red than Korean. Last, the reason to describe the discrepancy and the cooperation is definitely related to the root of the word、physiologically same language system and foreign culture that generate the results of the questionnaires.

碩士
輔仁大學
德國語文學系
100
The culture and language are influenced each other at the same time. This kind of influence is especially large in the level of semantics. The lexicons represent the visual part of semantics. Color words like Black, White, Red, Yellow and Green have polysemy and strong collocations. It is one kind of the necessary words, which can express people’s thoughts, cognition, emotion, psychology and society. If there is a language without color words, people can’t easily describe the colorful world and their uses. As we know, color words have a close relation to the culture and they have strong cultural color, which exists not only in the denotative meaning but also in the associative meaning, so these two types of meanings are central to the research of cultural semantics. In the natural languages, Chinese and German belong to different language families and the cultural circle. Besides, Taiwan is located far away from Germany. Because of these reasons, people are curious about, whether their usages of colors are the same or not. According to Berlin and Kay’s research of colors we have found, Black, White and Red are the first three kinds of colors in Chinese and German, so the research objects of this thesis are made sure, i.e. the color words 黑(hei), 白(bai) and 紅(hong) in Chinese and Black, White and Red in German. They are analyzed with the sources from „United Daily News“, „United Evening News“ and „The Liberty Times“ in Chinese and „Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung“, „DIE ZEIT“ and „DIE WELT“ in German. The contrastive method is used, especially the unilateral one. Chinese is regarded as the start language and German as the goal language. The cultural complete equivalence, the cultural partial equivalence and no cultural equivalence will be searched in this thesis. Finally, I hope the results of the research could be consulted by the Chinese and German learners and in the translations.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
圖文傳播學系
103
The BSPs (Blog service providers) nowadays give their bloggers certain number of blog Templates to apply on their blogs. Not only make everyone's blog look similar to one another, those fixed and pre-setted style sheets are also irrelevant to their blog's content. Besides, one's blog may be lack of beauty and taste due to having no ability to match colors properly, not to mention that it also requires a special skill to modify CSS style sheets on their own. Therefore, in this study it presents an automated color-harmonizing system for blog's template. By analyzing the relationship between blog content and pages of color patterns, this system provides bloggers templates with harmonized color-matching and ease of use that could enhance the degree of color-harmonization and content-consistency. The automated color-harmonizing system for blog's template of this research is mainly based on the technique of Chinese semantic analysis. In conjunction with the post type identified through the semantic relational database, the system automatically generates theme images by the method of hybrid image folksonomy and a CSS style sheet with harmonious combination of colors. The results show that the automated color-harmonizing system for blog's template makes the content-consistency, color-harmonization and likability higher than the standard value, and improves the color schema of existing blog templates. This study also serves as a reference of bloggers, BSPs and color-related industries.

This diploma thesis examines the colour terms hopea ('silver' ) and kulta ('gold') in Finnish place names. The aim is to find out about the distribution of the toponyms starting with Hopea- and Kulta- by type of place (e.g. oronyms, hydronyms, etc.) and about the motivation of naming in these place names, and also about possible similarites and differences based on the colour terms used as the specific part in these place names. The first part of this thesis provides the theoretical background of colour terms study in general and the situation of hopea and kulta used as colour terms in Finnish. The situation of Finnish toponomastics is also briefly introduced. In the second part, the Finnish place names starting with Hopea- and Kulta- are analyzed according to the type of place they refer to and according to the type of motivation that can be behind the naming. Keywords: place names, colour terms, gold, silver, Finland, the Names Archive