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Journal articles on the topic 'Commerce, Germany, 1914-'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Suchoples, Jarosław. "The birth of the legend: The odyssey of the cruiser Emden as presented by German daily newspapers, 1914–1915." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 3 (2017): 544–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417712211.

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From August to early November 1914, the effectiveness of a lone German commerce-raider, the light cruiser Emden eventually brought the bulk of Allied cargo-shipping in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean to a virtual halt, thus hampering their war effort in Europe. Although the Emden was finally destroyed at the battle of the Cocos Islands, the press were able to continue the story relating the daring escape of some of her crew. The escapees got away from Direction Island in the Cocos in a requisitioned sailing schooner, the Ayesha. What followed were several months of dangerous and arduous

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2

GARST, W. DANIEL. "From Factor Endowments to Class Struggle." Comparative Political Studies 31, no. 1 (1998): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031001002.

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Ronald Rogowski's recent and important work, Commerce and Coalitions, sets forth a farranging and parsimonious theory of trade and political cleavages. This article closely investigates its validity in the case of pre-World War I Germany, where trade has long been seen as a critical factor determining coalition formation and Rogowski's argument appears at first glance to be especially compelling. Close investigation, however, reveals that the key variable in Rogowski's theory, relative factor endowments, fails to account for the political alignment of capital and labor in Germany following 189

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3

Ponce, Javier. "Allied blockade in the Mid-East Atlantic during the First World War: cruisers against commerce-raiders." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 4 (2020): 882–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420982200.

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This article examines the Allied blockade around the Canary Islands as a response to the German cruiser war, since the crossroads of trade routes from the South Atlantic that took place in the Canary Islands allowed the German commerce-raiders to ensure, on the one hand, the encounter with numerous enemy merchant ships, objectives of this economic war and, on the other hand, the aid of the numerous German merchant ships that were in their ports, especially as colliers. The immediate Allied action to block the ports in the Canary Islands took advantage of the undisputed hegemony of Great Britai

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4

Maciuika, John V. "Werkbundpolitik and Weltpolitik: The German State's Interest in Global Commerce and "Good Design," 1912-1914"." German Politics and Society 23, no. 1 (2005): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780889147.

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Although the conflict between Muthesius and van de Velde has been well documented in the annals of modern architectural and design history, far less understood is the extent to which domestic political crises and new policy departures in Berlin served as preconditions for the Werkbund conflict in the first place. Prominent Werkbund members—men such as Werkbund Managing Director Ernst Jäckh and Werkbund Vice President Hermann Muthesius, but also including such national political figures and Werkbund members as Friedrich Naumann of Württemberg and Gustav Stresemann of Saxony—used institutional a

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5

Perkins, J. A. "Dualism in German Agrarian Historiography." Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, no. 2 (1986): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500013876.

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The historiography of agrarian Germany before 1914 is fundamentally based upon two moments (in the Weberian sense): one of a structural and the other of an institutional nature. The structural moment comprises an emphasis upon the existence and role of agrarian dualism, that is, upon a sharp contrast, emerging from the later Middle Ages onwards, in the agrarian systems found east and west of the River Elbe and its tributary the Saale, which together formed a line bisecting Germany from Hamburg to the modern Czechoslavakian frontier. The institutional moment consists of the shift from a free-tr

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6

Overlack, Peter. "German Commerce Warfare Planning for the Australian Station, 1900–1914." War & Society 14, no. 1 (1996): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924796791200898.

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7

McGuire, Michael. "Cultures de Guerre in Picardy, 1917." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 42, no. 3 (2016): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2016.420303.

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In 1917 French and foreign agents reconstructed sections of Picardy destroyed by Operation Alberich, a “scorched-earth” program implemented by departing Germans. The region’s unanticipated maltreatment led French Third Army forces to evaluate and assist Picardy’s devastated homesteads and refugee-residents. Under General Georges Humbert, the Third Army implemented juxtaposing reconstruction policies in Picardy. Along with inhabitants, bureaucrats, and German prisoners of war, the Third Army initiated “a regime of temporary aid” that repaired property and provisioned civilians. Humbert’s subord

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8

Steen, Kathryn. "Confiscated commerce: American importers of German synthetic organic chemicals, 1914–1929." History and Technology 12, no. 3 (1995): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519508581887.

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9

Boney, A. D. "The summer of 1914: diary of a botanist." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 52, no. 2 (1998): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1998.0053.

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F.O. Bower, F.R.S., Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, attended the 1914 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Australia as President of Section K (Botany). Items from the daily diary that he kept include a running commentary on shipboard life on the outward voyage, sharp observations on some of his scientific colleagues and on meetings, the impacts of news and rumours of the distant war, and describe the hazards of the return voyage at peril from German commerce raiders.

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10

Overlack, Peter. "The function of commerce warfare in an Anglo‐German conflict to 1914." Journal of Strategic Studies 20, no. 4 (1997): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402399708437700.

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11

Ambrosius, Lloyd E. "WORLD WAR I AND THE PARADOX OF WILSONIANISM." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 1 (2017): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781417000548.

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One hundred years ago, on April 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson led the United States into the First World War. Four days earlier, in his war message to Congress, he gave his rationale for declaring war against Imperial Germany and for creating a new world order. He now viewed German submarine attacks against neutral as well as belligerent shipping as a threat to the whole world, not just the United States. “The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind,” he claimed. “It is a war against all nations.” He now believed that Germany had violated the moral st

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12

Cocks, Geoffrey. "The Ministry of Amusements: Film, Commerce, and Politics in Germany, 1917–1945." Central European History 30, no. 1 (1997): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900013376.

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13

Ponce, Javier. "Commerce Warfare in the East Central Atlantic during the First World War: German submarines around the Canary Islands, 1916–1918." Mariner's Mirror 100, no. 3 (2014): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2014.935145.

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14

Aspeslagh, John. "Hechte vriendschap in barre tijden. De naoorlogse correspondentie tussen Eugeen Van Oye en Hugo Verriest." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 78, no. 2 (2019): 130–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v78i2.15730.

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De Vlaamse Academie voor Taal en Letter-kunde (KANTL) vergaderde het laatst op5 augustus 1914 toen de Eerste Wereldoorlog al was uitgebroken. Gedurende de hele oorlog lagen de activiteiten stil. Na de wapenstilstand van november 1918 wilde het bestuur de leden zo vlug mogelijk weer samenroepen. Meegezogen door de patriottische wind die over het pas bevrijde vaderland raasde, wilden de voorzitter en de secretaris vooraf de Academie uitzuiveren en de leden die zich tijdens de oorlog manifest met de bezetter hadden gecompromitteerd, uitzetten. Zo stond ook het lidmaatschap van Eugeen Van Oye, ex-

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15

Aspeslagh, John. "Hechte vriendschap in barre tijden. De naoorlogse correspondentie tussen Eugeen Van Oye en Hugo Verriest." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 78, no. 2 (2019): 130–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v78i2.15730.

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De Vlaamse Academie voor Taal en Letter-kunde (KANTL) vergaderde het laatst op5 augustus 1914 toen de Eerste Wereldoorlog al was uitgebroken. Gedurende de hele oorlog lagen de activiteiten stil. Na de wapenstilstand van november 1918 wilde het bestuur de leden zo vlug mogelijk weer samenroepen. Meegezogen door de patriottische wind die over het pas bevrijde vaderland raasde, wilden de voorzitter en de secretaris vooraf de Academie uitzuiveren en de leden die zich tijdens de oorlog manifest met de bezetter hadden gecompromitteerd, uitzetten. Zo stond ook het lidmaatschap van Eugeen Van Oye, ex-

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16

Piwowarczyk, Darius J. "Sociocultural role of Catholic schools in German Togo (1892-1914)." Forum Teologiczne 23 (November 25, 2022): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ft.8010.

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This article concerns the social and cultural role of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) in German Togo ‒ the Catholic missionary order that commenced its work in the colony in 1892 ‒ and specifically the importance of its schools for the German colonial project in that part of Africa. I seek to substantiate the thesis that Christian missions were in fact vital for modern colonial states as holders ‒ mainly through their educational effort ‒ of cultural/symbolic capital that is imperative for a proper functioning of any polity. The SVD mission made a considerable impact on social life of the

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17

BARTON, JONATHAN R. "Struggling against Decline: British Business in Chile, 1919–33." Journal of Latin American Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x99005520.

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British business in Latin America struggled throughout the inter-war period, affected by the First World War, aggressive US trade strategies and a dated British commercial support structure that had turned its attentions to imperial markets. Chamber of Commerce archive material reveals the frustrations of the British business community in Chile as hard-won markets were lost to well-supported US firms and returning German competition, as a consequence of weak political, financial and marketing support. Against a backdrop of British commercial decline worldwide, the Chilean case echoes the exper

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18

Eleazar Wendt, Samuel. "Hanseatic Merchants and the Procurement of Palm Oil and Rubber for Wilhelmine Germany’s New Industries, 1850–1918." European Review 26, no. 3 (2018): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798718000121.

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This article analyses the reorientation of Hanseatic merchants’ involvement in world trade during the second half of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth centuries. This shift was influenced by the independence of former British and Iberian colonies in the Americas, which caused the implosion of colonial trade monopolies. The abolition of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, and the Scramble for Africa also allowed German commerce to obtain more direct access to markets in and raw materials from tropical regions. An examination of the commodity chains of rubber and palm oil/kernels rev

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19

Gewald, Jan-Bart. "The Issue of Forced Labour in the Onjembo: German South West Africa 1904–1908." Itinerario 19, no. 1 (1995): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021203.

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Visitors to the sea-side resort of Swakopmund on the Namibian coast will have often stood on the northern banks of the Swakop river and marvelled at the sea of sand dunes that commences on the opposite side of the river. Very few of them will ever have realised that they were standing upon, and wandering amongst, the mass graves of Herero and Nama prisoners of war, who between 1904 and 1908 were employed as forced labourers. As I write the mass-graves of Swakopmund are used by recreationers as a testing ground for their four-wheel-drive off-road vehicles, perhaps in the future the true nature

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20

Uekoetter, Frank. "Divergent Responses to Identical Problems: Businessmen and the Smoke Nuisance in Germany and the United States, 1880–1917." Business History Review 73, no. 4 (1999): 641–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116129.

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This article counters a common misconception that business was universally opposed to air pollution control at the beginning of the twentieth century. In comparing the reaction of German and American businessmen to smoke abatement efforts before World War I, it shows that behavior was primarily shaped by national culture, rather than by a general desire to “externalize costs.” German smoke abatement did not meet significant resistance from industrialists, with regulation being based on a general consensus of all parties involved—a process which turned out to be as much a chance for abatement a

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21

Bricínová, Adéla. "Cesta Josefa Schulze do Francie u příležitosti Světové výstavy v Paříži v roce 1867." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia 78, no. 3-4 (2025): 10–21. https://doi.org/10.37520/amnph.2024.013.

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The architect Josef Schulz (1840–1917) was sent on a study trip to the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris by the Prague Chamber of Commerce and Trade as an observer in the field of civil engineering. His trip developed into a weeks-long stay abroad, during which he visited not only the French capital, but also a number of German and Belgian cities and other destinations in France. Schulz’s journey can be reconstructed in great detail based on surviving archival material, which consists primarily of the architect’s travel diary, which he kept throughout his trip, correspondence with his

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22

Ernst, Daniel R. "Ernst Freund, Felix Frankfurter, and the American Rechtsstaat: A Transatlantic Shipwreck, 1894–1932." Studies in American Political Development 23, no. 2 (2009): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x09990058.

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From the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 through the New Deal, American legislators commonly endowed administrative agencies with broad discretionary power. They did so over the objections of an intellectual founder of the American administrative state. The American-born, German-educated lawyer and political scientist Ernst Freund developed an Americanized version of the Rechtsstaat—a government bound by fixed and definite rules—in an impressive body of scholarship between 1894 and 1915. In 1920 he eagerly took up an offer from the Commonwealth Fund to finance a comprehensive st

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23

Anghel, Florin. "Portrait of a necessary Ponto-Baltic alliance: Polish commercial road projects towards the Balkans and the Black Sea, 1919 – 1926." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 2, no. 2 (2010): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v2i2_4.

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The economic expression of the Romanian-Polish military and political alliance undoubtedly had to be represented by the rebirth of the Baltic-Pontic commercial road, as the flow of products coming into and towards the Polish space had been artificially directed, during the 19th century, as a result of understandable political and economic interests, towards the North and the Adriatic Seas, instead of the Baltic and Black Seas. A Polish commercial road towards the Balkans obviously comprised economic, financial and strategic components. One of them referred to building an alternative to the con

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24

Purinaša, Ligija. "FACTORS OF INSPIRATION IN ČENČU JEZUPS’ NOVEL “PĪTERS VYLĀNS”." Via Latgalica, no. 8 (March 2, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2237.

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Čenču Jezups or Dzērkste (real name Jezups Kindzuļs, 1888–1941?) was a Latgalian public figure, agronomist, publicist and writer. Date of his death is unknown – he was arrested in February 1941 by NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), but after that there is no information about his further life. He participated in the Latgalian Awakening movement at the beginning of 20th century. Later J. Kindzuļs was one of the organizers of the Latgalian congress (1917) in Rēzekne and a member of Constitutional Assembly of Latvia (1920–1922). He was an editor of such periodicals as “Latgalīts”

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25

Olukoju, Ayodeji. "“An Imperial Clearing House for Commercial Information and Suggestions:” The British Imperial Council of Commerce, 1911–1925." Itinerario, August 3, 2023, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115323000128.

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Abstract This paper departs from the preoccupation in the literature with the pressure group activity of single chambers of commerce by examining an influential but previously neglected federated business pressure group, the British Imperial Council of Commerce (BICC). Set within interlocking dynamics of British Imperial and global history and the clamour for imperial preference, it focuses on BICC's interface with the British government and its overseas dependencies in the context and vortex of Imperial economic policy, the First World War, interimperial competition, especially Anglo–German r

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26

Hewitt, Liane. "Monopoly Menace: The Rise and Fall of Cartel Capitalism in Western Europe, 1918–1957." Enterprise & Society, November 22, 2024, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2024.38.

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Cartels today are illegal and illegitimate across the globe. Yet until the end of World War II, cartels were legal, ubiquitous, and popular—especially in Europe. How, then, did cartels become bad, if they had been considered a positive force for capitalist stabilization and peace in the first half of the 20th century? That is the question this dissertation poses. By the 1930s, over 1,000 monopolistic agreements regulated nearly half of world trade. International cartels governed the interwar world economy, setting prices and output quotas, dividing world markets, regulating trade flows, and ev

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27

Bender, Stuart Marshall. "You Are Not Expected to Survive: Affective Friction in the Combat Shooter Game Battlefield 1." M/C Journal 20, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1207.

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IntroductionI stumble to my feet breathing heavily and, over the roar of a tank, a nearby soldier yells right into my face: “We’re surrounded! We have to hold this line!” I follow him, moving past burning debris and wounded men being helped walk back in the opposite direction. Shells explode around me, a whistle sounds, and then the Hun attack; shadowy figures that I fire upon as they approach through the battlefield fog and smoke. I shoot some. I take cover behind walls as others fire back. I reload the weapon. I am hit by incoming fire, and a red damage indicator appears onscreen, so I move

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28

Angela, Mitt. "education human capital and economic growth in Nigeria." August 13, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3982749.

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<strong>Gyeongsang University Turnitin Trash Files</strong> <strong>HUMAN CAPITAL NEXUS AND GROWTH OF NIGERIA ECONOMY</strong> <strong>CHAPTER ONE</strong> <strong>INTRODUCTION</strong> <strong>Background to the Study </strong> Government expenditure equally known as public spending simply refers to yearly expenditure by the public sector (government) in order to achieve some macroeconomic aims notably high literacy rate, skilled manpower, high standard of living, poverty alleviation, national productivity growth, and macro-economic stability. It is also expenditure by public authorities at va

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