Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Commerce international'
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Mekki, Rabiâa. "Comportement stratégique des firmes et commerce international." Le Mans, 2005. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2005/2005LEMA2001.pdf.
Full textThe thesis proposes to examine a relatively wide set of issues concerning the interrelation between firms' strategic behaviour and different dimensions oftheir econornic performance in alternative international economic settings. The initial theoretical modeling and subsequent empirical analysis constitute two relatively distinct avenues of research inquiry. The latter is applied to test econometrically a series of questions relating to the interrelation between trade, foreign direct investment, employment and productivity, using panel data for Tunisia and Morocco. The initial, but somewhat distinct, theoretical work considers a specifie set of issues relating to the role of vertical and horizontal differentiation, (respectively, in terrn of quality and varieties), for explaining the strategies and performance of firms under autarchy and international trade
Mekki, Rabiâa Abdel Rahman Kamal. "Comportement stratégique des firmes et commerce international." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2005/2005LEMA2001.pdf.
Full textDupuy, Louis. "Soutenabilité et commerce international." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0087/document.
Full textWe endeavour to explore the many ways by which international trade has an impact on sustainability.From a theoretical perspective, sustainability is the application of the utilitarian theory of value on capitaltheory, used to define the interactions between human-being and their environment. We show how sustainabilitycan be understood as sound and equitable management of the means of development, preserving consumptionand wealth over time while fostering intragenerational and intergenerational equity and controlling for moneyvaluesubstitutability. We use Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) to assess how opening economies to trade altersdevelopment paths. We then show how international trade should lead to additional savings, as gains fromtrade resulting from resources reallocation should be reinvested and not consumed. We explore how the natureof trade impacts development paths, showing how increasing returns to scale in the international division of theproduction processes changes factor prices. This should lead to more gains from trade saved and reinvested.We investigate how institutions and trade incentives interact in hindering sustainable management of naturalcapital in resource abundant countries. We show how inter-industry trade in natural resources intensive goodsmight be a sign for unsustainable development paths. To better understand interactions between institutionsand sustainability, we suggest the dislocation of the Soviet Union as a natural experiment. We show how theevolution of ANS in the Russian Federation is closely correlated with the neighbouring countries, regardless ofresources abundance. Counterfactual studies should be used to monitor sustainable development in the wakeof uncertainty and scarce data on comprehensive wealth depreciation. Those elements lead us to conclude onthe necessity to reconsider the rationale for economic integration on sustainability lines
Huang, Sainan. "Trois essais sur Finance International et Commerce International." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CERG0738.
Full textThis thesis is comprised of three chapters. Each chapter corresponds to an article in the field of international finance and international trade. Chapter One: An Empirical Analysis of Real Exchange Rate Election Cycle: East Asia vs. Latin America. Empirical literature depicts an exchange rate cycle around elections in Latin America: exchange rates tend to be more appreciated before than after elections. In this paper we analyze the behavior of real exchange rates (RERs, hereafter) around elections in East Asia, and perform a broad comparison with the experiences of Latin America countries. Our contributions to the empirical literature on exchange rate election cycle are threefold. First, we find a new type of RER election cycle in East Asia region, which is opposite to one of Latin America. Second, we investigate the possible policies used by the policy-maker to influence the RER around elections. We find that RER variation around elections can be partially captured by changes in international reserves. Our results are consistent with international reserves being used by policy-makers to influence exchange rates and produce its election cycle, and we find that international reserves increase in the month preceding elections in East Asia, but decrease in Latin America. Third, we show that in both regions the RER election cycle is clearly identified before central bank reform, but the cycle disappears in the post-reform data, indicating that monetary policy is one of the channels through which the RER election cycle is generated. Chapter Two: Exchange Rate Populism. Empirical findings have shown that East Asian and Latin American economies present opposite exchange rate electoral cycles: exchange rates tend to be more depreciated before and appreciated after elections among East Asian economies, and the opposite is true in Latin America. This paper proposes a theoretical model that explains the opposite exchange rate electoral cycle in these two regions. In a setup where policy-makers differ in their preference bias towards non-tradable and tradable sector citizens, the RER is used a noisy signal of the incumbent's type in an uncertain economic environment. The mechanism behind the cycle is engendered by the incumbent trying to signal he is median voter's type, biasing his policy in favor of the majority of the population before elections. The driving forces of the opposite exchange rate populism in these two regions is the RER distributive effects and the difference of the relative size of tradable and non-tradable sectors in these two regions. Chapter Three: The Decomposition of Trade Collapse during Financial Crises. The global financial crisis of 2008-2009 was accompanied by a sharp decline in international trade, which raises the question on the role of finance on international trade. We contribute to this literature by investigating the impact of financial crises on bilateral trade, using data of 103 exporters and 188 importers at 27 sectors-disaggregation from 1995 to 2009. Firstly, we analyze the responses of bilateral trade to financial crisis and the shock hits the exporting country or the importing country. Secondly, this paper investigates whether the trade collapse following crisis is caused by demand or supply shocks. Thirdly, we investigate the impact of financial crisis on the extensive margin of trade, which may be an indication of its permanent impact on trade
Chapda, Nana Guy. "Trois essais en commerce international." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29920/29920.pdf.
Full textThis thesis consists of three essays in empirical and theoretical international trade analyzing two main subjects: estimation of Gross National product function and strategic policy in presence of exchange rate pass-through and production risk. The first essay offers an innovative approach for analysis the impact on trade of regional trade agreements (RTA) with application to the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Canada and the United States adopted in 1989, which was extended to Mexico as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. More precisely, we estimate a Translog Gross National Product function and test for endogenously determined structural change allowing for anticipated and lagged responses to regional trade agreements. We found that Canada embarked on a long transition path prior to the implementation of the Canada-US Trade Agreement, a result reminiscent of Magee’s (2008) results concerning RTAs’ trade creation effects. In contrast, the United States experienced an abrupt structural change a year after the North American Free Trade Agreement took effect. This reflects that smaller economies benefitting from larger changes in terms of trade are confronted to more complex adjustment processes than larger economies. In the second essay, we empirically investigate the implications of the choice of dates when imposing local restrictions to maintain convexity in output prices and concavity in factor endowments in the the estimation of a GNP function approximated by a Translog (TL) function. Using macroeconomic data for Switzerland, we compare the TL to a Symmetric Normalized Quadratic (SNQ) function on which global curvature restrictions can be imposed. When the functions are unrestricted for curvature, convexity in prices is violated more often than concavity in factor endowments. The number of points for which both curvature conditions hold is sensitive to the date at which local restrictions are imposed on the TL, but estimated TL elasticities are robust. Through searching for an appropriate date, the TL matched the SNQ’s ability to impose curvature conditions at all points. However, many TL and SNQ elasticities differ in sign and magnitude. The likelihood dominance criterion and in-sample forecasts comparisons favored the TL. Thus, choosing a functional form solely based on the possibility of imposing global curvature conditions is not advised. In the last essay, we develop a strategic policy model inspired by the maple syrup industry. The province of Quebec accounts for 71% of the world’s production. We analyze how strategic policy choices and exchange rate pass-through are influenced by vertical linkages and production shocks which are observed after input prices are determined and “planned production” decisions are made. Downstream competition is modeled as a Bertrand duopoly with a home firm exporting all of its production to the importing country which is also supplied by a domestic downstream firm. We specifically examine two cases depending on whether the input price is negotiated between the input producer and the downstream firm in the exporting country or simply fixed by the input producer. We always assume that the upstream firm sets the input price in the importing country. Our analysis shows that the exporting government should subsidize production/exports and the foreign government should subsidize local production whatever the case chosen. We also show that when there is rationing, the exchange rate pass-through is charaterized by a threshold effect that is quite unlike the sort of theshold effect described in models with menu costs.
Martin, Julien. "Prix, qualité et commerce international." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010035.
Full textEl, Hadri Hajare. "Désastres naturels et commerce international." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE3006.
Full textThe history of the planet has always been marked by natural disasters. Nevertheless, their impacts on trade have been little explored. This thesis tries to bring to light the relationship between natural disasters and trade. A special attention was given to developing countries and their agricultural sector which is known to be particularly vulnerable to these shocks. The chapter 1 proposes to analyse the effect of natural disasters on total trade. We show that agricultural exports do not decrease ina systematic way in the aftermath of catastrophes. Therefore, the chapter 2 seeks to identify the transmission channels; and relies on bilateral trade models. We show that natural disasters affect agricultural exports through three mechanisms: a capability channel, a shipment channel and a preference channel. Finally, the chapter 3 explores the role played by drought in change of country‘s specialization. We show that a lack of precipitation leads to a change in exports at middle term
Hountondji, Guéliffo. "Commerce extérieur et démographie des entreprises industrielles." Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE0004.
Full textVery little research has been done on the relationship between external trade and industrial firms' demography. International trade is traditionally assumed to provide a source of discipline on market performance, when industry move from autarky to foreign competition. In price cost margins models, such competition is expected to exert a significant and negatve effect on industry profit rates. Any kind of extension of these models to industrial firms' demography shoul d then posit a relationship between external trade and business failure rates. The dissertation examines first, systematically, the wole set of dependencies that may link industrial demography to sellers' concentration and profitability. Models derived from structure-conduct-performance paradigm are proposed and tested on the case of french industry, for the period 1987-1990. The relevence and the limits of trade discipline are exibited. Secondly, a framework for oligopolistic competition is developed within which foreign competition is viewed without any autarky hypothesis. In this framework, models of simultaneous equations are proposed to explain different business emerging and failure rate s econometric tests on the french case are performed
Toledo, Anne-Marie. "Notion de sûreté et droit du commerce international." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010335.
Full textDevices resulting from international business practice and inspired by foreign legal systems (autonomous guarantees, property-security interest) have transformed french law of security. Such new techniques have challenged the classic criteria used to define the concept of security interest such as accessory. All of these changes have lead to the redefining of the concept of security interest in order to take into consideration this development and therefore to discover new criteria. On this respect the criteria of "categorical" consideration ("cause categorique") allows to convey in a new way the indisputable link between the security interest and the guaranteed contract. Therefore, a security interest is defined as "an institution which through the allocation to the principal claim, of an asset, a group of assets or all assets, grants an additional right of claim, preferential right or a fiduciary property right which allows, through its implementation the payment of the guaranteed claim". The search of this definition has allowed to shed light on the development of fundamental concepts in this area of law and therefore goes even further in order to respond to the expectations of international commerce in two ways. The first consists not only in accepting but also creating under french law the techniques inspired by foreign systems such as the floating charge and the trust. The purpose of the second is to propose the creation of a "transnational" security interest adapted to the needs of international business, based on the berd and unidroit models
Daumal, Marie. "Commerce international, fédéralisme et fragmentation politique." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090054.
Full textThis work aims to find the links between international trade and political fragmentation of nations-states that have been universal phenomena since the eighties. The results of the first econometric study show that federal systems and separatist movements reinforce the trade globalization process. The second study calculates the degree of fragmentation of the Brazilian market and finds that the decentralization process aggravates this fragmentation and also reduces Brazilian states' insertion into the global market. The third and fourth studies investigate the impact of trade openness on regional inequalities in India and in Brazil. I find that India's trade liberalization reinforces greatly income inequalities among Indian states, which currently pose a threat to India's political unity. On the contrary, Brazil's trade openness reduces regional inequalities
Jean, Sébastien. "Commerce international et marché du travail." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010041.
Full textLemonnier, Mariola. "La compensation dans le commerce international." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT3004.
Full textThe barter transactions are continuously evoluting, not only their forms but also their applications in the international trade. These deals can appear under several forms: barter, counter-purchase, advance compensation, compensation deal, clearing, switch, debt-for-swap, countertrade, offset. They are not anymore simple clearing, switch, debt-for-swap, countertrade, offset. They are not anymore simple goods or services exchanges but complex operations, reserved to specialists, and the parties are faced to specific risks and not only to classical ones. The contracting parits are also faced to the complexity of the contracs, the confusion on terminology and the contradictory reaction of the institutional environment the aim of this present research is to bring a juridical contribution to the study of countertrade, that is how to choose the essential elements, the juridical qualification and the execution of the contracts. The analysis of all those agreements will show how specific they are in the international trade. Their identity will be shown by pointing out the contractual praxis, the freedom of the parties, their motivations, their constraints and the precautions to be taken
Thoenig, Mathias. "Commerce international et dynamique des inégalités." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010008.
Full textGhazouani, Chiheb. "Le contrat de commerce électronique international." Paris 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA020013.
Full textMarchand, Aurore. "L'embargo en droit du commerce international." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN20010.
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Gozlan, Estelle. "Commerce international et sécurité des produits." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100047.
Full textCardon, Mathieu. "La compétence internationale de l'Etat en droit international économique : (L'effet extraterritorial des normes du commerce international)." Lyon 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO33038.
Full textAlmeida, Prado Mauricio. "Le hardship dans le droit du commerce international." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100176.
Full textThis study aims the definition of the hardship in the international business law. In order to accomplish this objective we have verified the admission and the characteristics of the hardship in the different fiels where the subject is ruled. In this sense, we were able to demonstrate the diversity of remedies that are proposed by different national laws (in this case, French, American and Italian laws). Our analysis of the main international conventions (Hague 1964 and Vienna 1980) has permitted the conclusion that the ambiguity of such texts causes the uncertainty of the content of such rule. We have also been able to show the evidence of the developments of contractual practice regarding the hardship, which has both sophisticated, with respect its structure, and consolidated as an instrument widely known by the international community. In the lex mercatoria field, we could conclude that arbitrators recognize the existence of such rule, despite its unclear outline. This difficulty was settled with the outcome of the Unidroit Principles and the European Principles, which, except for certain specific points, seem to reflect the lex mercatoria content. Therefore, it seems possible tous to conclude that the hardship is one of the most developed institutes to assure "equity" in international affairs, without questioning the "safeguard of the contractual relationships"
Oulmane, Nassim. "Nature du commerce, structure de marché et ajustement de l'emploi au commerce international." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10018.
Full textKadikov, Artem. "International taxation of cross-border digital commerce." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea6c6f2e-c65f-4fa5-945a-22eb71e12667.
Full textBelfaleh, Adel. "Les Pratiques déloyales et le commerce international." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05D014.
Full textGranger, Clotilde. "Normes de travail fondamentales et commerce international." Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090036.
Full textCuenca, Christine. "Urbanisation, commerce international et développement en Méditerranée." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX24016.
Full textTridi, Amine. "Les garanties bancaires dans le commerce international." Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100008.
Full textBonds, quarantees and letters of credit in the international trade are concerned by this study which try to have a general view about the practice over the world, with appreciation about the justice decisions on the subject
Le, Roy Dominique. "La Force majeure dans le commerce international." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010267.
Full textThe notion of "force majeure" figuresin all the juridic systems, but these differ as far to the characters which they attribute to it. The international trade agents confronted with this diversity, which is imperfectly resolved by the conflict of laws, had tried to found a solution with specific clauses or by recourse to arbitration in case of dispute. However, it is more by precising the manner to front the consequences of the difficulties created by the "force majeure" than by its definition that the protagonists had put in evidence an uniform procedure. The contractors do not wish to renounce to the contract execution : even when it is greatly compromised, whole is done to preserve a part of it. The solution has been made possible by the development of duties of each party. Two aspects have to be distinguished: mutual information and cooperation to minimize the consequence of the "force majeure"
El, Harrak Mehdi. "Les contrats d'offset dans le commerce international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D009.
Full textOffset contracts have been developed to regulate international trade transactions which are not taken into account by jurists. As a necessary economic counterbalance to get major international government procurement markets, offset has become essential in international trade. Barely mentioned in the areas of international trade law or international economic law, offset does not fall into any classification within the pre-existing legal classifications. This practice logically preceded its legal conceptualization and remains reluctant to abstraction and differs from country to country. Given its decisive importance in the award of the most important international public contracts, the World Trade Organization has tried to define the offset to prohibit it. This ban is now spreading within international economic law by being taken up in free trade agreements. In the article IV of the Revised Agreement on Government Procurement of the World Trade Organisation, the offset ban concerns the buying country: "With regard to covered procurement, a Party, including its procuring entities, shall not seek, take account of, impose or enforce any offset ». Despite this ban, the importance of offset in the award of the most important international government procurement is growing irrepressibly
Talau, Jean-Marc. "L'arbitre du commerce international source de droit." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE0003.
Full textArfaoui, Besma. "L'interprétation arbitrale du contrat de commerce international." Limoges, 2008. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/a42a29d6-dce9-4616-9ff4-3f7c8c2ed8a0/blobholder:0/2008LIMO1004.pdf.
Full textInterpreting the contract, the arbitror of internationl commerce built up a number of general principles that consolidate the building of standards specific to the needs of the traders'international community. The general principles of Lex Mercatorea make of the arbitror an objective law source. In addition to this constituent resulted by the interpretative approach of the arbitrator, there is the second aspect which the arbitration interpretation of the international commerce contract comes out with. This aspect highlights the role of arbitrator as a source of subjective laws, a role related to the determinationof prerogatives and obligations respective to the parties. This determination leads to a debate relative to the range of powers of the arbitror with regard to the contract. The creative dimension related to the interpretative approach of the arbitrator becomes more pronounced with the restricted control of state jusrisdictions. This control controls the distortion committed by the arbitrator and the revision in the sentence of the proscription not to get over
Weiszberg, Guillaume. "Le raisonnable en droit du commerce international." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020047.
Full textNowak, Jean-Jacques. "Syndrome néerlandais et théorie du commerce international /." Paris : Économica, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37066802x.
Full textDe, Soyres François. "Trois essais en commerce international et macroéconomie." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10006/document.
Full textThis thesis contains three essays on international trade and macroeconomics, with a special focus on the role of input-output linkages. In the first chapter, I study the relationship between international trade and business cycle synchronization. Using data from 40 OECD countries and major emerging markets, I find that trade in intermediate inputs plays a significant role in synchronizing GDP fluctuations across countries while trade in final goods is not significant. Motivated by this new fact, I build a model of international trade in intermediates that is able to replicate more than 85% of the empirical trade-comovement slope, offering the first quantitative solution for the “Trade Comovement Puzzle”. The model relies on two key assumptions: (i) price distortions due to monopolistic competition and (ii) fluctuations in the mass of firms serving each country. The combination of those ingredients creates a link between domestic measured productivity and foreign shocks through trade linkages. Finally, I provide evidence for the importance of those elements in the link between foreign shocks and domestic GDP and test other predictions of the model. In the second chapter, Guillaume Sublet and I propose a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and global value chains. Firms access new varieties when breaking into any foreign market and jointly choose where to import from and to export to. The unit production cost depends on the importing/exporting strategy of each firm as well the strategy of a firm's direct and indirect suppliers, giving rise to complementarities across firms decisions. In general, the model admits multiple equilibria. In this context, we study the consequences of trade disruption between two countries on global trade flows and show that aggregate trade flows can be complements rather than substitutes. As a result, any trade disruption between two specific countries propagates to all other trading partners through the network of input-output linkages. Hence, imposing sanctions to one country leads to a reduction in trade between all other countries. We further test the empirical implication of our theoretical framework. In the third chapter, Shekhar Tomar and I study the consequence of a technological improvement in one sector on employment in sectors located downstream in the supply-chain. On the one hand, if material and labor are gross substitute in the production function, the price decrease for the former tends to reduce labor demand for the latter per unit produced. On the other hand, the upstream positive technological shock also increases the number of unit produced through a decrease in the marginal cost. The net effect on employment simply depends on the ratio between the elasticity of substitution in the production function and the price elasticity of demand. We estimate those parameters at the sector level using detailed French data and show that employment sensitivity of sectors following a decrease in their material input price are very heterogeneous. Consequences for forecasting the effect of an increase in machine efficiency are discussed
Ruiz, Alexandre. "Politiques environnementales, commerce international et systèmes complexes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ0001.
Full textThis thesis presents new theoretical and empirical results on economic growth dynamics in relation to environmental challenges, within the context of an open economy. The first chapter examines the dynamics of green-goods specialization through the analysis of economic complexity and autocatalytic networks. The main question is to understand why some countries do not engage more in the production of green goods, which is crucial to achieving sustainable development goals. By constructing a directed network, where nodes represent products and links represent the probability that one product will catalyze another over time, we assess the autocatalytic structure of production, as well as the diversification dynamics between green goods and the rest of production. We show that green goods are less likely to be self-reinforcing over time than their non-green counterparts, offering fewer opportunities for economic diversification. We also analyze this dynamic at the country level, using the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) as an example. We find that the production of green goods depends on a country's ability to take advantage of the local reinforcement of related products. In terms of environmental policy, this result has significant implications; indeed, to ensure the success of a ``green'' industrial policy, it is crucial to identify and strengthen local industries that contribute to building comparative advantages for green goods. This means investing not only in green products themselves, but also in fostering an economic ecosystem that facilitates synergies between different productive sectors. The second chapter develops a multi-agent model that takes into account the dimension of trade and the heterogeneity of firms and regions, offering an alternative to traditional integrated multi-regional computable general equilibrium models. This model reproduces a wide range of empirical properties identified in the literature that link growth, innovation, trade, and environmental dynamics. We analyze the effects of carbon tax policies. The results show that, while the national implementation of such policies could cause carbon leakage and negatively affect the economic performance of local firms, an international agreement on emissions reductions could simultaneously reduce output and emissions. In the third chapter, we explore the consequences of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM) within the European Union on macroeconomic dynamics and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, using the previously developed multi-agent integrated assessment model. We demonstrate that CBAM measures have a significant effect in reducing carbon leakage and increasing local competitiveness. However, this emission reduction proves to be temporary and insufficient to significantly alter the rise in temperatures. We also observe a change in trade dynamics with the redirection of trade flows towards countries not adopting this policy. We consider alternative scenarios with different carbon intensity trajectories. These results show that an increase in research and development opportunities focused on emissions intensity reduction at the firm level is essential to reduce greenhouse gases on a global scale, underlining the importance of implementing robust policies to encourage innovation and the transition to cleaner technologies
Fofana, Brihima. "L'effet gravitaire dans le commerce entre pays moins développés, PMD." Aix-Marseille 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX32036.
Full textIn order to explain why commercial flux differ from a country to another, and measure the relative importance of the factors in activities, the use of gravity models heave appeared necessary. Thus, in our application of those models to less developed countries, we have tried to show that it was possible to explain the different orientation of trading rushes not only from general factors, but especially referring to specifics elements to each country or group of countries. At the end of the analyze, we arrived to the conclusion that the tendency of exchanges between less developed countries is the concentration round dynamics poles and that concentration is rather of neighborhood character, thus as soon as the most qualified and implicated functions in the process of innovation are concentrated in big cities of less developed countries, so that there is a dualization of trading space between economic areas according to the dynamism of countries. But, more than the economic factors, the elements which are not measurable as the relationship, the cultural proximity linguistic seem to be more indicated to explain the orientation and the capacity of exchanges between less developed countries
Imbert, Philippe. "Les contrats d'intermédiaires du commerce international : contribution à leur étude en droit." Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU1A038.
Full textInternational trade is constantly expanding for tens years, at a far more important speed than the one of the economies participating to it. A part of this development is attributable to international trade middlemen. Economically, the notion of international trade middleman is a reality. Juridicaly, these middlemen, whose activity consists in concluding or allowing the conclusion of international contracts, are rarely grouped under a single qualification. The legal doctrine is considering separately the "concessionnaires", the commercial agents, the "commissionnaires", the brokers, the export management companies or the merchants. Such a division doesn't help to perceive the activity of these middlemen in the international trade, nor to turn to account their likenesses. Their gathering together in a single category is justified by the answer they give to companies interested in international trade, by the close relation of their contracts with the international sale, or by the common solutions that appear when passing these contracts according to French law (applicable law problem, use of European concurrence law,. . . ). These contracts are discussed, from the economical reality of the middlemen; with the aim to help to their conclusion in accordance with French law. We then consider their international dimension. Finally, we study in the same way five of the principal contracts used by these middlemen, articulating them around the international sale
Moati, Philippe. "Hétérogénéité intra-branche des entreprises et commerce international." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010030.
Full textEconomic theory has seldom treated the question of intra-industry heterogeneity of firms, of its genesis and consequences on economic mecanisms. The basic model of neo-classical analysis adopts a caricatural conception of firm and of its environment which excludes the possibility of micro-economic differenciation. Factors able to generate intra-industry heterogeneity of firms appears as market imperfections. The fundamental factors lie on the imperfection of information and the bounded rationality of economic agents. Well, they are two aspects in opposition with postulates of neo-classical paradigm. An alternative theory, which takes its inspiration in the natural selection thesis, puts heterogeneity at the basis of its thought and considers it as the motor of economic evolution. In the thesis, I develop an evolutionary model studying theoritically the impact of firm heterogeneity in the definition of international trade pattern. Heterogeneity appears to be a specific factor of comparative advantage, able to generate trade between economies sharing the same macro-economic characteristics. The introduction of macro-economic differences distinguishing economies allows to roughly meet the main conclusions of traditional theories of trade. The weight of micro-economic determinants of trade are more important the more the trading countries are similar
Bascans, Jean-Marc. "Le commerce international, accélérateur du progrès technique, facteur de croissance ?" Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT4003.
Full textAli, Salamat. "Trade costs in international trade." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/.
Full textJourdain-Fortier, Clotilde. "Santé et commerce international : contribution à l'étude de la protection des valeurs non marchandes par le droit du commerce international /." Paris : Litec, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40217487q.
Full textJourdain-Fortier, Clotilde. "Santé et commerce international : contribution à l'étude de la protection des valeurs non marchandes par le droit du commerce international." Dijon, 2004. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c1c064c4-80a0-4e2a-ad9f-cf2d877d48dd.
Full textAs B. Oppetit observed ten years ago, the subject of international trade law continues to become broader with the gradual integration of the goods and activities which were until that time outside the sphere of economic exchange. This notably concerns the products and health services which allow people to b or to remain in good health. They constitute the “means” of health, to which no commercial value can be given. Despite their specificity, these products and services, especially the elements and products of the human body, can now be the subject of international contracts not involving payment as well as international trade in return for payment. Today the existence of a genuine “international market of health” can thus be observed. This market originates in the development of legislation, and in the method in which the conflicts of laws are handled – providing solutions which appear to be inadequate in asserting both the limits of what can and cannot be included in a contract and the unlawful activities within the scope of international relations. The integration of these products and services into the international exchange of goods does not, however, come without consequences as far as health is concerned. Indeed, the purpose of international trade law is not a priori to protect people’s health. International trade law is economic by nature ; it’s aim is to protect the interests of traders, not of the population. Nevertheless, this exclusion must be put into perspective. Indeed, not only ca a certain convergence between the aims of international trade law and international health law be observed, but also an opening up of international trade law to the issues of health protection, especially that of the accessibility to pharmaceuticals, can be noted. Thus health and international trade are not linked through a systematic relationship of opposition or exclusion
Pantoja, Marina. "Taux de change et commerce : étude de droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100154.
Full textThe relation between currency and trade, and the impact that the exchange rate can have on International Trade Law enables heated arguments. The Havana Charter calls for the non-use of the devaluation of the exchange rate as commercial weapon. GATT has, among its articles, those addressing issues regarding exchange rates. However, this topic raises controversies, especially concerning the applicability of the WTO agreements as a commercial remedy against currencies’ anticompetitive devaluation. On the other hand, the IMF, an institution created under the Bretton Woods Agreement, is the competent body to deal with international financial issues and its article IV rules on its duty to monitor its Member States exchange rate policies, in order to avoid obtaining anti-competitive advantages among their means of trade. The two organizations working jointly in an orderly manner to accomplish their objectives of an overall world economic growth and it is from this perception that harmonization between WTO’s legal guidance and IMF’s directives must be implemented. And as such, the prime goal for global governance for the benefit of all shall become a reality
Mazerolle, Fabrice. "Echange international et marché du travail." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987IEPP0012.
Full textQin, Quan. "La sécurité alimentaire en droit international du commerce." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020049/document.
Full textToday’s world food situation is particularly disturbing. To guarantee food security for all remains the primary responsibility of governments and international society. As one of the major instruments to implement international strategy for food security, international law has failed to provide effective solution to mitigate the factors that contribute to food insecurity. This is particularly what happened when food problem was treated within WTO. Having established the terms and conditions of international trade in food and agricultural products, WTO trade regulations have major influence on food security both at international level and at national level. Even if the relevant WTO agreements did offer certain policy approaches to its Members to tackle their food problem, these policy approaches are neither sufficient nor efficient to achieve this goal. By constantly prioritizing commercial considerations over food concerns, WTO rules related to trade in agriculture seriously restrict the exercise of discretionary power of those Members who wish to improve their food situation. Therefore, international trade policies must be reformed, so that WTO Members can take creative measures to meet their people’s basic needs. Even it appears still difficult at present to create new rules that may allow food-deficit Members to generate sufficient income to guarantee their access to food; this reform must at least search for effective solutions to offset the negative impacts of trade policies on food security. Otherwise, the legitimacy and credibility of current global trading system will be at risk
Badinga, Arcadius. "Capital humain et commerce international en Afrique subsaharienne." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10065.
Full textJolivet, Emmanuel. "Les Incoterms : étude d'une norme du commerce international." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON10015.
Full textEicher, Vincent. "Le commerce international par échanges compensés : approche juridique." Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOD002.
Full textCountertrade or compensation can be considered nowadays as an established technique of international trade. However, the general term of countertrade covers a broad range of techniques running from mere exchange of goods to sophisticated financial arrangements. This study has been conducted in an evaluative perspective and shows that countertrade is developing through two main and distinct branches: - "commercial compensation" which corresponds, from an economic point of view, to a form of commercial or industrial relationship and, from a legal point of view, to original contractual arrangements which tend to constitute a group of linked contracts. - "financial compensation" which is not a form of economic relationship but is developing as specific and autonomous financing techniques which are artificially connected to classical commercial operations
Romestant, Damien. "Le commerce international des matériels et produits sensibles." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10070.
Full textBathem, Léopold Evariste. "Commerce international et investissements étrangers directs : aspects juridiques." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05D007.
Full textRéciprocity of links between international trade and foreign direct investment entails the adaptation of international economic law. These last years were marked by the fast development of international commercial exchanges and foreign direct investment flows. This expansion has favored the liberalization of domestic legislation in both fields and the proliferation of bilateral, regional agreements, and the opening of works within the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Dévelopment and the World Trade Organization in order to adopt multilatéral rules applicable to foreign direct investment. Of course a régulation exists regarding international trade and foreign direct investment, but il is still fragmentary. In the future, this régulation should reinforce itself further to a multilatéral négotiation. Therefore, the préparation, under the aegis of the World Trade Organization, of new rules relating to foreign direct investment and international trade appears as a credible alternative. These uniform rules with a universal vocation should have a binding legal force to better answer to the internationalization of companies and the indépendence of économies. Such an action at the multilatéral level ensures a strong foundation of the links between international trade and foreign direct investment in the legal spere. Indeed it is a matter of preparing a multilateral legal framework including high standards for the liberalization and protection of international investments with an efficient system of settlement of disputes
Gabbay, Ruth. "Le commerce international à l'épreuve des contraintes environnementales." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05D009.
Full textThe environmental component of sustainable development has become an essential concept, a major issue that has gradually interfere into the commercial sphere. International trade could no longer ignore the concept of environmental protection and must now deal with It. These two separate legal orders have conflictual relations, as It can be compared as two asymtotes that tends one to the other without ever reaching totally because their interests diverge. Protecting the environment by crossing the path of free exchange may affect the latter by restricting It. So, at first glance, this stormy relationship could lead to potential conflicts of normative and judicial order and in regard to the solutions that can be found. The standards set by MEAs are for some of them in contradiction with those erected by the multilateral trading system. In terms of competitiveness, the implementation of a rigorous environmental policy may have for consequence the reduction of the competitiveness of the developed countries or their companies against those who are more lax on environmental issues. However, we find that environment can be a factor of competitiveness. In addition, to compensate the potential distortions in the competition, countervailing could be considered as a border tax adjustment. The commercial sphere has nevertheless made efforts in the environmental issue. As part of the WTO, the jurisprudence has gradually open out to this and admits, certainly, so conditioned, that a State may on behalf of the preservation of the environment limit Its exchanges. The creation of a Trade Environment Committee demonstrates Its commitment not to ignore environmental issues. This will also be enrolled under the new RTAs which objectives go beyond the multilateral trading system by including in the provisions, the questions excluded during the Cancun negotiations, such as the environment. Environmental assessments of trade policies also represent an innovative instrument at the service of the environment. The implementation of ecolabeling or the creation of environmental goods and services reflects the growing impact that has the environmental component within the free trade
Bentahar, Hachmi. "Commerce international et comptabilité en temps de travail." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010015.
Full textGadji, Yao Abraham. "Libéralisation du commerce international et protection de l'environnement." Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/106185d5-6bd3-4f1b-bf8f-6ad91f477265/blobholder:0/2007LIMO1008.pdf.
Full textInternational trade and protection environmental currently feed hot debates within States, international institutions and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The complex links between both imperatives highlight the significant interest at stake. Serious ecological crises due to human activities have led to the adoption of environmental protection measures which stand as constraints on international trade whereas the World Trade Organization (WTO) advocates free movement of goods and commodities. Controversies are related to general and sector-based regulations as well as the modus operandi of the two sectors. Should environmental protection serve as a standard for the organization of free, competitive and non discriminatory international trade ? Or, should the rules of international trade fall in line with environmental protection objectives ?What changes in international trade regulations are to be considered to reconcile these with ecological requirements ? These issues which have grown in importance in recent years, especially as regards the movement of genetically modified organisms, patents for living creatures, access to genetic resources and the reduction of greenhouse gases, must be adequately addressed should sustainable developement be achieved