Journal articles: 'Combination of two diseases'

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Fuentes, Raquel Extremera, Alicia Binimelis Varella, and Alberto Alonso-Fernández. "A Combination of Two rare Granulomatous Diseases." Archivos de Bronconeumología ((English Edition)) 47, no. 5 (2011): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1579-2129(11)70063-5.

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Kastelic, Uros, Anoop C. Parameswaran, and Benjamin Y. C. Cheong. "A Rare Combination of Two Rare Diseases." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58, no. 20 (2011): e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.075.

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Josipović, Josipa, and Klara Brčić. "Triple Combination, Two Diseases, and a Single Tablet." Cardiologia Croatica 18, no. 5-6 (2023): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15836/ccar2023.188.

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Sofi, Fayaz, Ashaq Parrey, Mushtaq Ahmad, and Bilal Ahmad. "Psoriasis with polymyositis; a rare combination of two autoimmune diseases." Immunopathologia Persa 4, no. 1 (2017): e01. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ipp.2018.01.

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Gerhardt, A., and K. Hackenberg. "Pseudohypoparathyroidism and Graves'disease: a rare combination of two endocrinological diseases." Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 110, no. 05 (2002): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-33074.

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Chernyshova, A. L., A. A. Chernyakov, N. O. Popova, et al. "Combination of lymphoproliferative diseases and pregnancy." Oncohematology 18, no. 4 (2023): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8346-2023-18-4-64-69.

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The article presents an analysis of the current state of the problem of the combination of lymphoproliferative diseases associated with pregnancy. Analysis of literature sources has shown that despite the seemingly obvious unfavorable relationship between pregnancy and lymphoproliferative diseases, most studies demonstrate a favorable prognosis regarding the prognosis and outcome of this oncological pathology in combination with pregnancy. The Research Institute of Oncology of the Tomsk SRI has sufficient experience in the treatment of this pathology, including on the background of pregnancy. We have presented two clinical cases in which successful treatment of lymphoproliferative processes in pregnant women has been demonstrated.

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Bosch-Driessen, E. H., N. M. Lardy, and A. Rothova. "Antinuclear antibody and HLA-B27 positive uveitis: combination of two diseases?" British Journal of Ophthalmology 81, no. 9 (1997): 771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.81.9.771.

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Kuttikat, A., T. Saeed, B. Chopra, S. Chopra, and K. Chakravarty. "Nasal Wegener’s and skin sarcoid—a rare combination of two granulomatous diseases." Clinical Rheumatology 25, no. 6 (2005): 895–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-0087-z.

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Kardos, P., F. Geiss, J. Simon, C. Franken, U. Butt, and H. Worth. "Duplicate Prescriptions of Inhaled Medications for Obstructive Lung Diseases." Pneumologie 74, no. 03 (2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1083-7961.

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Abstract Introduction Inhalative treatments with metered dose aerosols and dry powder inhalers are the backbone of the pharmacotherapy for asthma and COPD. In the last decade many new and generic inhalative bronchodilators were launched at the German market, both monotherapies and fixed dose double bronchodilator (LABA/LAMA, beta adrenergic and antimuscarinic) or LABA and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and triple (LABA/LAMA/ICS) combinations. According to two surveys in 2015 among respiratory physicians we expected a high proportion of patients receiving duplicate prescriptions, e. g. a fixed dose new LABA/LAMA combination in addition to an existing ICS/LABA fixed dose combination. Methodology We searched the database of a large mail order pharmacy (DocMorris) to identify duplicate prescriptions of inhalative drugs for a patient by the same or by two or more different physicians during a 3 months period. Results Unexpectedly, we found as little as around 1 % duplicate prescriptions for the same patient. Duplicate prescriptions involving combination products were found to be much more common than duplicate prescriptions of different mono-products. Irrespective the low percentage number of all prescriptions we saw in just one large mail order pharmacy several thousands of erroneous prescriptions. Conclusion At least in the setting of this mail order pharmacy duplicate (i. e. contraindicated and potentially dangerous) prescriptions are relatively rare. Prescribers and pharmacists should be aware of the issue of duplicates – especially when prescribing or filling prescriptions with combination products.

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Leung, Anthony K. "Two Drugs Better Than One? Combination Antifungal Therapy Revisited." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 18, no. 1 (2010): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0b013e3181cb7ca0.

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Chaturvedi, Vishnu, Rama Ramani, David Andes, et al. "Multilaboratory Testing of Two-Drug Combinations of Antifungals againstCandida albicans,Candida glabrata, andCandida parapsilosis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 4 (2011): 1543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01510-09.

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ABSTRACTThere are few multilaboratory studies of antifungal combination testing to suggest a format for use in clinical laboratories. In the present study, eight laboratories tested quality control (QC) strainCandida parapsilosisATCC 22019 and clinical isolatesCandida albicans20533.043,C. albicans20464.007,Candida glabrata20205.075, andC. parapsilosis20580.070. The clinical isolates had relatively high azole and echinocandin MICs. A modified CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used, with 96-well custom-made plates containing checkerboard pairwise combinations of amphotericin B (AMB), anidulafungin (AND), caspofungin (CSP), micafungin (MCF), posaconazole (PSC), and voriconazole (VRC). The endpoints were scored visually and on a spectrophotometer or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader for 50% growth reduction (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50]). Combination IC50s were used to calculate summation fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) (ΣFIC) based on the Lowe additivity formula. The results revealed that the IC50s of all drug combinations were lower or equal to the IC50of individual drugs in the combination. A majority of the ΣFIC values were indifferent (ΣFIC = 0.51 to 2.0), but no antagonism was observed (ΣFIC ≥ 4). Synergistic combinations (ΣFIC ≤ 0.5) were found for AMB-PSC againstC. glabrataand for AMB-AND and AMB-CSP againstC. parapsilosisby both visual and spectrophotometric readings. Additional synergistic interactions were revealed by either of the two endpoints for AMB-AND, AMB-CSP, AMB-MCF, AMB-PSC, AMB-VRC, AND-PSC, CSP-MCF, and CSP-PSC. The percent agreements among participating laboratories ranged from 37.5% (lowest) for AND-CSP and POS-VOR to 87.5% (highest) for AMB-MCF and AND-CSP. Median ΣFIC values showed a wide dispersion, and interlaboratory agreements were less than 85% in most instances. Additional studies are needed to improve the interlaboratory reproducibility of antifungal combination testing.

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Hachiya, Atsuko, Aaron B. Reeve, Bruno Marchand, et al. "Evaluation of Combinations of 4′-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2′-Deoxyadenosine with Clinically Used Antiretroviral Drugs." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 9 (2013): 4554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00283-13.

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ABSTRACTDrug combination studies of 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) with FDA-approved drugs were evaluated by two different methods, MacSynergy II and CalcuSyn. Most of the combinations, including the combination of the two adenosine analogs EFdA and tenofovir, were essentially additive, without substantial antagonism or synergism. The combination of EFdA and rilpivirine showed apparent synergism. These studies provide information that may be useful for the design of EFdA combination regimens for initial and salvage therapy assessment.

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Shatokhin, Y. V., I. V. Snezhko, E. V. Burnasheva, et al. "Combination of myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative diseases: clinical observations." South Russian Journal of Therapeutic Practice 4, no. 2 (2023): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2712-8156-2023-4-2-122-128.

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Currently, there is an increase in the number of publications, devoted to the problem of multiple primary tumors — neoplasms that occur simultaneously (synchronously) or alternately (metachronously), developing independently and independently of each other within the same or different organs. They are described as two, three or more nosologies. Due to the presence of defects in the immune system in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, solid tumors of different localization are a common finding. Their development is possible in other hematological diseases. This is probably due to success in the cure of tumor diseases, an increase in the life expectancy of patients, urbanization, an increase in the intensity of carcinogenic technogenic and medicinal effects, the presence of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, as well as the use of modern diagnostic methods. Simultaneous detection of myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative diseases in a patient is rare (in 1%), and this entails difficulties in diagnosing and prescribing therapy with such an association. In this regard, alertness is necessary in the presence of clinical and laboratory signs of a disease of the blood system that are not characteristic of the established type of hemoblastosis. And, of course, of undoubted interest is our own experience in managing such patients.

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Baltch, Aldona L., William J. Ritz, Lawrence H. Bopp, Phyllis Michelsen, and Raymond P. Smith. "Activities of Daptomycin and Comparative Antimicrobials, Singly and in Combination, against Extracellular and Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and Its Stable Small-Colony Variant in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and in Broth." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 5 (2008): 1829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01480-07.

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ABSTRACT We investigated the antistaphylococcal activities of daptomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin against two Staphylococcus aureus strains and their stable small-colony variants, singly and in combination, in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in broth. Intracellularly, the three-drug combination and two-drug combinations with rifampin were most effective. Extracellularly, daptomycin, daptomycin plus gentamicin, gentamicin plus rifampin, and the three-drug combination had similar activities.

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Kampshoff, Franziska, Mark D. P. Willcox, and Debarun Dutta. "A Pilot Study of the Synergy between Two Antimicrobial Peptides and Two Common Antibiotics." Antibiotics 8, no. 2 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020060.

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Background: Frequent and unrestricted use of antibiotics has been associated with the development of antibiotic resistance by microorganisms. Thus, there is a need to find novel antibacterial agents or a combination of agents as the first line of treatment for various infections. This study aimed to investigate the synergy between antimicrobial peptide (AMP) combinations or between AMP-antibiotics combinations using two common pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The AMPs melimine, Mel4 and protamine, and antibiotics cefepime and ciprofloxacin were used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each were evaluated against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains by a microtiter broth dilution. Based on the MIC of each antimicrobial agent, a checkerboard assay was performed to investigate the synergy between them, which was expressed as the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). Results: The combination of melimine and ciprofloxacin showed synergistic activity against antibiotic sensitive or resistant strains of P. aeruginosa and with FIC values ≤0.5. Conclusion: Combinations of AMPs and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is a promising method for reducing resistance to the fluoroquinolone of P. aeruginosa.

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Birnbaum, David. "Take Two Orthogonals and Call Me in the Morning." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 7 (2003): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502246.

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AbstractAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to prevent inflated type I error when hypothesis testing involves comparing more than two groups. If an ANOVA result indicates a statistically significant difference exists somewhere within, the next task is to discover exactly which combination or combinations of those groups account for the significant difference. Among many methods available for that exploration, orthogonal contrasts and relatively simple graphs are noteworthy (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:544-547).

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Sathyanarayanan, S., and K. Srikanta Murthy. "Heart Sound Analysis Using SAINet Incorporating CNN and Transfer Learning for Detecting Heart Diseases." Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications 15, no. 2 (2022): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.58346/jowua.2024.i2.011.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate and early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is essential for its timely treatment and management. However, this is challenging because traditional techniques for detecting heart diseases, such as auscultation, are highly subjective and prone to error. This study addresses this issue by building a novel customised deep learning architecture, SAINet, for automated CVD detection through heart sound analysis. Research is being conducted on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to analyse phonocardiograms to detect CVD. This study aims to address this challenge by detecting heart disease using a novel customised neural network consisting of transfer learning techniques and convolutional neural networks to analyse heart sounds with increased accuracy, precision and recall and reduced computational complexity compared when compared to others. Approximately 1000 recordings of heart sounds were used to train and test the model. Data augmentation was performed to increase the size of the training data. Two combinations of datasets were used in the experiments. The first combination consisted of two categories of heart sound recording: normal and abnormal. The second combination consisted of one normal and four different abnormal categories of heart sounds. An accuracy of 99.68% was achieved with the first combination, and 99.58% with the second combination. Both combinations yielded values above 99% for precision, recall, specificity, and the F1-score. The method proposed in this study is suitable for embedding CVDs in real-time devices such as an electronic stethoscope.

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Yajko, D. M., C. A. Sanders, J. J. Madej, V. L. Cawthon, and W. K. Hadley. "In vitro activities of rifabutin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and amikacin in combinations of two, three, and four drugs against Mycobacterium avium." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 3 (1996): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.3.743.

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Multidrug therapy is recommended for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia in patients with AIDS. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol, clofazimine, and amikacin have all been suggested for use in treating MAC bacteremia, but the most active combinations of these drugs have not been identified, nor has the minimum number of drugs needed for effective therapy been determined. To address the former, the in vitro bactericidal activities of all two-, three-, and four-drug combinations of these seven agents was determined by using 10 blood-derived strains of MAC isolated from patients with AIDS. The activities of the 132 drug combinations were compared by statistical analysis of survival means (analysis of variance) and further evaluated by determining the percentage of strains considered susceptible to each combination. When susceptibility was defined as a decrease in CFU of > or = 2 log10, no two- or three-drug combination and only two four-drug combinations were active against all 10 MAC strains. When a less stringent definition was applied (> or = 1 log10 decrease in CFU), 1 two-drug combinations, 9 three-drug combinations, and 31 four-drug combinations showed activity against all 10 strains. Eighteen selected drug combinations were also tested for intracellular activity in MAC-infected J774 cells. Combinations which contained amikacin as a component were considerably less active against intracellular MAC organisms than against organisms in broth. The opposite result was obtained for the combination of clarithromycin plus clofazimine.

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Jin, Wengong, Jonathan M. Stokes, Richard T. Eastman, et al. "Deep learning identifies synergistic drug combinations for treating COVID-19." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (2021): e2105070118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105070118.

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Effective treatments for COVID-19 are urgently needed. However, discovering single-agent therapies with activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been challenging. Combination therapies play an important role in antiviral therapies, due to their improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. Recent approaches have applied deep learning to identify synergistic drug combinations for diseases with vast preexisting datasets, but these are not applicable to new diseases with limited combination data, such as COVID-19. Given that drug synergy often occurs through inhibition of discrete biological targets, here we propose a neural network architecture that jointly learns drug−target interaction and drug−drug synergy. The model consists of two parts: a drug−target interaction module and a target−disease association module. This design enables the model to utilize drug−target interaction data and single-agent antiviral activity data, in addition to available drug−drug combination datasets, which may be small in nature. By incorporating additional biological information, our model performs significantly better in synergy prediction accuracy than previous methods with limited drug combination training data. We empirically validated our model predictions and discovered two drug combinations, remdesivir and reserpine as well as remdesivir and IQ-1S, which display strong antiviral SARS-CoV-2 synergy in vitro. Our approach, which was applied here to address the urgent threat of COVID-19, can be readily extended to other diseases for which a dearth of chemical−chemical combination data exists.

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Rajput, Laxman Singh, Mohammad Samio Shaikh, Munmi Borah, et al. "Evaluation of Combination Fungicides for Charcoal Rot and Collar Rot Management in Soybean." Agronomy 15, no. 3 (2025): 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030528.

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Soil-borne diseases, including charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), threaten global soybean production. Four fungicide combinations were tested as seed treatments at three concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 g or ml per kg of seed) under controlled conditions to address the challenges posed by these diseases. Under controlled conditions, the combination of thiophanate methyl + pyraclostrobin at a rate of 2 mL/kg of seed significantly alleviated disease symptoms caused by both pathogens. Additionally, it enhanced shoot and root weights by over 50% in plants affected by S. rolfsii. Field trials were conducted for two years at two distinct locations to assess the efficacy of three selected combination seed treatment fungicides against M. phaseolina and S. rolfsii. Both inoculated and uninoculated controls were included for the comparison. Among the fungicides, thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin + penflufen proved the most effective for suppressing both diseases under epiphytotic field conditions across the years and locations. This study also highlighted the benefits of these chemical combinations in enhancing agronomic traits, maintaining yield, and ensuring the economic viability of soybeans.

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Ratan, Deep Chauhan *. Lalita Palariya Kanika Manral Gajraj. "TO EVALUATE THE PRESCRIBING PATTERN OF PATHOGENIC DISEASES." Journal of Pharma Research 8, no. 7 (2019): 516–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357209.

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ABSTRACT The aim of current study was to evaluate the prescribing pattern of pathogenic diseases, identify the prescribing pattern for antibiotic, antifungal to the patient and to improve the drug utilization system in hospitals. The study was carried out to the outdoor patient (OPD) and emergency patient at Green City Hospital, Greater Noida. In this study we have taken two types of patient’s data, one who took mono-therapy and one who took combination therapy. The study was carried out the period of one month. The sources of data collected with the help of physician prescribing records and patient medication profile.  During the study period most associated pathogenic diseases were antibacterial and anti-fungal. So antibiotic and antifungal drugs were prescribed and mono-therapy and combination therapies were used for treatment of these infection. The most commonly drugs used for mono-therapy was Clotrimazole, Albendazole, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Clotrimazole and the drug used for  combination therapy were Amoxicillin +potassium clavulunate, Sulfamethazone + Trimethoprim, Sulfadiazine + Mafenide. After completion of study we observed that the most the prescribing pattern for pathogenic diseases was combination therapy. The current study gave the idea about antibiotic used in pathogenic diseases, their combination   and drug utilization in hospital system. KEYWORDS: Pathogenic Disease, Antibiotic Drugs, Antifungal Drugs, Mono-therapy, Combination-therapy.

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Checkmahomed, Liva, Blandine Padey, Andrés Pizzorno, et al. "In Vitro Combinations of Baloxavir Acid and Other Inhibitors against Seasonal Influenza A Viruses." Viruses 12, no. 10 (2020): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101139.

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Two antiviral classes, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and polymerase inhibitors (baloxavir marboxil and favipiravir) can be used to prevent and treat influenza infections during seasonal epidemics and pandemics. However, prolonged treatment may lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Therapeutic combinations constitute an alternative to prevent resistance and reduce antiviral doses. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro combinations of baloxavir acid (BXA) and other approved drugs against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) subtypes. The determination of an effective concentration inhibiting virus cytopathic effects by 50% (EC50) for each drug and combination indexes (CIs) were based on cell viability. CompuSyn software was used to determine synergism, additivity or antagonism between drugs. Combinations of BXA and NAIs or favipiravir had synergistic effects on cell viability against the two influenza A subtypes. Those effects were confirmed using a physiological and predictive ex vivo reconstructed human airway epithelium model. On the other hand, the combination of BXA and ribavirin showed mixed results. Overall, BXA stands as a good candidate for combination with several existing drugs, notably oseltamivir and favipiravir, to improve in vitro antiviral activity. These results should be considered for further animal and clinical evaluations.

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Parashar, SatishK, and Samanjoy Mukherjee. "Unusual Mechanism and Unusual Combination of Two Common Diseases: Mystery of the Missed Diagnosis." Journal of The Indian Academy of Echocardiography & Cardiovascular Imaging 5, no. 2 (2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiae.jiae_28_20.

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Gubergrits, N. B., I. M. Shukhtina, N. V. Byelyayeva, and O. V. Tsys. "Combined hepatoprotective therapy of liver diseases." Modern Gastroenterology, no. 1 (March 26, 2025): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.30978/mg-2025-1-96.

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The combined use of hepatoprotectors may aim to expand the spectrum of hepatotropic action or unidirectionally increase a particular pharmacological effect due to summation or potentiation (synergism). An example of the combined effects of ademetionine and silymarin is a study that showed for the first time that the combination of ademetionine and silybinin inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress through two separate signaling pathways. Both ademetionine and silymarin inhibit the accumulation of fat in the liver, which was confirmed in a pilot clinical study. In patients with metabolic‑associated steatotic liver disease, treatment with a combination of hepatoprotectors reduced the degree of liver steatosis according to ultrasound. The synergistic effect of the combination is reflected in the treatment of depression in steatotic liver disease and the agonistic effect on the farnesoid receptor in alcoholic liver disease. The effectiveness of the combination in alcoholic hepatopathies has been proven in a clinical trial. Expanding the spectrum of therapeutic action in the combination of ademetionine and silymarin is due to the fact that despite the effectiveness of both drugs in toxic, drug‑induced liver damage, there are situations when it is more appropriate to prescribe one or the other drug. For example, silymarin is effective in death cap poisoning, while ademetionine is not. Ademetionine is effective in intrahepatic cholestasis, while silymarin is not. Other properties of silymarin are also important, as they enable the combination to expand the range of effects: antifibrotic, antitumor, immunomodulatory, choleretic, antiviral, and participation in the regulation of apoptosis and hepatocyte regeneration. Long‑term treatment with both ademetionine and silymarin help to prolong the life of patients with liver cirrhosis. Thus, the combination of ademetionine and silymarin (Adenomak Plus) is pathogenetically sound, effective, and promising, based on evidence‑based research.

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Sobiya shaf, Sobiya shaf, J. V. Manisha vajra J V Manisha vajra, Dr A. V. Kishore Babu Dr.A.V.Kishore Babu, and Dr A. Srinivasa Rao Dr.A.Srinivasa Rao. "Salmeterol and Fluticasone: Understanding the combination inhaler for asthma and COPD." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 1 (2025): 117–20. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-1001117120.

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COPD and asthma are two crippling debilitating respiratory diseases affecting millions of patients worldwide, severely impairing their quality of life. Therefore, managing chronic lung diseases is a complex issue, which needs to control the inflammation and bronchoconstriction, two core mechanisms of both diseases. Combination therapy in one inhaler with Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol has emerged as the gold standard of preventing exacerbation, improved lung function and well-being for patients with COPD and asthma. It reduces airway inflammation through a longacting bronchodilator salmeterol and corticosteroid fluticasone, which improves airflow. Such combination therapy has a better bronchodilation effect combined with anti-inflammatory action and the potential to control symptoms and prevent flare-ups and further improvements in lung function, all of which simplify treatment regimens and enhance patient adherence. Although generally well tolerated, careful monitoring for potential side effects, such as increased risk of pneumonia in COPD patients, is necessary. This combination is an important therapy in the management of chronic respiratory diseases.

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HANLIN, MARY BETH, NORASAK KALCHAYANAND, PURBITA RAY, and BIBEK RAY. "Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Combination Have Greater Antibacterial Activity." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (1993): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.252.

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Antibacterial efficiency of two bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, pediocin AcH, and nisin was tested individually and in combination against several gram-positive bacterial strains including some involved in food spoilage and foodborne diseases. Pediocin AcH and nisin were more antibacterial in combination than when they were used alone. The principles of this greater antibacterial spectrum have been proposed. Bacteriocins in combinations can be used advantageously to design efficient natural food biopreservative(s).

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Tsiogka, Anastasia, Apostolos Gkartzonikas, Konstantinos Markopoulos, Iordanis Georgiou, and George L. Spaeth. "Keratoconus with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Rare Combination." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2020 (July 15, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8816449.

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Keratoconus and central serous chorioretinopathy are two rare diseases. They can occur together in some individuals. We report a case of a 48-year-old man, who presented to our clinic with decreased visual acuity on his left eye. Physical examination, biomicroscopy, corneal topography, and optical coherence tomography revealed keratoconus and central serous chorioretinopathy. We discuss the possible connection between these two conditions.

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Macartney, Kristine. "Long-term protection against varicella with two-dose combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine." Lancet Infectious Diseases 19, no. 3 (2019): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30797-7.

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Makeeva, O. A., A. A. Sleptsov, E. V. Kulish, et al. "Genomic Study of Cardiovascular Continuum Comorbidity." Acta Naturae 7, no. 3 (2015): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2015-7-3-89-99.

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Comorbidity or a combination of several diseases in the same individual is a common and widely investigated phenomenon. However, the genetic background for non-random disease combinations is not fully understood. Modern technologies and approaches to genomic data analysis enable the investigation of the genetic profile of patients burdened with several diseases (polypathia, disease conglomerates) and its comparison with the profiles of patients with single diseases. An association study featuring three groups of patients with various combinations of cardiovascular disorders and a control group of relatively healthy individuals was conducted. Patients were selected as follows: presence of only one disease, ischemic heart disease (IHD); a combination of two diseases, IHD and arterial hypertension (AH); and a combination of several diseases, including IHD, AH, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hypercholesterolemia (HC). Genotyping was performed using the My Gene genomic service (www.i-gene.ru). An analysis of 1,400 polymorphic genetic variants and their associations with the studied phenotypes are presented. A total of 14 polymorphic variants were associated with the phenotype IHD only, including those in the APOB, CD226, NKX2-5, TLR2, DPP6, KLRB1, VDR, SCARB1, NEDD4L, and SREBF2 genes, and intragenic variants rs12487066, rs7807268, rs10896449, and rs944289. A total of 13 genetic markers were associated with the IHD and AH phenotype, including variants in the BTNL2, EGFR, CNTNAP2, SCARB1, and HNF1A genes, and intragenic polymorphisms rs801114, rs10499194, rs13207033, rs2398162, rs6501455, and rs1160312. A total of 14 genetic variants were associated with a combination of several diseases of cardiovascular continuum (CVC), including those in the TAS2R38, SEZ6L, APOA2, KLF7, CETP, ITGA4, RAD54B, LDLR, and MTAP genes, along with intragenic variants rs1333048, rs1333049, and rs6501455. One common genetic marker was identified for the IHD only and IHD and AH phenotypes: rs4765623 in the SCARB1 gene; two common genetic markers, rs663048 in SEZ6L and intragenic rs6501455, were identified for the IHD and AH phenotype and a combination of several diseases (syntropy); there were no common genetic markers for the syntropy and IHD only phenotypes. Classificatory analysis of the relationships between the associated genes and metabolic pathways revealed that lipid-metabolizing genes are involved in the development of all three CVC variants, whereas immunity-response genes are specific to the IHD only phenotype. The study demonstrated that comorbidity presents additional challenges in association studies of disease predisposition, since the genetic profile of combined forms of pathology can be markedly different from those for isolated single forms of a disease.

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Athamna, Abed, Muhammad Athamna, Aburashed Nura, et al. "Is In Vitro Antibiotic Combination More Effective than Single-Drug Therapy against Anthrax?" Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 4 (2005): 1323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.4.1323-1325.2005.

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ABSTRACT Antibiotic combinations are used to enhance antibacterial efficacy and to prevent the development of resistance. We have tested a possible synergistic effect of several antibacterial combinations on Bacillus anthracis. The in vitro activities of antibiotic combinations against two strains of B. anthracis, strain Sterne and the Russian anthrax vaccine strain STi, were tested by the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) method, derived from the MICs of the agents in combination, and by measuring the rate of bacterial killing over time by several antibiotic combinations. The FIC results showed that synergism against both B. anthracis strains was observed only with the combination of rifampin and clindamycin. The telithromycin-amoxicillin combination showed synergism against strain Sterne only. All other combinations were either indifferent or antagonistic. The results of the bacterial time-kill study demonstrated indifferent effects for all combinations. These in vitro results demonstrate the difficulties in obtaining synergistic combinations of antibiotics against B. anthracis.

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Khan, Anis A., Mohamed Nasr, and Fausto G. Araujo. "Two 2-Hydroxy-3-Alkyl-1,4-Naphthoquinones with In Vitro and In Vivo Activities against Toxoplasma gondii." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 9 (1998): 2284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.9.2284.

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ABSTRACT Two 3-alkyl-substituted 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones, NSC 113452 (NSC52) and NSC 113455 (NSC55), were evaluated for activity againstToxoplasma gondii in vitro and in murine models of acute toxoplasmosis. In vitro, both NSC52 and NSC55 significantly inhibited intracellular replication of T. gondii. In vivo, each compound was examined alone and in combination with other drugs currently used for treatment of human toxoplasmosis. Although none of the compounds protected mice against death when administered orally, both were significantly protective when administered intraperitoneally. In addition, a significant increase in survival was observed when suboptimal doses of each compound were used in combination with suboptimal doses of pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine. These results indicate that combinations of NSC52 or NSC55 with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine have promising activity against T. gondii.

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Patra, S., N. Agrawal, U. MK, and J. M. "Common atrium with single ventricle: a rare combination of two uncommon complex congenital heart diseases." Case Reports 2013, dec20 1 (2013): bcr2013200424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-200424.

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Emel'ianov, A. O., and L. S. Sozaeva. "The combination of two monogenic diseases, congenital lamellar ichthyosis and type 2 MODY diabetes mellitus." Problems of Endocrinology 59, no. 4 (2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201359428-32.

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A 16-year old boy, P.E., is described in whom the diagnosis of congenital lamellar ichthyosis was established at birth based on the clinical picture and confirmed by a molecular genetic study. Diabetes mellitus was first suspected at the age of 10 years based on the elevated fasting blood glucose (7.1 mmol/l) and HbA1c (7.4%) levels. The patient's medical history revealed that his maternal grandmother suffered diabetes mellitus and his mother had gestational diabetes during the second pregnancy. The patient presented with impaired carbohydrate tolerance in the absence of insulin resistance. The molecular genetic study of the GCK gene revealed a Gly80Ser mutation in the third exon sequence. We failed to find a report of the combination of congenital lamellar ichthyosis and type 2 MODY diabetes mellitus in the available literature.

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Putintsev, A. N., V. Yu Voinova, Z. K. Gorchkhanova, D. A. Nikolsky, and K. Ya Gusev. "Virtual diagnosis in pediatrics: an interactive clinical case of a combination of two hereditary diseases." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 67, no. 5 (2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-5-103-108.

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The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of applying the case method for teaching the diagnosis of orphan diseases on a specific example. The article presents the possibilities of virtual diagnostics of a rare clinical case — a combination of two hereditary diseases: Angelman and Wiedemann—Steiner syndromes. The authors have developed a web application that allows you to reproduce the process of differential diagnostics using multimedia technologies. At each stage of virtual diagnostics, it is necessary to analyze the information received so far about the patient, determine the plan for further examination, refer the patient for consultations to specialists and form diagnostic hypotheses. To assess the correctness of the choice of the doctor’s actions, questions are provided. As a result of passing the case, an integral score is calculated and displayed on the screen — the sum of points for correct answers. Repeated passage of virtual diagnostics usually increases the quantitative criterion, and most importantly helps to consolidate the knowledge necessary for proper diagnosis. An interactive clinical case can be used in the process of training students at medical universities as an additional tool, as well as to improve the skills of pediatricians who can meet with this pathology in their practice. The use of the case-based learning in the educational process allows not only to conduct the learning doctor through the stages of the virtual diagnostic process but also to assess the correctness of the choice of the option of their actions, to explain the wrong decision in a particular situation.

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Varlamova, M. A., T. K. Davydova та A. E. Adamova. "Spinoceerebellar ataxia type 1 with cervical dystonia: сlinical polymorphism or a combination of two diseases?" YAKUT MEDICAL JOURNAL 86, № 1 (2024): 102–5. https://doi.org/10.25789/ymj.2024.86.24.

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Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (AD SCA) can present with a wide variety of non-cerebellar symptoms, including movement disorders. In fact, movement disorders are common in many different subtypes of SCA, and they may be present, dominant, or even an isolated feature of the disease. In this article we describe 9 clinical cases of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, the clinical picture of which includes cervical dystonia with laterocollis. In all cases, a mutation in the ATXN1 gene was detected. Keywords: cerebellar ataxia; movement disorders; spinocerebellar ataxia; cervical dystonia.

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Yu, Guozhi, Desiree Y. Baeder, Roland R. Regoes, and Jens Rolff. "Combination Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 3 (2016): 1717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02434-15.

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ancient and conserved across the tree of life. Their efficacy over evolutionary time has been largely attributed to their mechanisms of killing. Yet, the understanding of their pharmacodynamics bothin vivoandin vitrois very limited. This is, however, crucial for applications of AMPs as drugs and also informs the understanding of the action of AMPs in natural immune systems. Here, we selected six different AMPs from different organisms to test their individual and combined effectsin vitro. We analyzed their pharmacodynamics based on the Hill function and evaluated the interaction of combinations of two and three AMPs. Interactions of AMPs in our study were mostly synergistic, and three-AMP combinations displayed stronger synergism than two-AMP combinations. This suggests synergism to be a common phenomenon in AMP interaction. Additionally, AMPs displayed a sharp increase in killing within a narrow dose range, contrasting with those of antibiotics. We suggest that our results could lead a way toward better evaluation of AMP application in practice and shed some light on the evolutionary consequences of antimicrobial peptide interactions within the immune system of organisms.

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Larbouret, Christel, Laurent Gros, André Pèlegrin, and Thierry Chardès. "Improving Biologics’ Effectiveness in Clinical Oncology: From the Combination of Two Monoclonal Antibodies to Oligoclonal Antibody Mixtures." Cancers 13, no. 18 (2021): 4620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13184620.

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Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, but their clinical efficacy remains limited in some other cases. Pre-clinical and clinical trials have shown that combinations of antibodies that bind to the same target (homo-combinations) or to different targets (hetero-combinations) to mimic the polyclonal humoral immune response improve their therapeutic effects in cancer. The approval of the trastuzumab/pertuzumab combination for breast cancer and then of the ipilimumab/nivolumab combination for melanoma opened the way to novel antibody combinations or oligoclonal antibody mixtures as more effective biologics for cancer management. We found more than 300 phase II/III clinical trials on antibody combinations, with/without chemotherapy, radiotherapy, small molecules or vaccines, in the ClinicalTrials.gov database. Such combinations enhance the biological responses and bypass the resistance mechanisms observed with antibody monotherapy. Usually, such antibody combinations are administered sequentially as separate formulations. Combined formulations have also been developed in which separately produced antibodies are mixed before administration or are produced simultaneously in a single cell line or a single batch of different cell lines as a polyclonal master cell bank. The regulation, toxicity and injection sequence of these oligoclonal antibody mixtures still need to be addressed in order to optimize their delivery and their therapeutic effects.

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Cikita, Diah Ayu, Reza Taufiq Subagio, Septiyani Septiyani, Vincentius Mubiarto Setiawan, and Dwi Kristanto. "Relationship between Postpartum Diseases and Success of First Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cattle." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 43, no. 1 (2025): 12. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.93905.

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Ketosis, mastitis, metritis, and LDA are diseases that often occur during the first two weeks of lactation and cause significant economic loss. The relationships between ketosis, mastitis, metritis, LDA, and several combinations of diseases and the first artificial insemination were discussed. This study aimed to describe the effect of diseases diagnosed during the postpartum period on the success of artificial insemination. This study was conducted using an observational cross-sectional approach. A total of 341 data samples were obtained, which consisted of 103 cattle without disease, 107 cattle diagnosed with ketosis, 51 cattle diagnosed with metritis, 5 cattle diagnosed with LDA, 20 cattle diagnosed with a combination of ketosis and mastitis, 20 cattle diagnosed with a combination of ketosis and metritis, and 6 cattle diagnosed with a combination of mastitis and metritis. Data analysis was carried out using bivariate analysis and tested using the chi-square test. The P values for ketosis, mastitis, metritis, LDA, ketosis-mastitis, ketosis-metritis, and mastitis-metritis were 0.756, 0.099, 0.972, 0.261, 0.276, 0.276, and 0.450, respectively. This study suggested that a history of disease during the postpartum period did not significantly affect cattle first artificial insemination.

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Jernigan, Meredith G., Ellen G. Press, M. Hong Nguyen, Cornelius J. Clancy, and Ryan K. Shields. "The Combination of Doripenem and Colistin Is Bactericidal and Synergistic against Colistin-Resistant, Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 6 (2012): 3395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.06364-11.

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ABSTRACTWe tested two-drug combinations of doripenem, colistin, gentamicin, and doxycycline against 12 carbapenemase-producingKlebsiella pneumoniae(KPC) isolates by time-kill. The combination of doripenem and colistin reduced the starting inocula by 2 logs for each isolate (range, 2.02 to 6.01 log10) and was bactericidal and synergistic against 75 and 50%, respectively. Among colistin- and pan-drug-resistant isolates, synergy was identified in 60 and 67%, respectively. All other combinations were inferior. We are currently evaluating the combination of doripenem and colistin as a frontline therapy for KPC infection.

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Friis, Henrik. "Antibacterial activity of cefotaxime, desacetylcefotaxime, and the combination of the two." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 12, no. 1 (1989): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(89)90048-5.

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Pai, Manjunath P. "Antifungal Combinations against Simulated Candida albicans Endocardial Vegetations." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 6 (2009): 2629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01026-08.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro effects of flucytosine (5FC), liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), and micafungin (Mica) combinations against two Candida albicans strains that simulated 24-hour-old endocardial vegetations were studied. Mica was superior to 5FC or L-AmB, and the 5FC-L-AmB-Mica combination was superior to all other treatments for one strain but no different from the dual combination of L-AmB-Mica for the other strain.

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Huang, Yu-Chen, and Che-Wei Liu. "Combination of two types of nail brace for the treatment of complicated ingrown toenails." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 83, no. 6 (2017): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_908_16.

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Sivushchina, E. S., A. S. Myravyev, T. S. Kovalchuk, T. L. Vershinina, A. A. Kostareva, and E. S. Vasichkina. "Combination of two rare genetically determinated diseases, associated with poor prognosis, in a 2-year-old child." Russian Journal for Personalized Medicine 2, no. 2 (2022): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/2782-3806-2022-2-2-129-136.

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Pereira, FlávioGodinho, Marianada Silva Leal, Susana Cavadas, and Inês Ladeira. "Isolated testicular tuberculosis with ethambutol cutaneous toxicity: A combination of two rare entities." International Journal of Mycobacteriology 9, no. 3 (2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_114_20.

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Cao, Bo, Xi-Chuan Wei, Xiao-Rong Xu, et al. "Seeing the Unseen of the Combination of Two Natural Resins, Frankincense and Myrrh: Changes in Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities." Molecules 24, no. 17 (2019): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173076.

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For the treatment of diseases, especially chronic diseases, traditional natural drugs have more effective therapeutic advantages because of their multi-target and multi-channel characteristics. Among many traditional natural medicines, resins frankincense and myrrh have been proven to be effective in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. In the West, frankincense and myrrh have been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies since ancient times; in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, they are used mainly for the treatment of chronic diseases. The main chemical constituents of frankincense and myrrh are terpenoids and essential oils. Their common pharmacological effects are anti-inflammatory and anticancer. More interestingly, in traditional Chinese medicine, frankincense and myrrh have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, and their combination has a better therapeutic effect on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of frankincense and myrrh forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical composition, such as the increase or decrease of the main active ingredients, the disappearance of native chemical components, and the emergence of new chemical components. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination seem magically powerful, such as synergistic anti-inflammation, synergistic anticancer, synergistic analgesic, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic blood-activation, and so on. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of these two natural resins, along with chemical and pharmacological studies on the combination of the two.

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Kovalskaya, Galina N., Dina Y. Zhukova, and Ekaterina N. Mikhalevich. "Interaction of Drugs Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 4, no. 1 (2019): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2019-4.1.6.

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Combined therapy in cardiology is currently the most recognized method of treatment, especially in patients with hypertension. Approximately in 50 % of patients with hypertension, monotherapy is effective. However to achieve the desired effect in the remaining half of patients, simultaneous administration of two and sometimes three drugs is required. Numerous drugs with a fixed combination of two (and even three) antihypertensive drugs, often used in clinical practice, greatly simplify the dosage regimen of drugs and improve patients’ adherence to treatment. Unfortunately, simultaneous prescription of several drugs increases sharply the probability of inter-drug interaction with the increase in the number of prescribed drugs. The result of drug-drug intereaction may be unpredictable. Therefore, the ability to predict the possible adverse reactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases and to prescribe rationally combined pharmacotherapy is a guarantee of highly efficient and safe treatment.Currently, rational combinations of antihypertensive drugs of different groups make hypertension therapy more comfortable and increases patients’ adherence to treatment. The authors present topical combinations of antihypertensive drugs in one drug: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor + diuretic, β-adrenoblocker + diuretic; diuretic + angiotensin receptor antagonist; calcium antagonist + angiotensin receptor antagonist; calcium antagonist + β-adrenoblocker, and others.The article presents an overview of both rational (calcium antagonist + diuretic, β-adrenoblocker + diuretic,) and irrational (angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibitor + potassium-sparing diuretic, angiotensin receptor blocker + potassium-sparing diuretic) combinations of antihypertensive drugs. Combinations of some hypotensive and antianginal drugs with drugs of other groups with a high risk of adverse reactions are presented.

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Aghaee, Bahareh Lashtoo, Mohammadali Khan Mirzaei, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, Ali Mojtahedi, and Corinne F. Maurice. "Improving the Inhibitory Effect of Phages against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from a Burn Patient Using a Combination of Phages and Antibiotics." Viruses 13, no. 2 (2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020334.

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Antibiotic resistance causes around 700,000 deaths a year worldwide. Without immediate action, we are fast approaching a post-antibiotic era in which common infections can result in death. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infection and is also one of the three bacterial pathogens in the WHO list of priority bacteria for developing new antibiotics against. A viable alternative to antibiotics is to use phages, which are bacterial viruses. Yet, the isolation of phages that efficiently kill their target bacteria has proven difficult. Using a combination of phages and antibiotics might increase treatment efficacy and prevent the development of resistance against phages and/or antibiotics, as evidenced by previous studies. Here, in vitro populations of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from a burn patient were treated with a single phage, a mixture of two phages (used simultaneously and sequentially), and the combination of phages and antibiotics (at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MIC levels). In addition, we tested the stability of these phages at different temperatures, pH values, and in two burn ointments. Our results show that the two-phages-one-antibiotic combination had the highest killing efficiency against the P. aeruginosa strain. The phages tested showed low stability at high temperatures, acidic pH values, and in the two ointments. This work provides additional support for the potential of using combinations of phage–antibiotic cocktails at sub-MIC levels for the treatment of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.

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Luo, Min, Dasong Huang, Jianfeng Jiao, and Ruiqi Wang. "Detection of Synergistic Combinatorial Perturbations by a Bifurcation-Based Approach." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 31, no. 12 (2021): 2150175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127421501753.

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Drug combination has become an attractive strategy against complex diseases, despite the challenges in handling a large number of possible combinations among candidate drugs. How to detect effective drug combinations and determine the dosage of each drug in the combination is still a challenging task. When regarding a drug as a perturbation, we propose a bifurcation-based approach to detect synergistic combinatorial perturbations. In the approach, parameters of a dynamical system are divided into two groups according to their responses to perturbations. By combining two parameters chosen from two groups, three types of combinations can be obtained. Synergism for different perturbation combinations can be detected by relative positions of the bifurcation curve and the isobole. The bifurcation-based approach can be used not only to detect combinatorial perturbations but also to determine their perturbation quantities. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, we apply it to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) network. The approach has implications for the rational design of drug combinations and other combinatorial control, e.g. combinatorial regulation of gene expression.

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Molla, Akhteruzzaman, Hongmei Mo, Sudthida Vasavanonda, et al. "In Vitro Antiviral Interaction of Lopinavir with Other Protease Inhibitors." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 7 (2002): 2249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.7.2249-2253.2002.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by combinations of lopinavir and six other protease inhibitors over a range of two-drug combination ratios was evaluated. Combinations of lopinavir with indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, tipranavir, and BMS-232632 generally displayed an additive relationship. In contrast, a consistent, statistically significant synergistic inhibition of HIV type 1 replication with combinations of lopinavir and saquinavir was observed. Analysis of the combination indices indicated that lopinavir with saquinavir was synergistic over the entire range of drug combination ratios tested and at all levels of inhibition in excess of 40%. Cellular toxicity was not observed at the highest drug concentrations tested. These results suggest that administration of combinations of the appropriate dose of lopinavir with other protease inhibitors in vivo may result in enhanced antiviral activity with no associated increase in cellular cytotoxicity. More importantly, the observed in vitro synergy between lopinavir and saquinavir provides a theoretical basis for the clinical exploration of a novel regimen of lopinavir-ritonavir and saquinavir.

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Cappa, Marco, Carla Bizzarri, and Francesca Crea. "Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Children." Journal of Thyroid Research 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/675703.

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The two major autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) include Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT); both of which are characterized by infiltration of the thyroid by T and B cells reactive to thyroid antigens, by the production of thyroid autoantibodies and by abnormal thyroid function (hyperthyroidism in GD and hypothyroidism in AT). While the exact etiology of thyroid autoimmunity is not known, it is believed to develop when a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental encounters leads to breakdown of tolerance. It is important to recognize thyroid dysfunction at an early stage by maintaining an appropriate index of suspicion.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Combination of two diseases'

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