Academic literature on the topic 'Commerce de gros'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Commerce de gros.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Commerce de gros"
1
Klomp, Luuk, and Eugène Rebers. "L'évolution structurelle du commerce de gros français." Revue internationale P.M.E. 8, no. 2 (February 16, 2012): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008351ar.
Full textAbstract:
Cet article traite de l’évolution structurelle du commerce de gros français. Pour la période 1978-1989, les changements dans la distribution par taille des entreprises et de la productivité du travail ont été analysés pour les trois secteurs principaux. Dans les commerces de gros non alimentaire (secteur 58) et interindustriel (secteur 59), la tendance est à l’accroissement relatif du nombre d’entreprises opérant à faible effectif. Dans le commerce de gros alimentaire (secteur 57), par contre, la taille moyenne a augmenté. Puis, nous avons examiné si l’existence ou non des effets de taille a causé l’évolution observée dans la distribution par taille des entreprises. Nous avons utilisé la productivité du travail comme critère pour les effets de taille. Les économies d’échelle ont augmenté dans tous les trois secteurs principaux du commerce de gros français. Nous nous étions attendu à ce résultat pour le secteur 57, mais non pas pour les secteurs 58 et 59. De plus, les plus fortes augmentations d’économies d’échelle sont observées dans le secteur 57. Cela s’explique par les différences dans les distributions par taille des entreprises entre le secteur 57, d’une part, et les secteurs 58 et 59, d’autre part.
2
Lagrange, Nicolas. "Le commerce de gros, une mine d'opportunités." Les dossiers d’alternatives économiques Hors-série 3, HS3 (December 1, 2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dae.hs3.0089.
Full text
3
Kadjar, Annette. "Les facteurs d'adaptation du commerce de gros depuis 1980." Economie et statistique 303, no. 1 (1997): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/estat.1997.2549.
Full text
4
Kadjar, Annette. "Implantations étrangères : une pénétration plus active dans le commerce de gros." Economie et statistique 326, no. 1 (1999): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/estat.1999.6230.
Full text
5
Ebin, Victoria. "À la recherche de nouveaux «poissons». Stratégies commerciales mourides par temps de crise." Politique africaine 45, no. 1 (1992): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1992.5545.
Full textAbstract:
Les Fall de Sandaga sont une famille de riches commerçants dont la puissance repose sur des réseaux reliant les points de distribution de Dakar, aux communautés mourides immigrées dans les centres internationaux du commerce de gros. Dynamiques, créateurs d’emplois, les Fall entretiennent des relations ambiguës avec l'État sénégalais; l’avenir de celles-ci est conditionné par les possibilités de trouver un équilibre entre le secteur informel, incarné par les Fall, et le secteur moderne, incarné par l'État.
6
Glachant, Jean-Michel. "L'électricité en Grande-Bretagne : une industrie privée et un service public partiel." Sociétés contemporaines 32, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/soco.p1998.32n1.0097.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé RÉSUMÉ: La réforme du secteur électrique a été d’emblée la plus radicale ayant jamais touché les «Public Utilities» d’Angleterre. En effet, le gouvernement de M. Thatcher ne s’est pas contenté de privatiser l’électricité, il a simultanément imposé: -la déintégration verticale et horizontale des métiers et des entreprises, -et l’implantation de «marchés ouverts», en amont et en aval du secteur, pour le commerce de gros et de détail. Cependant, dans le fonctionnement concret du secteur électrique anglais, des règles correspondant à un «service public partiel» ont été maintenues pour encadrer les activités de transport et de distribution ainsi que le service aux clients non-éligibles.
7
de Pazzis, Henri. "Commerce de gros des fruits et légumes biologiques, une autre manière de voir cette fonction." Pour 227, no. 3 (2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pour.227.0163.
Full text
8
Nefussi, Jacques, and Vincent Vicaire. "La dynamique du commerce de gros dans les filières agroalimentaires au cours des années 2000." Économies et Sociétés. Systèmes agroalimentaires 47, no. 1135 (2013): 1895–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/esag.2013.1120.
Full textAbstract:
Wholesale trade in food chains is present in all markets connecting the various links in the food chain. The visibility of their activity is limited and often reduced to the resale of products in the state when the industry creates value for its innovations. This study aims both to quantify the economic value of wholesale trade and to analyze the dynamics of its component companies : groups, cooperatives, independent businesses.
9
Gervais, Pierre. "Crédit et filières marchandes au XVIIIe siècle." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67, no. 4 (December 2012): 1011–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900009495.
Full textAbstract:
RésuméLe crédit marchand au XVIIIe siècle était la principale source de profit des agents économiques. Gérant numéraire, effets de commerce et comptes courants ouverts à leurs clients, des négociants atlantiques, tels Gradis de Bordeaux, qui importait des produits coloniaux (indigo, sucre, café) et exportait vin et farines vers Québec, ouHollingsworth de Philadelphie, un gros marchand de farines et de denrées coloniales, dominaient les marchés locaux grâce à des réseaux de crédit spécialisés intégrant l’échange marchand et des contraintes morales ou sociales. Les analyses weberienne ou en termes d’ Homo oeconomicus de ces activités complexes de crédit conduisent à des anachronismes ; l’auteur propose d’adopter une vision plus historicisée de l’activité économique, des réseaux de crédit et de la recherche du profit à l’époque moderne.
10
Parham, Dean. "Les gains de productivité au moyen de l’usage des technologies de l’information : l’expérience australienne." L'Actualité économique 81, no. 1-2 (April 24, 2006): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012840ar.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé Cette étude fait appel à un cadre de la comptabilité de la croissance pour comparer la contribution des technologies de l’information à l’accélération de la productivité du travail en Australie et aux États-Unis. En utilisant les États-Unis comme repère, la présente étude attribue jusqu’à 0,3 point de pourcentage de cette accélération de 1 point de pourcentage aux technologies de l’information. Les technologies de l’information n’ont pas eu d’effet net sur l’intensité du capital puisque leur hausse a remplacé les autres formes de capital. La contribution des technologies de l’information est attribuable à la restructuration des entreprises et à l’innovation de produits et procédés qu’elle a rendue possible. Jusqu’ici les gains ont été concentrés dans les services de la distribution (particulièrement le commerce de gros) et des services financiers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commerce de gros"
1
Mançour, Bilah Amina. "Le poids des Soussis dans le commerce de gros à Casablanca." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010636.
Full textAbstract:
Le cas des Soussis est un cas particulier au Maroc. Ils sont connus pour leur aptitude au négoce et leur esprit d'entreprise. Leur champ d'élection est Casablanca. Ce groupe social de vieille tradition migratoire, et de spécialisation régionale dans l'activité commerciale, occupe aujourd'hui une place privilégiée dans le commerce de gros casablancais. Le poids des entreprises lui appartenant est conséquent, aussi bien en nombre qu'en poids financier. Les principaux atouts de cette prééminence étant l'épargne et l'entraide familiale et régionale. Quant à l’attitude des grossistes Soussis, à l'égard des investissements différents secteurs de l'économie semblent les intéresser. La majorité de ces investissements concerne la ville de Casablanca. Cependant, malgré la réussite économique des Soussis et leur installation définitive à Casablanca, ils ne se sont pas déracinés de leur lieu d'origine. Les envois d'argent des grossistes ont une influence considérable sur l'urbanisation de SoussThe Soussis look as a special aspect in morroco. They are known by their good skills in trade and many other activities. And Casablanca (the economical capital) is considered as their favorite place for their activities or work. This social group that is known by their traditional immigration and her profession in trade in Casablanca. So the weight of their association is very important trough two poits is its economical center. And the most important factors that helped the Soussis in this production are the saving and the family and provencial cooperation. And the exploitations that the salesmen haves has to do with other different trade companies and the most important companies have a relation with Casablanca the place where they live. And inspite of the Soussis economical success and their citizen ship for being landed immigrants in casablance their relation with their home region is still strong because the money they send to their home region (Souss) plays an important role in civilizing this region
2
Lahlou, Nouzha. "Le commerce de gros à Casablanca : les secteurs du tissu et de l'équipement ménager." Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR1004.
Full textAbstract:
Toute entreprise qui achete et vend des marchandises en son propre nom et dont le chiffre d'affaires des ventes est realise pour plus de 50% aupres des commercants, industriels artisans, prestataires de services, cooperatives et administrations, peut etre considereecomme entreprise de gros. Ainsi defini, le commerce de gros au maroc est l'apanage dela ville de casablanca qui concentre en son sein 50% environ du total des commerces de gros concernes par la presente recherche, a savoir le tissu et l'equipement menager et developpe tout un reseau de flux qui lui permet d'exercer sa domination sur sur l'ensemble de l'espace marocain. Cette fonction commerciale se caracterise d'une part par une hyperconcentration au centre ville et plus particulierement a derb omar et d'autre part une structure dualiste ou coexistent une multitude de petites et moyennes entreprises et une minorite de grands et tres grands etablissements de gros representant le plus souvent des points de vente d'usines pour le commerce de gros en tissus et des maisons d'importation pour celui de l'equipement menager. Elles monopolisent le marche et constituent une concurrence imbattable pour les petites entreprises qui devraient s'unir pour subsister et se developperAny company which purchases and selis its products in its own name and whose sales turnover is composed of 50% or more from wholesalers, industrial, craftsmen services allowances, cooperatives and administrations, can be considered as being a wholesale company. Defined as thus, wholesale business in morocco is the apanage of town of casablanca which concentrates in its heart approximately 50% of the entire wholesale business, a subject dealt with in the present research, that is to say, the fabric and household equipment and develops a network of flow which enable it to exercice its dominance over the entire moroccan space. This commercial function is caracterised on the one hand by an over concentration in the town centre and particularly in derb omar and the other hand by a double structure where, coexist a multitude of medium and a minority of large and very large scale establishments of wholesale, often representing the largest factory sale points for the wholesale business of fabrics and import stores for household equipment. They monopolise the market and constitute an umbeatable competition for the small scale companies which should unite in order to subsist and expand
3
Mimouni, Najate. "Le commerce de gros à Fès et son rôle dans l'organisation de l'espace régional." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010525.
Full textAbstract:
La ville de Fès abrite un nombre important de commerces de gros qui font partie de branches d’activités différentes. Ces commerces diffèrent aussi bien par leur taille, leur fonctionnement que par leur localisation au sein de l’espace urbain de Fès. Par ces commerces de gros, Fès polarise une région vaste et diversifiée. Cette région sous-urbanisée, sous-équipée se trouve totalement dépendante de Fès puisque cette dernière représente le pôle unique du drainage des produits ruraux et détient le monopole de la fonction de la distributionThe city of Fès has an intensive activity in wholesale trade, to which contribute different branches of commercial activity. This activity is represented by many structure which are different by their size, their function, and their localization in fès. A large region around fès is mobilized by this activity. This region is suburbanised and it is totaly dependent on fès because the city is the unique center for the arrival and distribution of the rural products. So the city keeps the monopoly of the distribution
4
Dugot, Philippe. "Les mutations du commerce de gros en france : les perspectives d'une place regionale. l'agglomeration de toulouse." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20054.
Full textAbstract:
A l'image de l'ensemble des pays developpes, la societe capitaliste francaise s'est profondement transformee durant ces dernieres decennies, en relation avec les mutations techniques et leurs impacts sur les possibilites d'organisation economico-spatiale des differents acteurs du systeme. Le commerce de gros, intermediaire entre la production et le marche, ne au siecle dernier dans sa forme "moderne", de conditions geographiques et economiques particulieres, n'a semble-t-il pas pu ou su s'adapter a ces transformations. La manifestation de ce declin se concretise par l'essor de canaux de distribution concurrents dans de nombreuses branches d'activites, animes tant par des producteurs que les detaillants, souvent plus puissants que les grossistes. Pourtant, ces deniers ont entame de profondes mutations tant dans leurs structures que dans leur facon de travailler ou leur implantation spatiale. Mais les termes du probleme ne peuvent et ne doivent pas etre souleves d'une maniere trop generale : le commerce de gros est un secteur tres heterogene et se trouve confronte a des perspectives differenciees pour une grande partie dependantes des transformations de son environnement economique. Globalement, aujourd'hui encore, le probleme de sa survie et ou de sa dependance reste entier de meme que le probleme de la denaturation des composantes de l'appareil commercial de gros par evolution intrinseque ou irruption d'intervenants exterieurs. Dans le cadre d'une economie de plus en plus mondialisee, le commerce de gros traditionnel, n'apparait plus comme l'intermediaire indispensable qu'il a ete au siecle dernier. Pour des raisons historiques, geographiques et economiques, ces faits sont ressentis plus vigoureusement encore dans le cadre de l'agglomeration toulousaine, place redistributive d'envergure regionale confrontee a l'allongement des ramifications de reseaux nationaux et internationauxLike the other developped countries, the french capitalist society was deeply altered during these last decades, a result of technical mutations and their consequences on the possibilities of economic and spatial organization of the different elements of the system. Wholesale trade, intermediary between production and market, born last century in its "modern" form, from geographical and economic particular conditions, does not seem could or knew fit these transformations. The display of this decline is a progress of competitive channels of distribution in many branchs, animated by producers and retailers, often more powerful than wholesalers. However, the wholesalers have entered into deep mutations so much in theirs structures that in theirs making of work or in theirs locations. But the terms of the problem can't and must not be brought up in too general manner : the wholesale trade is an economic sector very heterogeneous and find oneself confront to differentiated perspectives in a large measure dependent of the transformations of its economic surrounding. Still today, the problem of its survival and of its dependence stay entire as well as the problem of the distortion of components of the wholesaling by intrinsic evolution or irruption of external intervention. Within an economy more and more inserted in the world, the traditional wholesale trade, does not appear as the indispensable intermediary he was the last century. For historic, geographical and economic reasons, these facts have feld more vigorously in the agglomeration of toulouse, place of redistribution on a regional area, particulary facing at the longthening of the ramifications of national and international economic networks
5
André, Marie-Elisabeth. "Les contrats de la grande distribution." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON10008.
Full textAbstract:
Les contrats de la grande distribution mettent essentiellement en presence trois et le fournisseurs. Leurs relations s'organisent autour de trois senarios selon que le groupement pratique l'achat en vue de la revente, la representation des distributeurs ou selon une formule de tres large pratique, le referencement; les types de contrats alors conclus vont lier tour a tour le distributeur et le groupement titre 1 le groupement et le fournisseur titre ii le fournisseur et le distributeur titre iii et offrent un important exemple de groupe de contratsLarge distribution contracts are essentially binding three parties : the buying association, affiliated or member distributors and suppliers their commercial relations can be organized to three differnt formulars wether the buying association buys for resale purposes, distributor representation or, the very widespread practice of referencing various types of contract can them bind one to one, the distributoranel buying association (title 1). The buying association and suppliers (title 2); the supplier and distributor (title 3) and they offer an important example of groups of contracts buying association - referencing - affiliation - commercial cooperation promotion purchase sale brokerage obligation to inform competion discount invoice groups of contracts
6
Gonçalvès, Olabissi Oredola Christian. "Le négoce de grains : étude de droit du commerce international." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0401.
Full textAbstract:
Nombreuses sont les études existant sur la vente internationale de marchandises, sur le transport des marchandises, voire sur les ventes maritimes (ventes commerciales impliquant un transport par mer). Cependant, peu de recherches ont été menées par type de trafic. Or, le particularisme des marchandises transportées exerce nécessairement une influence sur l’analyse de l’exécution des obligations des parties, en matière de transport d’une part, et en matière de vente internationale d’autre part. L’étude du négoce de grains permettra de mettre en évidence comment la spécificité de ces vracs alimentaires influe sur la chaîne des contrats et des opérations. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des différents contrats portant sur les grains permettra d’appréhender les problèmes liés aux tiers qui interviendront (au moment de la conclusion du contrat de vente avec le rôle des intermédiaires ou au moment de la livraison de la marchandise avec la question de l’expertise) et de s’interroger sur le mode de règlement de conflit (judiciaire ou arbitral) en cas de contentieuxMany studies were carried on international sale of goods, on transport of goods and even on maritime sales (i.e. commercial sales involving a maritime transport). However, few of them were based on the type of traffic. Yet, the kind of goods shipped necessarily impacts the analysis of the performance of the parties’ obligations, both with respect to the transport and the international sale of goods. The grain trading study highlights how this type of bulk food affects the chain of both contracts and transactions. Besides, the analysis of the various grain contracts enables on the one hand the understanding of the problems linked to the intervening third-parties (e.g. the role played by the intermediaries when the sales contract is concluded or the issue of the expertise when the goods are delivered). It gives on other hand the opportunity to assess the methods of dispute resolution, whether judicial or arbitral
7
Jeanmougin-Lurdos, Christine. "La place et la fonction du grossiste dans le canal de distribution : une approche stratégique." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOE002.
Full textAbstract:
Dans la perspective de l'économie politique des canaux, intégrant des approches économiques, comportementales et organisationnelles, l'objectif de cette recherche est d'élaborer un cadre conceptuel d'analyse de la place et de la fonction du grossiste. Parallèlement à ses fonctions économiques, le grossiste assume également une fonction d'exercice du pouvoir, en particulier en relation à sa spécialisation et à sa capacité d'absorber l'incertitude pour les autres agents du canal. L'analyse des stratégies développées par cet intermédiaire peuvent être appréhendées par rapport à un système de dépendance relativement à son environnement amont et aval. Un essai de validation empirique de ces principales relations analysées est proposéIn the perspective of political economy framework analysing distribution channels through economic, behavioral and organizational approches, the objective of this research is to build up a conceptual framework analyzing the place and the function of the wholesaler. In parallel with his economic functions, the wholesaler also exercises power related to his specialization and to his ability to absorb uncertainty for others channel members. The analysis of this intermediary's strategies may be wiewed through a dependency system with his backward and downward environnement. An attempt to validate empirically these main relationships is proposed
8
Igmiden, Mohammed. "Inezgane, pôle du commerce Soussi (Maroc)." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024430.
Full textAbstract:
CETTE ETUDE TEND A DEFINIR LE ROLE COMMERCIAL D'INEZGANE DANS LA PLAINE DU SOUSS (SUD-OUEST MAROCAIN), QUI REPRESENTE UN CAS PARTICULIER DANS L'ARMATURE URBAINE MAROCAINE. INEZGANE EST UNE VILLE ENRACINEE DANS LA REGION, DEMOGRAPHIQUEMENT HETEROGENE, DIVERSIFIEE DANS SON TERTIAIRE ET PUISSANTE ADMINISTRATIVEMENT, CE QUI LUI VAUT D'ETRE UN POLE DE LA REGION. LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'APPAREIL COMMERCIAL DE DETAIL TEND VERS L'ETOUFFEMENT, SURTOUT AVEC UN SOUK DEVENU PERMANENT. POUR ECHAPPER A UN SUREQUIPEMENT PASSIF, UNE TENDANCE A LA SPECIALISATION COMMENCE A S'INSTALLER DANS LE COMMERCE, CONTRAIREMENT AUX SERVICES DONT LA PROGRESSION S'ORIENTE VERS LES SERVICES SUPERIEURS. LA DOMINATION D'INEZGANE SE MANIFESTE PRINCIPALEMENT DANS LE COMMERCE DE GROS. SA FONCTION DE COLLECTE DES PRODUITS RURAUX ET DE DISTRIBUTION DES PRODUITS RURAUX ET URBAINS LUI PERMET DE RAYONNER AU-DELA DU CADRE SOUSSI EN MONOPOLISANT LES ECHANGES AVEC LES VILLES DU SUD. LA REUSSITE DE LA FONCTION COMMERCIALE A INEZANE A DES REPERCUSSIONS SPATIALES (CHERTE DES PAS DE PORTE, REAMENAGEMENT DE LA VILLE EN FONCTION DE L'ACTIVITE COMMERCIALE AVEC PLUS DE KISSARIA) ET SOCIALES (L'APPARITION D'UNE BOURGEOISE COMMERCIALE). L'ETUDE DE LA CIRCULATION DES HOMMES ET DES MARCHANDISES AU SOUSS A CONFIRME INEZGANE COMME POLE COMMERCIAL DE LA REGION PAR EXCELLENCE, CE QUI NOUS A PERMIS DE BATIR-UN SCHEMA DE LA HIERARCHIE URBAINE AU PAYS CHLEUH.
9
Diakite, Aboubakar. "Commerce informel des hydrocarbures au Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG043.
Full textAbstract:
D’abord sur une échelle réduite puis sur une large échelle la contrebande du kpayo, essence et produits pétroliers occupent aujourd’hui un nombre de plus en plus grand de vendeurs, on estime que 100 000 personnes sont impliquées dans ce trafic du Nigeria au Bénin. Il revêt plusieurs aspects selon qu’il emprunte la route maritime, le fleuve ou la route. Ce transport génère un grand nombre de petits métiers que nous évoquons dans la thèse qu’il s’agisse d’apporter les bidons sur la plage, de transformer les scooters ou les camions. Plus que tout, cette activité suppose aussi un réseau souvent d’origine familiale, mais aussi des accointances avec du personnel des emplois régaliens de la République. Les recherches empiriques réalisées sur des territoires aussi variés et circonscrits que peuvent l’être une station-service, un village lacustre, un marché frontalier, un débarcadère, un entrepôt ont permis d’appréhender les conditions d’approvisionnement des contrebandiers, identifier les modalités d’acheminement des produits pétroliers vers le Bénin, saisir les stratégies de contournement des contrebandiers et les risques encourus tout au long de leur trajet, examiner les interactions entre les transporteurs et les forces de l’ordre à l’occasion du passage des barrières de contrôle, apprécier l’animation des marchés et enfin cerner le rôle des différents acteurs en présence. L’analyse des réseaux marchands, des parcours biographiques, des stratégies d’acteurs, des logiques d’accumulation et des rapports de l’économie informelle à la loi situe cette recherche au croisement de l’anthropologie économique, de la géographie du commerce, de la sociologie de la précarité, et de la sociologie politiqueFirst of all on a small scale, then further along, on a much larger scale, the kpayo trade which means smuggling of gas and other oil products from Nigeria to Bénin, depend on almost 100 000 persons living on this sale activity. This trade might be quite different if gas transported by means of ships on the sea, by the river, or by scooters or trucks on the road. This kind of informal trade gives way to different kinds of odd jobs we mention in the PHD: bringing the jerrycans to the beach, reshaping scooters and trucks in a garage. Most of all this illicit activity needs some kind of a kinship network and political pull among the police and customs officers of the Republic. Empirical research has been done in different fields such as a gas station, a seaside village, a market on the country border, a landing stage, a warehouse, it led to the comprehension of the way smugglers are supplied. I was thus able to understand the process by which gas was transported from Nigeria to the Republic of Bénin, and see all the byways the smugglers are used to take, and the risks taken all along the journey. I examined the interaction process between the racketeers and the police when they passed a checkpoint; see how the markets were busy, and last managed to see how the the different roles of subjects interact. The racketeers networks analysis, life stories, different action strategies, the way they accumulate and the study of informal economy related to law contribute in this PhD to an essay in economic- anthropology with geographic standpoints, and a sociological analysis of precarious lives and Big Shots
10
Vassilopoulos, Philippe. "Les prix des marchés de gros de l'électricité donnent-ils les bons signaux et les bonnes incitations pour l’investissement en capacité de production électrique ?" Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090053.
Full textAbstract:
Nous analysons la capacité des marchés spot à envoyer les bons signaux et à donner les bonnes incitations à investir. A l’aide d’un modèle d’optimisation, nous simulons les prix spot passés qui nous permettent de caractériser les signaux envoyés par les prix observés mais aussi les espérances de prix futurs qui déterminent les incitations à investir. Dans une première partie, à l’aide de données empiriques, nous simulons les prix de concurrence parfaite sur 2003-2005 en France avec le mix optimal et le parc actuel. Les prix observés surestiment la profitabilité en base et sous-estiment la profitabilité en pointe mais, les rentes de rareté sont plafonnées par les tarifs réglementés. Dans une deuxième partie, nous simulons les espérances des prix futurs. Quand l’entrée est libre les incitations données par les prix spot sont cohérentes avec un mix optimal qui prend en compte les interconnexions. Quand des barrières à l’entrée sont présentes pour les nouveaux entrants en base, une firme dominante n’a pas d’incitations à investir dans le nucléaire à moins que les unités soient offertes stratégiquement. De plus, la firme dominante peut limiter l’entrée pour augmenter ses revenus futurs. Quand la capacité nucléaire est divisée en cinq, les incitations à investir réapparaissentWe look at how prices from energy-only power markets can send the right signals and give the correct incentives for investments in production capacity. Through numerical simulations of spot prices over 2003-2005 we compare the investment signal sent by observed electricity prices in France and what would be competitive prices with an optimal mix and with the installed capacity. The observed prices tend to overestimate profitability for the baseload and underestimate profitability for the peak load. However, as a large share of consumers is still paying regulated tariffs, scarcity rents are capped. We simulate future prices for France for 2010 to 2020 to understand the incentives to invest. When the entry is free, the incentives to invest given by the future prices are consistent with the optimal mix including the interconnections and nuclear build is strong. With barriers for new entrants (i. E. Finding new sites), there are no incentives for the incumbent to add more nuclear capacity unless units are bid strategically. Moreover, it can also be profitable to limit prices and entry in order to increase future revenues. When the baseload is less concentrated and instead of a dominant firm the nuclear capacity is divided into five (equal share) firms, incentives to invest reappear
Books on the topic "Commerce de gros"
1
Côte d'Ivoire. République de la Côte d'Ivoire, union-discipline-travail. Ministère d'Etat, Ministère du Plan et du Dèveloppement. Image économique des entreprises en 2005: Commerce en gros et activités d'intermediaires du commerce en gros. Abidjan: Institut national de la statistique, 2008.
Find full text
3
Rey, Patrick. L' enquête de conjoncture dans le commerce de gros: Méthodologie. Paris: République française, Ministère de l'économie, des finances et du budget, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, Direction générale, 1990.
Find full text
4
distribution, Canada Direction des industries de services de. Le commerce de détail et de gros au Canada: Sources d'information. Ottawa, Ont: Industrie, sciences et technologie Canada, 1992.
Find full text
5
Armand, Dayan, ed. Manuel de la distribution: Fonctions, structures, évolution. 8th ed. Paris: Éditions d'Organisation, 1986.
Find full text
6
Mimouni, Najate. Le commerce de gros à Fès et son rôle dans l'organisation de l'espace régional. Lille: A.N.R.T. Université de Lille III, 1989.
Find full text
7
Lahlou, Nouzha. Le commerce de gros à Casablanca: Les secteurs du tissu et de l'équipement ménager. Lille: A.N.R.T. Université de Lille III, 1993.
Find full text
8
Keith, Acheson. Retail and wholesale trade services in Canada. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Fraser Institute, 1988.
Find full text
9
Company, Canada Railway Advertising, ed. Montreal business sketches with a description of the city of Montreal: Its public buildings and places of interest, and the Grand Trunk works at Point St. Charles, Victoria Bridge &c., &c. [Montreal?: s.n.], 1987.
Find full text
10
Statistics Canada. Wholesale Trade Section. and Statistique Canada. Section du commerce de gros., eds. Interprovincial wholesale commodity survey, 1990 = Enquête interprovinciale sur la marchandises vendues en gros, 1990. Ottawa, Ont: Industry, Science and Technology Canada = Industrie, sciences et technologie Canada, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Commerce de gros"
1
Hofheinz, Dennis, and Eike Kiltz. "Scalable Cryptography." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 169–78. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21534-6_9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn our modern digital society, cryptography is vital to protect the secrecy and integrity of transmitted and stored information. Settings like digital commerce, electronic banking, or simply private email communication already rely on encryption and signature schemes.However, today’s cryptographic schemes do not scale well, and thus are not suited for the increasingly large sets of data they are used on. For instance, the security guarantees currently known for RSA encryption—one of the most commonly used type of public-key encryption scheme—degrade linearly in the number of users and ciphertexts. Hence, larger settings (such as cloud computing, or simply the scenario of encrypting all existing email traffic) may enable new and more efficient attacks. To maintain a reasonable level of security in larger scenarios, RSA keylengths must be chosen significantly larger, and the scheme becomes very inefficient. Besides, a switch in RSA keylengths requires an update of the whole public key infrastructure, an impossibility in truly large scenarios. Even worse, when the scenario grows beyond an initially anticipated size, we may lose all security guarantees.This problematic is the motivation for our project “Scalable Cryptography”, which aims at offering a toolbox of cryptographic schemes that are suitable for huge sets of data. In this overview, we summarize the approach, and the main findings of our project. We give a number of settings in which it is possible to indeed provide scalable cryptographic building blocks. For instance, we survey our work on the construction of scalable public-key encryption schemes (a central cryptographic building block that helps secure communication), but also briefly mention other settings such as “reconfigurable cryptography”. We also provide first results on scalable quantum-resistant cryptography, i.e., scalable cryptographic schemes that remain secure even in the presence of a quantum computer.
2
"Bibliographie générale." In Commerce de gros, commerce inter-entreprises, 287–314. EMS Editions, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ems.pache.2015.01.0287.
Full text
3
"Services de distribution (commerce de gros et vente au détail)." In Examen de la politique des services: Maroc (I), 21–82. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789214030881c005.
Full text
4
Bresson, Alain. "Chapitre IX. Prix officiels et commerce de gros à Athènes." In La cité marchande, 183–210. Ausonius Éditions, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.ausonius.7722.
Full text
5
Villain, Julien. "Espaces et filières d’un commerce de gros et de demi-gros au XVIIIe siècle : les activités commerciales des « marchands-magasiniers » lorrains (années 1750 et 1760)." In La gloire de l’industrie, 127–44. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.114693.
Full text
6
"Liste des destinataires des questionnaires relatifs aux services de distribution (commerce de gros et de détail)." In Examen de la politique des services: Maroc (I), 87. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789214030881c007.
Full text
7
Singh, Surabhi. "Role of Media in Success of E-Tailing." In Mobile Commerce, 1199–213. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch056.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter proposes to bring forth insights as how media contributes in e-tailing. The success of online retailers owe to the role which media plays in changing the consumer mind. India's retail market value was estimated at $520 billion in 2013, and is expected to grow to $950 billion by 2018. With a CAGR currently pegged at 13%, the Indian e-commerce market is expected to grow the fastest within the Asia-Pacific Region – with its market size doubling every 2-2.5 years. This certainly gives us reason for deep introspection. While the global growth rate of online shoppers is estimated at 8-10%, India currently has more than 10 million online shoppers. With the evolution of the online marketplace, sites like Flipkart, Snapdeal, Jabong and Myntra are thriving which has risen the practice of buying goods online. The media has definitely played vital role in shaping the online retail business.
8
Toh, Mun Heng. "The Economic Impact of E-Commerce in Singapore." In Handbook of Research on Innovation and Development of E-Commerce and E-Business in ASEAN, 193–218. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4984-1.ch011.
Full textAbstract:
The economic impact of e-commerce in Singapore is measured via three channels: (1) aggregate demand stimulative effect of capital investment, (2) the productivity effect resulting from capital investment, and (3) of the price and cost reduction effect associated with the productive use of e-commerce transactions. Using input-output technique pioneered by Nobel laureate W. Leontief, and econometric analysis, it finds that e-commerce in Singapore accounts for S$35.5 billion of output (or sales revenue) and S$7.9 billion of value-added in 2018. These are respectively equivalent to 2.8% of the nation gross output and 1.7% of the annual GDP. E-commerce has supported more than 68,500 jobs and stimulated the formation of about 758 new company formation in the year. The value-added contribution by e-commerce is projected to grow from S$7.9 billion in 2018 to S$10.1 billion in 2020 and further to S$28.1 billion in 2030. As a percentage of GDP, e-commerce accounts for about 1.7% of GDP in 2018, and this proportion is expected to increase to 1.9% in 2020 and further to 3.5% in 2030.
9
Chen, Lei-da, and Gordon W. Skelton. "Introduction to M-Business Applications." In Mobile Commerce Application Development, 1–19. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-806-2.ch001.
Full textAbstract:
Leung and Antypas (2001) defined mobile business (m-business) as both “content delivery (notification and reporting) and transactions (purchasing and data entry) on mobile devices”. Another term often used for m-business is “wireless e-commerce”, as such business activities often leverage wireless and Internet technologies.m-business will grow to $200 billion worldwide by 2004, and the number of U.S. m-business users will grow to 29 million (Kelly, 2001).
10
Sriram, Arram, and Adiraju Prashantha Rao. "Security Issues in E-Commerce." In Improving E-Commerce Web Applications Through Business Intelligence Techniques, 179–207. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3646-8.ch008.
Full textAbstract:
E-commerce is selling and buying products in online shopping through the internet. When purchasing the products using internet, many security issues arise. These issues are to be addressed effectively and to be resolved. The security issue is an essential part of any transaction that takes place over the internet. Security becomes paramount not only for retailers but for any business that operates via the internet as the popularity of online shopping grows. This chapter focuses security protocols and their achievements in providing effective communication between end-users and business people.
Conference papers on the topic "Commerce de gros"
1
Parishev, Aleksandar, Goran Hristovski, Petar Jolakoski, and Viktor Stojkoski. "E-COMMERCE IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Ever since the dawn of merchanting, traders have sought ways to ease the cost of transactions. The recent growth of information and communication technology provided a wide range of solutions for international and national transactions by introducing ecommerce. As a result of this development, e-commerce recently emerged as a dominant transaction activity with a significant impact on the national economies. In recent years the potential of e-commerce has been widely discussed, with a particular focus on its effects on greater economic welfare and prosperity. Yet, despite an abundance of studies that have been done on investigating the role of e-commerce in an economy, a thorough and detailed econometric examination on its impact is still an underexplored avenue. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by investigating the impact of volume of online transactions (e-commerce) and gross capital formation on economic growth, using panel data on 31 European countries covering a 16 years’ period. The empirical panel data model is estimated by employing the Generalized Method of Moments. The main findings from the study show that e-commerce and gross capital formation have positive and significant effects on GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity, with e-commerce having a weaker development-enhancing effect in comparison to gross capital formation. In addition, this paper proposes a fruitful discussion on how to provide balance between the growth of e-commerce, the focus on improving other aspects and generating optimal economic welfare and prosperity. Our paper ends with directions for future research.
2
Dimitrova, Violeta. "ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN BULGARIA." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/1.5/s05.037.
Full text
3
Farkas, Dan, and Narayan Murthy. "Implementing an Interdisciplinary Masters Program in Internet Technology and E-Commerce." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2476.
Full textAbstract:
The explosion of the Internet has lead to a revolutionary way of doing business. Electronic commerce is currently estimated at $30 billion, but analysts predict that figure to grow to $400 billion by the year 2002. This leads to a tremendous need for skilled personnel who can handle both the technical and business aspects of e-commerce. One magazine article heading reads: "Looking for a New Job? Head for the Web." A recent announcement by U.S. Small Business Administration states that lack of technical expertise and lack of qualified IT employees are two of the major E-Commerce obstacles facing small firms. Working with the existing administrative infrastructure, Pace University's School of Computer Science and Information Systems has designed an interdisciplinary program, Master of Science in Information Technologies for Electronic Commerce. This short paper is an overview of the M.S. program.
4
"Investigation of Factors for Adopting Mobile Commerce in Developing Country [Abstract]." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4038.
Full textAbstract:
Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that may lead to adopting mobile commerce in a developing country in South Asia. Background: Access to information is key for communication and for controlling our environment to improve our lives. The growth of mobile phones and the internet technologies have greatly improved the access to information and encompassed the social and business world. Mobile use may cross from personal over to commerce in some developing world households. From the Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICTD) perspective, researchers are interested in whether mobiles promote or enable economic growth or broader well-being. The effects of mobile commerce or m-commerce have mixed results so far. Methodology: This study will use survey of the literature. Contribution: A model of factors that lead to adoption of mobile commerce is developed. Findings: The technical and cultural factors are important. Recommendations for Practitioners: This model can be used for implementation of framework for mobile commerce. Recommendation for Researchers: Other factors can be included in the model. Impact on Society: When the adoption of mobile commerce grows, the society will gain from efficiency of mobile money transfer and other transactions. Future Research: Future research can see if the developed model can be useful in other countries.
5
Min Zhang, Cuiqun He, and Guodong Liu. "Application of GIS in electronic commerce." In 2010 Second IITA International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IITA-GRS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iita-grs.2010.5602625.
Full text
6
Zhuang, Tao, Wenwu Ou, and Zhirong Wang. "Globally Optimized Mutual Influence Aware Ranking in E-Commerce Search." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/518.
Full textAbstract:
In web search, mutual influences between documents have been studied from the perspective of search result diversification. But the methods in web search is not directly applicable to e-commerce search because of their differences. And little research has been done on the mutual influences between items in e-commerce search. We propose a global optimization framework for mutual influence aware ranking in e-commerce search. Our framework directly optimizes the Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) for ranking, and decomposes ranking into two tasks. The first task is mutual influence aware purchase probability estimation. We propose a global feature extension method to incorporate mutual influences into the features of an item. We also use Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to capture influences related to ranking orders in purchase probability estimation. The second task is to find the best ranking order based on the purchase probability estimations. We treat the second task as a sequence generation problem and solved it using the beam search algorithm. We performed online A/B test on a large e-commerce search engine. The results show that our method brings a 5% increase in GMV for the search engine over a strong baseline.
7
Jílková, Petra, and Petra Králová. "Customer purchase behaviour and shopping in B2C e-commerce." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.085.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – digitalization of business processes, cultural backgrounds and consequences on behavioral differences make a direct impact on customer purchase behavior across different countries. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of the economic situation in the selected countries regarding the e-commerce business. Research methodology – first, the paper presents a theoretical model for customer purchase behavior and the develop-ment of the theory in the B2C e-commerce context. Second, it is analyzed the main aspects of shopping behavior in se-lected countries. Findings – a difference between traditional and e-commerce customer purchase behavior model was found. Next, the re-search shows the main characteristics of shopping in B2C and provides a better understanding of the impact of digitaliza-tion. Research limitations – research will focus on the shopping in B2C e-commerce market in the Czech Republic, Lithuania and in the European Union. The data is based on the Czech Statistical Office, which covers a period from 2010 to 2018 and the respondents of the survey purchased online in the 12 months prior to 2018. Practical implications – the paper confirmed the fact that the B2C e-commerce market in the Czech Republic is developed and has potential to grow nationally and internationally. It is necessary to further investigate the relationship between cus-tomer purchase behavior, e-commerce, and other economic indicators, possibly including other factors. Originality/Value – the paper investigates online shopping for the period between 2010–2018. Finally, the authors dis-cuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results.
8
Tagliabue, Jacopo, Bingqing Yu, and Marie Beaulieu. "How to Grow a (Product) Tree: Personalized Category Suggestions for eCommerce Type-Ahead." In Proceedings of The 3rd Workshop on e-Commerce and NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.ecnlp-1.2.
Full text
9
Alcain, Jesselyn, Charlie Marquez, Lara Camille Beriña, Luke Samuel Bulaon, Jane Andrea Cheng, and Gennes Erika Cruz. "Predictive Model Establishment for The Online Shopping Experience Factors Affecting Repurchase Intention Using Stepwise Linear Regression." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002553.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought drastic changes in the way people purchase goods/products. The behavior of people shifted to online shopping and an increase in electronic transactions. In the present, the e-commerce industry in the Philippines continues to grow; however, it is still not as established as developed countries. For online businesses to succeed in the highly competitive online environment, a better understanding of the different factors affecting consumer behavior is vital. This study investigated the e-commerce sector wherein the focus is the online shopping factors that affect the repurchase intention of consumers from multiple generations, namely Baby Boomers, Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. Seven online shopping experience factors were determined in the study affecting consumers' repurchase intention. The study used stepwise linear regression and Cronbach's alpha for data analysis, and the predictive models were validated. The results show that Customer Satisfaction and Perceived Usefulness affect the online repurchase intention for Baby Boomers. At the same time, Perceived Security, Transactionality, and Website Quality are the factors that affect Generation X's repurchase intention. Furthermore, Availability, Perceived Usefulness, and Website Quality affect repurchase intention for Generation Y. Lastly, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Security and Customer Satisfaction affects the repurchase intention for Generation Z. Aside from repurchase intention, these factors also significantly affect online store revisit. These results will be helpful for e-commerce company owners in improving the features of their platforms based on consumers' preferences. Recommendations include for e-commerce sites to improve cybersecurity, and user-friendly interface, convenient payment methods, clear refund or return policies, and consistent monitoring and updating of product stocks.
10
Yang, Luming, Xianming Yang, and Hong-li Hu. "The Transformation of Business Organizational Structures under the Environment of E-commerce." In 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ETT and GRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.323.
Full textReports on the topic "Commerce de gros"
1
Suominen, Kati, Marisol Rodríguez Chatruc, Virginia Queijo Von Heideken, and Ana Inés Basco. Promoting Cross-border E-Commerce in the Southern Cone. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005495.
Full textAbstract:
E-commerce has boomed around the world, creating new opportunities for firms in the Southern Cone region to reach new customers, diversify their export markets, and grow their sales. E-commerce adoption is also boosting the regions logistics, payments, and financial services providers that service online sellers. Regional governments have also worked to promote e-commerce. This report takes stock of the state of e-commerce in the Southern Cone, leveraging data on e-commerce adoption and transactions; a survey of how firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay are using e-commerce and what challenges they face to growing their online sales; and policy data on the regional governments adoption of policies conducive to e-commerce. The report also offers policy recommendations for the region to support firms in growing their cross-border online sales.
2
Castillo Parrilla, José Antonio. The Legal Regulation of Digital Wealth: Commerce, Ownership and Inheritance of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64581.
Full textAbstract:
Digital wealth and its necessary regulation have gained prominence in recent years. The European Commission has published several documents and policy proposals relating, directly or indirectly, to the data economy. A data economy can be defined as an ecosystem of different types of market players collaborating to ensure that data is accessible and usable in order to extract value from data through, for example, creating a variety of applications with great potential to improve daily life. The value of data can increase from EUR 257 billion (1.85 of EU Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) to EUR 643 billion by 2020 (3.17% of EU GDP), according to the EU Commission. The legal implications of the increasing value of the data economy are clear; hence the need to address the challenges presented by its legal regulation.
3
Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Ana Rios, and Cicero De Lima. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Application of the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003794.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we assess the economy-wide impact of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture and food security in 20 Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries. Specifically, we focus on the following three channels through which CC may affect agricultural and non-agricultural production: (i) agricultural yields; (ii) labor productivity in agriculture, and; (iii) economy-wide labor productivity. We implement the analysis using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Model (IEEM) and databases for 20 LAC available through the OPEN IEEM Platform. Our analysis identifies those countries most affected according to key indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international commerce, sectoral output, poverty, and emissions. Most countries experience negative impacts on GDP, with the exception of the major soybean producing countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We find that CC-induced crop productivity and labor productivity changes affect countries differently. The combined impact, however, indicates that Belize, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Paraguay would fare the worst. Early identification of these hardest hit countries can enable policy makers pre-empting these effects and beginning the design of adaptation strategies early on. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, only Argentina, Chile and Uruguay would experience small increases in emissions.
4
Rogers, Jessa, Kate E. Williams, Kristin R. Laurens, Donna Berthelsen, Emma Carpendale, Laura Bentley, and Elizabeth Briant. Footprints in Time: Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. Queensland University of Technology, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.235509.
Full textAbstract:
The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC; also called Footprints in Time) is the only longitudinal study of developmental outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children globally. Footprints in Time follows the development of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children to understand what Indigenous children need to grow up strong. LSIC involves annual waves of data collection (commenced in 2008) and follows approximately 1,700 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children living in urban, regional, and remote locations. This LSIC Primary School report has been produced following the release of the twelfth wave of data collection, with the majority of LSIC children having completed primary school (Preparatory [aged ~5 years] to Year 6 [aged ~12 years]). Primary schools play a central role in supporting student learning, wellbeing, and connectedness, and the Footprints in Time study provides a platform for centring Indigenous voices, connecting stories, and exploring emerging themes related to the experience of Indigenous children and families in the Australian education system. This report uses a mixed-methods approach, analysing both quantitative and qualitative data shared by LSIC participants, to explore primary school experiences from the perspective of children, parents and teachers. Analyses are framed using a strengths-based approach and are underpinned by the understanding that all aspects of life are related. The report documents a range of topics including teacher cultural competence, racism, school-based Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education activities, parental involvement, engagement, attendance, and academic achievement.
5
Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.
Full textAbstract:
Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.