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1
Schroth, Simone. "Translating Anne Frank's Het Achterhuis." Translation and Literature 23, no. 2 (2014): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2014.0153.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of six translations of Anne Frank's Het Achterhuis into German, English, and French. This includes the history of its editions from the first Dutch edition published in 1947 to the 1986 critical edition of the Diaries and later Het Achterhuis editions. The translation analysis focuses on aspects related to the cultural and historical context, e.g. the use of annotations and the representation of anti-German comments made by Anne Frank. With regard to the latter, the first translation into German (1950) is partly re-assessed: not all these comments were eliminated or toned down by the translator Anneliese Schütz, who worked in close co-operation with Anne Frank's father Otto Frank.
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Keinänen, Nely. "Canons and Heroes: The Reception of the Complete Works Translation Project in Finland, 2002-13." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 16, no. 31 (2017): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mstap-2017-0022.
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This essay examines the reception of the ten-year Complete Works translation project undertaken by the Finnish publishing company Werner Söderström Oy (WSOY) in 2004-13. Focusing on reviews published in the first and last years of the project, the essay details ongoing processes of Shakespeare (re-)canonization in Finland, as each new generation explains to itself what Shakespeare means to them, and why it continues to read, translate and perform Shakespeare. These processes are visible in comments from the series editors and translators extolling the importance of Shakespeare’s work and the necessity of creating new, modern translations so Finns can read Shakespeare in their mother tongue; in discussions of the literary qualities of a good Shakespeare translation, e.g. whether it is advisable to use iambic pentameter in Finnish, a trochaic language; and in the creation of publisher and translator “heroes,” who at significant cost to themselves, whether in money in terms of the publisher, or time and effort in terms of the translators, labour to provide the public with their Shakespeare in modern Finnish. While on the whole reviewers celebrated the new translations, there was some resistance to changes in familiar lines from older translations, such as Macbeth’s “tomorrow” speech, suggesting that there are nevertheless some limits on modernizing “classic” translations.
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Polkhov, S. A. "O̅TA GYU̅ICHI. “SHINCHŌ-KŌ KI”. BOOK VI (COMMENTED RUSSIAN TRANSLATION). PART I." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-226-239.
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The article provides the first part of translation into Russian of the book VI of «Shincho̅-ko̅ ki», one of the major sources on the history of Japan of the 16th century. Book VI contains a copy of the 17 articles admonitions by Oda Nobunaga addressed to the sho̅gun Ashikaga Yoshiaki. In this document, Nobunaga reproached his master for self-will, selfishness and injustice. The appearance of the instructions testified to the intensification of the power struggle between the sho̅gun and Nobunaga. Book VI narrates about the sho̅gun’s open war against Nobunaga, who was in the ring of enemies in early 1573 — Takeda Shingen, the houses of Azai and Asakurа, the followers of the True Pure Land School, led by Honganji, and other opponents sought to coordinate their actions closely. In this situation, Nobunaga spared no effort to negotiate a peace with Yoshiaki. However, the truce was fragile; the shogun again challenged his powerful vassal, who moved the army to the capital, and then forced the suzerain, who was besieged in Makinoshima castle, to surrender, and sent him into exile. For O̅ta Gyu̅ichi, the author of the chronicle, the shogun after breaking up with Nobunaga turned into an “enemy of the realm”, his sympathy is definitely on the side of Nobunaga. In addition, scroll VI tells about the victorious end of the military campaign against the houses of Asakura and Azai, whose heads were forced to commit seppuku, as well as Nobunaga’s campaign in the north of Ise province with the aim of subjugating the local samurai clans, many of whom cooperated with the forces of Ikko̅-ikki.
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Orozco-Jutorán, Mariana. "Efficient Search for Equivalents at Your Fingertips – The Specialized Translator’s Dream." Meta 62, no. 1 (2017): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040470ar.
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The limitations of current terminology tools for specialized translators may, to a large extent, be explained by the complexity of the search process involved in producing good quality translations in specialist domains. This paper introduces a new approach to the development of this kind of resources aimed at satisfying the specific needs of specialized translators. This change of paradigm is reflected in the development of a prototype tool designed for use in legal translation. The tool – for use in English-Spanish translations of technological law in the localization of End User License Agreements – incorporates a revised corpus, comparative law information, and a terminological database. The features and advantages of the terminological database proposed are described in detail. Focusing on the specific needs of translators of this type of texts, comments are included on the acceptability of different terminological options on the basis of comparative legal analysis in different translation scenarios. The incorporation of these comments is a distinctive feature of this new approach to the development of resources and provides a value-added service to translators. The prototype tool designed is intended to serve as a model for the future development of similar applications in any type of specialized translation, in any given field and language combination.
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Paek, Ki Young, Ka Young Hong, Incheol Ryu, et al. "Translation initiation mediated by RNA looping." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (2015): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416883112.
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Eukaryotic translation initiation commences at the initiation codon near the 5′ end of mRNA by a 40S ribosomal subunit, and the recruitment of a 40S ribosome to an mRNA is facilitated by translation initiation factors interacting with the m7G cap and/or poly(A) tail. The 40S ribosome recruited to an mRNA is then transferred to the AUG initiation codon with the help of translation initiation factors. To understand the mechanism by which the ribosome finds an initiation codon, we investigated the role of eIF4G in finding the translational initiation codon. An artificial polypeptide eIF4G fused with MS2 was localized downstream of the reporter gene through MS2-binding sites inserted in the 3′ UTR of the mRNA. Translation of the reporter was greatly enhanced by the eIF4G-MS2 fusion protein regardless of the presence of a cap structure. Moreover, eIF4G-MS2 tethered at the 3′ UTR enhanced translation of the second cistron of a dicistronic mRNA. The encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site, a natural translational-enhancing element facilitating translation through an interaction with eIF4G, positioned downstream of a reporter gene, also enhanced translation of the upstream gene in a cap-independent manner. Finally, we mathematically modeled the effect of distance between the cap structure and initiation codon on the translation efficiency of mRNAs. The most plausible explanation for translational enhancement by the translational-enhancing sites is recognition of the initiation codon by the ribosome bound to the ribosome-recruiting sites through “RNA looping.” The RNA looping hypothesis provides a logical explanation for augmentation of translation by enhancing elements located upstream and/or downstream of a protein-coding region.
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Abdi, Hamidreza. "Examining the Appropriateness of Reiss’s Functionalist-oriented Approach to Trancism." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 5 (2021): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1105.15.
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Trancism is an activity that is put into Holmes’ (1972) applied branch of Translation Studies (TS). The aim of trancism is to make a fair judgment to help improve the translation through the constructive comments provided by the critic. Various approaches have been proposed to achieve an objective judgment in order to avoid making a subjective judgment. The present study investigated the appropriateness of Reiss’s (2000) approach to the critique of a translation. To do end, the English version of Rowling's (2000) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and its Persian translation were chosen as the corpus of the present study to evaluate the Persian translation on the basis of three categories included in Reiss’s model of trancism. This encompasses literary, language, and pragmatic categories. As the results indicated, the translator was successful in accomplishing her translation at almost all levels, except some part of grammatical and punctuation included in language category in which the translation she produced resulted in failure to some extent. In conclusion, Reiss’s functionalist approach was mostly appropriate to the critique of a translated text, especially expressive text types, because her model allows the critic to judge two main aspect of the translation: linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects.
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Rasul, Sabir. "Responding to Students’ Errors in Online Practical Translation Classes." Journal of University of Human Development 7, no. 3 (2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v7n3y2021.pp82-91.
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In practical translation classes it is inevitable that students make translation errors. Making errors is in fact a characteristic of translation training process, and the role of the teacher is to respond and offer timely and appropriate correction/feedback so that students are able to differentiate between correct and erroneous translations. Training students to develop the ability to produce correct and accurate translation is part and parcel of any practical translation classes. This paper, which has a pedagogical nature, investigates the treatment of students’ errors in online practical translation classes. It extends the area of ‘responding to errors’ to translation studies, on the one hand, and to online classes, on the other hand. Following Thompson’s (2007) model of responding to errors, the paper attempts to find out when and how teachers respond to translation errors made by students in online English-Kurdish practical translation classes. The results show that the teachers respond to the vast majority of translation errors occurred in the course of the online classes. In terms of time, the teachers never interrupted students instantly but waited until the end of translation units or utterances and then responded to the errors. In terms of the method of responding, the results revealed that the teachers mostly focused on meaning and used various techniques of error responding, including students’ involvement and offering their own corrections (with or without feedback). These results, coupled with critical comments provided, are hoped to offer useful insights to would-be translation teachers and trainers to better understand how and when to respond to students’ errors in online practical translation classes.
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Meriani, Angelo. "Notes on the Prooemium in Musicam Plutarchi ad Titum Pyrrhynum by Carlo Valgulio (Brescia 1507)." Greek and Roman Musical Studies 3, no. 1-2 (2015): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22129758-12341031.
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The Prooemium in Musicam Plutarchi ad Titum Pyrrhinum, written by Carlo Valgulio at the end of the 15th century and published in Brescia in 1507 as an introduction to his Latin translation of the Plutarchean De musica, was one of the first descriptions and re-evaluations of ancient Greek music in the Modern Age. It was an extremely important text for music theorists such as Franchino Gaffurio, Vincenzo Galilei and Gioseffo Zarlino. This text is based upon a wide range of Greek sources, almost all of which derive from Porphyry’s Commentary on Ptolemy’s Harmonics. On the basis of manuscripts that were at his disposal, Valgulio produced the first Latin translations of all of these materials, commented on them and related them to his general argument, often adding personal observations. This study examines several passages of this text dealing with psycho-musicological topics, with the conative function of music and the relationship between music and dance.
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Vinkler, Jonatan. "Komenský in »čas skrajnosti« pri Slovencih 1: Velika didaktika in Komenský v zadnji izdaji." Stati inu obstati, revija za vprašanja protestantizma 16, no. 32 (2020): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2590-9754.16(32)333-353.
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Komenský and “Age of Extremes” among Slovenes 1: Didactica magna (The Great Didactic) and Komenský in its latest Edition The discussion presents a semantic, rhetorical, historiographical, methodological and editorial analysis of the only edition of Jan Amos Komenský’s fundamental work in the modern Slovene language—Didactica magna or The Great Didactic (Sl. Velika didaktika, Novo mesto, 1995)—that was met with reception (i.e., was accessible to the public). The analysis suggests that this edition—for reasons unexplained—lacks the basic determinants of scientific work and thus cannot be a valid ground for the reception of Jan Amos Komenský, either for the reader-expert or for the general reader. From the editorial point of view, the edition does not provide clear information about the original text, and there is no editorial report or comment on individual passages of the original / translation, e.g. unravelling citations in the original—all of which have been the standard knowledge repertoire of scientific editions of sources, even scholarly critical editions of translations since the early 19th century. The edition is not based on the scientific publication Dílo Jana Amose Komenského 15/1 (Academia: Praha, 1986), which since its publication has been the primary textual base for every reader-expert’s understanding of The Great Didactic and a mandatory textual starting point for re-creative reception in the form of translation. The analysed edition does not include comments, and since it only provides translation without any additional knowledge apparatus, it cannot be considered as popularizing either. The current situation impedes a full reception of Komenský and indicates the need to prepare a new critical translated edition of his selected didactic writings, where optimal results could be achieved by collaboration of experts from various disciplines (different branches of historiography, didactics, pedagogy, history of science). The edition should be 1) written in modern literary language and based on the historical-critical edition of Dílo Jana Amosa Komenského. 2) It should include selected fundamental didactic writings of Komenský, 3) obligatory editorial and translation report, 4) explanatory comments and translations, and 5) European studies on Komenský in his time, as well as 6) discussions on the reception of Komenský in Slovenia. Keywords: Komenský (Comenius), Didactica magna (The Great Didactic), reception, editology, edition
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Kulikov, Dmitry Ye. "Inscriptions on the Ancient Chinese Bronze Vessels “Bi Qi You” (Late Shang Period)." Orientalistica 4, no. 1 (2021): 52–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-1-052-076.
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This is a commented translation into Russian of three inscriptions on the ancient Chinese bronze vessels from the late Shang-Yin period (end of the 2nd millennium BC). The inscriptions found on bronze vessels constitute a special kind of sources for the ancient history of China. These epigraphic documents provide important, otherwise unrecorded data on life in the archaic society. Contrary to the texts of classical works, the nature of the ancient Chinese bronze inscriptions is ritualistic. They were not intended to be “read” but served as a tool of sacred communication with the world of dead ancestors. In fact, their “readers” were otherworldly forces. The correct understanding of these bronze inscriptions requires a specialist commentary. The publisher includes the inscriptions on the late Shang-Yin ritual vessels into a wide historical and cultural context. It is hoped this context will facilitate the understanding of the inherent meaning of the inscriptions. The comments will outline the range of problems associated with the interpretation of this type of sources from the late Shang-Yin period.
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Garner, Bart, and Milam Aiken. "An Analysis of Comment-Revision Thresholds in Bilingual Electronic Meetings." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 10 (2016): 7175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i10.4379.
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Prior studies have shown that providing participants in bilingual or multilingual, electronic meetings with the capability of revising comments can increase the accuracy of translations to other languages. This is often done via a round-trip translation (RTT) in which the source text is translated to another language, translated back again, and compared with the original. If the similarity falls below a certain threshold, e.g. 50%, the originator may wish to revise the comment before final submission. However, minor changes might not be needed, and it is not clear where the threshold lies between acceptable and non-acceptable text. In this study, we seek to determine at what point accuracy can be improved by comment revision. Results show that the threshold did not affect the target-language comprehension, but higher thresholds substantially increased the cognitive burden for users in the form of alerts and comment revisions.
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Polkhov, S. A. "Ōta Gyūichi. “Shinchō-kō ki”. Book V." Orientalistica 3, no. 1 (2020): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-1-31-48.
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The publication provides a commented translation into Russian of the book V of Shinchō-kō ki chronicle, key source describing the life of Oda Nobunaga, daimyō of Owari province, who laid the foundation for reunification of Japan at the end of Sengoku jidai. The book V narrates about Nobunaga war with Azai and Asakura clans, and the beginning of his conflict with powerful Takeda house.The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
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Szymanska, Kasia. "Can Mirrors Be Said to Have Memories? A Polish Katerina Brac Looks Back at Her English Reflection." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 2 (2017): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.2.427.
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In 2002, the author of Katerina Brac (1985), Christopher Reid, commented on the reception of his book, concluding, “it has been translated only once—into Polish, to my intense pleasure, by Leszek Engelking and Jerzy Jarniewicz. A Polish friend tells me their version reads extremely well” (“Katerina and Her Kind” 93). This laconic statement, aimed to round off the discussion about the success in the world of Reid's collection of poems, in fact does not end the discussion but raises questions about how and why we should approach a pseudo-translation from the standpoint of its fictitious original. In this essay I argue that reclaiming one's exoticized identity through translation can constitute an act of critical autoexoticism.
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Eskelinen, Juha, and Mari Pakkala-Weckström. "Assessing translation students’ acquisition of professional competences." Culture and Society 5, no. 2 (2016): 314–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.5.2.08esk.
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This article describes assessment methods in undergraduate translation courses from English into the students’ native language at the University of Helsinki, Finland. We consider and attempt to develop assessment according to the principle of constructive alignment in the process of both teaching and learning of translators’ professional competences (as defined by Gambier et al. 2009 and Kelly 2005), which are discussed in relation to our course aims and intended outcomes. The primary methods of assessment described and analysed include students’ reflective translation commentaries, teacher feedback and end of course portfolios. We argue, based on both our teaching experience and student comments, that in spite of some obvious challenges, this assessment system is an effective way of measuring the students’ acquisition of translation competences, as well as acting as a scaffold in the process.
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Polkhov, S. A. "Ōta Gyūichi. “Shinchō-kō ki”. Book VIII (part 2)." Orientalistica 3, no. 4 (2020): 938–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-4-938-967.
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The publication provides a commented translation into Russian of the book VIII of Shinchō ō ki chronicle. The article continues the series of translations of books of Shinchō ō ki, published by the author. Shinchō ō ki is a biography of the so called “unifier of Japan” Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582). This is one of the most important sources on the history of Japan in the end of the Middle Ages – beginning of the Early Modern period. This present redaction dates back most likely to the 16th – beginning of the 17th cent. The author of the chronicle is O̅ ta Gyu̅ ichi (1527–1613?) the vassal of Nobunaga. This part of the chronicle describes the campaign of Oda Nobunaga in 1575 in the province of Echizen, which had previously come under the control of the Ikko̅ -ikki forces. Having brutally dealt with Ikko̅ -ikki’s supporters, Nobunaga regained his power over Echizen. Scroll VIII contains the text of Nobunaga's instructions to his vassal Shibata Katsuie. Katsuie was to be guided by these instructions when governing Echizen province. In addition, in this part of his work, O:̅ta Gyu̅ iti narrates about other important events, in particular, the assignment to the “unifier of Japan” posts at the Imperial court, as well as the transfer by Nobunaga of the headship of the Oda house to his eldest son Nobutada. The first academic translation of Shinchō ō ki into Russian is accompanied by a detailed commentary. The present author offers there a comparison between the data found in the chronicle against other sources. In addition, in the commentary comprises the authors interpretation of the difficult passages from the Shinchō ō ki along the traditional views on their meaning as expressed in the modern scholarship.
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Kępińska, Alina. "O przypisach w Ewangeliach z Biblii brzeskiej z internetowej edycji Szesnastowieczne przekłady Ewangelii." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 25, no. 2 (2019): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2018.25.2.6.
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The article attempts to analyse different types of original glosses and editorial footnotes in the Gospels of the Brest Bible, one of ten Polish translations of the Bible, included in the electronic publication of Szesnastowieczne przekłady Ewangelii (Eng. Sixteenth-Century Translations of the Gospels). Among the original glosses one can distinguish: a) concordant glosses, referring to the parallel fragments of the Bible, b) philologicalexegetic glosses signed with capital letters of the alphabet. The greater part of original glosses of this kind includes annotations that are didactic and doctrinal comments. The marginal glosses signed with capital letters are also short lexical glosses which contain synonyms or definitions of words, including those referring to biblical reality. The contemporary editorial footnotes are different types of footnotes, including: substantive, graphic, inflectional, derivational and phonetic. Short descriptions of each type of footnotes focus on selected and more detailed aspects, e.g. the study of derivational footnotes provides information on the techniques of creating possessive adjectives often used in the text. The article draws upon new research techniques – a computer program Ewangelie (Gospels) and Internet search engine of annotations (https://ewangelie. uw.edu.pl/przypisy) by Michał Rudolf.
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Sindoni, Maria Grazia. ""The Semantics of Migration". Translation as Transduction: Remaking Meanings Across Modes." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, no. 55 (August 29, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v0i55.24287.
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This paper adopts a multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) approach to analyse how meanings are produced and circulated in British major corporate digital media outlets via the multimodal notion of transduction (Kress 1997; Mavers 2011; Newfi eld 2014). Transduction is a form of translation from one semiotic system to another one, for example from verbal language to images and vice versa. However, transductions cannot be interpreted as mere transferrals from one resource to another one, and are here interpreted as multiplying meanings (Lemke 2002). As a case study, this paper will select some online columns from the Telegraph and the Guardian, drawing from a monitor corpus that is under construction to date and that includes multimodal data from the British digital press reporting on the “European migrant crisis” in 2015. The columns selected for this study deal with how people on the move are and/or should be labelled (e.g. Migrants? Refugees? Asylum seekers? Potential terrorists? See Gabrielatos, Baker 2008; Baker et al. 2008). The columns will be commented qualitatively from a multimodal critical discourse framework of analysis, with the goal of shedding light on how pictorial materials (e.g. pictures and diagrams) can amplify, reduce or even contradict what is argued in the verbal text. In the conclusive remarks, some refl ections will be presented with a view to possible future lines of research.
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Tena, Francisco Godoy. "Theoretical Aspects in Spanish>English Translation for University Students: Monitoring Teaching Tools and Further Suggestions for Translation Students." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 12 (2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.12.10.
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Spanish>English Translation for Spanish students is one of the most challenging subjects for non-native English translators. Thanks to these subjects, university students have a practical possibility to translate texts from several general and specialised topics. Owing to this fact, every theoretical study is important in other to reach optimal results in these practical courses. Unfortunately, the COVID19 outbreak at the end of the year 2019 and its subsequent worldwide spread has brought additional adaptations to our university studies. The aim of this study is to explain how these adaptations were introduced in our practical subject “Traducción General C2. Inglés” (General Translation C2. English), which focuses on Spanish>English Translation, and taught in the third course of Translation and Interpreting studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. In addition to this, this research includes some translation methods and conclusions observed during the course: analysis of Translation Cards of every text included in the subject, how the students mentioned problems and comments of every text, and how these problems can be corrected in the subject by considering every feedback from students and teachers. This final objective can, therefore, bring to light essential aspects coming from both sides of the translation teaching process in our universities.
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Štimec, Marta, and Matija Cankar. "Angleško-slovenski glosar virtualizacijske terminologije: usklajevanje tehničnega, terminološkega in organizacijskega dela." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 4, no. 1 (2017): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2016.1.97-117.
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With the growing adoption of using virtual machines over physical hosts as a form of resource consolidation, The English-Slovene Glossary of Virtualization-related Terms encompassing management of virtual machines, cloud orchestration and data storage seemed like the next logical step.The Glossary of Virtualization-related Terms has been translated into Slovene and reviewed by experts in the fields of cloud computing, virtualization technologies and linguists. Close to 6000 terms had been localized for the Slovene market, using the advanced version of Poedit application – the editor for translating apps and websites. PoEdit automatically displays translation equivalents either from its own base (built-in translation memory) or from the base of previously translated words and phrases, which had been created and offered as opensource by other users. Based on these, it makes suggestions and, over time, learns enough to fill in frequently used strings. The translated text was then imported into its original page location – the Graphic User Interface (visible on buttons on the dashboard) of the customized ManageIQ Enterprise Virtualization Manager (EVM) software used by administrators of public and private clouds. Hence the main criterion was brevity and precision in transfering meaning across languages. This is where we encountered most problems – neologisms and existing words that acquire new meaning as a result of rapid development of virtualization technology. To avoid merely adding a suffix while the core of the word remains the same in Slovene (e.g. tenant, tenant-ov) and also to encourage further additions, comments or suggested changes the glossary has been made available on Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia.
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Ferreira, Mariana, Diana Oliveira, Ana Correia, Maria dos Anjos Dixe, Sónia Pós de Mina, and Anne Whitworth. "Cross-cultural adaptation process of the "Conversation Analysis Profile for People with Aphasia" to the Portuguese language." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8, no. 3 (2014): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642014dn83000005.
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The Conversation Analysis Profile for People with Aphasia (CAPPA) provides specific information about strengths and weaknesses of the communication between people with aphasia and their family caregiver within a conversational context.OBJECTIVE:The aim of this paper was to present the results of the first stages of cross-cultural adaptation of the CAPPA for the European Portuguese language.METHODS:This methodology study describes the translation and back-translation processes, following the recommended steps to that end. In addition, following the consent of one of the original authors, the process of content validation of the CAPPA commenced. The instrument was submitted for assessment before a panel of experts in the area, who constituted the population of this study.RESULTSAfter the translation and back-translation processes, a panel of experts was convened to adapt the Delphi technique. Some questions were excluded on the basis of ambiguity, relevance and potential repetition. Suggestions made by the expert panel were included in a revised version of the tool. 159 items obtained a 100% consensus in relevance, and 157 items were considered suitable by the expert panel, validating the content of the instrument.CONCLUSIONThe final version will now be applied to the target population in order to carry out the psychometric validation.
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Fuertes-Olivera, Pedro A. "The Theory and Practice of Specialised Online Dictionaries for Translation." Lexicographica 29, no. 1 (2013): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2013-0006.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the role dictionaries play in a translation situation within the tenets of the Function Theory of Lexicography (Bergenholtz/Tarp, 2002, 2003, 2004; Tarp 2008; Fuertes-Olivera/Tarp, 2014). It comments on the lexicographic data needed for assisting translators of specialised texts, proposes a list of recommendations for constructing high quality translation dictionaries and illustrates these views by referring to the Accounting Dictionaries, a series of interconnected Danish, English, Spanish, Danish-English, English-Danish, Spanish-English and English-Spanish dictionaries that provide assistance to the envisaged user group in a number of specified situations, e.g. L1-L2 and L2-L1 translation (Fuertes-Olivera/ Nielsen, 2012). These dictionaries are subject to a continuous process of adaptation in order to cope with theoretical modifications and technological breakthroughs, e.g. the challenges the Internet poses for making dictionaries (Fuertes-Olivera, 2013a; Fuertes-Olivera/Bergenholtz, 2011 [2013]; Fuertes-Olivera/Tarp, 2014; Tarp, 2012). For instance, since 2011 users can access several usage specific dictionaries, e.g. the Diccionario Inglés-Espanol de Contabilidad: Traducción and the Diccionario Inglés-Espanol de Contabilidad: Traducción de Frases y Expresiones. These are Model T. Ford dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries whose articles and the visualized lexicographical data are adapted to the various functions displayed by the dictionary, frequently assisted by different types of interactive options where the users may define themselves and the activity for which they need information (Tarp, 2011 [2013]).
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Zhang, Leticia Tian, and Daniel Cassany. "‘Is it always so fast?’." Spanish in Context 16, no. 2 (2019): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00035.zha.
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Abstract While much research has proved the benefits of subtitled audiovisuals for foreign language learning, few studies address such practices in out-of-classroom settings or focus on Asia-based video-sharing platforms. This study bridges this gap by introducing an increasingly popular viewing-commenting system in Japan and China, known as danmu or danmaku, which displays viewers’ timeline-synchronized comments on video content. We analyse the metalinguistic comments which entail viewers’ knowledge of the language, their comprehension issues and sociolinguistic attitudes toward its use. Adopting an inductive or data-driven methodology, we extracted and manually coded 390 comments that are related to the Spanish language, Spanish–Chinese translation and learning Spanish. Results show that viewers are mostly interested in linguistic features that differ from Chinese or English (e.g. the complex grammar) and they use danmu to access sociolinguistic issues that are central to daily communication such as the fast speech rate, language varieties, and frequent use of vulgarisms.
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Young, Paul David. "The Last Days of Mankind, by Karl Kraus, translated from the German by Fred Bridgham and Edward Timms. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015." PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 38, no. 2 (2016): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pajj_r_00329.
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The triumphal rhetoric of war repeatedly seduces the public. As it was in Karl Kraus's Austria, so it is today in the U.S. with the current crop of Republican presidential candidates recklessly advocating military intervention, e.g. Ted “Carpet Bomb” Cruz. I'm afraid Senator Cruz and other warmongers will not take the opportunity to enjoy the very fine work that Bridgham and Timms have done to offer the English-speaking world a complete translation of Karl Kraus's epic, World War I satire The Last Days of Mankind (Die Letzten Tage der Menschheit). Nonetheless, the translators, and Kraus himself, should be commended for attempting to teach mankind the as yet unlearned lesson of the folly of war.
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Asadov, F. M. "Tax-farming agreement at the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Muctadid (892 CE): an extract from the Kitāb al-Wuzarā’ by Hilal al-Sabi." Orientalistica 3, no. 5 (2020): 1298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-5-1298-1311.
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The publication is a commented translation from Arabic into Russian of an extract from the book by Hilal al-Sabi (Abū'l-Ḥusayn Hilāl b. Muḥassin b. Ibrahīm al- Ṣābi 969–1056 AD) “Kitāb al-Wuzarā’ ” (The Book of Wazirs. The extract comprises an account about the circumstances and conditions of a lease agreement between the wazir of the Caliph al- Mu‘tadid billah (r. 892–902 AD) and a certain Muhammad at-Tai concerning the fertile lands of Central and Southern Iraq. The translation is introduced by a preface, which outlines the political and economic situation in the caliphate in the year of the accession of the caliph al-Mu‘tadid to the throne and explains the reasons for the emergence of the tax-farming deals during the rule of the Abbasid caliphs. The extract also provides the description of the circumstances of the agreement as well as provides the actual text of the document. Altogether they describe the relations between the government officials and the tax-farming dealers in the Abbasid caliphate at the end of the 9th century AD. They offer a vivid picture of creating corruption schemes to enrich government bureaucracy and tax dealers. They also provide many interesting details, which illustrate the life of the caliph court and the army.
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Panov, Maxim, and Andrii Zelinskyi. "Statue of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Villa Albani 558): Study of the Inscription and Problem of the Dating." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.08.
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The article presents a newly commented translation of the hieroglyphic inscription on the statue of Ptolemy II Philadelphos from Bubastis, created several years after a countrywide Egyptian cult dedicated to Arsinoe II had been established. A new interpretation of the text provides evidence for Ptolemy II erecting an additional statue in honor of his deceased sister, and adds one more spelling of Arsinoe’s name based on the wordplay ‘Arsinoe = his sister’ to the already known variants. A victorious military journey to the coastal settlements of Asian countries at the beginning of the Second Syrian War (259-257 BCE), accordingly provides an opportunity to reconsider and improve the current reconstruction of the military activities. The historical source under discussion along with the papyri from Zenon’s archive and other Egyptian documents dating to the same period not only show quite clearly that Ptolemy himself took part in that campaign, but also enables the correct dating of the end of the war to the spring of 257 BCE.
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Gimževskienė, Karolina. "Lithuanian Mythological Creatures Laumės and their Equivalents in Russian and English." Vertimo studijos 12 (December 20, 2019): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2019.1.
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This article aims to find cultural equivalents for the Lithuanian mythological creature laumė in the English and Russian languages. Therefore, a comparative analysis of similar mythological creatures in Lithuanian, Russian and English languages and cultures was carried out. The results of the analysis have shown which names of these creatures might be considered cultural equivalents. Such information is useful not only when choosing a domestication strategy, but for a foreignization strategy as well because these equivalents can be used both in the translation text itself and in additional extratextual comments. The conclusions given at the end of this article may be of practical importance for translators or authors writing about Lithuanian mythology and folklore for English or Russian speaking readers.
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Mohammed, Wafaa Dahham. "Categorizing Declarative Speech Acts in English – Arabic Political Translation: A Pragmatic Study." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 3 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n3y2019.pp49-56.
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Declarative speech acts are those acts that affect immediate changes in the world via their utterance. The specification of declarative speech acts raises problematic area as not all declarative utterances serve out performatively. The specificity of pragmatic conditions of declarative acts lead to another problem in that setting out the same function and affecting the same immediate change would not similarly be lexicalized in the two different natural languages. Therefore, declarative speech acts will pose difficulties for translators if they are unaware of categorizing their pragmatic conditions appropriately and integrating their process interpreting with affecting immediate perlocutionary purposively. Accordingly, it aims at: 1) setting some felicity conditions for determining sensibly whether the specified declarative expressions serve out performatively as genuine declarative acts or not. 2-Examining whether English declarative acts are perceived performatively in Arabic. 3- Exercising to what extents do the translators transfer declarative intentioned effects. and 4- Proposing certain pragmatic parameters for interpreting situational bounded expressions and providing some remedies for mistranslated verbs. The objective of the study is fairly confined to a number of declarative acts selected from dialogues, comments, statements and debates of English TV (e.g. Al-Jazeera TV, BBC, among many others). The main result shows that declarative acts are performatively influenced by contextual nature. The result also shows that many declarative expressions can alternatively name different illocutionary act. From functional perspective, the perception of English declarative acts is different from the Arabic one. Thus, the most accurate rendering of declarations is based on the correspondence between perception and immediate perloctionary affects.
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Tieman, Jennifer, and Virginia Lewis. "Benefits of Structured Engagement with Target Audiences of a Health Website: Study Design for a Multi-Case Study." Healthcare 9, no. 5 (2021): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050600.
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Access to evidence and practice knowledge precedes use, but availability does not guarantee reach and uptake by intended audiences. The CareSearch project provides online palliative care evidence and information to support health and aged care professionals as well as patients, carers and families to make informed decisions about care at the end of life. Already established in the palliative care sector, CareSearch commenced planning to extend its reach, and ensure website use is maximised for different audiences. This paper reports on the development of the Engagement Framework which will be used to guide and deliver an Engagement Project which will actively seek feedback and insights from intended users in a structured process. The process for developing the Engagement Framework commenced with a literature review of approaches used in knowledge translation, implementation science, and social marketing. The Engagement Framework comprising eight steps was then developed. The Engagement Framework outlines the series of tasks to be undertaken by team members when working with three target groups (Aged Care; Allied Health; and Patients, Carers and Families). A process/formative evaluation collecting data using qualitative methods is also described for use in the subsequent Engagement Project. The evaluation will explore the experiences of project participants as well as staff implementing the engagement activities. The three target groups will enable a cross-case comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. Planning, implementing and evaluating engagement with intended audiences, offers one mechanism to identify ways to increase interaction and integration with knowledge users.
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BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS." Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.
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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.
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Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna. "On the question of studying the examination system during the reign of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. The image of a student in the stories of Pu Songling." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2105-07.
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The stories of the Chinese writer Pu Songling about the extraordinary are well known all over the world: there are translations in English, French, German and Spanish. The article, based on the study of the stories of Pu Songling in the translations of the outstanding Russian orientalist Vasiliy Mikhailovich Alekseev (1881-1951), presents the image of a student and the features of the examination system (keju) during the reign of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China (1644-1911). The importance of fiction in the study of the content of the institution of state examinations is emphasized. Artistic images help to see the uniqueness and specificity of the keju system. Highly qualified translations of Liao Zhai's stories and V.M. Alekseev's comments create the image of a student - "a criminal in prison", "a bee frozen by the end of autumn", "a sick bird released from a cage", "a monkey on a leash", "a fly that has drunk poison", "a turtle dove whose eggs have broken". The materials of the article can be useful in preparing for classes in "History" study field. These stories allow considering the system of state examinations (keju) during the Qing Dynasty as a specific phenomenon of Chinese culture. The author considers three types of exams in the period of the Manchu Qing Dynasty - county-regional, provincial and metropolitan with a specific system of tasks and levels of difficulty for each level.
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Смирнов, Дмитрий Владимирович. "Sermon of Nestorius «Against the Heretics, About the Divine Trinity» (CPG 5691)”. Translation from Greek, Edition of Slavic Translation from Greek, Preface and Commentaries by Dmitry V. Smirnov." Библия и христианская древность, no. 2(10) (July 10, 2021): 28–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/bca.2021.10.2.002.
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Публикация посвящена проповеди Нестория, архиепископа Константинопольского, «Против еретиков, о божественной Троице» (CPG 5691), которая сохранилась под именем Василия, архиепископа Селевкийского, и была недавно идентифицирована и издана в древнегреческом оригинале В. Кинцигом. В предисловии даётся общая характеристика корпуса греческих проповедей Нестория, рассматривается текстология публикуемой проповеди и её перевода на славянский язык, анализируются богословское содержание проповеди и её критическая рецепция святителем Кириллом Александрийским. По заключению автора, проповедь имеет скорее риторическую, чем богословскую ценность; вместе с тем она служит важным источником, позволяющим понять внутреннюю связь между триадологическими и христологическими убеждениями Нестория. Предлагается полный русский перевод проповеди; в комментариях к переводу представлен ряд исправлений и уточнений текстологических решений и интерпретаций Кинцига. По рукописям Hilandar. slav. 404, Hilandar. slav. 389 и РГБ. Ф. 98. № 462 издаётся древний славянский перевод проповеди, сделанный в конце XIV в. в кругу святителя Евфимия Тырновского, патриарха Болгарского. The publication focuses on the sermon «Against Heretics, on the Divine Trinity» (CPG 5691) of Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, which survived under the name of Basil, Archbishop of Seleucia, and was recently identified and published in an ancient Greek by W. Kinzig. The preface gives a general description of the corpus of Greek sermons by Nestorius, examines the textology of the sermon and of its translation into the Slavic language, analyzes the theological content of the sermon and its critical reception by St. Cyril of Alexandria. According to the author’s conclusion, the sermon has a rhetorical rather than theological value; at the same time, it serves as an important source for understanding the inner connection between the triadological and christological beliefs of Nestorius. Full Russian translation of the sermon is offered; in the comments to the translation, a number of corrections and clarifications of textual solutions and interpretations of Kinzig are presented. Based on the manuscripts Hilandar. slav. 404, Hilandar. slav. 389 and RSB. F. 98. № 462 the ancient Slavic translation of the sermon, made at the end of the XIV century in the circle of Euthymius of Tarnovo, Patriarch of Bulgaria, is published.
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HENNEMANN, FRANK H., OSKAR V. CONLE, WEIWEI ZHANG, and YE LIU. "Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea)." Zootaxa 1701, no. 1 (2008): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1701.1.4.
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The genus Parastheneboea Redtenbacher, 1908 is recorded for the first time from the Yunnan Province and Chongqing municipality, China. Two new species are described and illustrated: P. foliculata n. sp. from Yunnan based on the female and eggs, and P. simianshanensis n. sp. from Chongqing based on the male alone. The systematics of Parastheneboea Brunner v. Wattenwyl are briefly discussed with a list of species provided. Andropromachus Carl, 1913 is represented in China by only one species, A. guangxiense (Chen & He, 2000). The genus is briefly discussed and shown to be closely related to Neohirasea Rehn, 1904. An English translation of the original Chinese description of A. guangxiense (Chen & He) is provided. A re-description, a brief review, comments and a key to the species of Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1908 are provided. The genus is shown to belong in the subfamily Lonchodinae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 and to be related to Menexenus Stål, 1875. Pericentrus appendiculatus Redtenbacher, 1908 is transferred to the genus Trychopeplus Shelford, 1919 (n. comb.) and the type-locality “Central-Java” shown to be wrong. Pericentrus Redtenbacher has so far not been recorded from China but is very likely to be present in South Xizang (= Tibet). The new genus Cnipsomorpha n. gen. is described for three highly mountainous species from Yunnan Province, Cnipsus apteris Liu & Cai, 1992, Cnipsus colorantis Chen & He, 1996 and Cnipsomorpha erinacea n. sp., of which the latter is designated as the type-species. All three species are only known from the females. The egg of C. erinacea n. sp. is the only one known from the genus and briefly described and illustrated. The new genus is related to Parapachymorpha Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893, and hence provisionally attributed to Phasmatidae: Pachymorphinae: Gratidiini. A key is provided to distinguish between the species of Cnipsomorpha n. gen.. English translations of the original Chinese descriptions of Cnipsus apteris Liu & Cai, 1992 and Cnipsus colorantis Chen & He, 1996 are presented. Type-specimens of new taxa are deposited in IZCAS, INCA and the collections of the authors.
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NILL, FLORIAN. "WEYL ALGEBRAS, FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS AND INTEGRALS ON FINITE-DIMENSIONAL HOPF ALGEBRAS." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 06, no. 01 (1994): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x94000092.
Full textAbstract:
The "Weyl algebras" [Formula: see text], σ, σ′ ∈ {+, –}, over a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra H are defined to be the abstract algebras generated by left or right (σ = ±) multiplication operators Qσ (ψ), ψ ∈ H, and left or right (σ′ = ±) translation operators Pσ′ (a), [Formula: see text] dual of H. It is shown that these algebras are all isomorphic to End (H). Fourier transformations are defined as intertwiners [Formula: see text] implementing a natural isomorphism [Formula: see text]. As a byproduct, this formalism provides a new proof of the invertibility of the antipode and the uniqueness (up to multiplication by a constant) of left and right integrals on finite-dimensional Hopf algebras. If H is a star Hopf algebra, the canonical representations of [Formula: see text] become star representation and Fourier transformation becomes an isometry w.r.t. a natural choice of nondegenerate hermitian forms on H and [Formula: see text]. Some comments on the relation with the C*-approach of Woronowicz and Podleś & Woronowicz are added.
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Goossens, Ilvy, Marlee Jordan, and Tonia Nicholls. "#AbolishNCR: A Qualitative Analysis of Social Media Narratives around the Insanity Defense." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 63, no. 2 (2021): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2020-0019.
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This article presents an analysis of social media posts by laypersons regarding a finding of Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) for Matthew de Grood after a high-profile trial in 2016 in Canada. From trial to verdict, a total of 4,991 tweets relating to the case were harvested from Twitter. Qualitative content analysis of 365 tweets by laypersons revealed three themes – largely equating the insanity defense to a legal loophole: (1) The case exemplified a misappropriation of the legal defense (e.g., due to privilege, due to the seriousness of the offence); (2) The perception existed that the NCRMD defence is a miscarriage of justice; (3) Many comments reflected a search for answers and justice. These embodied the ABCs of NCRMD: advocating, blaming, and clarifying. A need for public education about the forensic psychiatric system is evident; misconceptions about the insanity defence appeared pervasive. Further research could focus on the efficacy of knowledge translation over new media channels, such as Twitter.
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Morena, Nina, Nicholas Zelt, Diana Nguyen, Carrie A. Rentschler, Devon Greyson, and Ari N. Meguerditchian. "Can online patient reviews be used to assess oncologist competency? RateMD as a cancer care evaluation tool." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): e18656-e18656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18656.
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e18656 Background: Medical oncology (MEDONC) requires a combination of skills in collaboration, communication, and professionalism, ultimately delivering technical and clinical knowledge in practice. Standard assessment tools (e.g. written examination, OSCE) are not effective in evaluating competencies beyond technical skills and fail to define the cancer care experience holistically. This explorative, descriptive study aims to identify the potential of unstructured, unsolicited, open access online patient reviews (OPRs) as a tool to assess physician competency. Methods: University-affiliated MEDONCs in Ontario (Canada) were selected. All OPRs were identified on RateMD using every name permutation; physician names and institutional affiliations were removed from comments. A descriptive analysis of the cohort was completed. The CanMEDS Framework, defining physician standards, was used with its hierarchy of roles, concepts, and competencies. Two reviewers, a communication studies researcher and a healthcare professional, independently assessed comments and identified common themes. Competency-level assessments were evaluated using kappa with linear weights. Results: 473 OPRs were identified for 49 MEDONCs (71% male, 29% female). Of these, 23% were written by care providers. Competencies defining roles of Medical Expert, Communicator, and Professional were most prevalent (64%, 38%, and 27% respectively). Agreement levels were high in all roles (wK = 0.71 - 1.00). Themes identified were similar in positive and negative evaluations. Most commonly discussed positive themes were knowledge translation and compassionate interpersonal skills. Most common negative themes centered on lack of humility, compassion, and communication skills. 38% of comments were marked helpful, indicating engagement with other OPRs as a key characteristic of rating tools. In addition to the physician in question, 21% of OPRs reported on healthcare delivery by staff. Conclusions: OPRs emphasize experiential competencies related to interpersonal skills and suggest an alternative format to evaluating such aspects of MEDONC competencies.[Table: see text]
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Konopka, Tomasz, Sandra Ng, and Damian Smedley. "Diffusion enables integration of heterogeneous data and user-driven learning in a desktop knowledge-base." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 8 (2021): e1009283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009283.
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Integrating reference datasets (e.g. from high-throughput experiments) with unstructured and manually-assembled information (e.g. notes or comments from individual researchers) has the potential to tailor bioinformatic analyses to specific needs and to lead to new insights. However, developing bespoke analysis pipelines from scratch is time-consuming, and general tools for exploring such heterogeneous data are not available. We argue that by treating all data as text, a knowledge-base can accommodate a range of bioinformatic data types and applications. We show that a database coupled to nearest-neighbor algorithms can address common tasks such as gene-set analysis as well as specific tasks such as ontology translation. We further show that a mathematical transformation motivated by diffusion can be effective for exploration across heterogeneous datasets. Diffusion enables the knowledge-base to begin with a sparse query, impute more features, and find matches that would otherwise remain hidden. This can be used, for example, to map multi-modal queries consisting of gene symbols and phenotypes to descriptions of diseases. Diffusion also enables user-driven learning: when the knowledge-base cannot provide satisfactory search results in the first instance, users can improve the results in real-time by adding domain-specific knowledge. User-driven learning has implications for data management, integration, and curation.
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Ünal, Ahmet. "A Hittite treaty tablet from Oylum Höyük in southeastern Turkey and the location of Ḫaššu(wa)". Anatolian Studies 65 (2015): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154615000058.
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AbstractIn the summer of 2012 Oylum Höyük yielded its first Hittite cuneiform tablet and thus joined five other Hittite tabletyielding sites in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria. The tablet was probably removed from a nearby Hittite imperial-period monumental building, which seems to have been the Hittites’ administrative centre at Oylum, and incorporated into Iron Age debris. The wording of the text, in its preserved parts, shares traits with Hittite state treaties. It also has striking similarities with Hittite instruction texts, due to the generic affinities between these two genres. However, on the basis of the overall structure of the Oylum tablet and, most significantly, the inclusion of a list of oath gods at the end of the text, it is proposed that we are dealing here with a treaty. This article clarifies the genre and comprehensible context of the tablet, provides a transliteration and, as far as it is possible, a translation of the text, provides some philological comments and ends with the suggestion that the ancient name of Oylum Höyük was Ḫaššu(wa).
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Richmond, Sarah. "Responses to Matthew Eshleman and Adrian van den Hoven." Sartre Studies International 26, no. 1 (2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ssi.2020.260104.
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I am so grateful to Matthew Eshleman and Adrian van den Hoven for their generous, insightful comments. Translating can be a lonely activity, especially when the text is as lengthy as BN. At the end of hours of involvement with Sartre’s French – perched, as it were, on the edge of his mind – I often felt in need of other, auxiliary minds to re-centre me, to save me from toppling over completely into Sartre’s consciousness and drowning. In these moments, I usually turned to dictionaries and other internet resources to bolster my critical distance; more rarely, I would email fellow translators or philosophers for help. But I have had very little of the attentive, fine-grained dialogue offered here, and I have immensely enjoyed, and benefited from, this exchange. Hopefully, SSI readers will also find it of interest.
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Gałuskina, Ksenia, and Joanna Sycz. "LATIN MAXIMS AND PHRASES IN THE POLISH, ENGLISH AND FRENCH LEGAL SYSTEMS – THE COMPARATIVE STUDY." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 34, no. 1 (2013): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2013-0020.
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Abstract The aim of this research paper is to examine Latin in the context of legal translation between the Polish, English and French languages. Latin ap- pears in contemporary legal discourse in the form of maxims, short phrases and terms. Even though it constitutes an integral element of legal drafting, Latin often attracts little attention from legal translators. It is falsely assumed that Latin elements of the text do not require translation due to several miscon- ceptions related to the Latin language. Firstly, Latin is generally perceived as a global language with no local variations in form. Secondly, Latin is believed to be the universal point of reference in international communication (which is true only in the case of the natural sciences). Thirdly, Latin legal phrases or maxims are thought to originate solely from Roman law, thus they express only Roman legal thought. In the first part of the paper we will address the above issues. To this end, we will briefly discuss the historical presence of Latin in the European lin- guistic context. We will then present the results of our research into the use of Latinisms in the Polish, French and English legal systems. The subject of our research was a set of twenty Latin maxims and phrases that frequently appear in the decisions of the Polish courts. During the first stage of the analysis, the items in question were verified in Legalis (the on-line service devoted to Polish law). The second stage of the research involved the consultation of monolingual dictionaries of French and English legal language to verify the universal charac- ter of the analyzed Latinisms. During the third stage of the analysis, we looked at the practical use of Latinisms in online databases of legal texts (Dalloz.fr, Westlaw International). The paper concludes with some comments on Latinisms in lexicographical publications and online sources.
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Umi Musyarofah. "MENGOMENTARI TAFSIR JALĀLAYN." AL ITQAN: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an 6, no. 1 (2020): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47454/itqan.v6i1.719.
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This study examines the manuscript of the Tafsir Jalālayn in Tamansari Village, Jaken, Pati. The research method used is qualitative with a philological and historical approach. The focus of research is on the physical text or codicological aspects, as well as the study of the text. Although it is not certain who copied them(by hand), this research finds that the manuscripts were written in the late 19th century (1890 AD). The existence of comments on the main text (matan) of Tafsir Jalālayn shows that there was a learning process of interpretation as well as an attempt to provide further explanations for this tafsir that was carried out in pesantren in this area at the end of the 19th century. This study also identifies the characteristics of the text in the manuscript. First, the interlinear translation (makna gandhul) along with the grammatical code that uses Javanese language to assist students understand the content of Tafsir Jalālayn. Second, the manuscript contains Javanese vocabulary which is no longer commonly used. Third, the marginal notes in Arabic (hamish) add a broader and deeper understanding of the Quran. Hamish has five contributions to the main text, i.e: explaining in more detail the content of the verse and its tafsir; as an explanation for words that are still general; as a source of reference information on writing the hamish; as a main text corrector; and as a complementary to the translation of the main text. The most interesting finding in its hamish is that there is a reference to a manuscript of tafsir written by a scholar from the Rengel area, Tuban, named Kiai Madyāni Abū Ishāq entitled Tibyān al-Asrārfī Qiṣṣati Yūsuf Ladhawī al-Abṣār. This is an initial indication of the existence of correspondence between Javanese scholars in terms of Quranic interpretation. Keywords: Manuscript of tafsir Jalālayn, codicology, characteristic of text.
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Levy, Mike, and Caroline Steel. "Language learner perspectives on the functionality and use of electronic language dictionaries." ReCALL 27, no. 2 (2015): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095834401400038x.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the extent of electronic dictionary use by language learners in an Australian university. All students in the study are formally enrolled in language courses across ten languages at first, second or third year level. The study places a particular emphasis on gauging student perceptions of the beneficial aspects of electronic dictionaries as judged by learners themselves in circumstances where they are able to act independently. As these benefits are often described in terms of usability and functionality, these particular terms are defined and introduced in the literature review, and then later they are employed to help structure and describe the results.The arguments for the discussion are supported by the use of empirical data taken from a large-scale survey conducted in 2011 (n=587) where comments from students were obtained on why and how dictionary-type resources were accessed and used (see also Steel & Levy, 2013). The paper restricts itself to the quantitative and qualitative data gathered on mobile phones, translators, dictionaries and web conjugators and related items (e.g. discussion forums). The particular functions that students use and the ways in which they use them are described and categorised, with the discussion supported by student comments.The data exhibits a remarkable range of resources available to students to look up unknown words or to see translations and, consequently, our understanding of what exactly an electronic dictionary might comprise is challenged. Many students’ comments demonstrate a sophistication and knowledge about the effective use of these dictionary tools together with a keen awareness of their limitations.
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Farkas, Aliz. "Critical Reception of William Faulkner’s." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 9, no. 3 (2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2017-0025.
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AbstractThe history of reception of William Faulkner’s most cherished work, The Sound and the Fury, tellingly reveals the changes that have occurred in reader attitude toward the novel since its first publication in 1929. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the modalities of interpretation employed by three, culturally and historically distinct “interpretive communities” (Fish 1980): American literary critics and reviewers evaluating the novel upon its first publication, Romanian literary critics and reviewers expressing their opinion on the Romanian translation of the novel published in 1971, and contemporary Internet bloggers and commenters discussing their reading experience with the novel.Relying on Hans Robert Jauss’s notions of “aesthetic distance” and “horizon of expectation” (Jauss 1970, 1982), I have raised two questions that I will try to answer at the end of this paper. First, I would like to see whether the literary career of The Sound and the Fury follows the trajectory from initial rejection to wide acceptance with increasing aesthetic value, as predicted by Jauss’s theory. Second, I am interested in finding out whether those features of the novel that were initially perceived as unfamiliar and incomprehensible were indeed incorporated into the later readers’ horizon of expectations, so that they no longer pose problems for the readers.
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Camplair, Patricia S. "Tools for the TBI Clinician." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 5, no. 1 (1999): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617799001137.
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In P.S. This Accident Has Changed Everyone and Everything, Kathleen Griffiths has provided a useful reference book for family members of head-injured persons. The title comes from a letter from one such family member; short segments from the experiences of relatives and friends dot the text, fleshing out the personal side in an otherwise “meat-and-potatoes” text. Dr. Griffiths is commended for her translation of the basics of brain injury (from neuropathology to medical assessment and rehabilitation) into plain English, so that fairly technical information is accessible to the layperson. This is perhaps the greatest strength of the book. Clinicians will find the book particularly helpful for family members of severely injured persons with a lengthy period of coma and/or posttraumatic amnesia, and for whom some degree of significant residual impairment is highly likely.Coping With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury evoked mixed reactions, once my initial excitement to see such a book passed. Written by a psychologist who has survived a combined acquired and traumatic brain injury (cerebral bleed and associated car accident), and coauthored by a writer, the book does an admirable job of describing possible problems that occur following brain injury, along with numerous practical suggestions for coping with these. Excerpts from interviews with other BI survivors are included throughout the book to illustrate problems and solutions. Other strengths include the glossary and resource appendices at the end of the book.
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Marie Denicola, Christine, Lisa Altshuler, and Sondra Zabar. "2068." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.157.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Skillful research staff members are critical to productive translational research teams and yet their ongoing professional development is rarely formally addressed. Through the Strategic Teamwork for Effective Practice-Mentor Development Program (STEP-MDP), we aimed to both create a community of practice (COP) for research staff and build the skills needed to enhance research team performance. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We selected 16 participants of 32 staff-level applicants from among the NYU Schools of Medicine, Social Work and Nursing for the first STEP-MDP cohort. Participants included research assistants, coordinators, managers, and directors. We delivered 3, two-hour workshops, scheduled 3 weeks apart, focused on team communication, identifying team areas for improvement, and mentorship/coaching skills. Peer-Coaching Teams (PCTs) were created by pairing participants at the same position level, and PCTs worked together at each session to explore and practice learned skills. Sessions featured brief didactics, group-based learning and exercises based on participants’ real issues. A variety of active learning techniques such as brainstorming, role-playing, problem solving, and peer coaching were used. Practical core readings, worksheets, and summary cards were provided. PCTs met between sessions to practice coaching skills, and troubleshoot problems. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants (n=16) completed a 37-item retrospective pre/post self-assessment of team behaviors and skills, and a STEP-MDP evaluation survey at the end. We saw pre-post improvements in each of 5 self-assessment domains: Communication (4 items, pre-mean 2.66, post mean 3.36, p≤0.001), Leadership (8 items, pre-mean 2.76, post mean 3.55, p≤0.001), Empowerment and Motivation (12 items, pre-mean 2.86, post mean 3.51, p≤0.001), Coaching (6 items, pre-mean 2.40, post mean 3.58, p≤0.001), and Community (3 items, pre-mean 2.33, post mean 3.76, p≤0.001). On average, PCTs met twice (range 2–4 times) between workshop sessions. Learners valued the PCTs, and 1 commented on the value of working with peers in PCTs, having no one in a similar position within his immediate work environment. Participants’ written comments strongly endorsed the value of the workshops for their work, with the coaching skills session seen as the most valuable. Some participants worry that skills will decrease over time without continued reinforcement. All but 1 participant reported that they planned to continue with the PCT. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The number of applicants to our program suggests a need and motivation for staff to participate in the STEP-MDP. Participants’ reported improved skills and sense of community. To maintain the COP and address worry about degradation of skills we are planning to remind PCTs to meet once a month and will follow-up with them 3 and 6 months post intervention to evaluate their continued development. This spring a second cohort will receive the training. We believe developing these core teamwork skills will lead to more collaborative, efficient, and innovative research. We have implemented a successful program targeting critical members of research teams with potential to facilitate expansion of institutional capacity for translational research. It will be important to understand the long-term impact of the program on individuals, on team science, on research, and ultimately on the health of the public.
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Ahmad, Wasim, Khaiser Rabee, and Mohd Zulkifle. "Arab and Muslim contributions to Medicine and Research A Review." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 16, no. 3 (2017): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v16i3.32844.
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The accomplishments in the development of knowledge by medieval Arab civilization have been termed by some scholars as mere translation and preservation of Greek knowledge. It is alleged that the original works of Arab were only the preservations and duplications. They had no curiosity for learning and thus their insights, intuitions and cognition were immature. And it is assumed that investigations and inquiries are the achievement of recent periods. This study intends to investigate the knowledge expansion in the perspective of research in field of medicine by the Arabs. There are many renowned scholars who had made such irresponsible comments regarding Arabian diligence. For instance E.G. Brown comments its long recognized importance, lies not in its originality, but in the fact that in the long interval which separated the decay of Greek learning from the Renaissance, it represented the most faithful tradition of ancient wisdom, and during the dark ages was the principal source from which Europe derived such philosophical and scientific ideas as it possessed. Thus such paradigm statement was largely propagated by the scholars who had limited access to the Arabic literature. In contrast the fact is that initial Arabian contribution in the knowledge was the golden period of Arabs. The investigation based upon the reliable classical and historical literature revealed that the Arabs emphasized on research and rational thinking as their important tools of growth and development in medicine as could be observed in Al-Razi statement any physician who is dependent only on his experimentation and neglect literary knowledge and hypothesis then he may be a failure. Hence, an attempt is made to explore and highlight the Arab endeavors in original medical innovations which made them the sole source of many learning scholars. They had excelled in many innovations like bed side clinics, differential diagnosis between small pox and measles, concepts of mobile clinics, pharmacy, emergency facilities, midwifery, separate pediatrics facilities and advancement in the fields of psychiatry, cardiology, ophthalmology etcBangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(3) 2017 p.339-345
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Yakymchuk, O. M. ,. Belova N. V. "Messiaen analyzes Messiaen: author’s comments on the piano cycle «Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus»." Aspects of Historical Musicology 14, no. 14 (2018): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-14.03.
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Background. Most of Messiaen’s works has an author’s comment. The composer usually prefaces his compositions with preambles, epigraphs, analytical notes. There are also two wide theoretical works devoted to explaining the technique of Messiaen’s compositions and grounds of his system: «Technique of my musical language» (1942) and «Treatise Messiaen addresses to a listener, when he commented on the thematic structure of the cycle, providing semantic and figurative orientations for perception. The composer immediately determines the cross-cutting themes that pass through the cycle: the theme of God, the theme of mystical love, the theme of the Star and the Cross, the theme of chords, showing in what plays they sound and how they are transformed. It all looks quite understandable and can really help the listener navigate in music. However, it may seem that Messiaen deliberately disorients the reader of his Notes. For example, the theme of chords, in his definition, is “abstract, it is similar to the series, but very specific and very easily recognizable due to its colors: gray-and-blue, steel, supersaturated red and bright orange, violet-and-lilac, shrouded brown and surrounded by purple-and-crimson” [4: 32]. It is clear that the addressee of such a text is an extraordinary listener of academic concerts, and, it should be admitted, – an extraordinary performer. The same conceptual multidirectionality is also characteristic for the treatise «Technique of My Musical Language» created shortly before the «Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus». In the treatise one does not to look for a good statement on the bases of the musical composition – it is a colorful and mysterious mix of concepts, images, various spheres of human knowledge and arts. Such a complicated explanation of a mixture of different concepts can lead to hopelessness even a musicologist who operates by traditional notions of musical form. How can one understand the form where «development precedes the exposition»? How does the principle of fugue combine with the Indian rhythms? How can be the traditional principles of Gregorian chorus unfolded through the modes of limited transposition? We should admit that if we only read the texts of Messiaеn, we would definitely go to a dead end. However, the problem someway disappears, if you start listening to his music, especially the one that is being discussed. Based on music, not text, one can find that the musical process is entirely explained by the concepts used by Messiaen, although some, undoubtedly, require certain effort to decrypt. Messiaen’s musical (including thematic) material is represented traditionally in complex, where the melodic-harmonic basis is inseparable from its rhythmic realization. As for the musical forms and principles of musical organization, presented in the Messiaen’s works, «Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus» can be considered as the “catalog” of those and others. Some concepts the composer introduced he uses for the first time, some of these he re-thinks in a new way in his system. Thus, the entire musical theory, presented by Messiaen in his “Notes”, may be translated into “a normal” language comprehensible for us. Why would Messiaen complicate the perception of his texts if he wanted to be clear? Indeed, even a musicologist (not to mention a listener or a performer) has to make some effort for expanding his knowledge beyond the scope of musicology in order to understand adequately his comments. It is likely that the Word used by Messiaen is a kind of invitation to co-creation. The programs of his works, according to the definition of musicologist K. Zenkin, preserve “the entire impossibility of translation” of the musical images, returning “music into music that has absorbed all the fullness of color and poetic sensations” [1: 8]. Another explanation for such a strong connection of Messiaen’s music with the Word lies, obviously, in his belonging to the French Church, particularly, to its organ tradition. The desire to interpret and explain is characteristically for the Church tradition. Throughout his life Messiaen was performed the duties of a church organist in the St. Trinity Church in Paris, and he could not fail to be influenced by the Church. Among the most important for the composer ideas and concepts, which appear in the texts of his verbal comments, those that related to Christianity in general and Catholicism in particular are predominant. Conclusions. If we go deep into the question of the religiosity of Messiaen, then it will lead us very far, since religiosity was one of the most important foundations of his outlook in general. Is it a possible to listen to his music without the comments? Of course, the magic of Messiaen’s music will influence onto an audience and without the texts, but the quite substantial component will disappear from it. We can conclude that a person who meets with the music of Messiaen – and it does not a matter, simply he listens to it, performs it or analyzes it with notes – becomes involved in the orbit of the Messiaen’s Universe, where the music embodies the Word in a Divine sense, and where the Word filled with life and meaning of the Music. ornithology» (1949–1992, not finished). Obviously, that the composer tries to present his ideas to the audience. But whom are his words turned to? To the listener, performer, to the musicologist analyzing his compositions? Why is his music not enough, and the composer obviously tries to clothe his ideas in a wordy form yet? Understanding of the composer’s intentions is important and for performing of his music, and for its adequate perception. In addition, a composer’s word in the XX century became usual for us, it is a part of the modern cultural paradigm. The objective of this research is the studying of author’s comments on the piano cycle «Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus» and identification of the meaning of a Word and its communicative purpose for the commented music. The article used the analytical and comparative methods applying to author’s texts of Messiaen («Notes on the piano cycle “Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus”», «Technique of My Musical Language») as well as to the results of the musicological studies related to these texts, with there after generalization of the observations and the opinions. Results of the study. The cycle «Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus» is indicative for Messiaеn’s creativity. «Notes on the piano cycle “Twenty Contemplations on the Infant Jesus”» were written in 1978 and published in the edition “Hommage à Olivier Messiaen” by Paris publishing house “La recherché artistique”, 1978. In the first edition, the composer presented an epigraph and a brief explanation to each of the twenty plays. But over time, he understood that this was not enough, so he added to the first short comments the more detailed explanations on composition methods (including his own), the construction of musical forms, specificity of imaginative content, the designation of leitmotivs and their transformation.
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Cauvin, Jacques, Ian Hodder, Gary O. Rollefson, Ofer Bar-Yosef, and Trevor Watkins. "The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture by Jacques Cauvin, translated by Trevor Watkins (New Studies in Archaeology.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-521-65135-2 hardback £37.50 & $59.95 Reviewed by Ian Hodder, Gary O. Rollefson, Ofer Bar-Yosef with a response by Trevor Watkins." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 1 (2001): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774301000063.
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When, almost a century ago, Raphael Pumpelly put forward the ‘oasis theory’ for the origins of farming in the Near East, his was one of the first in a long series of explanations which looked to environment and ecology as the cause of the shift from hunting and gathering to cultivation and animal husbandry. Pumpelly envisaged climatic desiccation at the end of the last Ice Age as the primary factor, forcing humans, plants and animals into ever closer proximity as the arid zones expanded around them. Subsequent fieldworkers took the closer investigation of environmental changes as a key aim of their research, both in the Near East and elsewhere, and this has remained a fundamental theme in theories for the emergence of agriculture. More recent advances in our understanding of environmental change have placed particular emphasis on the cold Younger Dryas episode, at the end of the last Ice Age. The impact of this sudden reversal of climate warming on the complex Natufian hunter-gatherers of the Levant may, it is argued, have forced or encouraged these communities to explore novel subsistence modes.Not everybody accepts such a chain of reasoning, however, and in The Birth of Gods and the Origins of Agriculture, French archaeologist Jacques Cauvin rejects this emphasis on ecology and environment as the cause of change. Instead, he argues that primacy should be accorded to a restructuring of human mentality from the thirteenth to the tenth millennium BC, expressed in terms of new religious ideas and symbols. Cauvin's book, originally published in French in 1994 under the title Naissance des divinités, naissance de l'agriculture, adopts an ideological approach to explaining the Neolithic which is at odds with many traditional understandings, but which resonates closely with the idea that the Neolithic is much more than an economic transition, and coincided with a transformation in the world view of the prehistoric societies concerned. The present English translation appeared in 2000, and is based on the second French edition (1997) with the addition of a postscript summarizing relevant discoveries made since that date.Owing to illness, Jacques Cauvin has been unable to contribute to this Review Feature as had been hoped, but we are fortunate that his translator, Trevor Watkins, has agreed to draft a response to the comments made by our invited reviewers. These include Ian Hodder, whose own work on the Neolithic transition has been influenced by Cauvin's research, and Ofer Bar-Yosef and Gary Rollefson, both specialists in the prehistory of the Levant. At Dr Watkins' suggestion, the introductory piece which opens the Review Feature is a translated extract from Jacques Cauvin's contribution to a similar review treatment in Les Nouvelles de l'Archéologie (No. 79, 2000, 49–53). As our reviewers make clear, the significance of the book, and the debate which it has initiated, will make it akey text for many years to come.
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Burton, Edward A., Chang-Sook Hong, and Joseph C. Glorioso. "The Stable 2.0-Kilobase Intron of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript Does Not Function as an Antisense Repressor of ICP0 in Nonneuronal Cells." Journal of Virology 77, no. 6 (2003): 3516–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.6.3516-3530.2003.
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ABSTRACT During latency, herpes simplex virus expresses a unique set of latency-associated transcripts (LATs). As the 2.0-kb LAT intron is complementary to, and overlaps, the 3′ end of the ICP0 transcript, it has been suggested that the stable LAT intron might function as an antisense repressor of ICP0 expression. We tested this hypothesis in cell culture by dissociating cis- and trans-acting effects of the 2.0-kb LAT, using a series of complementary strategies. Initially, we constructed 293T cell lines that stably express the nuclear 2.0-kb LAT intron to determine whether LAT accumulation in trans affects ICP0 expression. ICP0 mRNA and protein expression profiles were studied (i) following infections with a viral mutant containing wild-type LAT and ICP0 sequences but having deletions of other immediate-early (IE) genes, thus preventing the progression of viral early gene expression, (ii) at early time points after infection with wild-type virus, before viral LAT expression, and (iii) by plasmid transfections. Northern and Western blot analysis showed that trans expression of the 2.0-kb LAT intron does not affect ICP0 mRNA expression, stability, accumulation, splicing, or translation. In addition, suppression of viral replication by overexpression of the 2.0-kb LAT, which has been detected previously in neuronal cell lines, was not found in these nonneuronal cell lines. However, deletion of the latency-active promoter (LAP) region of the virus resulted in overexpression of IE genes, which occurred soon after infection, before viral LAT expression had commenced. This was not complemented by the expression of LAT in trans, suggesting that the LAP deletion affected transcriptional regulation of the IE genes in cis. We conclude that the function of the highly conserved LAT intron is unlikely to involve a direct-acting anti-ICP0 antisense mechanism but that the LAT region could affect ICP0 mRNA expression from the viral genome.
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Amedoski, Dragana. "Waqfs in the kazâs of Leskovac, Prokuplje, Kursumlija and Pirot in 18th and 19th century." Bulletin de l'Institut etnographique 69, no. 1 (2021): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gei2101083a.
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The topic of this work are muslim pious endowments, waqfs, introduced by Ottomans on the Balkans. The most intensive Muslim endowment activity on the territory of nowadays Southeast Serbia was noticed after final Ottoman conquest in the middle of the 15th century to the end of the 16th century. The aforementioned period is also the time when the reshaping of the existing Christian settlements into predominantly Muslim, Ottoman ones mainly took place. The Ottoman sources on the basis of which this institute in Serbia is presented, is new, unresearched so far and kept in the Ottoman archives of the Directorate of the State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey in Istanbul. The source presents the 1839 census of endowments whose translation and comments are given in the attachment hereby. In the paper, I compared the sources on waqfs from the earlier period with the census from 1839. In this way, I was able to determine the changes that have occurred in the meantime, i.e. which endowments survived on the territory of the kaz?s of Leskovac, Prokuplje, Kursumlija and Pirot until the time of compiling this document. According to 1839 census I determined that at the time of the census there were a total of 70 waqfs in the area of today's Southeast Serbia, 36 of which waqfs were active in the Pirot kaz?, 10 in the Prokuplje kaz?, 21 in the Leskovac kaz? and three in the Kursumlija kaz?. These consist mainly of real property, including various facilities of religious, educational, public, communal structure.
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de Leeuw, Robert Adrianus, Michiel Westerman, Kieran Walsh, and Fedde Scheele. "Development of an Instructional Design Evaluation Survey for Postgraduate Medical E-Learning: Content Validation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 8 (2019): e13921. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13921.
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Background E-Learning has taken a firm place in postgraduate medical education. Whereas 10 years ago it was promising, it now has a definite niche and is clearly here to stay. However, evaluating the effect of postgraduate medical e-learning (PGMeL) and improving upon it can be complicated. While the learning aims of e-learning are evaluated, there are no instruments to evaluate the instructional design of PGMeL. Such an evaluation instrument may be developed by following the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE) 7-step process. The first 5 steps of this process were previously performed by literature reviews, focus group discussion, and an international Delphi study. Objective This study will continue with steps 6 and 7 and answer the research question: Is a content-validated PGMeL evaluation survey useful, understandable, and of added value for creators of e-learning? Methods There are five phases in this study: creating a survey from 37 items (phase A); testing readability and question interpretation (phase B); adjusting, rewriting, and translating surveys (phase C); gathering completed surveys from three PGMeL modules (phase D); and holding focus group discussions with the e-learning authors (phase E). Phase E was carried out by presenting the results of the evaluations from phase D, followed by a group discussion. There are four groups of participants in this study. Groups A and B are experienced end users of PGMeL and participated in phase B. Group C are users who undertook e-learning and were asked to complete the survey in phase D. Group D are the authors of the e-learning modules described above. Results From a list of 36 items, we developed a postgraduate Medical E-Learning Evaluation Survey (MEES). Seven residents participated in the phase B group discussion: 4 items were interpreted differently, 3 were not readable, and 2 items were double. The items from phase B were rewritten and, after adjustment, understood correctly. The MEES was translated into Dutch and again pilot-tested. All items were clear and were understood correctly. The MEES version used for the evaluation contained 3 positive domains (motivation, learning enhancers, and real-world translation) and 2 negative domains (barriers and learning discouragers), with 36 items in those domains, 5 Likert scale questions of 1 to 10, and 5 open questions asking participants to give their own comments in each domain. Three e-learning modules were evaluated from July to November 2018. There were a total of 158 responses from a Dutch module, a European OB/GYN (obstetrics and gynecology) module, and a surgical module offered worldwide. Finally, 3 focus group discussions took place with a total of 10 participants. Usefulness was much appreciated, understandability was good, and added value was high. Four items needed additional explanation by the authors, and a Creators’ Manual was written at their request. Conclusions The MEES is the first survey to evaluate the instructional design of PGMeL and was constructed following all 7 steps of the AMEE. This study completes the design of the survey and shows its usefulness and added value to the authors. It finishes with a final, publicly available survey that includes a Creators’ Manual. We briefly discuss the number of responses needed and conclude that more is better; in the end, however, one has to work with what is available. The next steps would be to see whether improvement can be measured by using the MEES and continue to work on the end understandability in different languages and cultural groups.