Journal articles: 'Combined Micro- and Macro-model'

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Morimoto, Toshiharu, Fuyuki Yoshida, Yuji Kusumoto, and Osamu Akisue. "Macro–Micro Combined Texture Evolution Model for Hot Strip with High Reduction Rolling." ISIJ International 50, no. 11 (2010): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.1683.

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George, Peter A., Katie Quinn, and Justin J. Cooper-White. "Hierarchical scaffolds via combined macro- and micro-phase separation." Biomaterials 31, no. 4 (February 2010): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.094.

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Yue, Jianguang. "Micro-Macro Simulation Technique Combined with Multilevel Damage Assessment Methodology for RC Building Structures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/764517.

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In order to assess the inherent damage mechanism of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a micro-macro simulation technique combined with multilevel damage assessment methodology is presented. An element-coupling model is developed by combining mixed dimensional finite elements with the aid of multipoint constraint equations, which could be achieved from the energy conservation principle. Thus, the micro-scale damage details could be obtained in a macro-scale setting of the global structure. Furthermore, using different damage indicators, a generalized damage model is combined with the multilevel damage performance to assess the damage evolution. Finally, an in situ lateral loading test of a real RC frame structure was analyzed to verify this proposed damage assessment methodology. The finite element method utilizing the proposed damage model products results in good agreement with those of the tests. It shows that the proposed methodology is a very helpful tool to assess and reveal the inherent damage mechanism of RC structures.

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Baumann, Chris, Michael Cherry, and Wujin Chu. "Competitive Productivity (CP) at macro–meso–micro levels." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 118–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-08-2018-0118.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance our understanding of competitiveness. The authors introduce the concept of Competitive Productivity (CP), supplementing shortcomings of traditional understandings of national, organisational and individual productivity which overlook the nature of competitiveness, i.e. outperforming the competition, or at least bettering one’s own performance. The authors offer definitions, components and construct measurements of CP at three levels: macro, meso and micro. Design/methodology/approach A review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the need for combining productivity and competitiveness into one new construct. There are theories that combine these ideas – e.g., the resource-based theory of the firm – but the authors are presenting these concepts differently, or in a novel way. The authors’ focus on CP makes necessary a new group of construct measures which are different from that of the strategy literature: the authors measure an agent’s tendency “to be better than the competition” along multiple dimensions. Based on the CP construct, the authors present three testable models to uncover determinants of CP at three levels (macro, meso and micro). Finally, the work around “emergent property” can be applied to examine CP itself as being a determinant for other higher-order outcomes such as welfare, profits and life satisfaction. CP forms a platform to explore likely interplay (bottom-up and/or top-down mechanisms) within the micro–meso–macro architecture. Findings Three CP models were developed and are briefly discussed in this paper: first, a National Competitive Productivity (NCP) model to capture the components/drivers of national CP (macro level). Second, a Firm Competitive Productivity (FCP) model to capture the components/drivers of firm CP within an industry context (meso). And finally, an Individual Competitive Productivity (ICP) model capturing the components/drivers of CP at the individual (micro) level. Originality/value The study provides a combined approach to capture productivity and competitiveness within one innovative concept: CP. It can be used by government and policy makers (NCP model), managers and organisations (FCP model), and individuals such as workers and students (ICP model) to evaluate and enhance their performance. A better understanding of the components/drivers of CP at the three levels and the suggested measurement of CP should provide a stronger theory of competitiveness of nations, firms and individuals. Not least should a focus on the three levels (macro, meso and micro) better prepare citizens, firms, workers and students to effectively function and work in the marketplace and in society. The authors’ work should eventually contribute to more effective benchmarking and continuous improvement in the competitiveness domain. Crucially, this conceptual paper forms the foundation for future empirical testing of CP components in the context of the relative values and moderated behaviour as captured by the ReVaMB model.

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Bezvikonnyi, P., R. Mialkovsky, and O. Muliarchuk. "Effectiveness of the combined application of micro-fertilizers and fungicides on the beet crops." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_253.

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The purpose of the research was to find out the effect of foliar fertilization with complex microfertilizers together with fungicides on the growth and development of plants and the yield of beet root in the Western Forest Steppe. Methods. Field, analytical and statistical. Results. It was found that the foliar fertilization of ADOB micro and macrofertilizers with the fungicide Impact in the Harold variety – 61.46 thousand m2/ha, and in Kestrel – 73.06 thousand m2/ha, provided the largest leaf area. The highest photosynthetic potential was in the Kestrel variety with foliar ADOB macro+micro compatibility with the Impact fungicide (2.37 million m2 × days/ha). Foliar fertilization of ADOB microfertilizers macro+micro with application rate of 2.0 kg/ha and fungicide Impact with application rate of 0.25 l/ha provides the highest weight of Harold root crops for the harvesting period at 413.0 g and Kestrel variety – 516.1 g. The introduction of ADOB macro+micro complex microfertilizers, in combination with Topsin M and Impact fungicides, provided the highest yield of beet root in Harold variety – 62.0-62.2 t/ha and Kestrel variety – 75.4-77.4 t/ha. The highest solids content and sugars were also observed in the variant, where they applied foliar ADOB macro+micro compound fertilizers with Topsin M and Impact fungicides in Harold variety - 15.6-15.7% and 8.5%, in Kestrel variety – 16.0-16.1% ??? 8.9%, respectively. The foliar fertilization of ADOB microfertilizer macro+micro in combination with the fungicide Impact provided the highest betanin content of 352.5 mg/100 g of raw weight in the Harold variety, and 270.9 mg/100 g of raw weight in the Kestrel variety. The combined application of ADOB microfertilizers macro+micro and fungicide Impact allowed to obtain maximum rates of profitability in the Kestrel variety - 241.6%, in the Harold variety - 182.3%.

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Gallini, Joan K., and Hiller Spires. "MACRO‐BASED, MICRO‐BASED, AND COMBINED STRATEGIES IN TEXT PROCESSING." Reading Psychology 16, no. 1 (January 1995): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0270271950160102.

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KIKAWADA, TORU, SHIGEO MASUDA, MASAFUMI NAKAYAMA, SHIGEKI AKITA, and YOJI KATO. "COMBINED MACRO-MICRO-ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUE (COMMET) IN ENDONASAL SINUS SURGERY." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 98, no. 4 (1995): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.98.619.

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Li, H. Y., X. C. Li, J. H. Li, J. I. Ma, and Y. J. Zhang. "Finite Element and Molecular Dynamics Multiscale Framework for TRIP Steel Macro and Micro Material Behavior Investigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.182.

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Transformation induced plasticity steels (TRIP steel) is a kind of low – alloying high strength steel with good combination of strength and plasticity. But the macro mechanical properties depend on the microstructure greatly. For simulation, macro finite element can’t consider the microstructure development fully and micro molecular dynamics can’t be used in macro engineering widely, so to investigate the material behavior of trip steel a multi-scale simulation framework which combined macro finite element simulation and micro molecular dynamics together was presented in this paper. The transformation technology between macro and micro simulation by internal variable was considered and macro displacement of integral point as boundary condition of micro molecular dynamics was discussed.

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Cserháti, Ilona, Tibor Keresztély, and Tibor Takács. "Examination of inequalities in Hungary by microsimulation in consistency with macro data." Society and Economy 38, no. 4 (December 2016): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.4.3.

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Effective decision making uses various databases including both micro and macro level datasets. In many cases it is a big challenge to ensure the consistency of the two levels. Different types of problems can occur and several methods can be used to solve them. The paper concentrates on the input alignment of the households’ income for microsimulation, which means refers to improving the elements of a micro data survey (EU-SILC) by using macro data from administrative sources. We use a combined micro-macro model called ECONS-TAX for this improvement. We also produced model projections until 2015 which is important because the official EU-SILC micro database will only be available in Hungary in the summer of 2017. The paper presents our estimations about the dynamics of income elements and the changes in income inequalities. Results show that the aligned data provides a different level of income inequality, but does not affect the direction of change from year to year. However, when we analyzed policy change, the use of aligned data caused larger differences both in income levels and in their dynamics.

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Sih, George. "Micro/macro fatigue crack growth rate model for 2024-T3 aluminum panel." International Journal of Structural Integrity 6, no. 4 (August 10, 2015): 522–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2015-0014.

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Purpose – Fatigue crack growth rate data for 2024-T3 aluminum are found using three parameters d*, σ* and μ* for short and long cracks for Regions I-III in conventional fatigue. Asymptotic solution of a line crack with a micro-tip is found to yield a singular stress behavior of order 0.75 in contrast to the 0.50 order known for the macrocrack. The difference is due to the micro-macro interaction effects. The three parameters account for the combined effects of load, material and geometry via the tip region. Data for short and long cracks lie on a straight with a slope of about 3.9-4.8 for R values of 0.286-0.565. The results were based on an initial crack a1 mm where a is the half length for a central crack panel. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The belief that specimen fatigue data could assist the design of structural components was upended when FAA discovered that the NASGRO FCGD are not valid for short cracks that are tight and may even be closed. The regular ΔK vs da/dN model was limited to long cracks. The issue become critical for short cracks connecting the long ones of a few mm to cm or even m according to da/dN for the same crack history. The danger of short/long fatigue crack growth (SLFCG) prompted FAA to introduce an added test known as Limit of Validity (LOV), a way of setting empirical limits for structural components. The dual scale SLFCG data from ΔK micro/macro provide support for the LOV tests. Findings – Data for short and long cracks lie on a straight with a slope of about 3.9-4.8 for R values of 0.286-0.565. The single dual scale relation on ΔK micro/macro can switch from microscopic to macroscopic or vice and versa. The difference is fundamental. Order other than 0.75 can be obtained for simulating different microstructure effects as well as different materials and test conditions. Originality/value – Scale shifting from short to long fatigue cracks for 2024-T3 aluminum is new. The crack driving force is found to depend on the crack tightness. The sigmoidal curve based on the regular ΔK plot disappeared. The data from ΔK micro/macro for short cracks may supplement the FAA LOV tests for setting more reliable fatigue safe limits.

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Zhao-long, Fan, Wang Han, Liu Qiang, Chen Xin-du, Zheng Jun-wei, and Liang Feng. "Design and research of precise macro/micro combined absolute optical encoder." Journal of Applied Optics 36, no. 2 (2015): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5768/jao201536.0205002.

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Carvalho, Vasco M. "From Micro to Macro via Production Networks." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.4.23.

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A modern economy is an intricately linked web of specialized production units, each relying on the flow of inputs from their suppliers to produce their own output which, in turn, is routed towards other downstream units. In this essay, I argue that this network perspective on production linkages can offer novel insights on how local shocks occurring along this production network can propagate across the economy and give rise to aggregate fluctuations. First, I discuss how production networks can be mapped to a standard general equilibrium setup. In particular, through a series of stylized examples, I demonstrate how the propagation of sectoral shocks—and hence aggregate volatility— depends on different arrangements of production, that is, on different “shapes” of the underlying production network. Next I explore, from a network perspective, the empirical properties of a large-scale production network as given by detailed US input-output data. Finally I address how theory and data on production networks can be usefully combined to shed light on comovement and aggregate fluctuations.

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Banasiak, Jacek, Aleksandra Falkiewicz, and Proscovia Namayanja. "Asymptotic state lumping in transport and diffusion problems on networks with applications to population problems." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 26, no. 02 (November 19, 2015): 215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202516400017.

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In this paper we consider a general macro-model describing a metapopulation consisting of several interacting with each other subpopulations connected through a network, with the rules of interactions given by a system of ordinary differential equations. For such a model we construct two different micro-models in which each subpopulation has its own structure and dynamics. Precisely, each subpopulation occupies an edge of a graph and its dynamics is driven, respectively, by diffusion or transport along the edge. The interactions between the subpopulations are described by interface conditions at the nodes which the edges are incident to. We prove that with an appropriate scaling, roughly speaking with, respectively, fast diffusion or fast transport combined with slow exchange at the nodes, the solutions of the micro-models can be approximated by the solution to the macro-model.

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Lian, Ye Da, Ren Qiang Wu, Bing Zhang, and Tao Feng. "Application of GTN Model in Tensile Fracture of Pipeline Steel." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.451.

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In this paper, the macroscopic mechanical behavior of tensile fracture of X70 pipeline steel is combined with the evolution of mesoscopic pores. The ABAQUS finite element software was used to analyze the variation of pore volume fraction in the tensile failure process of unilateral notched specimens with Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) mesoscopic damage model. Combined with the unilateral notched tensile test and the numerical simulation results, the damage mechanics model of pipeline steel based on void volume fraction is established. The results show that the volume fraction of pores is a mesomechanical parameter based on the damage of the micro-holes in the metallic plastic material, which is a bridge between the mesoscopic damage characteristics and the macro-mechanical parameters. Establishing the damage mechanics model of high strength pipeline steel with hole volume fraction as damage variable can truly reflect the macro-meso-mechanics behavior of X70 pipeline steel during unilateral notching.

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Chen, Bin, Zhan Hua Gao, Xiang He Peng, Jing Hong Fan, and C. Cai. "Micro-Macro Combined Study for a Porous Constitutive Model Based on the Analysis of a Cylindrical Void." Key Engineering Materials 227 (August 2002): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.227.101.

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Carraro, Thomas, Sven E. Wetterauer, Ana Victoria Ponce Bobadilla, and Dumitru Trucu. "A level-set approach for a multi-scale cancer invasion model." Mathematics in Applied Sciences and Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/mase/11087.

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The quest for a deeper understanding of the cancer growth and spread process focuses on the naturally multiscale nature of cancer invasion, which requires an appropriate multiscale modeling and analysis approach. The cross-talk between the dynamics of the cancer cell population on the tissue scale (macroscale) and the proteolytic molecular processes along the tumor border on the cell scale (microscale) plays a particularly important role within the invasion processes, leading to dramatic changes in tumor morphology and influencing the overall pattern of cancer spread. Building on the multiscale moving boundary framework proposed in Trucu et al. (Multiscale Model. Simul 11(1): 309-335), in this work we propose a new formulation of this process involving a novel derivation of the macro scale boundary movement law based on micro-dynamics, involving a transport equation combined with the level-set method. This is explored numerically in a novel finite element macro-micro framework based on cut-cells.

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Kwon, Y. W., and C. T. Liu. "Numerical Study of Damage Growth in Particulate Composites." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 121, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812404.

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A numerical study was conducted to simulate and predict damage initiation and growth around the crack tip crack tip in particulate composite specimens made of hard particles embedded in a soft rubber-like matrix material. Therefore, damage evolution in the matrix material around crack tips was investigated. The progressive damage was modeled using a micro/macro-approach which combined two levels of analyses like the micro-level and the macro-level analyses. Damage description was undertaken at the microlevel using a simplified three-dimensional unit-cell model and an isotropic continuum damage theory. The numerical study examined both him and thick specimens with a short or long edge crack to understand the effects of specimen thickness and crack size on the damage initiation, growth, and saturation. Numerical results were compared with experimental data.

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Li, Meng, Fen Liu, Yu Li, and Xihuai Qiang. "Synthesis of stable cationic waterborne polyurethane with a high solid content: insight from simulation to experiment." RSC Advances 7, no. 22 (2017): 13312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra00647k.

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Kollenscher, Eldad, Micha Popper, and Boaz Ronen. "Value-creating organizational leadership." Journal of Management & Organization 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.33.

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AbstractDespite their many contributions, each of the most prevalent approaches to leadership – the micro interpersonal leadership models such as transformational theory, trait theory and charismatic leadership, and the macro strategic management – has notable ‘blind spots’ and relies on biased or partial assumptions. Furthermore, the macro–micro polarization of major leadership theories overlooks important meso perspective processes, such as structuring, which leaders can use to attain a more compounded and sustained effect on organizational outcomes. The goal of this paper is to propose an integrative theoretical framework – value-creating leadership – which provides what is missing from the theory of organizational leadership. Value-creating leadership combines micro and macro perspectives regarding management and leadership along with a meso perspective to create a unified model of corporate leadership.

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Choi, Jae-Won, Masaki Yamashita, Jun Sakakibara, Yuichi Kaji, Tetsuro Oshika, and Ryan B. Wicker. "Combined micro and macro additive manufacturing of a swirling flow coaxial phacoemulsifier sleeve with internal micro-vanes." Biomedical Microdevices 12, no. 5 (June 19, 2010): 875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-010-9442-1.

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Ilg, Patrick, and Iliya V. Karlin. "Combined micro–macro integration scheme from an invariance principle: application to ferrofluid dynamics." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 120, no. 1-3 (July 2004): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2004.01.013.

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Abo El-Wafa Ahmed, Mahmoud. "PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED SURFACE AREA OF COMBINED MACRO AND MICRO FIBERS IN CONCRETE." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 1757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2006.111144.

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Pisarenko, G. S., A. Y. Krasowsky, V. A. Vainshtock, I. V. Kramarenko, and V. N. Krasiko. "The combined micro- and macro-fracture mechanics approach to engineering problems of strength." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 28, no. 5-6 (January 1987): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(87)90051-8.

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Iwaki, Takayuki, Hiroshi Mizuma, Kazuya Hokamura, Hirotaka Onoe, and Kazuo Umemura. "[18F]FDG Uptake in the Aortic Wall Smooth Muscle of Atherosclerotic Plaques in the Simian Atherosclerosis Model." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8609274.

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Atherosclerosis is a self-sustaining inflammatory fibroproliferative disease that progresses in discrete stages and involves a number of cell types and effector molecules. Recently, [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose- ([18F]FDG-) positron emission tomography (PET) has been suggested as a tool to evaluate atherosclerotic plaques by detecting accumulated macrophages associated with inflammation progress. However, at the cellular level, it remains unknown whether only macrophages exhibit high uptake of [18F]FDG. To identify the cellular origin of [18F]FDG uptake in atherosclerotic plaques, we developed a simian atherosclerosis model and performed PET and ex vivo macro- and micro-autoradiography (ARG). Increased [18F]FDG uptake in the aortic wall was observed in high-cholesterol diet-treated monkeys and WHHL rabbits. Macro-ARG of [18F]FDG in aortic sections showed that [18F]FDG was accumulated in the media and intima in the simian model as similar to that in WHHL rabbits. Combined analysis of micro-ARG with immunohistochemistry in the simian atherosclerosis model revealed that most cellular [18F]FDG uptake observed in the media was derived not only from the infiltrated macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques but also from the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the aortic wall in atherosclerotic lesions.

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Deng, Didan, Zhaokang Chen, Yuqian Zhou, and Bertram Shi. "MIMAMO Net: Integrating Micro- and Macro-Motion for Video Emotion Recognition." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 03 (April 3, 2020): 2621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i03.5646.

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Spatial-temporal feature learning is of vital importance for video emotion recognition. Previous deep network structures often focused on macro-motion which extends over long time scales, e.g., on the order of seconds. We believe integrating structures capturing information about both micro- and macro-motion will benefit emotion prediction, because human perceive both micro- and macro-expressions. In this paper, we propose to combine micro- and macro-motion features to improve video emotion recognition with a two-stream recurrent network, named MIMAMO (Micro-Macro-Motion) Net. Specifically, smaller and shorter micro-motions are analyzed by a two-stream network, while larger and more sustained macro-motions can be well captured by a subsequent recurrent network. Assigning specific interpretations to the roles of different parts of the network enables us to make choice of parameters based on prior knowledge: choices that turn out to be optimal. One of the important innovations in our model is the use of interframe phase differences rather than optical flow as input to the temporal stream. Compared with the optical flow, phase differences require less computation and are more robust to illumination changes. Our proposed network achieves state of the art performance on two video emotion datasets, the OMG emotion dataset and the Aff-Wild dataset. The most significant gains are for arousal prediction, for which motion information is intuitively more informative. Source code is available at https://github.com/wtomin/MIMAMO-Net.

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Petrovic, Nenad, Selena Vasic, Dejan Milic, Suad Suljovic, and Samir Konicanin. "GPU-supported simulation for ABEP and QoS analysis of a combined macro diversity system in a gamma-shadowed k-μ fading channel." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 34, no. 1 (2021): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2101089p.

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In this paper we have analyzed macro-diversity (MD) system with one macro SC diversity (MD SC) receiver and two micro MRC (mD MRC) receivers over correlated Gamma-shadowed k-? fading channel. The average bit error probability (ABEP) is calculated using the moment generating function (MGF) approach for BDPSK and BPSK modulations. Graphical representation of the results illustrates the effects of different parameters of the system on its performance as well as the improvements due to the benefits of a combined micro and macro diversity. The obtained analytical expressions are used for the GPU-enabled mobile network modeling, planning and simulation environment to determine the value of Quality of Service (QoS) parameter. Finally, linear optimization is proposed as an approach to improve the QoS parameter of the fading-affected system observed in this paper.

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Gong, Fuyuan, Yuya Takahashi, and Koichi Maekawa. "Multi-scale computational modeling for concrete damage by mixed pore pressures – case of coupled alkali–silica reaction and cyclic freeze/thaw." Engineering Computations 35, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 2367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-11-2017-0431.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a multi-scale simulation approach for the concrete macro-mechanical damage caused by mixed micro-pore pressures, such as the coupled alkali–silica reaction (ASR) and freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). Design/methodology/approach The micro-physical events are computationally modeled by considering the coupling effect between ASR gel and condensed water in the mixed pressure and motion. The pressures and transport of pore substances are also linked with the concrete matrix deformation at macro-scale through a poro-mechanical approach, and affect each other, reciprocally. Once the crack happens in the nonlinear analysis, both the micro-events (water and gel motion) and the macro mechanics will be mutually interacted. Finally, different sequences of combined ASR and FTC are simulated. Findings The multi-chemo mechanistic computation can reproduce complex events in pore structures, and further the macro-damages. The results show that ASR can reduce the FTC expansion for non-air-entrained concrete, but may increase the frost damage for air-entrained concrete. The simulation is examined to bring about the observed phenomena. Originality/value This paper numerically clarifies the strong linkage between macro-mechanical deformation and micro-chemo-physical events for concrete composites under coupled ASR and FTC.

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Zhang, Shao Rui, Da Yong Li, Zhong Wei Yin, Ying Hong Peng, and Fei Zhou. "Study on Metal Forming by Macro-Micro Combine Numerical Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.671.

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It has long been found that the crystal orientations would induce macroscopic anisotropy during deformation process, and then affect the deformation properties of sheet metal. So it is very important to find the true relation between texture distribution and macroscopic anisotropy. In this paper, the anisotropy coefficients of the yield function are fitted by Taylor factor and crystal plastic model. Metal flow is assumed to occur by crystallographic slip on given slip systems within each crystal. Then this simulation results are compared with those of microscopic crystal plastic method.

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Zhang, Guangfeng, Ian Marsh, and Ronald MacDonald. "A hybrid approach to exchange rates." Studies in Economics and Finance 33, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-10-2014-0185.

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Purpose – This study aims to investigate the impact of information, both public macro news and private information, on exchange rate volatility in an integrated framework. Design/methodology/approach – The authors apply real-time data of macro announcements and high-frequency trading data (German Deutsche Mark to US dollar, DEM/USD, from 1 May to 31August 1996) to GARCH models and examine various model specifications. Findings – Data analysis demonstrates real-time macro news and market makers’ private information both have a significant impact on exchange rate volatility, but there is no interaction between macro and micro information in the information transmission process. Originality/value – This study contributes to empirical hybrid studies of examining exchange rates volatility, which is in line with literature that combine both macro and micro fundamentals in examining exchange rates variation. Particularly, a key element of this study is to use a microstructure fundamental variable, namely, order flow, to capture private information in an exchange rate volatility study.

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Hosseini, Shahin, Khaliq Ahmed, and Moses O. Tadé. "CFD model of a methane fuelled single cell SOFC stack for analysing the combined effects of macro/micro structural parameters." Journal of Power Sources 234 (July 2013): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.123.

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Randjelovic, Sasa. "The estimation of tax-benefit automatic stabilizers in Serbia: A combined micro-macro approach." Ekonomski anali 58, no. 198 (2013): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1398061r.

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The large volatility of GDP due to the economic crisis, particularly in transition economies, has brought the issue of automatic stabilizers back into the focus of economic policy. The vast majority of empirical literature in this field relates to the estimation of the size of automatic stabilizers in developed countries, usually based on macroeconomic data. On the other hand empirical literature on this topic based on micro data, particularly for transition economies, is limited. This paper provides an evaluation of the size of automatic stabilizers in one transition economy (Serbia), by combining tax-benefit simulation modelling based on micro data and econometric methods based on macroeconomic data. The results show that, in the case of shock, around 17% of fall in market income would be absorbed by automatic stabilizers. Although the stabilizing effects of the tax-benefit system in Serbia are lower than in other European countries, the total size of automatic stabilizers is close to the average value in these countries, due to the higher elasticity of demand to income. The results also show that progressivity-enhancing income tax reform would only slightly increase automatic stabilizers, due to the large informal economy and the large share of agriculture in total households? income.

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GASIAK, G., and E. MACHA. "Combined micro- and macro-mechanical approachesMasateru Ohnami Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 1988, 525 pp." International Journal of Fatigue 12, no. 6 (November 1990): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(90)90226-5.

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Xu, You Xiong, and Song Qing Zhu. "The Fuzzy PID Control Simulation Research of the Macro-Micro Servo Driven Positioning Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.544.

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According to the contradiction between the large stroke and high precision of positioning mechanism, in order to solve the high precision positioning problem of large stroke motion system in precision machining and precision measurement fields, the macro-micro positioning mechanism based on electrohydraulic-piezoelectric hybrid servo was presented with the advantages of the electrohydraulic servo driven and the piezoelectric precision driven. Its combined simulation model based on AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink software was built. On this basis, its fuzzy PID control simulation research was done. The simulation results showed that compared with traditional PID, the positioning mechanism static and dynamic performance could be improved by using the fuzzy control method. This will provide control theoretical basis for practical engineering applications.

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Aartsen, Marja, Deborah Morgan, Lena Dahlberg, Charles Waldegrave, Sarmitė Mikulionienė, Gražina Rapolienė, and Giovanni Lamura. "Exclusion From Social Relations and Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2509.

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Abstract Social isolation and loneliness have profound implications for quality of life and health and welfare budgets, but interventions to reduce loneliness are limited effective. The aim of this study is to examine the often-ignored impact of macro-level drivers of loneliness, in addition to micro-level drivers by adopting a cross-national perspective. We use longitudinal data from 2013 and 2015 from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), combined with macro-level data from additional sources. Our study confirms that key micro-level drivers of loneliness are gender, health and partnership status, frequency of contact with children and changes therein. Macro level drivers are level of safety in the neighbourhood, and poverty and social deprivation of a society. In order to understand and reduce loneliness we require not just a focus on individual risk factors, behaviours and expectations, but also on macro-level factors that are associated with exclusion from social relations.

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Holyoke, Thomas T. "Interest Group and Lobbying Research in a Higher Level Context: Two Tests of Integrating Multiple Levels of Analysis." American Politics Research 45, no. 5 (January 29, 2017): 887–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x16686557.

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Scholarship on interest groups and lobbying has become bifurcated between the dominant micro-level research on the choices of individual groups and macro-level research on group-level populations, especially the work of Gray and Lowery, with almost no integration of the two. Failure to integrate levels of analysis, unfortunately, will impede future progress in the subfield. I discuss some of the challenges to integrating research at multiple levels and then propose a solution which I test by re-analyzing two of my micro-level research projects now combined with Gray and Lowery’ macro-level density variable using hierarchical modeling. It turns out that grouping micro-level observations by group interest niches matters in the statistical analysis, though the effects of varying group population density are more subtle.

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Jin, Ji-Won, Byung-Wook Jeon, Chan-Woong Choi, and Ki-Weon Kang. "Multi-Scale Probabilistic Analysis for the Mechanical Properties of Plain Weave Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using the Homogenization Technique." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 6542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186542.

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Probabilistic analyses of carbon fabric composites were conducted using the Monte Carlo simulation based on a homogenization technique to evaluate the mechanical properties of composites and their stochastic nature. First, the homogenization analysis was performed for a micro-level structure, which fiber and matrix are combined. The effective properties obtained from this analysis were compared with the results from the rule of mixture theory to verify the homogenization analysis. And, tensile tests were conducted to clearly evaluate the result and the reliability was verified by comparing the results of the tensile tests and homogenization analysis. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulation was performed based on homogenization analyses to consider the uncertainties of the micro-level structure combined of fiber and matrix. Next, the results of this simulation were applied to the macro-level structure combined of the tow and matrix to perform the Monte Carlo simulation based on the homogenization technique. Finally, the sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the effect of constituents of the carbon plain weave composite and the linear correlation of the micro- and macro-level structures combined of the fiber/matrix and tow/matrix, respectively. The findings of this study verified that the effective properties of the plain weave carbon/epoxy composite and their uncertainties depended on the properties of the carbon fiber and epoxy, which are the basic constituents of plain weave carbon/epoxy composites.

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Cavender, RayeCarol, and Doris H. Kincade. "A luxury brand management framework built from historical review and case study analysis." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 43, no. 10/11 (October 6, 2015): 1083–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2014-0103.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a luxury brand management (LBM) framework that accounts for the changing luxury environment (i.e. heterogeneous consumer populations, operations within markets of varying maturity, need for seamless customer experiences, and Omni-channel retailing). Framework set within this new luxury business environment and environmental phenomena unique to the fashion industry (i.e. fashion adoption, zeitgeist). Design/methodology/approach – Case study of leading luxury conglomerate, Louis Vuitton Möet Hennessy (LVMH), combined with in-depth historical review of luxury industry. Primary and secondary data sources yielded thick descriptions of brands in LVMH portfolio and larger luxury industry, in which conglomerate is the predominant organizational structure. Content analysis of data-tracked relationships and emergent patterns. Recontextualization techniques were employed to identify key dimensions of brand management operations for sample company and further explicated indicators, sub-variables, and measurements. Macro and micro dimensions were combined for the final framework. Findings – Findings revealed a LBM framework with specific dimensions at the micro or company level that are combined with variables and indicators in the macro-business environment. Strategic management response was also identified as a tool companies can use to synthesize brand management strategies throughout company and remain adaptive to environment. Originality/value – Contributes to company-based luxury research. Holistic findings; framework was constructed from the micro-company level within a macro-environmental context, increasing its relevancy for firms. Potential to be employed in strategic brand management decisions of luxury companies, regardless of their corporate structure, size, or age.

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Jin, Jun, Zhao Yang, Xuekun Chen, Lulu Li, Hongxia Yang, Yiwen Ju, Peng Qiao, and Ying Sun. "Characteristics of Micro/Nano Pores and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in a Continental Shale Oil Reservoir—A Case Study of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, Northwest China." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18749.

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This paper comprehensively studies the micro- and nanometer-scale pore characteristics and structure of the Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in the Jimsar Sag using high-pressure mercury analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy and nano-CT scanning technology. In addition, the occurrence states of crude oil in pores are analyzed combined with macro–micro characteristics. The results show that there are various reservoir types; the main reservoir pore structure is on the micron and nanometer levels, with other void spaces including intergranular pores, interparticle dissolution pores, intercrystalline pores and microfissures. Nanopores are generally oil-bearing and mostly in the adsorption state, which changes the traditional understanding that micron pores are the only microscopic pores in the reservoir and confirms that shale oil exists in ‘sweet spots’ and mud-shale sections of the Lucaogou Formation.

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Rogov, Mikhail, and Céline Rozenblat. "Urban Resilience Discourse Analysis: Towards a Multi-Level Approach to Cities." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124431.

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This study aims to understand the current state of research in urban resilience, its relations to urban sustainability and to integrate several distinct approaches into a multi-level perspective of cities comprising micro, meso and macro levels and their interactions. In fact, based on the meta-analysis of nearly 800 papers from Scopus from 1973 to 2018, we show that urban resilience discourses address micro and meso levels, considering shocks of bottom-up origin such as natural disasters. In contrast, the regional resilience approach addresses meso and macro levels (regional and global scales), considering shocks of top-down origin such as world economic crises. We find these approaches complementary and argue that in order to expand the urban resilience theory and overcome its limitations, they should be combined. For that purpose we propose a multi-level perspective that integrates both top-down and bottom-up dynamic processes. We argue that urban resilience is shaped by the synchronicity of adaptive cycles on three levels: micro, meso and macro. To build the multi-level approach of dynamics of adaptive cycles we use the panarchy framework.

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Chauhan, Prathvi Raj, Krishan Kumar, Rajan Kumar, Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji, and Rabinder Singh Bharj. "Effect of Thermophysical Property Variation on Entropy Generation towards Micro-Scale." Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 45, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2019-0033.

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AbstractIn this work, the effect of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity (k(T)) and viscosity (\mu (T)) variation on entropy generation in circular channels with an approach from macro- to micro-scale is numerically investigated. Thermally as well as hydrodynamically fully developed flow of water through the fixed length channels with constant total heat flow rate and total mass flow rate is considered. The effects of k(T) variation and \mu (T) variation on entropy generation are analyzed individually as well as collectively. It is observed that in the case of Constant Property Solutions (CPS) {S_{\mathit{gen},\mathit{tot}}} is maximum at the macro-level; however, in the case of combined k(T) and \mu (T) variations it is maximum at the micro-level. The Bejan number (\mathit{Be}) and irreversibility distribution ratio (φ) are also calculated for asserting the dominance of frictional irreversibility and conduction heat transfer irreversibility. Additionally, the optimum diameter ({D^{\ast }}) corresponding to the optimum number of channels is calculated at minimum total entropy generation. It is observed that {D^{\ast }} is minimum for k(T) variation followed by CPS, \mu (T) variation, and combined k(T) and \mu (T) variations.

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Zasada, Magdalena, Mark Yates, Nicola Ayers, Zoë Ide, Sam Norton, James Galloway, and Cath Taylor. "Exploring the macro-level, meso-level and micro-level barriers and facilitators to the provision of good quality early inflammatory arthritis (EIA) care in England and Wales." RMD Open 7, no. 3 (August 2021): e001616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001616.

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BackgroundEvidence from a national clinical audit of early inflammatory arthritis (EIA) shows considerable variability between hospitals in performance, unexplained by controlling for case-mix.ObjectiveTo explore the macro-level, meso-level and micro-level barriers and facilitators to the provision of good quality EIA care.MethodsA qualitative study within 16 purposively sampled rheumatology units across England and Wales. Quality was assessed in relation to 11 quality indicators based on clinical opinion, evidence and variability observed in the data. Data from semi-structured interviews with staff (1–5 from each unit, 56 in total) and an online questionnaire (n=14/16 units) were integrated and analysed using the framework method for thematic analysis using a combined inductive and deductive approach (underpinned by an evidence-based framework of healthcare team effectiveness), and constant comparison of data within and between units and its relationship with the quality criteria.FindingsQuality of care was influenced by an interplay between macro, meso and micro domains. The macro (eg, shared care arrangements and relationships with general practitioners) and meso (eg, managerial support and physical infrastructure) factors were found to act as crucial enablers of and barriers to higher quality service provision at the micro (team) level. These organisational factors directly influenced team structure and function, and thereby EIA care quality.ConclusionsVariability in quality of EIA care is associated with an interplay between macro, meso and micro service features. Tackling macro and meso barriers is likely to have a significant impact on quality of EIA service, and ultimately patient experience and outcomes.

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Dong, Yijia, Chao Su, Pizhong Qiao, and LZ Sun. "Microstructural damage evolution and its effect on fracture behavior of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 27, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): 1272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789518787025.

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Concrete structures in cold regions are exposed to cyclic freezing and thawing environment, leading to degraded mechanical and fracture properties of concrete due to microstructural damage. While the X-ray micro-/nano-computed tomography technology has been implemented to directly observe concrete microstructure and characterize local damage in recent years, the freeze-thawed damage evolution processes and its effect on overall mechanical performance are not well understood. In this paper, the X-ray nano-computed tomography technology and micro-scale cohesive zone model are combined to quantitatively investigate microstructural damage evolution and its effect on fracture behavior of freeze-thawed concrete samples in three-point bending tests. A two-level micro-to-macro scale finite element model is developed based on computed tomography microstructural images with microcracks due to freeze-thaw cycles. The macroscopic load–deflection curves and fracture energies are simulated and compared favorably with experimental results. Simulation results demonstrate that microcracks caused by freeze-thaw actions are the primary reason for degradation of concrete mechanical properties. Fracture behaviors of frost-damaged concrete with different mortar and interfacial transition zone strength and fracture constants are also simulated and discussed. The combined X-ray nano-computed tomography technology and cohesive zone model proposed is effective in characterizing fracture behavior of concrete and capturing freeze-thaw cycle-induced microstructural damage evolution and its effect on fracture process of concrete.

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Chen, Wen Ling, and Fa Suo Zhao. "Study on Viscoelastic Plastic Damage Model for Mica-Quartzose Schist." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1186.

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A linear viscoelastic plastic creep model of mica-quartzose schist is established by using the method of establishing combined-linear-component model based on triaxial creep test. The micro-structural changes of mica-quartzose schist during triaxial creep process are observed by using the scanning electron microscope test, based on that, the relation of macro-stress and macro-strain with porosity and damage variable are established through statistical damage theory and simplified mechanical model respectively, the creep damage variable is obtained by further derivation on the basis of above study. The creep damage variable is simplified according to the whole creep process curve, substitutes the simplified creep damage to the estabilished linear viscoelastic plastic creep model of mica-quartzose schist, considering the change of modulus and viscosity during creep process, a viscoelastic plastic damage model of mica-quartzose schist is established. The model parameters are got by segment fitting, the good consistency of the test curves and the fitted curves shows the right and reasonable of the creep model, it also shows that the model can well describe the nonlinear accelerated creep stage. Sensitivity analysis shows that parameter m has greater influence on the accelerated creep deformation than parameter a.

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Placido, Antonio, Luis Cadarso, and Luca D’Acierno. "Benefits of a Combined Micro-macro Approach for Managing Rail Systems in Case of Disruptions." Transportation Research Procedia 3 (2014): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.10.105.

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Gu, Albert G. "Combined Micro and Macro Parameter Perturbation Theory and Application for BWR Lattice Design and Optimization." Nuclear Technology 177, no. 2 (February 2012): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt12-a13363.

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Paufler, P. "M. Ohnami: Plasticity and high temperature strength of materials. Combined micro- and macro-mechanical approach." Crystal Research and Technology 24, no. 10 (October 1989): K187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170241023.

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Mazur, V., Yu Bogomol, and N. Upatov. "Unidirectional crystallization and 3D structure of ternary four-component eutectic of B4C-NbB2-SiC system." Innovative Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (September 14, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2021-2-1.

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Purpose. To investigate the laws of crystallization and formation of 3D morphology of ternary eutectics in system B4C-NbB2-SiC. Research methods. SEM (SE, BSE), РСМА (EDS, WDS), XRD. Results. The micro- and macro-morphology of eutectic colonies in alloys of the system NbB2-SiC-В4С formed during directional crystallization have been investigated. The obtained patterns are embodied in a 3D structural model of (B4C+NbB2+SiC) eutectic cell and from these result, a microscopic kinetics of crystallization of this cell was proposed. The continuity of eutectic phase dendrites from nucleation to the end of growth and inadequacy of ideas about eutectic as a mechanical mixture of small crystals of eutectic phases were shown. Scientific novelty. For the first time a 3D model of a three-phase 4-component eutectic cell of eutectic colony was built. For the first time the possibility of combined microscopic crystallization kinetics of a three-phase eutectics was revealed, including both paired cooperative microscopic kinetics of (SіC+ NbB2) growth and the kinetics of autonomous growth of the third eutectic phase B4C. Practical value. Revealing the pattern of micro and macrostructure formation of a three-phase eutectics, which was formed in the course of directional crystallization, opens up technological prospects for purposeful control of the structure and properties of eutectic alloy due to the change of micro and macro morphological constituents, including the method of modification.

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Zhang, Li Qiang, Ping Yang, Fang Wei Xie, Tao Xi, Xin Gang Yu, and Xi Fu Song. "MD-ISE-FE Multiscale Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Cu Film Interface Structure." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.242.

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With the devices miniaturization, the properties of materials at the micro/nano scale were much different from what at Macro-scale because of the scale effect. The Interface Stress Element (ISE) was introduced into the multi-scale model. These three methods, Molecular Dynamics (MD), ISE and Finite Element (FE) were effectively combined by designing a handshake region and using the transition interface element method. The multi-scale model of film was built based on MD-ISE-FE. The sequential coupling method was used to calculate, and then, the results of the FE and ISE region were applied to the MD region. The EAM potential was used to simulate. The results were the basically same with the other experimental and simulation results in the reference. It indicated that the multi-scale analysis method could be applied to calculate the thermodynamics properties of the interface structure at the Micro/nano scale.

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Mushkudiani, Nino, Jacco Daalmans, and Jeroen Pannekoek. "Macro-Integration for Solving Large Data Reconciliation Problems." Austrian Journal of Statistics 43, no. 1 (April 15, 2014): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17713/ajs.v43i1.3.

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Macro-integration technique is a well established method forreconciliation of large, high-dimensional tables, especially applied to macroeconomic data at national statistical oces (NSO). This technique is mainly used when data obtained from dierent sources should be reconciled on a macro level. New areas of applications for this technique arise as new data sources become available to NSO's. Often these new data sources cannot be combined on a micro level, while macro integration could provide a solution for such problems. Yet, more research should be carried out to investigate if in such situations macro integration could indeed be applied. In this paper we propose two applications of macro-integration techniques in other domains than the traditional macro-economic applications. In particular: reconciliation of tables of a virtual census and reconciliation of monthly series of short term statistics gures with the quarterly gures of structural business statistics.

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Dan, W. J., T. T. Huang, and W. G. Zhang. "A Multi-Phase Model for High Strength Steels." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 07, no. 06 (December 2015): 1550080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825115500805.

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It is difficult to evaluate the strain hardening behavior of multi-phase steels while considering the stress–strain response of individual phases, due to the different deformation state and complex interactions of the soft and hard constituents during plastic forming. With assuming that the strain energy density of material equals to the weighted sum of each phase in this study, a multi-phase physical combined model is developed by incorporating the dislocation evolution of individual phases. The dislocation evolution of every individual phase is based on its micro-deformation, which is related to the macro-strain of material. The proposed model is verified by two groups of dual phase (DP) steels. One group considers different strength grades, and the other group deals with different martensite volume fractions (Vm). The strain hardening behaviors of material and individual phases are evaluated subsequently.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Combined Micro- and Macro-model'

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