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1
Harn, R., A. Osovizky, Y. Kadmon, A. Manor, and M. Ghelman. "Analog Pulse Shape Discrimination Based on Time Duration and Pulse Height." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125311008.
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Pulse shape discrimination is a name of a group of techniques used to detect and distinguish between different types of radiation interactions. Analog pulse shape discrimination methods can be more suitable than digital methods, for high-speed scintillators both from rate and power consumption perspectives. Common analog discrimination methods are based on pulse-height and pulse-energy discrimination techniques. Other techniques rely on the time difference in the pulse width such as the ZeroCrossing methods. Neither of the above combine both amplitude and time methods. We present a novel analog pulse shape discrimination topology that combines both height and time domain. The topology is based on discrimination according to the pulse duration in time combined with compensation function of the pulse height. Amplitude of the pulse is used as a restraining factor. Subsequently, our topology correctly identifies fast pulses that are prolonged in time due to their high amplitude. The topology yields superior discrimination capabilities, under degraded light collection conditions, with an uncertainty gap smaller than 1 ns in pulse width. The ability to control both the time and the amplitude parameters individually, provides tailored adjustment for various detectors and pulse shape discrimination applications.
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Hasan, Md Mahamud, Md Hadisur Rahman, and Sharif Akhteruzzaman. "Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis of 15 autosomal STR markers in the Santal indigenous population of Bangladesh." Bioresearch Communications 7, no. 2 (2021): 1004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v7i2.54375.
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Fifteen autosomal STR markers, namely D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, and FGA were typed using AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR amplification systems in 132 unrelated Santal individuals of Bangladesh. Forensic efficiency parameters like, matching probability (MP), power of discrimination (PD), polymorphism information content (PIC), power of exclusion (PE), typical paternity index (TPI), observed heterozygosity (Hobs), and expected heterozygosity (Hexp) were calculated for all the loci. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected for the loci after Bonferroni correction. The combined matching probability (MP), combined power of discrimination (PD) and combined power of exclusion (PE) for the 15 tested STR markers were 8.38 x 10-17, 0.999999998 and 0.0.999993866, respectively. A comparison of the locus wise allele frequencies of autosomal STR data of the Santal population with the published geographically close population data based on Nei’s genetic distance revealed that the Santal population is closely related to Munda population from Jharkhand, India.
 Bioresearch Commu. 7(2): 1004-1009, 2021 (June)
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Xinsheng Yang, Xinsheng Yang, Lianghuang He Xinsheng Yang, Zhaoyue Zhang Lianghuang He, and Qiuqing Luo Zhaoyue Zhang. "A Chaotic Discriminant Algorithm for Arrival Traffic Flow Time Series Based on Improved Alternative Data Method." 網際網路技術學刊 24, no. 5 (2023): 1131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642023092405011.
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<p>Chaos discrimination is a prerequisite for the application of chaos theory modeling. Since the average orbital period of an air traffic flow system is long, it is difficult to obtain time series with a small time scale and many data points, so the Small-Data Method is often adopted to quantitatively calculate the chaotic characteristic quantity. However, when using the power spectrum method, it is found that the Small-Data Method is prone to false judgments when the data volume is small. To reduce spurious judgments, we apply a chaos discrimination algorithm based on an Improved Alternative Data Method combined with the Small-Data Method for air traffic flow and analyze it by example. The algorithm was experimentally demonstrated to correct the false judgment results of the Small-Data Method. In particular, when the data volume is only 150, the discrimination accuracy of the improved algorithm is as high as 80%, which is 26% higher than the discrimination accuracy of the Small-Data Method. Moreover, the improved algorithm has better discriminative performance than the Small-Data Method under the same data volume condition, which is suitable for the chaotic discriminative analysis of the arrival traffic flow time series.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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Old, D. C., and R. M. Barker. "Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of biotyping for strains ofSalmonella typhimuriumandSalmonella paratyphiB." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 3 (1989): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030831.
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SUMMARYAn index of discrimination was used to assess the discriminatory power of biotyping for salmonellas of selected serotypes. Three collections of phage-typed strains ofSalmonella typhimuriumandSalmonella paratyphiB, previously tested for biotype, were examined. The results established that the discrimination index was high when full biotyping alone was used for differentiation of strains from international series. When biotyping was combined with phage typing, the discrimination achieved was greater than for either method used alone. These findings confirm that biotyping affords excellent discrimination of strains ofS. typhimuriumandS. paratyphiB and indicate that the results obtained from biotyping can be interpreted with confidence.
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Haidar, Mahdi, Hussain Alsaleh, and Penelope R. Haddrill. "Population genetics of 30 insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the Kuwaiti population." International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, no. 3 (2019): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02180-4.
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AbstractThis study evaluates the forensic utility of the 30 insertion and deletion (indel) markers contained in the Qiagen Investigator® DIPplex kit in the Kuwaiti population (n = 150). All but one of the 30 markers were shown to conform to the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium tests showed no statistically significant deviation from independence. The high combined power of discrimination (CPD > 99.999%) and low combined match probability (CMP) of 2.736 × 10−13 provide a satisfactory level of discrimination, allowing the DIPplex loci to be used as forensic markers for individual identification in Kuwait. The paternity indices indicate the usefulness of the DIPplex kit as a supplementary typing system for challenging paternity cases in Kuwait.
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N.Sh., Mustafayev, Mammadov A.Ch., Mammadov E.R., Huseynova F.R., Hasanov A.B., and Huseynova I.M. "Study Of The Azerbaijan Population By STR Markers: II. Interpopulation Analysis On The Basis of STR Markers' Allele Structure." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 2017, no. 2 (2017): 5–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7908944.
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Azerbaijan population consisting of 302 individuals was studied using 15-STR markers constituting the main set of human identification, and for each STR locus the forensic and population-genetic parameters were determined. Along with the other parameters, the calculated P-values (PHWE) for the accuracy of the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) tests showed that for our population this parameter had a statistically significant value (PwA=0.0006) only for the vWA locus. The values of parameters for a set of 15 STR loci such as the combined power of exclusion (CPE-0.99999935), combined power of discrimination (CPD-0.9999999999999999965), combined paternity index (CPI-1466339.18) and the probability of paternity (PP-0.99999932) showed that given set of loci can be confidently used in ving of identification our population the D21S11. D2S1338, D18S51 and FGA STR markers are more informative. In addition, comparative analysis of our population with 14 world populations based on the allelic composition of STR markers, allelic frequencies and basic population-genetic parameters have established that there are some degree of differences in the allelic structure of individual loci and the frequencies of the identified alleles between the compared populations. Significant differences are observed both in the region of the most frequent major and in the region of low-frequency minor alleles of STR markers.
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Hao, Shicheng, Yan Liu, Yan Xu, et al. "Genetic Polymorphism Investigation of 19 X-STR Loci in the Han Population in Northern China." Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 8, no. 3 (2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_60_21.
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To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 19 X-STR loci in the Han population in Northern China, samples from 628 unrelated individuals (314 males and 314 females) were collected and 19 X-STR loci were amplified by AGCU X19 STR System. A total of 270 different alleles were detected in 19 X-STR loci. All loci were in Hardy − Weinberg equilibrium and there was only one pair of linkage loci (DXS10103-DXS10101). There was no significant difference in allele frequency between male and female populations. The combined power of discrimination in males was 1–1.8667 × 10−13, while the combined power of discrimination in females was 1–3.6532 × 10−22. The combined mean paternity exclusion chance (CMEC) for X-chromosomal markers in father/daughter or mother/son duos Mean paternity exclusion chance (MECDesmarais Duo) was 1–5.1109 × 10−9. Moreover, the CMEC for X-chromosomal markers in trios involving daughters (MECDesmarais) was 1–2.0292 × 10−12. The compound amplification system composed of 19 X-STR in this study showed high polymorphism in the Han population of Northern China, which had a high application value in difficult genetic relationship identification.
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Ropelewska, Ewa, Kadir Sabanci, and Muhammet Fatih Aslan. "Discriminative Power of Geometric Parameters of Different Cultivars of Sour Cherry Pits Determined Using Machine Learning." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121212.
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The aim of this study was to develop models based on linear dimensions or shape factors, and the sets of combined linear dimensions and shape factors for discrimination of sour cherry pits of different cultivars (‘Debreceni botermo’, ‘Łutówka’, ‘Nefris’, ‘Kelleris’). The geometric parameters were calculated using image processing. The pits of different sour cherry cultivars statistically significantly differed in terms of selected dimensions and shape factors. The discriminative models built based on linear dimensions produced average accuracies of up to 95% for distinguishing the pit cultivars in the case of ‘Nefris’ vs. ‘Kelleris’ and 72% for all four cultivars. The average accuracies for the discriminative models built based on shape factors were up to 95% for the ‘Nefris’ and ‘Kelleris’ pits and 73% for four cultivars. The models combining the linear dimensions and shape factors produced accuracies reaching 96% for the ‘Nefris’ vs. ‘Kelleris’ pits and 75% for all cultivars. The geometric parameters with high discriminative power may be used for distinguishing different cultivars of sour cherry pits. It can be of great importance for practical applications. It may allow avoiding the adulteration and mixing of different cultivars.
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Santonocito, Carmen Serena. "Gender- and sex-based discrimination in Google images: A comparative multimodal critical discourse analysis on the representation of same-sex couples." CADAAD Journal 17, no. 1 (2025): 28–49. https://doi.org/10.21827/cadaad.17.1.42412.
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While it is undeniable that over-reliance on AI-powered digital media has created a shift in epistemological understandings of how communication shapes, and is shaped by, the affordances of AI processes and power relations, it is equally true that the latest technologies function as multimodal resources for meaning-making with the danger of offering fertile ground for new forms of discrimination. The present study argues that AI-coded search engines function as semiotic resources where the interaction of the verbal and the visual communicates corporate interests and human bias that ultimately lead to structural gender- and sex-based discrimination. The aim of this study is to advance awareness on algorithmic discrimination by investigating asymmetric power relations and discriminatory frameworks in the combined visual/verbal representation of same-sex couples in Google Images from the vantage point of Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. The comparative analysis concerns the Italian and the British digital landscape of Google Images, where same-sex couples are intended as a socio-culturally stigmatized group. The examination uncovers different levels of structural gender- and sex-based discrimination in Google Images computations of verbal and visual resources, whose final output are thumbnail captioned images. The latter are intended as multimodal ensembles representing how same-sex couples epitomize gender- and sex-based discrimination in Google Images digital landscape. Since the results of the queries are highly context-dependent, the comparison of the Italian and the British digital landscapes encodes different discriminatory frameworks and power asymmetries that should prompt effective measures to contrast the perils of heteronormative bias in AI-based search engines.
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Sanders, Teresa H., Mark A. Clements, and Thomas Wichmann. "Parkinsonism-related features of neuronal discharge in primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 3 (2013): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00672.2012.
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Parkinson's disease is known to be associated with abnormal electrical spiking activities of basal ganglia neurons, including changes in firing rate, bursting activities and oscillatory firing patterns and changes in entropy. We explored the relative importance of these measures through optimal feature selection and discrimination analysis methods. We identified key characteristics of basal ganglia activity that predicted whether the neurons were recorded in the normal or parkinsonian state. Starting with 29 features extracted from the spike timing of neurons recorded in normal and parkinsonian monkeys in the internal or external segment of the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus (STN), we used a method that incorporates a support vector machine algorithm to find feature combinations that optimally discriminate between the normal and parkinsonian states. Our results demonstrate that the discrimination power of combinations of specific features is higher than that of single features, or of all features combined, and that the most discriminative feature sets differ substantially between basal ganglia structures. Each nucleus or class of neurons in the basal ganglia may react differently to the parkinsonian condition, and the features used to describe this state should be adapted to the neuron type under study. The feature that was overall most predictive of the parkinsonian state in our data set was a high STN intraburst frequency. Interestingly, this feature was not correlated with parameters describing oscillatory firing properties in recordings made in the normal condition but was significantly correlated with spectral power in specific frequency bands in recordings from the parkinsonian state (specifically with power in the 8–13 Hz band).
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Molparia, Bhuvan, Brian N. Schrader, Eli Cohen, et al. "Combined accelerometer and genetic analysis to differentiate essential tremor from Parkinson’s disease." PeerJ 6 (July 20, 2018): e5308. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5308.
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Essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are among the most common adult-onset tremor disorders. Clinical and pathological studies suggest that misdiagnosis of PD for ET, and vice versa, occur in anywhere from 15% to 35% of cases. Complex diagnostic procedures, such as dopamine transporter imaging, can be powerful diagnostic aids but are lengthy and expensive procedures that are not widely available. Preliminary studies suggest that monitoring of tremor characteristics with consumer grade accelerometer devices could be a more accessible approach to the discrimination of PD from ET, but these studies have been performed in well-controlled clinical settings requiring multiple maneuvers and oversight from clinical or research staff, and thus may not be representative of at-home monitoring in the community setting. Therefore, we set out to determine whether discrimination of PD vs. ET diagnosis could be achieved by monitoring research subject movements at home using consumer grade devices, and whether discrimination could be improved with the addition of genetic profiling of the type that is readily available through direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. Forty subjects with PD and 27 patients with ET were genetically profiled and had their movements characterized three-times a day for two weeks through a simple procedure meant to induce rest tremors. We found that tremor characteristics could be used to predict diagnosis status (sensitivity = 76%, specificity = 65%, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.75), but that the addition of genetic risk information, via a PD polygenic risk score, did not improve discriminatory power (sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 65%, AUC = 0.73).
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Zainab, A. Al-Mazaydeh, R. Yasin Salem, and H. Tahtamouni Lubna. "The implementation of Alu insertion polymorphism as a genetic marker for forensic investigation in a Jordanian population sample." African Journal of Biological Sciences 2, no. 3 (2020): 62–71. https://doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.2.3.2020.62-71.
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Alu element is one of the most abundant short interspersed nuclear elements (SINE) in the human genome with great forensic potential. The current study focused on the analysis of the utility of Alu insertion polymorphism in forensic DNA typing in a Jordanian population sample (central Jordan). Alu insertions in seven different genetic loci were amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The frequencies of the Alu insertions were 0.345 for <em>ACE</em>, 0.441 for <em>TPA25</em>, 0.291 for <em>PV92</em>, 0.845 for <em>APO</em>, 0.468 for <em>FXIIIB</em>, 0.727 for <em>HS</em>3.23 and 0.527 for <em>B65</em>. <em>APO</em> and <em>FXIIIB</em> Alu insertions were the most dominant alleles, while PV92 Alu insertion was the least frequent. Combined Power of Discrimination (P<sub>D</sub>) for those seven loci was 0.998285646, whereas the combined Power of Exclusion (P<sub>E</sub>) was 0.4987.Combining the seven Alu insertion/deletion data along with the Jordanian combined STR data should give an exceptional resolution power between Jordanian individuals.
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Torres-Macho, Juan, Marcos Sánchez-Fernández, Irene Arnanz-González, et al. "Prediction Accuracy of Serial Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients (Pred-Echovid Study)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21 (2021): 4818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214818.
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The value of serial lung ultrasound (LUS) in patients with COVID-19 is not well defined. In this multicenter prospective observational study, we aimed to assess the prognostic accuracy of serial LUS in patients admitted to hospital due to COVID-19. The serial LUS protocol included two examinations (0–48 h and 72–96 h after admission) using a 10-zones sequence, and a 0 to 5 severity score. Primary combined endpoint was death or the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test and calibration curves), and discrimination power (area under the ROC curve) of both ultrasound exams (SCORE1 and 2), and their difference (DIFFERENTIAL-SCORE) were performed. A total of 469 patients (54.2% women, median age 60 years) were included. The primary endpoint occurred in 51 patients (10.9%). Probability risk tertiles of SCORE1 and SCORE2 (0–11 points, 12–24 points, and ≥25 points) obtained a high calibration. SCORE-2 showed a higher discrimination power than SCORE-1 (AUC 0.72 (0.58–0.85) vs. 0.61 (0.52–0.7)). The DIFFERENTIAL-SCORE showed a higher discrimination power than SCORE-1 and SCORE-2 (AUC 0.78 (0.66–0.9)). An algorithm for clinical decision-making is proposed. Serial lung ultrasound performing two examinations during the first days of hospitalization is an accurate strategy for predicting clinical deterioration of patients with COVID-19.
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Medina-Acosta, Enrique, and Filipe Brum Machado. "Eyes wide open: the (mis)use of combined power of discrimination for X-linked short tandem repeats." Molecular Biology Reports 38, no. 6 (2010): 4003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0518-z.
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Mulyadi, Abdul Azis Muharam. "Produk Peace Socio Academy Boardgame Wawuh sebagai Media Pengenalan dan Pencegahan Diskriminasi terhadap Kelompok Minoritas: Studi Deskriptif Uji Bermain pada Anggota Pramuka UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung." Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ushuluddin 2, no. 1 (2022): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jpiu.13418.
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Discrimination against minority groups still occurs in Indonesia, both in the form of verbal and non-verbal violence. The last discrimination that occurred was the closure of the Ahmadiyah Mosque in Garut, West Java in 2021. According to Foucault, discrimination occurs due to the existence of a power system to regulate knowledge and hegemony in society through the normalization of knowledge which is a tool of power so that discrimination and even intolerance can be justified in society. The Wawuh boardgame is a medium for spreading tolerance and peace through 9 basic human rights, namely; the right to life, the right to receive, the right to work, the right to health, the right to education, the right to facilities, the right to protection, the right to voice, and the right to administration. This study aims to determine the extent of changes in perspective and behavior of tolerance after playing the Wawuh Boardgame. This game is played to members of the Scouts of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Batch 39 who have not been exposed to the issue of peace and violence based on minority group discrimination. This research method uses a combined qualitative and quantitative approach because the data collection uses a questionnaire whose results will be described in written form and the researcher can describe with a clear purpose. The results and discussion of this study prove that there is an attitude of tolerance and a change in perspective by 86% as well as increasing information about minority groups against members of the Scouts of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Batch 39. The conclusion of this study is that the Wawuh Boardgame is effective in campaigning for peace and can introduce minority groups as well as being able to prevent discrimination at all levels.
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Fellahi, Jean-Luc, Yannick Le Manach, Georges Daccache, Bruno Riou, Jean-Louis Gérard, and Jean-Luc Hanouz. "Combination of EuroSCORE and Cardiac Troponin I Improves the Prediction of Adverse Outcome after Cardiac Surgery." Anesthesiology 114, no. 2 (2011): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318201662f.
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Background Reclassification tables have never been used to compare concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with predictive models of risk in the perioperative setting. The current study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of pre- and/or postoperative serum cTnI when combined with The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) in predicting adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. Methods Nine hundred five consecutive patients were included. Standard EuroSCORE as well as preoperative and 24-h postoperative cTnI were measured in all patients. Major adverse cardiac events and in-hospital mortality were chosen as study endpoints. The performance of EuroSCORE with and without pre- and/or postoperative cTnI were assessed by means of receiver operating characteristic curves, net reclassification index, and integrated discrimination improvement analyses. Data are expressed as ±SD. Results Death occurred in 28 of 905 (3%) patients and major adverse cardiac events in 202/905 (22%) patients. Models including EuroSCORE alone were characterized by a low discriminative power (c-index = 0.60 ± 0.05) in predicting major adverse cardiac events. The c-index increased to 0.61 ± 0.05 (P = 0.46), 0.70 ± 0.04 (P &lt; 0.001), and 0.71 ± 0.04 (P &lt; 0.001) when preoperative, postoperative, and pre/postoperative cTnI were included, respectively. The better predictive ability was confirmed by net reclassification index (0.41 ± 0.08, P &lt; 0.001; 0.67 ± 0.08, P &lt; 0.001; and 0.68 ± 0.08, P &lt; 0.001, respectively) and integrated discrimination improvement (0.003 ± 0.002, P = 0.12; 0.099 ± 0.015, P &lt; 0.001; and 0.094 ± 0.016, P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Similar results were observed for in-hospital mortality. Conclusions The combination of EuroSCORE and postoperative cTnI provides the best discriminative power and performance in predicting adverse outcome after cardiac surgery and is suggested as being an effective model that improves early identification of high-risk patients.
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Zhou, Hou-Rong, Kun-Jie Cheng, Jie Ren, et al. "Photon number resolvability of multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single photon detectors using a single flux quantum circuit." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 5 (2022): 057401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac398a.
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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are typical switching devices capable of detecting single photons with almost 100% detection efficiency. However, they cannot determine the exact number of incident photons during a detection event. Multi-pixel SNSPDs employing multiple read-out channels can provide photon number resolvability (PNR), but they require increased cooling power and costly multi-channel electronic systems. In this work, a single-flux quantum (SFQ) circuit is employed, and PNR based on multi-pixel SNSPDs is successfully demonstrated. A multi-input magnetically coupled DC/SFQ converter (MMD2Q) circuit with a mutual inductance M is used to combine and record signals from a multi-pixel SNSPD device. The designed circuit is capable of discriminating the amplitude of the combined signals in accuracy of Φ 0/M with Φ 0 being a single magnetic flux quantum. By employing the MMD2Q circuit, the discrimination of up to 40 photons can be simulated. A 4-parallel-input MMD2Q circuit is fabricated, and a PNR of 3 is successfully demonstrated for an SNSPD array with one channel reserved for the functional verification. The results confirm that an MMD2Q circuit is an effective tool for implementing PNR with multi-pixel SNSPDs.
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Deng, Jia, Linling He, Yufan Liang, et al. "Serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and cystatin C for acute kidney injury detection in critically ill adults in China: a prospective, observational study." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (2023): e063896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063896.
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ObjectiveSerum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cystatin C (sCysC) are available clinically and beneficial in diagnosing acute kidney injury (AKI). Our purpose is to identify the performance of their combined diagnosis for AKI in critically ill patients.DesignA prospectively recruited, observational study was performed.SettingAdults admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in China.ParticipantsA total of 1222 critically ill patients were enrolled in the study.Main outcome measuresTo identify the performance of the combined diagnosis of serum NT-proBNP and sCysC for AKI in critically ill patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), category-free net reclassification index (NRI) and incremental discrimination improvement (IDI) were utilised for comparing the discriminative powers of a combined and single biomarker adjusted model of clinical variables enriched with NT-proBNP and sCysC for AKI.ResultsAKI was detected in 256 out of 1222 included patients (20.9%). AUC-ROC for NT-proBNP and sCysC to detect AKI had a significantly higher accuracy than any individual biomarker (p<0.05). After multivariate adjustment, a level of serum NT-proBNP ≥204 pg/mL was associated with 3.5-fold higher odds for AKI compared with those below the cut-off value. Similar results were obtained for sCysC levels (p<0.001). To detect AKI, adding NT-proBNP and sCysC to a clinical model further increased the AUC-ROC to 0.859 beyond that of the clinical model with or without sCysC (p<0.05). Moreover, the addition of these two to the clinical model significantly improved risk reclassification of AKI beyond that of the clinical model alone or with single biomarker (p<0.05), as measured by NRI and IDI.ConclusionsIn critically ill individuals, serum NT-proBNP, sCysC and clinical risk factors combination improve the discriminative power for diagnosing AKI.
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Ma, Xin, Yu Luo, Jian Shi, and Hailiang Xiong. "Acoustic Emission Based Fault Detection of Substation Power Transformer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052759.
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Fault detection of Substation Power Transformer by Non-contact measurement is important for the safety of machines, instruments, and human beings. To make non-contact measurement as convenient as possible, it is desirable that efficient algorithms based on AE (acoustic emission) discrimination are developed. This paper presents a system for quick and effective fault detection of substation power transformer, based on AE signals collected by non-contact single microphones. In the experiment, collected data were preprocessed in multiple ways and three machine learning algorithms were designed based on classifiers (Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm) trained and tested by a tenfold cross-validation technique. After comparison among the designed classifiers, the results show the two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) preprocess combined with SVM achieved the best comprehensive effectiveness.
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An, Yuan, Kaikai Dang, Xiaoyu Shi, Rong Jia, Kai Zhang, and Qiang Huang. "A Probabilistic Ensemble Prediction Method for PV Power in the Nonstationary Period." Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040859.
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Due to the large number of grid connection of distributed power supply, the existing scheduling methods can not meet the demand gradually. The proposed virtual power plant provides a new idea to solve this problem. The photovoltaic power prediction provides the data basis for the scheduling of the virtual power plant. Prediction intervals of photovoltaic power is a powerful statistical tool used for quantifying the uncertainty of photovoltaic power generation in power systems. To improve the interval prediction accuracy during the non-stationary periods of photovoltaic power, this paper proposes a probabilistic ensemble prediction model, which combines the modules of data preprocessing, non-stationary period discrimination, feature extraction, deterministic prediction, uncertainty prediction, and optimization integration into a general framework. More specifically, in the non-stationary period discrimination module, the method of discriminating the difference of the power ratio difference is introduced and applied for identifying the non-stationary period of the data of photovoltaic output; in the deterministic point prediction module, a stacking- long-short-term memory neural network model is used for point forecasts; in the uncertainty interval prediction module, a BAYES neural network is introduced for probabilistic forecasts; in the optimization integration module, an optimization algorithm named Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II is applied for integrating and optimizing the results of the point forecast and probabilistic forecast. The proposed model is tested using two photovoltaic outputs and weather data measured from a grid-connected photovoltaic system. The results show that the proposed model outperforms conventional forecast methods to predict short-term photovoltaic power outputs and associated uncertainties. The interval width is reduced by 10–20%, and the prediction accuracy is improved by at least 10%; this can be a useful tool for photovoltaic power forecasting.
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Filho, Ednaldo da Silva, Yasmin Martins dos Santos, Yvana Melyssa Mandú Margarido, et al. "Genetic Variability of Guzerat and Senepol Bovine Breeds by Microsatellite Markers." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 4, no. 3 (2013): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v4n3.silvafilho.
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Bovine production plays economic importance in Brazil and Guzerat and Senepol breeds are producer of meat. It was aimed to analyze the genetic variability of Guzerat and Senepol breeds by microsatellite markers. The breeds were collected and genotyped for ten microsatellite loci by automatic sequencer and statistically analysed. A total of 53 alleles were observed being the average number was 5.3 in both breeds. The effective numbers of alleles were 3.36 for Guzerat and 3.11 for Senepol cattle. The Shannon indexes were 1.36 for Guzerat and 1.26 for Senepol cattle. The expected heterozigosity were 0.71 and PIC values were 0.64 in both breeds. The FIS were 0.01 and 0.11 for Guzerat and Senepol breeds, respectively and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were P>0.05 for Guzerat and P<0.05 for Senepol cattle. The combined discrimination powers were 0.99 in both breeds and combined exclusion powers (PE1) were 0.99 in both breeds and combined exclusion powers (PE2) were 0.96 and 0.95 for Guzerat and Senepol breeds espectively. There is genetic variability in both breed, but there are evidences of inbreeding enabling genetic drift and should be necessary to use major number of microsatellite loci to analyze with high efficiency the exclusion power (PE2).
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Aksoy, Aziz, Mehmet r, and Vahit Konar. "The distribution of allele frequencies of the 15 Short Tandem Repeats loci in Elaziğ population, Türkiye." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 13, no. 4 (2024): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2024.08.092.
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The DNA within the Human Genome involves loci with high polymorphism such as short tandem repeats (STR). The STR polymorphism analysis is extensively used for numerous purposes such as identification studies in forensic sciences, paternity tests, genome mapping, and population studies. In this study, blood and swab samples were obtained from 200 unrelated healthy individuals living in Elazig province. DNA was amplified via the AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) to analyze the 15 STR loci. Using the ABI PRISM310 Genetic Analyzer capillary electrophoresis, the samples were analyzed and the allelic ladder was used to compare and identify the alleles of the samples, the distribution of the allele frequencies and peak values were examined. For statistical analysis Arlequin v.3.11 and PowerStats v.1.2 were used to assess the data. To determine if the allele frequencies were compatible with the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium, the Markov chain and the Fisher's exact test p-value (p<0.05) were examined. It was determined that the D8S1179 (0.00002), D21S11 (0.00593) and vWA (0.04939) loci were not compatible with the HW equilibrium, but the rest of the loci were compatible. For the loci, the combined power of exclusion is 0.9999995, the combined power of discrimination is 0.9999999999998. The probability of matching for the 15 STR loci was calculated to be 1 in 1.364x10ˉ17. The power of discrimination was quite high when all the loci were considered. The results of this study indicate that the populations residing in the Elaziğ province may benefit from paternity testing, forensic identification, and genomic mapping using the data as an appropriate marker.
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Lue, J'Anna-Mare, Salamata Bah, Kaelah Grant, Justine Lee, Leila Nzekele, and James B. Tidwell. "Principles for increasing equity in WASH research: understanding barriers faced by LMIC WASH researchers." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 4 (2023): e010990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010990.
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IntroductionThere have long been critiques of colonial legacies influencing global health. With growing public awareness of unjust systems in recent years, a new wave of calls for antiracist and decolonisation initiatives has emerged within the sector. This study examined research inequities in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector, centring the perspectives of researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), to identify barriers faced by WASH researchers in order to support more equitable changes in this subsector of global health.MethodsNineteen semistructured interviews were conducted with researchers of different backgrounds regarding nationality, gender and research experience. Researchers from eight countries were asked about their experiences and direct observations of discrimination across various stages of the research process. Five interviews were conducted with key WASH research funders to assess perceptions of obstacles faced by LMIC researchers, successes achieved and challenges faced by these organisations when working towards more equitable research processes within the WASH sector.ResultsThe results were analysed using an emergent framework that categorised experiences based on power differentials and abuse of power; structural barriers due to organisational policies; institutional and individual indifference; othering speech, action and practices; and context-specific discrimination. The social-ecological model was combined with this framework to identify the types of actors and the level of co-ordination needed to address these issues. Researchers who worked in both LMICs and high-income countries at different career stages were particularly aware of discrimination. Ensuring pro-equity authorship and funding practices were identified as two significant actions to catalyse change within the sector.ConclusionSector-wide efforts must centre LMIC voices when identifying research questions, conducting research, and in dissemination. Individuals, organisations and the entire WASH sector must examine how they participate in upholding inequitable systems of power to begin to dismantle the system through the intentional yielding of power and resources.
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Liu, Yuxuan, Mitko Aleksandrov, Sisi Zlatanova, Junjun Zhang, Fan Mo, and Xiaojian Chen. "Classification of Power Facility Point Clouds from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based on Adaboost and Topological Constraints." Sensors 19, no. 21 (2019): 4717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214717.
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Machine learning algorithms can be well suited to LiDAR point cloud classification, but when they are applied to the point cloud classification of power facilities, many problems such as a large number of computational features and low computational efficiency can be encountered. To solve these problems, this paper proposes the use of the Adaboost algorithm and different topological constraints. For different objects, the top five features with the best discrimination are selected and combined into a strong classifier by the Adaboost algorithm, where coarse classification is performed. For power transmission lines, the optimum scales are selected automatically, and the coarse classification results are refined. For power towers, it is difficult to distinguish the tower from vegetation points by only using spatial features due to the similarity of their proposed key features. Therefore, the topological relationship between the power line and power tower is introduced to distinguish the power tower from vegetation points. The experimental results show that the classification of power transmission lines and power towers by our method can achieve the accuracy of manual classification results and even be more efficient.
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DYRDAL, IDAR. "TELESEISMIC DISCRIMINATION OF EARTHQUAKES AND NUCLEAR DETONATIONS WITH FEATURES DERIVED FROM MAXIMUM ENTROPY POWER SPECTRAL ESTIMATES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 01, no. 03n04 (1987): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001487000229.
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This paper describes pattern recognition techniques for discriminating between earthquakes and underground nuclear detonations from teleseismic signals. The features investigated are obtained by Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis techniques. Classification performance is evaluated on a seismic database recorded at the Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA) in Montana. The events are randomly divided into design and test subsets. Several pattern recognition algorithms including Baye's quadratic classifier, the minimum distance classifier and the nearest neighbor rule are applied. The best results are obtained with spectral ratios from windows taken at regular intervals within the coda combined with bodywave magnitude. With the Baye's classifier, 85% correct classification was achieved for the test set events. For a reduced dataset containing only central Asian events, 96% was achieved.
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Lee, Cheng-Chia, Chih-Hsiang Chang, Ya-Lien Cheng, et al. "Diagnostic Performance of Cyclophilin A in Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 1 (2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010108.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and is frequently encountered in cardiovascular surgical intensive care units (CVS-ICU). In this study, we aimed at investigating the utility of cyclophilin A (CypA) for the early detection of postoperative AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This was a prospective observational study conducted in a CVS-ICU of a tertiary care university hospital. All prospective clinical and laboratory data were evaluated as predictors of AKI. Serum and urine CypA, as well as urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), were examined within 6 h after cardiac surgery. The discriminative power for the prediction of AKI was evaluated using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). We found that both serum CypA and urine CypA were significantly higher in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group. For discriminating AKI and dialysis-requiring AKI, serum CypA demonstrated acceptable AUROC values (0.689 and 0.738, respectively). The discrimination ability of urine CypA for predicting AKI was modest, but it was acceptable for predicting dialysis-requiring AKI (AUROC = 0.762). uNGAL best predicted the development of AKI, but its sensitivity was not good. A combination of serum CypA and uNGAL enhanced the overall performance for predicting the future development of AKI and dialysis-requiring AKI. Our results suggest that CypA is suitable as a biomarker for the early detection of postoperative AKI in CVS–ICU. However, it has better discriminating ability when combined with uNGAL for predicting AKI in CVS-ICU patients.
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Sharapov, V. I., M. E. Orlov, M. M. Zamaleev, and P. E. Chaukin. "Modernization for cogeneration and district heating systems in urban areas: objectives and practice." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 3 (2018): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-3-184-191.
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The factors determining the need for modernization of urban district heating systems with combined heat and power are considered. It is noted that these factors include a significant reduction in thermal loads, new technical and technological opportunities for improving district heating systems, the change in legislation in the field of energy and heat supplying. It is shown that the main disadvantage of the current state of Russian cogeneration systems is a decrease in the combined production of heat and power, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of fuel use, due to unreasonably extensive use of autonomous heat supply sources in many regions. Besides, combined heat and power plants (CHPP) experience a lack of a level playing field in competition with other power plants in the electricity market, with a technically and economically unjustified ban imposed on open heat supply systems. For effective use of the benefits of cogeneration and district heating, the following top priority measures are recommended. It is required to legislate the economic benefits for the combined production of electricity and heat. It is necessary to adjust the model of the wholesale electric energy and power market to eliminate discrimination of CHPP in this market. The construction of autonomous heat sources in urban areas with CHPPs is to be prohibited unless substantiated with an adequate feasibility study. Decommissioning of CHPPs and heat sources, which are used to back up CHPPs, must only be permitted subject to a mandatory feasibility study, including assessment of effects on reliability of heat supply of urban consumers. The Russian Federal Law “On heat supply” is to be adjusted to lift the total ban on the use of open heat supply systems. It is required to create a national body with sufficient authority to control and coordinate the activities of energy companies to modernize cogeneration and district heating systems.
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Xia, Ziyi, Xiaoqing Che, Lei Ye, et al. "A Synergetic Strategy for Brand Characterization of Colla Corii Asini (Ejiao) by LIBS and NIR Combined with Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis." Molecules 28, no. 4 (2023): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041778.
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A synergetic strategy was proposed to address the critical issue in the brand characterization of Colla corii asini (Ejiao, CCA), a precious traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In all brands of CCA, Dong’e Ejiao (DEEJ) is an intangible cultural heritage resource. Seventy-eight CCA samples (including forty DEEJ samples and thirty-eight samples from other different manufacturers) were detected by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built first considering individual techniques separately, and then fusing LIBS and NIR data at low-level. The statistical parameters including classification accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to evaluate the PLS-DA model performance. The results demonstrated that two individual techniques show good classification performance, especially the NIR. The PLS-DA model with single NIR spectra pretreated by the multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) method was preferred as excellent discrimination. Though individual spectroscopic data obtained good classification performance. A data fusion strategy was also attempted to merge atomic and molecular information of CCA. Compared to a single data block, data fusion models with SNV and MSC pretreatment exhibited good predictive power with no misclassification. This study may provide a novel perspective to employ a comprehensive analytical approach to brand discrimination of CCA. The synergetic strategy based on LIBS together with NIR offers atomic and molecular information of CCA, which could be exemplary for future research on the rapid discrimination of TCM.
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Xie, Qiu Hong, Bao Hua Liu, Xi Shuang Li, and Xiang Zhen Yan. "Stability Analysis of Shallow Stratum in Jiangshidi Nuclear Power Plant Site and its Surrounding Areas." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1162.
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The differential GPS navigation and positioning technique, multi-channel shallow seismic exploration and high resolution single channel seismic technique were used for the geophysical exploration of the shallow stratum in Jiangshidi nuclear power plant site and its surrounding areas. Based on seismic data post processing results, the seismic section interpretation was performed, combined with regional geological background, borehole data and shallow anatomy data. Five main seismic reflection surfaces were recognized by using seismic stratigraphic method, and eight breakpoints were found according to the active fault discrimination criteria. Then the distribution and activity characteristics of main faults were obtained. The results show that any fault and marked deformation in the quaternary sediments has not been observed in the range of 5 km away from Jiangshidi nuclear power plant site. So the stability analysis results of shallow stratum in target area can meet the requirement of nuclear power plant site selection code.
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Zappe, Katja, Christine Pirker, Heidi Miedl, et al. "Discrimination between 34 of 36 Possible Combinations of Three C>T SNP Genotypes in the MGMT Promoter by High Resolution Melting Analysis Coupled with Pyrosequencing Using A Single Primer Set." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (2021): 12527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212527.
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Due to its cost-efficiency, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis plays an important role in genotyping of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Studies indicate that HRM analysis is not only suitable for genotyping individual SNPs, but also allows genotyping of multiple SNPs in one and the same amplicon, although with limited discrimination power. By targeting the three C>T SNPs rs527559815, rs547832288, and rs16906252, located in the promoter of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene within a distance of 45 bp, we investigated whether the discrimination power can be increased by coupling HRM analysis with pyrosequencing (PSQ). After optimizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions, PCR products subjected to HRM analysis could directly be used for PSQ. By analyzing oligodeoxynucleotide controls, representing the 36 theoretically possible variant combinations for diploid human cells (8 triple-homozygous, 12 double-homozygous, 12 double-heterozygous and 4 triple-heterozygous combinations), 34 out of the 36 variant combinations could be genotyped unambiguously by combined analysis of HRM and PSQ data, compared to 22 variant combinations by HRM analysis and 16 variant combinations by PSQ. Our approach was successfully applied to genotype stable cell lines of different origin, primary human tumor cell lines from glioma patients, and breast tissue samples.
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Ge, Xiaoning, Yuxin Shi, Fang Yan, Xi Zhu, and Chunming Liu. "Research on Control Inertia and Stability of PMSG." Electronics 11, no. 10 (2022): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101583.
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With the large-scale development and application of offshore wind resources, the proportion of powered electronic equipment in power systems is increasing, which leads to the reduction of traditional mechanical inertia and system oscillation. To solve the above problems, this paper takes the grid connected converter of an offshore full power fan as the research object, deduces the “inertia” expression and physical significance of its inner and outer loop controller, and compares it with the mechanical inertia motion equation to obtain a unified mathematical expression. On this basis, combined with the control bandwidth and Rouse criterion, the discrimination method of system stability is proposed, and the correlation of the internal and external control parameters of the full power fan grid connected converter and its influence on the grid connected stability of offshore fans are explained according to the derived judgment expression. Finally, the correctness and scope of application of the theoretical analysis and judgment method are verified by PSCAD/EMTDC time-domain simulation software.
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Mihajlovic, Bojan, Aleksandar Redzek, Milana Jarakovic, Tanja Popov, Dejan Aleksandric, and Lazar Velicki. "Ten years after the introduction of the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation 2: A single center validation." Medical review 75, no. 3-4 (2022): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2204083m.
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Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II in adult patients with acquired heart diseases. Material and Methods. The research included a consecutive series of 6,031 patients who underwent coronary, valvular and combined cardiac surgical interventions in the period from January 15, 2015 to December 31, 2020. Model calibration was assessed by comparing the ratio of actual to expected postoperative mortality and using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The discriminative power was examined using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results. A total of 2,883 patients underwent isolated coronary surgery, 1,841 underwent valvular procedures, while a combined procedure was performed in 1,307 patients. The operative risk was moderately underestimated in the entire group, as well as in the group of patients who underwent surgical revascularization of the coronary arteries. In patients who underwent valvular surgery, the actual mortality rate was slightly overestimated, while in patients with combined procedures it was moderately underestimated. The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II showed excellent discriminative power in the whole group of patients undergoing surgery (area under the curve = 0.825, p < 0.0005). The cut-off value was 2.60, sensitivity 0.757 and specificity 0.750. The discriminative power of the model was excellent in the group of coronary patients (area under the curve = 0.810) as well as in the group with isolated valvular surgery (area under the curve = 0.815). In patients with combined procedures, the discriminatory power was very good (area under the curve = 0.775). Conclusion. The results of our single centre study show that European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II predicts hospital mortality with satisfactory results in the entire group, but underestimates it when it comes to combined cardiac surgical procedures. The discriminative power of the model is excellent.
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Ozkorkmaz, A., A. Baransel Isir, S. Pehlivan, and E. Özkorkmaz. "Forensic Value of Ten Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Turkey Compared to Other Ethnic Groups." Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics 12, no. 1 (2009): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10034-009-0005-9.
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Forensic Value of Ten Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Turkey Compared to Other Ethnic GroupsAllele frequencies of the 10 short tandem repeats (STRs) loci (D16S539, D2S1338, D3S1358, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, D8S1179, D19S433, FGA, THO1) included in the AmpFISTR SGM Plus kit, were obtained from biological samples from 100 unrelated individual residing in different part of Turkey. The χ2 test showed that all these loci agreed with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, The results were compared with the previously published data from Turkish and other ethnic groups. Suggest that these loci with their high heterozygosity and combined power of discrimination (PD) values are useful for forensic identifications.
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Stanisic, Ljubodrag, Vladimir Dimitrijevic, Predrag Simeunovic, et al. "Assessment of 17 microsatellite loci for their use in parentage verification and individual identification in the Balkan donkey breed." Genetika 49, no. 1 (2017): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1701021s.
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The aim of this study was to assess a panel of 17 microsatellites for parentage verification and individual identification in the endangered Balkan donkey breed. Allele frequencies for 17 microsatellite loci (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HTG4, HTG6, HTG7, HTG10, HMS1, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, LEX3 and VHL20) were determined in a 77 unrelated Balkan donkeys. Three loci (ASB2, HMS1 and ASB17) proved to be unsuitable and had been excluded from the investigation. Analysis of the remaining 14 loci revealed varied levels of polymorphism (three to 12 alleles), while the total number of observed alleles was 118 with an average of 8.42 per locus. Average values of observed heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.712 and 0.650, respectively. Twelve out of 14 microsatellite markers were highly informative with PIC values higher than 0.5. Only four loci were in HWE (HMS2, HMS6, HMS7 and HTG6). The obtained value of combined power of exclusion (0.9999) confirms usefulness of this microsatellite panel for parentage verification, while the value of combined power of discrimination of 0.9941 clearly approves the reliability of the panel for individual identification in Balkan donkeys.
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Queiroz, Mariana de M., Daniele A. A. Arriel, Sidney F. Caldeira, et al. "Microssatellite markers for plant variety protection of clonally propagated forest trees: a case study in teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)." Silvae Genetica 72, no. 1 (2023): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2023-0019.
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Abstract Forest trees cultivars developed by breeders have been increasingly deployed as clones, following long generations of breeding and testing. An established protocol for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing becomes an essential element for protecting the intellectual property rights associated with these clones. DUS testing with morphological descriptors has, however, shown limitations in categorically distinguishing cultivars, especially with narrow genetic base. DNA fingerprinting based on microsatellite markers has been a powerful tool to discriminate clones. Teak (Tectona grandis) is an economically valuable exotic timber species planted in Brazil. We assessed the individual and combined performance of a selected set of 21 teak microsatellites for identity analysis and parentage testing in a sample of 50 clones planted in Brazil. The clones displayed high genetic diversity attributable to their wide provenance origin. The 21 microsatellites combined provide high power of individual identification with a combined probability of identity of 1.84E-23 for unrelated individuals, and 4.82E-09 for full-sibs, and a power of paternity exclusion higher than 99.99999 % in all testing scenarios. Variable subsets of these 21 markers still provide abundant power of discrimination, although a recommended set should include a minimum of 12 markers with higher information content and reliable genotyping performance. Relatedness and genetic distance analyses revealed unexpected identities or significant recent shared ancestry among otherwise considered unique clones. These results advocate for the importance of including DNA markers, at least as discretionary complementary descriptors to the 22 morphological traits currently adopted for plant variety protection of teak cultivars in Brazil.
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Lācis, Gunārs, Isaak Rashal, and Viktor Trajkovski. "Implementation of a limited set of SSR markers for screening of genetic variability in Latvian and Swedish sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) genetic resources collections." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 65, no. 1-2 (2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-011-0014-4.
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Implementation of a limited set of SSR markers for screening of genetic variability in Latvian and Swedish sour cherry (Prunus cerasusL.) genetic resources collectionsForty-one sour cherry (Prunus cerasusL.) accessions were evaluated using three SSR markers to characterise genetic diversity in the sour cherry genetic resource collections at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing (LIFG), Dobele, Latvia and the Division of Horticultural Genetics and Plant Breeding at Balsgård, Department of Crop Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU-Balsgård), Sweden, and to test the usability and reliability of a small set of SSR markers for preliminary characterisation of sour cherry germplasm collections. The SSR loci were highly polymorphic with 7-14 alleles per locus. Heterozygosity and Polymorphic Information Content values ranged from 0.750 to 1.000 and 0.748-0.899, respectively, while discrimination power per locus varied from 0.716 to 0.965. Five to thirty genotypes were found in the sour cherry collections for the three tested SSR loci. The combined discrimination power of all loci was effectively 0.994 and 0.999 for the LIFG and SLU-Balsgård collections, respectively. The SSRs used were able to uniquely identify all accessions in the analysed genetic resources collections. The genotype data allowed estimation of genetic diversity and genetic characterisation of accessions in the collections. Genetic similarity analysis showed higher genetic similarity among the Baltic and Scandinavian sour cherry varieties, than between Baltic and Eastern European varieties.
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Wichmann, Gunnar, Clara Gaede, Susanne Melzer, et al. "Discrimination of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients and Healthy Adults by 10-Color Flow Cytometry: Development of a Score Based on Leukocyte Subsets." Cancers 11, no. 6 (2019): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11060814.
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Background: Leukocytes in peripheral blood (PB) are prognostic biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cancer patients (HNSCC-CPs), but differences between HNSCC-CPs and healthy adults (HAs) are insufficiently described. Methods: 10-color flow cytometry (FCM) was used for in-depth immunophenotyping of PB samples of 963 HAs and 101 therapy-naïve HNSCC-CPs. Absolute (AbsCC) and relative cell counts (RelCC) of leukocyte subsets were determined. A training cohort (TC) of 43 HNSCC-CPs and 43 HAs, propensity score (PS)-matched according to age, sex, alcohol, and smoking, was used to develop a score consecutively approved in a validation cohort (VC). Results: Differences in AbsCC were detected in leukocyte subsets (p < 0.001), but had low power in discriminating HNSCC-CPs and HAs. Consequently, RelCC of nine leukocyte subsets in the TC were used to calculate 36 ratios; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves defined optimum cut-off values. Binary classified data were combined in a score based on four ratios: monocytes-to-granulocytes (MGR), classical monocytes-to-monocytes (clMMR), monocytes-to-lymphocytes (MLR), and monocytes-to-T-lymphocytes (MTLR); ≥3 points accurately discriminate HNSCC-CPs and HAs in the PS-matched TC (p = 2.97 × 10−17), the VC (p = 4.404 × 10−178), and both combined (p = 7.74 × 10−199). Conclusions: RelCC of leukocyte subsets in PB of HNSCC-CPs differ significantly from those of HAs. A score based on MGR, clMMR, MLR, and MTLR allows for accurate discrimination.
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Lisson, Catharina Silvia, Sabitha Manoj, Daniel Wolf, et al. "CT Radiomics and Clinical Feature Model to Predict Lymph Node Metastases in Early-Stage Testicular Cancer." Onco 3, no. 2 (2023): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/onco3020006.
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Accurate retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis (LNM) prediction in early-stage testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) harbours the potential to significantly reduce over- or undertreatment and treatment-related morbidity in this group of young patients as an important survivorship imperative. We investigated the role of computed tomography (CT) radiomics models integrating clinical predictors for the individualised prediction of LNM in early-stage TGCT. Ninety-one patients with surgically proven testicular germ cell tumours and contrast-enhanced CT were included in this retrospective study. Dedicated radiomics software was used to segment 273 retroperitoneal lymph nodes and extract features. After feature selection, radiomics-based machine learning models were developed to predict LN metastasis. The robustness of the procedure was controlled by 10-fold cross-validation. Using multivariable logistic regression modelling, we developed three prediction models: a radiomics-only model, a clinical-only model, and a combined radiomics–clinical model. The models’ performances were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Finally, decision curve analysis was performed to estimate the clinical usefulness of the predictive model. The radiomics-only model for predicting lymph node metastasis reached a greater discrimination power than the clinical-only model, with an AUC of 0.87 (±0.04; 95% CI) vs. 0.75 (±0.08; 95% CI) in our study cohort. The combined model integrating clinical risk factors and selected radiomics features outperformed the clinical-only and the radiomics-only prediction models, and showed good discrimination with an area under the curve of 0.89 (±0.03; 95% CI). The decision curve analysis demonstrated the clinical usefulness of our proposed combined model. The presented combined CT-based radiomics–clinical model represents an exciting non-invasive tool for individualised LN metastasis prediction in testicular germ cell tumours. Multi-centre validation is required to generate high-quality evidence for its clinical application.
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Catalan, S., L. Cadarso, F. Esteves, J. Salgado-Borges, M. Lopez, and C. Cadarso. "Assessment of Corneal Epithelial Thickness in Asymmetric Keratoconic Eyes and Normal Eyes Using Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5697343.
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Purpose. To compare the characteristics of asymmetric keratoconic eyes and normal eyes by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) corneal mapping.Methods. Retrospective corneal and epithelial thickness OCT data for 74 patients were compared in three groups of eyes: keratoconic (n=22) and normal fellow eyes (n=22) in patients with asymmetric keratoconus and normal eyes (n=104) in healthy subjects. Areas under the curve (AUC) of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves for each variable were compared across groups to indicate their discrimination capacity.Results. Three variables were found to differ significantly between fellow eyes and normal eyes (allp<0.05): minimum corneal thickness, thinnest corneal point, and central corneal thickness. These variables combined showed a high discrimination power to differentiate fellow eyes from normal eyes indicated by an AUC of 0.840 (95% CI: 0.762–0.918).Conclusions. Our findings indicate that topographically normal fellow eyes in patients with very asymmetric keratoconus differ from the eyes of healthy individuals in terms of their corneal epithelial and pachymetry maps. This type of information could be useful for an early diagnosis of keratoconus in topographically normal eyes.
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García-Gutiérrez, Nerea, Jorge Mellado-Carretero, Christophe Bengoa, et al. "ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis Successfully Discriminates Raw Doughs and Baked 3D-Printed Snacks Enriched with Edible Insect Powder." Foods 10, no. 8 (2021): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081806.
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In a preliminary study, commercial insect powders were successfully identified using infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Nonetheless, it is necessary to check if this technology is capable of discriminating, predicting, and quantifying insect species once they are used as an ingredient in food products. The objective of this research was to study the potential of using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTMIR) combined with multivariate analysis to discriminate doughs and 3D-printed baked snacks, enriched with Alphitobius diaperinus and Locusta migratoria powders. Several doughs were made with a variable amount of insect powder (0–13.9%) replacing the same amount of chickpea flour (46–32%). The spectral data were analyzed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithms. SIMCA models successfully discriminated the insect species used to prepare the doughs and snacks. Discrimination was mainly associated with lipids, proteins, and chitin. PLSR models predicted the percentage of insect powder added to the dough and the snacks, with determination coefficients of 0.972, 0.979, and 0.994 and a standard error of prediction of 1.24, 1.08, and 1.90%, respectively. ATR-FTMIR combined with multivariate analysis has a high potential as a new tool in insect product authentication.
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Sushkov, Nikolai I., Gábor Galbács, Patrick Janovszky, Nikolay V. Lobus, and Timur A. Labutin. "Towards an Automated Classification of Zooplankton by Using Combination of Laser Spectral Techniques and Advanced Chemometrics." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218234.
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Zooplankton identification has been the subject of many studies. They are mainly based on the analysis of photographs (computer vision). However, spectroscopic techniques can be a good alternative due to the valuable additional information that they provide. We tested the performance of several chemometric techniques (principal component analysis (PCA), non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF), and common dimensions and specific weights analysis (CCSWA of ComDim)) for the unsupervised classification of zooplankton species based on their spectra. The spectra were obtained using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy. It was convenient to assess the discriminative power in terms of silhouette metrics (Sil). The LIBS data were substantially more useful for the task than the Raman spectra, although the best results were achieved for the combined LIBS + Raman dataset (best Sil = 0.67). Although NMF (Sil = 0.63) and ComDim (Sil = 0.39) gave interesting information in the loadings, PCA was generally enough for the discrimination based on the score graphs. The distinguishing between Calanoida and Euphausiacea crustaceans and Limacina helicina sea snails has proved possible, probably because of their different mineral compositions. Conversely, arrow worms (Parasagitta elegans) usually fell into the same class with Calanoida despite the differences in their Raman spectra.
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Mamishi, Setareh, Babak Pourakbari, Reihaneh Hosseinpour Sadeghi, Majid Marjani, and Shima Mahmoudi. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP)-2 as Biomarker in Response to PE35/PPE68 Proteins: A Promising Diagnostic Method for the Discrimination of Active and Latent Tuberculosis." Protein & Peptide Letters 26, no. 4 (2019): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666190119165805.
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Introduction:Several studies have been conducted to find new biomarkers for the discrimination of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) from active TB (ATB); however, their findings are inconsistent. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of in vitro antigenspecific expression of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP)-2 for discrimination of ATB and LTBI after stimulation of whole blood with PE35 and PPE68 recombinant proteins.Materials and Methods:The recombinant PE35 and PPE68 proteins were evaluated at a final concentration of 5 µg/ml by a 3-day whole blood assay. Secreted MCP-2 from the culture supernatants were measured by commercially available Human MCP2 ELISA Kit. The diagnostic performance of MCP-2 was ascertained by Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve and measuring the Area Under the Curve (AUC) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Cut-offs was estimated at various sensitivities and specificities and at the maximum Youden’s index (YI), i.e. sensitivity specificity–1.Results:The median MCP-2 response to both PE35 and PPE68 in those with LTBI was significantly higher than patients with ATB. The discrimination performance of MCP-2 response following stimulation of PE35 (assessed by AUC) between LTBI and patients with ATB was 0.98 (95%CI: 0.94-1.00). Maximum discrimination was reached at a cut-off of 86pg/mL with 100% sensitivity and 97% specificity. The highest sensitivity and specificity was obtained using cut off 58 pg/mL following stimulation with PPE68 (100% and 90%, respectively; AUC: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.85- 1.00).Conclusion:MCP-2 induced by PE35 and PPE68 shows good discriminatory power for discrimination of ATB and LTBI. Additional studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm the advantage of this marker, alone or combined with other markers; however, these findings present a promising method, which can discriminate between ATB and LTBI.</p>
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Liang, Zhifeng, Rongfan Chai, Yupeng Sun, Yue Jiang, and Dayan Sun. "Cold Wave Recognition and Wind Power Forecasting Technology Considering Sample Scarcity and Meteorological Periodicity Characteristics." Applied Sciences 15, no. 8 (2025): 4312. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084312.
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Accurate recognition of both cold wave occurrence and wind power during cold wave events is critically significant to ensure the stable operation of the power system under extreme meteorological conditions. In view of the above problems, this paper proposes a cold wave event recognition method and a day-ahead wind farm cluster power forecasting model. In order to effectively recognize cold wave events, this paper proposes a cold wave discrimination criterion based on wind turbine operation characteristics and NWP data. The proposed recognition criterion employs seasonal meteorological features processed through a GAN-enhanced multi-modal U-Net architecture, effectively mitigating sample scarcity issues. To improve the forecasting accuracy of wind farm cluster power during cold wave events, a combined forecasting model based on the Ns-Transformer model is constructed by combining NWP data with cold wave recognition results. A wind farm cluster is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared to that of LSTM, Random Forest, BP, and Transformer models, the RMSE of the proposed method is reduced by 5.65%, 5.58%, 4.81%, and 0.44%, respectively, during cold wave occurrence seasons. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the conventional method in terms of cold wave recognition ability and wind power forecasting accuracy.
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Lu, Haonan, Yongman Zhao, Xue Zhou, and Zikai Wei. "Selection of Agricultural Machinery Based on Improved CRITIC-Entropy Weight and GRA-TOPSIS Method." Processes 10, no. 2 (2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020266.
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In view of the problems existing in the process of agricultural machinery selection, such as inadequate decision-making information, strong subjectivity and quantification difficulty of the index weight assignment, and accuracy deficiency of the selection results, a model on the selection of agricultural machinery based on the improved CRITIC-entropy weight and GRA-TOPSIS method was established in this study. Through analysis, based on the construction of a comprehensive evaluation index system for the selection of agricultural machinery, the combined weight value was determined by combining the weights obtained using the improved CRITIC method and the weights obtained using the entropy weight method. The grey relational analysis method was also combined with the TOPSIS method. The power machinery combination with 88.2 and 73.5 kW of the 68th Regiment of the Fourth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps was used as an example for verification to determine the optimal power machinery combination. Results indicated that the ranking results were consistent, and the GRA-TOPSIS method was of the greatest degree of discrimination, which was conducive to the selection and evaluation of agricultural machinery equipment. Moreover, the equipment selection results were determined after the comprehensive ranking of machinery types under the different subjective preferences of decision makers was performed.
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Dimitrijevic, Vladimir, Jevrosima Stevanovic, Mila Savic, et al. "Validation of 10 Microsatellite Loci for Their use in Parentage Verification and Individual Identification in the Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog Sharplanina / Walidacja 10 Loci Mikrosatelitarnych Do Kontroli Pochodzenia Oraz Identyfikacji Osobniczej Jugosłowiańskiego Psa Pasterskiego Z Szar Płaniny." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 4 (2013): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0047.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to assess a commercially available microsatellite panel for use in paternity and identification analyses in the Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog Sharplanina, an ancient livestock guarding breed. Allele frequencies for 10 microsatellite loci (PEZ01, FHC2054, FHC2010, PEZ05, PEZ20, PEZ12, PEZ03, PEZ06, PEZ08 and FHC2079) were determined in 103 unrelated Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog individuals. The loci revealed varied levels of polymorphism (five to 12 alleles), with an average of 7.83 per locus. Average values of observed heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.64 and 0.66, respectively. Nine out of 10 microsatellite markers were highly informative with PIC values higher than 0.5. The obtained value of combined power of exclusion (0.9989) confirms usefulness of this panel of microsatellites for parentage verification, while the value of combined power of discrimination of 0.9999 clearly shows that the panel can conclusively identify individual dogs. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that the selected set of commercially available microsatellite markers may be used as a routine tool for parentage verification and individual identification in the Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog. Although analysis of genetic variability of the Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog was not the primary focus of the study, the established values of major diversity indices disclose a highly variable gene pool in the breed.
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Vladimir, Dimitrijević, Ristanić Marko, Stanisić Ljubodrag, et al. "Use of Microsatellites in Genetic Diversity Assessment, Parentage Testing and Individual Identification of the Kangal Shepherd Dog." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 2 (2020): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0012.
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AbstractThe Kangal Shepherd Dog is considered the most common dog breed of Turkish origin. This study investigated variations in ten autosomal microsatellite markers (PEZ01, PEZ03, PEZ05, PEZ06, PEZ08, PEZ12, PEZ20, FHC2010, FHC2054 and FHC2079) for the purposes of genetic diversity assessment of the Kangal breed. In addition, the use of markers was assessed in parentage testing and individual identification within the Kangal breed. The microsatellite markers were typed in 51 Kangal dogs. The total number of alleles in the study population was 69. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.9, and varied from four (FHC2079) to 12 (PEZ12). The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.52 (FHC2079) to 0.87 (PEZ12), with the mean value for all loci of 0.717. Power of exclusion (PE) in 10 microsatellites investigated varied between 0.143 (FHC2054) and 0.472 (PEZ08) per locus. In order to determine the efficiency of using microsatellites for individual identification in the Kangal breed, power of discrimination (PD) and matching probability (MP) were calculated for each microsatellite marker. The panel achieved high combined MP (6.77 × 10-10) and high combined PD value of 99.99999%. The obtained results may contribute to further recognition of the Kangal breed, and confirm that the investigated microsatellites enable a reliable parentage testing and individual identification of the breed.
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Gao, Xiaozhi, Lichi Gao, Hsiung-Cheng Lin, Yanming Huo, Yaheng Ren, and Wang Guo. "Development of MVMD-EO-LSTM Model for a Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Prediction." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197332.
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The accuracy and stability of short-term photovoltaic (PV) power prediction is crucial for power planning and dispatching in a grid system. For this reason, the multi-resolution variational modal decomposition (MVMD) method is proposed to achieve multi-scale input features mining for short-term PV power prediction. Here, the MVMD combined with Spearman extracts correlation features of the weather data. An equilibrium optimizer (EO) is integrated with MVMD to achieve optimal values of the long short-term memory (LSTM) parameters. Firstly, the correlation of input features is determined and selected by Spearman. The MVMD model is used to mine the high correlation features of solar radiation and conduct cross-correlation analysis to extract input feature components. Secondly, the similar weather days of the sample set are classified to ensure a good adaptability in different weather situations. Finally, the high correlation features are introduced into the photovoltaic power prediction model of EO optimized LSTM. Performance analysis using actual output power data from a PV plant shows that the proposed MVMD feature extraction method can effectively mine correlation features to achieve an optimized dataset under different seasons. Compared with the gray wolf and particle swarm optimization algorithms, the proposed model has a better optimization performance in a low discrimination of input feature decomposition components and low correlation with output power.
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Gaur, Nikita. "Efficient Sanskrit Word Recognition Using Segmentation and Dual Feature Extraction Techniques." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem45303.
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Development of a Character recognition system for Devanagri is difficult because there are about 350 basic, modifier (“matra”) and compound character shapes in the script and the characters in words are topologically connected. A feature based on the combination of gradient feature and coefficients of wavelet transform is developed in this paper. In handwritten word recognition, the gradient feature represents local characteristics properly, but it is so sensitive to deformation of handwritten character. Meanwhile, wavelet transform represents the character image in multiresolution analysis and keep adequate global characteristic in different scales. In order to improve the discrimination power, we composed both local and global characteristic in a combined feature. The combination schemes are described in this paper. Keywords – Gradient, Wavelet, Sobel, Segmentation
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Leach, Jamie. "The “Myth” of Intellectual Decline: Old-Age Psychometrics and Mandatory Retirement." History of Social Science 1, no. 1 (2025): 14–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/ssc.00002.
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Abstract: This article follows K. Warner Schaie and his Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) from its origins in the 1950s until its deployment in Congressional hearings on amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act in 1980. It argues that the SLS contributed to the dismantling of a conception of “normal” aging centered around mandatory retirement at 65 and justified the U.S.‘s move toward more flexible retirement policy. Two technical details of the SLS’s design gave the study this rhetorical power. First, Schaie designed the SLS to track subjects’ intelligence using the Thurstone Test of Primary Mental Abilities, which measures multiple forms of intelligence. This complicated traditional narratives of inevitable intellectual decline, as different forms of intelligence tend to change at different rates. Second, the SLS combined features of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, allowing Schaie to compare both the young to the elderly and newer generations to older generations. He argued that the stereotype of elderly decline was actually an artifact of generational differences. Schaie publicized these findings in the context of a growing elderly rights movement. Together, civil society lobbying and the evidence from Schaie’s study expanded the scope of American age-based discrimination law.
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Boillat, Sébastien, Jean-David Gerber, Christoph Oberlack, Julie Zaehringer, Chinwe Ifejika Speranza, and Stephan Rist. "Distant Interactions, Power, and Environmental Justice in Protected Area Governance: A Telecoupling Perspective." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 3954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113954.
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Equity has become a major concern in efforts to conserve nature. However, in the Global South, inequitable social impacts of conservation usually prevail. We investigate barriers to equitable governance of four protected areas through an innovative approach linking the tri-dimensional framing of environmental justice with the notion of telecoupling. We conceptualize the creation, support, and implementation of protected areas as telecoupling processes that involve flows, actors, and action situations, and assess them based on a set of indicators of procedural justice, distributive justice, and recognition. We perform the analysis for parallel or competing telecoupling processes that affect the areas and we then investigate the scope and reach of resistance actions to attain more equitable outcomes. Identified barriers include dependence of the PAs on transnational financial flows, presence of competing extractive demands, negative narratives on local practices, wilderness and Malthusian framings, authoritarian rule, narrow development options, and socio-cultural discrimination. These combined barriers create multiple forms of exclusion. Resistance actions are likely to succeed when actors can mobilize alliances and resources across distance. We conclude that justice framings can make power relationships in telecouplings more visible, and that considering distant interactions can elucidate causes of (in)equity in conservation.