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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Commercial agriculture'
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Smith, J. T. "Commercial agriculture as a curriculum source for agricultural education." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379482.
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Bradshaw, Benjamin E. "Resource use response to subsidy removal in commercial agriculture." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/NQ40364.pdf.
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Theora, Benard Nganga 1956. "MARKET SHARE DETERMINANTS FOR COMMERCIAL BANKS LENDING TO AGRICULTURE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276385.
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Dube, Lighton. "Land tenure security and small scale commercial agriculture perfomance in Zimbabwe." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006195/.
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[Abstract]The major objective of this study is to identify the effects of land tenure security on Small Scale Commercial agricultural productivity and development inZimbabwe. Using a probit model, the study draws the following conclusions:i. Under a more secure tenure system, farmers are likely to have some longterm investments, in this case in plantation crops.ii. The type of tenure system may not necessarily influence an investment in non-fixed assets like livestock.iii. Secure tenure is likely to influence investment in property improvement fixed assets such as fencing and woodlots.iv. Secure tenure is likely to positively influence an investment in permanent housing facilities but does not seem to influence an investment in associated infrastructure such as garages, workshops or shades.v. Secure tenure seems to be associated with a higher propensity to invest in improving existing farm infrastructure.vi. Freehold tenure system is associated with a higher propensity to access to credit.vii. Tenure security appears not to significantly affect medium term soil improvements. Medium-term and long-term investments on the farm do not seem to have any significant impact on the level of input use.viii. However, contrary to expectations, the results of this study indicate that tenure security may not necessarily result in higher productivity.
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Littlefield, Joanne. "Desert Citrus Research: Studies Assist Commercial and Backyard Growers." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622202.
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Quan, Truong Tan. "Transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture in Quang Binh Province, Vietnam." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1557.
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The purpose of the study was to investigate how farmers in Quang Bing Province, Vietnam have been making the transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture. This process began in 1986 when the Vietnam economy changed from central planning to a market orientation. The research strategy was based on case study analysis of two communes in each of three agro-ecological zones, defined as coastal, plains and mountains. Within each commune there were six embedded household case studies, i.e 36 in total. Case studies were selected purposively to capture diversity of agro-ecological zones, market access and communications, wealth and income status, and ethnic communities. Households were interviewed twice; first in either late 2006 or early 2007, and again in late 2008. The study was approached using a constructivist paradigm and a lens of livelihood analysis, focusing on resources, institutions, interventions and the dynamics of change. Particular attention was given to the development of markets (inputs, outputs, land, labour and credit) and supply chain factors. Separate measures of commercialisation were constructed based on outputs and inputs, and at the level of both individual activities and the overall household. Investigations were informed by existing theory, but no hypotheses were tested. Instead, the research focused on emergent patterns and insights, and the enrichment and modification of existing theory. A review of literature indicated that the transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture in Vietnam was different from other countries on account of the specific combination of low technology agriculture, typical of much of developing Asia, combined with the transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market orientation as occurred in Central and Eastern European countries. At commune level, the key determinants of commercialisation were strong physical connections to markets, with good road access being paramount. Once all weather road access for motorised vehicles was available, then rapid commercialisation occurred. Supply chains typically developed faster for outputs than inputs. New technologies that increased the yield of basic food crops, and facilitated by Government and NGO programs, led to the release of land resources no longer required for meeting food security needs. Households retained their production of food crops that provided food security, and added additional cash earning activities. At the level of individual households, the commercialisation process was led by entrepreneurial families who perceived opportunities relating to profitable activities, and combined this with hard work. Often these opportunities were linked to what they had observed or learnt elsewhere. Once first movers took up a new technology, others observed and followed. There were many enabling factors, such as access to land, access to capital, and access to credit. However, none of these could be considered a determinant, in that the absence of any one factor did not by itself preclude successful commercialisation. Absence of an active male worker was a major constraint to commercialisation, as was lack of necessary crop and livestock skills. There was evidence that income disparities were increasing between the wealthy and the poor. Output commerciality across all households averaged 88 % in 2008 and was higher for wealthy households (95 %) than poor households (83 %). All households still produced their own food crops, but these crops had low market values and hence had a low impact on the output commerciality index. Output commerciality measured in percentage terms obscured that wealthy families had net incomes almost 13 times greater than poor households. A major theoretical insight was that key commercialisation factors are multiple and context dependent. Accordingly, there is a need in any investigation for a holistic approach, based on a livelihood framework that incorporates the complexities associated with the development of markets, as well as giving consideration to the range of interventions and institutional policies that impact on livelihood development.
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Oviedo, Linda L. "The Genesis II project integrated sea water farm : commercial agriculture and aquaculture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69379.
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Reyes, Lucas Y. "The Legal Green Rush| New California Agricultural Geographies in Commercial Cannabis Cultivation." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10840236.
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Marijuana has been given many names that connote an underground existence, but rarely been identified as an agricultural crop. California joins a growing number of states to decriminalize adult (recreational) use of cannabis over twenty years after passing California Proposition 215 which decriminalized medical use of marijuana. Illegality kept economic impacts of cannabis agriculture in the shadows; 2008 conservative estimates for California total $20 billion in wholesale value. If, as suggested by California Assemblyman Jim Wood, cannabis is “going to be treated as an agricultural product,” a critical examination of cannabis as agriculture is needed. This research investigates who cannabis cultivators were before legality and where they were located; likewise it explores who are the potential new cannabis cultivators entering the industry. Data indicate the largest concentration of interest in cannabis cultivation is in southern California and that a patchwork of legislation may severely inhibit large-scale cannabis cultivation in regions like the Central Valley.
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Ganter, Sylvain. "Modelling the Grand Banks commercial fishing fleet: Fleet structure, fishing performance and economic viability." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28165.
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The Grand Banks commercial fishing industry has been faced with several crises in the past decades. These crises have included the major financial crunch and inflation of the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the resources collapse of the Northern cod stock and other groundfish stocks in the 1990s followed by the foreign fishing disputes of the mid 1990s. The thesis examines the evolution of the fishing industry in Atlantic Canada during these critical years with focus on the fisheries of the Grand Banks. A linear programming model of the configuration of the Grand Banks commercial fishing fleet is formulated to describe the post 2000 period. The model is driven using the results of an extensive analysis of historical records for this recent period. The model results are validated by comparing them with historical average annual data over the period 2000-2005. The linear programming model is run under several scenarios emulating changes in government policy and economic conditions affecting the harvesting sector. Based on the results, alternative fishing fleet configurations for the Grand Banks fishery are defined to improve the economic viability of the fishing fleet. The model pointed to changes in fleet configuration including a rationalization of the shrimp and crab fleets and a shift to longline vessels with higher-valued product for groundfish harvesting. Once implemented, these suggestions would advance the goals of the new "Oceans to Plate" approach to fisheries management recently announced by Fisheries and Oceans, Canada.
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Mei, Fu-i. "Effect of phytate removal on physico-chemical and functional properties of commercial soy protein isolates /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487936356160773.
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Staley, Joshua. "A business plan for a 600-acre farm & 300-head commercial cow herd in south central Idaho." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7033.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Michael R. Langemeier
This thesis was written for the purpose of looking at the feasibility of operating a prospective business; a farm and ranch in southern Idaho. For practical reasons, I looked at a specific farm consisting of 600 irrigated acres, which are irrigated via 5 center pivots. Attached to the farm is an additional 400 acres of pasture ground seeded to crested wheat. In conjunction with operating the farm, I examined the feasibility of leasing a 300 head commercial cow herd from a separate owner than the land owner. Summer pasture for the cows would be leased from a grazing association located in northern Nevada and winter feed would come from the farm pasture, crop aftermath located on the farm, and corn stalks from a neighboring farm. Crops looked at being produced were grain corn and alfalfa hay. Operating cost projections were made using current market values, while the price received for each commodity is based on ten-year historical prices. Historical prices were used to determine whether the business is viable in the long-run. Rent on the farm is based on a 60/40 percent crop share of which the land owner’s share is 40 percent. Lease payment for the cow herd is based on a 2/3, 1/3 calf crop split of which the cow owner’s share is 1/3 of the calf crop. After analyzing the operation’s financials the business is not feasible.
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Day, A. D., B. B. Taylor, I. L. Pepper, and M. M. Minnich. "Influence of Liquid Sewage Sludge on Commercial Cotton Production." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204516.
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A field experiment was conducted in 1987 in Avra Valley, Arizona, to compare the plant growth and cotton lint yield from upland cotton fertilized with liquid sewage sludge with the plant growth and cotton lint yield from cotton fertilized with commercial inorganic fertilizer. Plant growth and cotton lint yields were similar when cotton was fertilized with liquid sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizers.
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Brown, Paul, Richard Gibson, and Norman Oebker. "Honeydew Measles: A Potential Threat to Commercial Honeydew Production." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214280.
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Measles of honeydew melons is not a common problem, but melon growers should be aware that it can cause severe economic damage, under the right environmental conditions. At least one Pinal County grower suffered significant loss during an outbreak of this disease in September 1987.
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Rethwisch, Michael D. "Insects Affecting Commercial Jojoba Production in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215741.
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Balint, Borbola E. "Determinants of commercial orientation and sustainability of agricultural production of the individual farms in Romania /." Frankfurt am Main [u. a.] : Lang, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/509012906.pdf.
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Metelerkamp, Luke. "Commercial agriculture in the Swartland : investigating emerging trends towards more sustainable food production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6716.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis was to determine whether or not examples exist of commercial grain farmers in the Swartland region of South Africa moving away from high-external-input agricultural production systems towards production systems based on ecologically restorative partnerships with soils and other natural systems. The research also sought to understand why these farmers were changing their approach to farming, as well as investigating the specific technologies and practices they were implementing in order to achieve these changes. In addition, the thesis also considered the theoretical implications of these changes on food security in the Western Cape. Three research approaches were employed: qualitative case studies of seven progressive farmers in the region; a literature review; and an analysis of secondary data. Throughout these three approaches, Swilling and Annecke’s conceptualisation of a multifaceted global polycrisis was used as a conceptual reference point. This was done with the intention of providing an agricultural analysis which looks beyond the farm gate and takes cognisance of the broader socio-ecological issues which affect and are affected by agriculture. The research identified seven farmers who are shifting towards lower-external-input production methods, which focus on enhancing beneficial partnerships with natural systems. The on-site interviews and observations revealed that the degree to which these seven farmers were altering their practices varied significantly. However, four key technologies and practices were identified as being common to all seven farmers: the use of legume rotations, reduced tillage, new styles of planters and increasing farm size. With regard to food security, the research suggested that current changes in these farmers’ agricultural practices could assist in keeping food prices and food production levels more stable in future, compared to production using high-external-input practices previously employed by the farmers. The potential improvement in production stability was shown to result mainly from improvements in soil health, as these improvements give crops increased resilience to unfavourable weather conditions, greater disease-resistance and improved vitality. The potential improvement in price stability stemmed predominantly from increased input-use efficiency and the utilisation of natural fertility and pest-management practices which were less susceptible to monopolistic input sales structures, international shortages and the increasing cost of fossil fuels. Due to the small size of the case study sample and the fact that this research focussed specifically on farmers who were considered progressive, the findings presented in this thesis cannot be viewed as representative of the larger agricultural region. The intention was rather to establish the positive changes currently underway, in order to provide useful pointers for similarly beneficial changes to be implemented elsewhere.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis was om vas te stel of voorbeelde bestaan van kommersiële graanboere in die Swartlandgebied van Suid Afrika wat wegbeweeg van hoë-eksterne-inset produksie sisteme na sisteme wat gebasseer is op vennootskappe met grond en ander natuurlike sisteme. Die doel van dié vennootskappe isom ekologiese herstellingte bewerkstellig. Die navorsing het ook gepoog om te verstaan hoekom hierdie boere hulle boerderytegniekeverander; spesifieke tegnologieë en praktyke wat gebruik word om verandering mee te bringis ondersoek. Daarenbowe oorweeg hierdie tesis ook die teoretiese implikasies van die veranderings op voedselsekuriteit in die Wes-Kaap. Drie navorsings benaderings is te werk gestel: kwalitatiewe gevallestudies van sewe vooruitstrewende boere in die area; ‘n literatuurstudie; en ‘n analise van sekondêre data. Swilling en Annecke se konsepsualisering van die veelvoudig-gefasetteerde globale polikrisis is deurlopend gebruik as ‘n konsepsuele verwysingspunt. Dit is gedoen om‘n boerdery analise daar te stel wat verby die plaashek kyk na wyer maatskaplike en ekologiese kwessies wat ‘n wederkerige verhouding met boerdery het. Die navorsing het sewe boere geidentifiseer wat na laer-eksterne-inset produksie metodes beweeg. Hierdie metodes fokus daarop om voordelige verhoudings met natuurlike sisteme te versterk. Onderhoude en waarnemings op die plase het vasgestel dat die graad van praktykverandering merkwaardig tussen die sewe boere verskil. Nietemin, vier gemeenskaplike sleuteltegnologieëenpraktyke is geidentifiseer: die rotasie van peulgewasse, verminderde grondbewerking, nuwe plantermodelle en die vergroting van plaasgroottes. Met betrekking tot voedselsekuriteit vind die navorsing dat huidige veranderings in die wyse waarop geboer word, in vergelyking met die voorafgaande hoe-eksterne-inset produksie praktyke, kospryse en produksievlakke kan stabiliseer. Die navorsing wys daarop dat ‘npotensiële verbetering in produksie stabiliteit ‘n uitkoms van gesonder grond is. Gesonder grond verhoog gewasse se vermoëom effektief op ongunstige weerkondisies te reageer, bevorder hulle pes-afweringvermoë en verbeter die lewenskragtigheid van gewasse. Die potensiele verbetering in die stabiliteit van pryse is ‘n nagevolg van meer effektiewe gebruik van insette en die gebruik van natuurlike vrugbaarheid en pesbestuurpraktyke wat minder vatbaar is vir monopolistiese inset-verkoopstrukture, internasionale tekorte en die prysverhoging van fossielbrandstowwe. Na aanleiding van die klein skaal van die gevallestudies en die feit dat die navorsing spesifiek gefokus het op vooruitstrewende boere, verteenwoordig die bevindings in hierdie tesis nie die omliggende landbou area nie. Die veronderstelling was eerder om die positiewe veranderings wat tans onderweg is vas te stel om sodoende bruikbare advies aan soortgelyke voordelige veranderings wat elders geimplementeer kan word te verskaf.
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Van, Rooyen Ray (Ray Glen). "The comparative advantage of commercial wheat production in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51948.
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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agriculture is heavily subsidised and protected in most of the major industrial countries. Some of the effects are obvious through the heavy costs imposed on national budgets. Other effects, such as those on consumers or on overall economic efficiency, are less obvious but are nonetheless extremely important. In South Africa there has never been an attempt to calculate total government intervention in agriculture. However, this changed at the time of the negotiations for the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations under the auspices of the GATT, and the greater importance of the consumer in the designing of agricultural policies. The aim of this study is to determine whether the production of wheat in the Western Cape is economically optimal under the current policy environment. The study investigates if there was a comparative advantage in the production of wheat as of April 1999. The technique used to calculate the various indicators of comparative advantage is the Policy Analysis Matrix. This technique is used to identify the effects of policy measures on the social profitability of wheat production. The analysis used data from eight areas, and seventeen varying enterprise budgets were constructed in order to compile a representative picture of the industry's condition. The results of the analysis indicate that Western Cape wheat producers do not have a strong comparative advantage in the production of wheat for the selected areas. The reasoning behind this is complex, but is primarily a result of high levels of input use. Input prices are inflated by policy distortions in input markets, partly because of tariffs on imported inputs. The net effect of the total policy environment also had a negative effect on producers, in the sense that sub-normal profits were achieved. The future of the Western Cape and South African wheat farmer is uncertain. What is certain is that, if the wheat farmer in South Africa does not take immediate and swift action, directed at improving efficiency in current management and production techniques, and implementing some form of crop diversification, farm debt will ultimately be the demise of the farmer. As interest rates rapidly increase, and producer prices remain constant or decrease, the farmer begins to farm more for the bank than for private remuneration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die meeste groot industriele lande word landbou grootliks gesubsidieer en beskerm. Sommige van die effekte word weerspieël in hoë kostes in die nasionale begroting. Ander effekte soos die op verbruikers is minder vanselfsprekend, maar steeds baie belangrik. Voorheen is daar geen poging aangewend om die totale owerheidsinmenging in landbou in Suid-Afrika te bereken nie. Dit het egter verander met die onderhandelinge rondom die Uruguay Ronde van die AOTH, en die groter belangrikheid van die verbruiker in die ontwerp van landboubeleid. Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal of dit ekonomies optimaal is om koring in die Wes-Kaap te produseer onder die huidige beleidsomgewing. Met ander woorde, die studie poog om te bepaal wat die vergelykende voordeel, indien enige, is by koringproduksie. Die tegniek wat gebruik is om die verskillende indikatore van vergelykende voordeel te bereken, is die Beleidsanalise Matriks of PAM. Die tegniek word gebruik om die effek van die beleid met betrekking tot koringproduksie te identifiseer. Agt produksiestreke in die Wes-Kaap is ontleed vir die doeleindes van hierdie analise. Sewentien verskillende bedryfsvertakkingsbegrotings is hiervan afgelei om sodoende 'n goeie verteenwoordigende beeld van die bedryfstoestande te kry. Die resultate van die analise toon aan dat koringproduksie in die Weskaap nie 'n sterk vergelykende voordeel het nie. Die rede hiervoor is kompleks, maar die hoë vlak van inset gebruik kan beskou word as hoofrede. Hoër insetpryse, na aanleiding van die beleidsversteuringe in insetmarkte, is deels die gevolg van invoerbeskerming in die vorm van tariewe op ingevoerde insette. Die netto effek van die totale beleidsomgewing het ook 'n negatiewe effek op die produsente gehad, veral in die sin dat subnormale winste behaal is. Die toekoms van koringboere in die Wes-Kaap en Suid-Afrika is onseker. Wat wel seker is, is dat as koringboere in Suid-Afrika nie daadwerklike en vinnige hul bestuurs- en produksieeffektiwiteit verbeter me, sal skuld toeneem en sal dit koeringboerdery se einde beteken. Soos rentekoerse vinniger toeneem en die produsenteprys konstant bly of afneem, sal boere meer aan skuld afbetaal as wat hulle uit koringboerdery kan verdien.
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Dal', Magro Glenio Piran. "O comércio Brasil – Mercosul : análise do setor agrícola (1991 – 2012)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130869.
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O Mercado Comum do Sul é uma união de cinco países em desenvolvimento da América do Sul, no qual o Brasil integra, constituindo um dos mais importantes mercados econômicos mundiais. A participação brasileira no bloco iniciou-se desde a sua formação em 1991 e atualmente caracteriza-se por quantitativos intercâmbios comerciais com os demais Estados Partes. O Objetivo deste trabalho é contextualizar o panorama da participação brasileira nas relações comerciais de produtos agrícolas no Mercado Comum do Sul. Para tal, utilizaram-se dados da CEPALSTAT, a fim de averiguar o fluxo comercial brasileiro intrabloco, conhecer e quantificar os principais produtos do setor agrícola importados e exportados, verificar o crescimento do comércio intra-indústria do bloco e analisar quais as relações institucionais eram desenvolvidas a fim de promover o setor agrícola no MERCOSUL. Como resultados observa-se que as relações comercias intrabloco são crescentes, ultrapassando 40 milhões de dólares em intercâmbio comercial no ano de 2012, tendo o Brasil como principal parceira a Argentina. Os principais produtos comercializados intrabloco, ou seja, que compõem os maiores valores de intercâmbio comercial possui um maior grau de tecnologia, se caracterizando como um comércio intrasetorial. Isto corresponde aos mesmos produtos de trocas comerciais, ou seja, são os mesmos produtos importados e exportados por todos os países, sendo nítido principalmente quando se analisa Brasil e Argentina. Já os principais produtos do setor agrícola comercializados nos dois anos avaliados foram o café, o trigo, a maçã, a soja, as carnes, o couro, o algodão, o milho, o arroz, os fertilizantes, o leite e derivados. Apesar da grande maioria desses produtos constituírem uma vantagem competitiva intrabloco com até mesmo um potencial de comércio, não se vislumbra um potencial de crescimento para o intercâmbio comercial de produtos agrícolas no MERCOSUL. Ademais, as relações institucionais promovidas por meio de acordos entre os Estados Partes, parecem beneficiar os setores da economia, relacionados com este comércio intrasetorial, tendo como exemplo o setor automobilístico.The Mercado Comum do Sul is a union of five developing countries of South America, which includes Brazil, constituting one of the most important global economic markets. The Brazilian participation in the block started since its formation in 1991 and currently characterized by quantitative trade with other States Parties. The objective of this study is to contextualize the panorama of Brazilian participation in trade of agricultural products in the Southern Common Market. For this, we used data from CEPALSTAT, to ascertain the Brazilian trade flow intrabloc know and quantify the main products imported and exported agricultural sector, check the growth of intra - bloc trade industry and analyze which institutional relationships were developed to promote the agricultural sector in MERCOSUR. As a result it is observed that the intra-bloc trade relations are increasing, surpassing 40 million in trade in 2012, with Brazil as its main partner Argentina. The main products sold bloc, making up the highest values of trade has a greater degree of technology, being characterized as a intrasectoral trade. This corresponds to the same products of trade, they are imported and exported products by all countries, being especially clear when looking at Brazil and Argentina. Already the main products of the agricultural sector traded in both years were evaluated coffee, wheat, apple, soybean, meat, leather, cotton, maize, rice, fertilizers, milk and derivatives. Although the vast majority of these products constitute a bloc competitive edge with even a potential trade, cannot glimpse a potential for growth in trade of agricultural products in MERCOSUR. Moreover, the institutional relations fostered through agreements among States Parties, seem to benefit sectors of the economy related to this intrasectoral trade, taking as an example the automotive industry.
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Hofmann, W. C., and P. T. Else. "An Evaluation of an Alternative Commercial Fertilization Program for Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204529.
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Plant growth products manufactured by BioHumaNetics, Inc. (BHN) were evaluated at the Maricopa Agricultural Center for the third consecutive year in the same field. Treatments included: 1) no fertilizers added; 2) standard fertilization used on cotton at the farm; and 3) a treatment schedule prescribed by BHN. Yields in 1987 were significantly different; the BHN treatment produced the highest yield, and the unfertilized treatment produced the lowest yield. Yields from all three treatments were substantially lower than corresponding 1986 yields.
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Baloch, Waqar Ahmad Khan. "The distribution and fate of chlorpropham in commercial potato stores." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2085/.
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The thesis consists of a study of chlorpropham distribution patterns and its behaviour within tuber components in commercial potato stores in the UK. The store examined were both cold (3-4 °C) and conventional (8-10 °C) stores. As a large number of samples from different stores were taken, it was important to have a quick and reliable analytical method for chlorpropham determination. This was developed and compared against the original accepted method. Both methods were more or less similar in their precision of results, with recoveries of 83.80 2.25 and 93.14 3.51 from spiked samples by blending and reflux extracting methods respectively. When the methods were compared for extracting the amount of chlorpropham in commercially treated stored samples, it gave recoveries of 2.49 0.25 and 2.58 0.17 for the blending and reflux methods respectively. Overall the reflux extracting method was quicker and easier and it was used for further work with some slight modification. The present study showed that the level and distribution pattern of chlorpropham was significantly different within the store and as well as between different commercial stores. The overall range of chlorpropham levels in the examined stores was 2.11-236.56 mg/kg. The amount of chlorpropham varied with respect to sampling sites of the examined stores. Each store has its own distribution pattern with some similarities. However there was a common trending all the stores examined in that the maximum level of chlorpropham was on the top surface and minimum on the lower levels of the stores. In the cold store examined 'A' ( 3-4 °C) the level of chlorpropham decreased continuously from the top height towards the bottom height of the store. However the amount of chlorpropham was excessive throughout the store, even in the middle of the boxes it exceeded the MRL (Maximum Recommended Level). The level of chlorpropham dropped from 128.39 mg/kg in the middle layer samples of the top box to 49.14, 20.15, 19.01, 8.03 3.97 and 4.54 mg/kg towards the bottom boxes of a six high column of boxes in the store respectively.
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Lindh, de Montoya Monica. "Progress, hunger and envy : commercial agriculture, marketing and social transformation in the Venezuelan Andes /." Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell international, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37192932z.
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Keulder, Daniel B. "The influence of commercial tannin additions on wine composition and quality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2482.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.The quality of wine is influenced by numerous factors of which the grapes, winemaking techniques and effective quality control are to name a few. The use of new techniques should be cost effective and always have a positive influence on the wine quality. The addition of commercial tannins to wine is a fairly new technique and the effects of these additions at the concentrations prescribed have not been investigated in detail. The commercial tannins can be added to wine for different reasons, which may include: stabilisation of colour, increasing the aging potential, to modify aromas, promote precipitation of proteins, limit the effect of laccase activity, substrate for micro-oxygenation, to act as a redox buffer and structural and mouth feel modification. The reason for the addition determines the type of commercial tannin that is used, the timing of the addition and the dosage used.
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Sabal, Harry. "Molecular Characterization of Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolates in Commercial Citrus Grown in Belize." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/699.
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Isolates of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) in Belize may be causing inverse stem pitting, stunting, and slow decline on sweet and sour orange rootstock combination on field trees. One isolate on Cleopatra mandarin rootstock expressed no field symptoms but may be a possible source of a detrimental isolate to more susceptible citrus rootstock combinations. Field plants and field source inoculated indicator plants were used in this study. The first objective was to determine whether field trees of sweet Valencia orange trees that expressed symptoms of CTV would test positive to a polyclonal (mild and severe symptoms) and a monoclonal (severe decline) antibody. Of the 81 trees tested, 56% tested positive to a polyclonal antibody G-604. None of the trees tested positive to the monoclonal antibody MCA-13. The second objective was to determine the biological and serological reactivity on host indicator plants of some of the most symptomatic trees having highest optical density value readings from the ELISA test. Mexican lime showed mild to moderate vein clearing on three of the isolates tested, while sweet orange showed mild to moderate translucent veins on two of the isolates tested. Four isolates from the indicator host plants tested positive to polyclonal antibody G-604 but none tested positive to MCA-13. The third objective was to determine if there were any differences among the nucleotide sequences of three CTV isolates. The CTV coat protein gene (CPG) of isolates which reacted to a polyclonal antibody G-604 but not to monoclonal antibody (MCA-13) was selectively amplified by polymerase chain reaction from infected tissue extracts and sequenced using negative sense CN 407 primer. All three isolates revealed between ninety-eight and ninety percent significant identities to known CTV isolates previously characterized from citrus growing regions around the world.
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Tembo, Rachael. "Information and communication technology usage trends and factors in commercial agriculture in the wine industry." Thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=td_cput.
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Tellez, Tony, and David L. Kerns. "Commercial Evaluation of Proclaim for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221607.
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Proclaim 1.6 was evaluated in head lettuce in side-by-side large plot aerial and ground application demonstrations compared to commercial standard treatments. Proclaim consistently provided excellent control of beet armyworm and cabbage looper larvae. Worm control by Proclaim was equivalent to, or better than the commercial standards.
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Palumbo, John C., and Todd A. Hannan. "Commercial Field Performance of KNACK™ on Cotton in the Yuma Valley." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211093.
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The insect growth regulator, Knack was evaluated for efficacy against sweetpotato whitefly in paired plots within three commercial cotton fields near Somerton, Arizona. A single application of Knack and Danitol/Orthene was made in July and the impact on whitefly populations, natural enemies and secondary pests was measured for 40 d. Knack appeared to act slowly during the first 2 weeks, but after 21 days nymph populations were greatly reduced. Populations of nymphs and adults began to return to their pre-test levels after 40 d. The Danitol/Orthene application resulted in a significant decrease in adult numbers. Initially nymph densities declined, but after 14 d densities appeared to increase at a much greater rate than was observed in the Knack plots. Under the conditions experienced in this study, a single application of Knack in early July provided protection against sweetpotato whitefly as good, or better than experienced with Danitol/Orthene. Reductions in yields or lint quality attributable to whitefly were not observed in either treatment regime. Although beneficial predators were measured throughout the season, insecticide sprays for lygus control prevented significant buildup of populations. However, the numbers of Liriomyza leafminer adults captured on sticky traps were significantly lower in Knack-treated plots.
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Palumbo, John C. "Field Performance of Admire Against Silverleaf Whitefly on Commercial Iceberg Lettuce, 1993-1998." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219981.
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Whitefly populations in the Yuma area have been reduced to levels that growers can cost-effectively manage. Data from our studies suggest that these declines in pest populations are largely attributed to the use of Admire 2F (imidacloprid) soil treatments. Relative to the outbreaks in 1993-1994, whitefly populations during the past four growing seasons have remained at sub-economic levels on lettuce crops throughout the growing areas in Yuma This chemical has provided excellent control of whiteflies on fall lettuce, and aphids on spring lettuce. After 6 years of evaluation in commercial fields, the product appears to remain highly efficacious, maintaining good residual activity. Studies in 1998 on fall broccoli and melons crops further support this conclusion. Factors responsible for this sustained efficacy of Admire are discussed.
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Posthumus, Karen-Louise. "Personality traits and emotional intelligence as predictors of sustainable commercial agricultural producers in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10399.
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The dual agriculture sector in South Africa comprises both a well-developed commercial farming and a smaller scale communal component. It is however, the commercial sector that is relied upon for food security. The multi-dimensional and complex nature of agricultural production in South Africa demands that sustainable commercial farmers of the future need to demonstrate the ability to effectively handle a multitude of tasks, which may be a function of individual personality traits and emotional intelligence. In this paper, the contribution of individual differences in personality and emotional intelligence as drivers for sustainability of South African commercial agricultural producers was investigated for inclusion into a selection model defining the entry-level requirements (skills, knowledge and competencies) for this occupation. Despite several studies that reported on the personality traits of farmers on a global level, no reports are found on similar studies conducted within a South African context. The main objective of this study was to improve the sustainability of all commercial agricultural producers in South Africa by investigating the personality traits and emotional intelligence driving that sustainability. This study focused on the commercial farming sector in South Africa, which has a unique need to integrate emerging/new farmers into the modern agricultural value chain. This is in accordance with the objectives of the Land Reform Bill (South Africa, 2015) as set out in the government’s National Development Plan (South Africa, 2012). The population of the study comprised commercial agricultural producers throughout South Africa and the sample frame was the estimated 40 000 commercial agricultural producers from whom the sample was drawn. The sampling method employed was snowball sampling (non-probability sampling) with the sampling unit selected on a degree of personal judgement. Quantitative questionnaires were administered to 60 commercial farmers throughout South Africa. Quantitative data was analysed using the STATISTICA Version 10.0 (2011) computer software programme and results were presented in tabulated format. The empirical results revealed that amongst the independent variables investigated in this study, only two variables were significantly related to the successful implementation of sustainable farming; they are neuroticism and management of emotions. Emanating from the findings of this study, recommendations were made to respective role-players on how to manage and support these findings.
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Hancock, Christopher J. K. "Impact of feed form and nutrient distribution in an automated commercial broiler feeding system." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7046.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
R. Scott Beyer
The modern poultry industry uses auger feed lines to transport feed for broilers to pans to make feed available for them while greatly reducing labor costs. The feed given to broilers is manufactured at significant cost into a pelleted form. Pellets reduce broiler production costs by increasing feed intake and growth rate while reducing feed. Pellet quality is expressed using a method called the Pellet Durability Index (PDI). A series of studies was conducted to determine the effects of these destructive forces on both pellet quality and nutritive value. In Experiment 1, it was found that pellets of 78 and 86 PDI had 30% more fines in the final pan compared to the initial pan, but there was no significant difference between the two diets. In Experiment 2, a significant difference existed between a 23 PDI diet and an 82 PDI diet in the percentage of fines found at 12 selected pans. This indicates destruction occurring along the length of the feed line. In Experiment 3, soybean oil was applied to the exterior of the pellets and they were transported through the feed line. A significant difference in the amount of fat at each collection site was found, as the fat was removed from the exterior of the pellets in earlier pans, indicating destructive forces having an effect on the pellets. In Experiment 4, whole sorghum was used to create four diets with similar PDI. The feed was then placed in the feed line, collected at twelve locations, and analyzed for crude fat, CP, DM, ash and Ca. The results indicated the presence of whole sorghum in the pellets had no effect on percent fines or nutrient values. In Experiment 5, three diets with different PDI were transported through the feed line. Five collection sites were selected. Results indicate that high quality pellets withstand handling while pellets below 68 PDI show increased fine percentage. These experiments indicate pellets are damaged during transport in the feed line, but nutrients remain the same unless they are on the exterior of the pellet.
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Norton, E. R., and H. Borrego. "Evaluation of Commercial Harvest Aid Products in Arizona Upland Cotton Production Systems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198210.
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A defoliation experiment was conducted during the 2005 growing season in an effort to evaluate effectiveness of the Ginstar™ defoliant alone and in combination with Cotton Quick™. This study was conducted at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center on Upland (cultivar DP655BR). Plots were planted on 22 April. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments that included Ginstar™ at 6 and 8 oz./acre rates and Ginstar™ at the 6 and 8 oz./acre rates in combination with various rates of Cotton Quick™ (1.5, 2, 3, and 4 pts/acre). A control, not receiving any harvest prep material was also included for a total of eleven treatments. Treatments were imposed on 3 October and evaluations were made on 14 October and 26 October. Estimations on percent leaf drop, regrowth control, and open boll were made. Lint yield was estimated by harvesting the center two rows of each plot and sub-samples were collected for fiber quality analysis. Plots were harvested on 26 October in an attempt to evaluate the boll opening effectiveness of the Cotton Quick™ material. Results indicated increased leaf drop in lower Ginstar™ rates with the addition of Cotton Quick™. Measurements of open boll percentages did not indicate any increase with the addition of Cotton Quick™ however, lint yield and fiber quality parameters would demonstrate otherwise. Lint yield slightly increased in all treatments receiving Cotton Quick™ while fiber micronaire decreased in Cotton Quick™ treatments. This would indicate a blending of less mature bolls opened with the addition of Cotton Quick™ with those already opened. Percent lint also increased in all treatments receiving Cotton Quick™.
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Norton, E. R., and D. L. Hatch. "2006 Evaluation of Commercial Harvest Aid Materials in Arizona Cotton Production Systems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198216.
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A defoliation experiment was conducted during the 2006 growing season in an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of Ginstar® and FreeFall® defoliant alone and in combination with CottonQuik®. This study was conducted at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center on Upland (cultivar DP655BR). Plots were planted on 20 April. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments included Ginstar® at 6 and 8 oz./acre rates and Ginstar® at the 6 and 8 oz./acre rates in combination with various rates of CottonQuik® (1.5, 2, 3, and 4 pts/acre). We also evaluated a new product from DuPont, FreeFall® SC at different rates (3.2, 4.8, 6.4 oz./acre) in combination with CottonQuik® (2 pts./acre). The standard defoliation protocol among growers in southeastern Arizona is sodium chlorate plus Gramoxone®, so this treatment combination was also included. A control, not receiving any harvest prep material was also included for a total of fifteen treatments. Treatments were imposed on 13 October and evaluations were made on 20 October and 1 November. Estimations on percent leaf drop, regrowth control, and open boll were made. Lint yield was estimated by harvesting the center two rows of each plot and sub-samples were collected for fiber quality analysis. Plots were harvested on 2 November directly after the second evaluation date in an attempt to evaluate the boll opening effectiveness of the CottonQuik® material. Results indicated higher effectiveness of leaf drop or defoliation in the plots that included CottonQuik® as opposed to Ginstar® alone. The treatments performed much better that the standard sodium chlorate treatment. Percent leaf drop also increased at the higher rates of FreeFall® (4.8, 6.4 oz./acre). The percentage of open boll was also improved with the addition of CottonQuik® to the all of the treatments. However, very little significant differences were observed in lint yield and fiber quality. A trend of increased yield with the addition of CottonQuik® was observed when compared to Ginstar® alone or the standard sodium chlorate treatment. All aspects of harvest preparation including percent defoliation and boll opening appear to be significantly enhanced with the use of CottonQuik® when compared to standard Ginstar® rates alone.
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Palumbo, John C., and Todd A. Hannan. "Commercial Field Performance of Confirm and Success on Head Lettuce and Broccoli." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221652.
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Field trials were conducted in the Yuma and Gila Valleys to assess the commercial field performance of Confirm and Success insecticides against beet armyworm and cabbage looper larvae. Ten lettuce and five broccoli fields were treated with combinations of Confirm, Success, and standard insecticides on various stages of plant growth. Success provided quick knockdown of larvae, but ultimately Confirm provided equitable control. Cabbage looper control with Confirm appeared to be influence by application volume and plant size. Addition of pyrethroid to Confirm did not provide additional efficacy. Success provided good suppression of leafminer adults and thrips. Both products provided control equal to conventional standards and will become valuable components of future lettuce pest management programs in Arizona.
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Nel, Jacobus E. "Successful integration of upcoming farmers in the commercial farming sector : a focus on the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97355.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa, land reform and the development of upcoming farmers are part of the country’s transformation objectives. The development of upcoming farmers into commercial farmers therefore requires the growth of sustainable agri-businesses. Unfortunately, limited success has been achieved in terms of land reform and the country is far from its set targets. This study examined the factors that gave current successful, upcoming commercial farmers the advantage to grow their businesses up to a certain level. Data was collected through interviews with farmers, mentors, transformation managers and governing bodies such as Agri-West Cape. Interviews on the farms gave the researcher the opportunity to observe underlying factors that can influence their businesses. The objective of the study was to determine the critical success factors that relate to the success of upcoming commercial farmers in the Western Cape. The results identified a number of success factors, some of which were unexpected and in contrast with some of the literature sources. All the cases covered in this study – i.e. successful, upcoming commercial farmers in the Western Cape – used different business models and emphasised the importance of proper management. They also used their detailed business plans as a handbook for successful farming, and acknowledged the important role of mentors. Only a mentor-farmer relationship based on trust and respect worked in the end. The mentors took on coaching roles that were not limited to farming activities but included an equally important people development component. A sustainable market was identified as one of the critical success factors for successful upcoming commercial farmers. One of the biggest hurdles for upcoming farmers was financial management. Hence, they required dedicated financial management to be sustainable. One of the main outcomes of the study was the importance of the personal profile of the farmers and their understanding of the opportunity. Focusing on short-term financial gains resulted in failure. All the farmers in the case studies displayed a deep understanding of the long-term goal of their businesses and their role in that. Transformation, land reform and building an equal society in South Africa are burning points for the nation. The success of upcoming farmers helps to build confidence that the hard work is paying off.
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Brown, Marissa. "Sensory characteristics and classification of commercial and experimental plain yogurts." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4114.
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Babcock, Abram Heath. "Epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease and mortality in commercial feedlots." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4483.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
David G. Renter
Bradley J. White
The objective of my research was to quantify epidemiologic parameters associated with feedlot mortality and bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC); the most significant cause of morbidity in U.S. feeder cattle. We conducted four retrospective studies utilizing individual health and cumulative cohort-level feedlot data. We developed a database that represented 33 U.S. feedlots from six states over ten years. Each project used a subset of these data. We found that the timing of BRDC was associated with important performance and health indices. In the first study, we evaluated the effect of the timing of individual BRDC treatments on standardized net returns. We found important performance and health measures (e.g. hot carcass weight and number treatments) driving net return differences associated with the timing of BRDC. For the second cohort-level study, we classified temporal patterns of BRDC, and evaluated associations among temporal patterns and performance and health. Temporal patterns were significantly associated with mean daily weight gain, days on feed, carcass weight, yield grade, quality grade, cumulative mortality, and retreatment risk. We also evaluated combined mortality and culling risks and quantified the effects of risk factors using count models. All risk factors (arrival weight, gender, and arrival month) were significant and the effects were modified by one another; effects of these covariate patterns have been impossible to quantify in smaller studies. Finally, we assessed the ability of regression models to predict cumulative BRDC morbidity based on arrival risk factors; then assessed the additional value of incorporating daily BRDC morbidity and mortality information. The percent of correctly classified cohorts did increase across days, but the effect of day was modified by weight, month, and feedlot. Information on daily morbidity was beneficial in predicting cumulative morbidity, but daily mortality provided little benefit. Our database containing animal health and cohort-level data allowed us to generate novel information on the effects of the timing of BRDC in feedlot populations. We also demonstrated effects of covariate patterns on adverse health outcomes that heretofore had been difficult to quantify. Finally, we showed that a predictive model for BRDC may be useful for the feedlot industry; this model should be further developed with future research.
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Dunphy, Albert M. "Balancing residential growth with commercial agriculture in the urban-rural fringe, an analysis of design methods." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31566.pdf.
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Scott-Browne, Hannah Rebecca. "Pre-slaughter assessment and selection in commercial beef cattle in relation to final carcase classification." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23031/.
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The way we assess readiness for slaughter in beef cattle has not progressed in the past 200 years, with subjective visual and manual assessments of cattle still the primary mechanisms used to determine peak condition, resulting in less than half of all cattle carcases meeting a UK premium classification. Current losses to the UK Beef industry are estimated at approximately £12.5 million per year through the sending of over-fat and poorly conformed cattle to the abattoir. With global population rapidly increasing, there is a fundamental need to provide more food efficiently and effectively from the resources we have. Therefore, successfully reducing wastage and improving carcase quality across the UK beef industry through accurate assessment and selection of beef cattle for slaughter is an important step forwards towards a sustainable future for beef production. The EUROP system of bovine carcase classification dictates which carcases are most desired for the current market, with those failing to meet market specification subject to a penalty. The aim of this research project was therefore to provide farmers with an objective tool using a binary logistic regression model, to combine fat and morphometric measurements taken from live cattle, in order to help predict which cattle are most likely to achieve a desired carcase classification and therefore most suitable for slaughter. Through the use of a series of binary logistic regression models, it was discovered that out of 15 measurements taken from cattle, a combination of pelvis height, pelvis width, 10th and 12th rib fat point readings and the P8 fat point reading were best able to predict the likelihood of cattle meeting a UK premium carcase classification. In a later study, when breed was factored into the model on a larger, more commercial scale, this reduced the number of measurements required to just the pelvis width and 12th rib fat point reading, subsequently increasing the practicality to apply this research on-farm.
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Dobbs, Carol Johnson 1963. "Variation of adaptation of selected commercial hybrid grain sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and their two successive segregating generations to variable environments." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278483.
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Crop performance depends on genotype, the environment in which the crop is grown, and interaction between genotype and environment. A measure of these effects is important in determining adaptation and in recommending crop genotypes to growers. In instances where hybrid seed has been introduced into developing countries, which often traditionally save seed for the next planting, determining the adaptation of genotypes and making accurate recomendations may be difficult. This experiment evaluated 15 commercial hybrid grain sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), along with their segregating F₂ and F₃ generations, for adaptation to variable moisture environments. Grain yield per entry in all tests was the main phenotypic character used to measure adaptation in environments differing in mean moisture stress. Grain yield was also the main characteristic used to observe changes through generations F₁ to F₃.There was an expected decrease in yield with decreased irrigation, and with advanced generations. A close association was observed between mean 3-year grain yield of the selected hybrids and their F₂ and F₃ progenies when grown in the same environment.
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Schumann, Bonnie. "The needs of emerging commercial farmers in Namibia in relation to human-carnivore conflict." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/854.
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Thesis (MTech (Nature Conservation))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009Carnivore species globally are on the decline and population extinctions continue despite intensive conservation efforts. In Namibia, although 13.6 % of the country falls under the protection of national parks or game reserves, most of these protected areas are situated along the coastline and are desert habitat. The majority of Namibia's cheetah population (over 90 %), which is also the world's largest free-ranging population, occurs on privately owned farmland situated primarily in the north-central cattle-farming region of the country. Also occurring here are leopard, brown hyaena, caracal, and jackal and in some areas African wild dog, spotted hyaena and lion. Given the extensive nature of livestock and wildlife farming in Namibia, the low human density in rural areas and the persistence of wildlife outside protected areas, there is still considerable scope for carnivore conservation on the Namibian freehold farmlands, provided human-carnivore conflict can be managed. Great strides have been made in Namibia in developing strategies to address human carnivore conflict issues with formerly advantaged freehold farmers. However, since Namibia's independence in 1990, land reform has resulted in a new category of farmer entering the freehold farming sector, the emerging commercial farmer. No data has been gathered regarding emerging commercial farmers' attitudes and perceptions towards carnivores, the levels of camivore-conflict and livestock management practices in relation to livestock losses to carnivores.
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Tollefsrud, Ryan Peder. "Effects of fresh-cow diseases on reproduction in a large commercial dairy herd." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14067.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Clinical Sciences
Bob L. Larson
The 2007 NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System) survey indicated that early lactation health issues are major factors influencing reproduction and culling on U.S. dairy herds. The objective of this study was to evaluate fresh-cow health during the first 30 days in milk, and its association with days to pregnancy in the concurrent lactation. Data were collected on cattle that calved over a two month period (July and August 2009) on a dairy farm located in the Upper Midwest region of the U.S. Health and production data were collected daily for each cow from the beginning of lactation until the majority of the study population was confirmed pregnant. Both a competing risk analysis and a semi-parametric Cox regression model were used to test the association between specific health-related events and days to pregnancy and the outcomes of the two models were compared. These analyses showed metritis and dystocia in the first 30 days of lactation were associated with greater days to pregnancy. The only difference noted between parities was that lactation-five and greater cows were significantly associated with greater days to pregnancy. The two analyses showed conflicting significance of association between retained placenta, ketosis, twinning, lameness, and other non-specific illnesses with days to pregnancy. This study found that a competing risk analysis and a semi-parametric regression model were appropriate methods to analyze time sensitive data such as reproductive efficiency. This study supports the evidence that parity, metritis, retained placenta, ketosis, dystocia, twinning, lameness, and other non-specific illnesses can have an impact on reproductive efficiency.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Commercial Evaluation of Confirm for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Lettuce using Various Applications Techniques." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221608.
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Confirm was evaluated in head lettuce for control of lepidopterous pests when applied by air, and when applied by ground at 4, 8 and 12 mph. By air Confirm may not provide commercially acceptable control when used alone. Confirm must be ingested to exhibit activity and aerial applications may not provide adequate spray coverage. When used by ground, applicators should avoid exceeding 8 mph, again because good spray coverage may be compromised.
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Wicoff, Emily. "Development of a simplified commercial-scale aquaponic facility for implementation in northern Uganda." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8848.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Civil Engineering
Steven K. Starrett
Current aquaponic technology ranges from backyard hobbyist to technologically advanced commercial production. A single source for protein (fish) and nutrients/vitamins (vegetables), development of a technologically simplified commercial-scale system is a realistic solution for many impoverished nations. This study develops a simplified aquaponic facility to be implemented in rural northern Uganda. Research objectives were to: (1) identify simplified commercial-scale system design components, (2) establish a water quality baseline, (3) identify plant/tilapia production ratios, (4) identify construction materials available in northern Uganda, (5) integrate culturally familiar elements, (6) complete preliminary facility design, and (7) calculate facility water balance. The study established that a viable simplified design achieves: (1) water circulation with weir gravity flow and one return pump, (2) tank cleaning with strategically sloped floors and manual waste siphoning, and (3) breeding control with raised bottom fishnets. Submerged aeration is critical to optimal fish growth, and cannot be eliminated despite surface aeration’s low energy appeal. Baseline water quality parameter values of DO > 3 mg/L, pH > 5.5, and TAN > 3 mg/L (2 mg/L average) were established for the pilot study configuration and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A plant/tilapia ratio of 2.5 ft[superscript]2/lb was identified for the proposed facility’s design. The simplified design was assessed compatible with concrete block construction local to northern Uganda. Incorporating the following culturally familiar elements will facilitate technology adoption: utilize native fish (tilapia) and vegetable crops identified in community markets, replace commercially produced plant tank raft components with woven matting from locally available natural materials, and identify the unfamiliar proposed tank design with newly adopted raceway culture techniques at a well-known Ugandan national fishery institute. A proposed facility preliminary design represents local materials, identified plant/tilapia ratio, minimum HRT, and simplified design components for tilapia densities ranging from 12 to 3 gal/lb. With the facility supplied by both rainwater and groundwater, corresponding water balances for 12 to 3 gal/lb densities ranged from a 9,735 gal/yr well supply demand to a 10,984 gal/yr rainwater surplus.
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Pienaar, Johanni. "Fermentation, stability and degradability of whole-crop oat silage ensiled with a commercial inoculant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4204.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is well-known for periodic dry periods and uncertain rainfall. Ensiling of crops is a method of preserving forage and ensures feed availability during periods when the supply of good quality forage is low. Cereal-based silages, especially in the Western Cape, South Africa, represent a significant proportion of feed consumed by ruminant animals, particularly high-producyion dairy cattle. However, farmers are still concerned about the technical challenges of ensiling cereal crops. Previous research done on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants used on cereal based silage has indicated a potential for improving silage fermentation, stability and degradability, thus enhancing feed conversion and production by ruminants. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of inoculating whole-crop oat silage with Lalsil® Cereal Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus buchneri (NCIMB 40788) and Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM MA 18/5M)) LAB on (1) silage fermentation, (2) aerobic stability and (3) nutritional value of silage ensiled under a. micro-silos conditions and b. in a bunker under outdoor conditions of a Mediterranean summer. Oats (Avena sativa, cv SSH 405) were planted on 60 ha under dryland conditions at Elsenburg in the Western Cape province, South Africa. Whole-crop oats were harvested at the soft dough stage and length of the chopped material was 9 mm (Day of ensiling – Day 0). Chopped whole-crop oats were sampled, mixed thoroughly and divided into two portions. The Inoculant (Lalsil® Cereal) was applied to one portion to provide 5.79 x 109 colony forming units (CFU) of LAB per gram of fresh material. In the first experiment twenty - four glass silos (1.5 L glass jars) (WECK, GmbH u.Co., Wehr-Ofligen, W. Germany) were filled for each of the control and inoculant treatments. The glass silos were stored in a dark room in the laboratory at ambient temperature. Three glass silos were opened for each treatment on days 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 102 post-ensiling to determine fermentation dynamics. A parallel study was done with the same chopped whole-crop oats using the buried bag technique in a bunker silo. Whole-crop oats were ensiled in six net bags per treatment buried in a bunker filled with the same untreated whole crop oats. Bags, attached with nylon lines (3 m lengths) for easy retrieval were buried at 1m and 2 m depths in the same bunker. The net bags in the bunker were retrieved after 186 days of ensiling. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein (CP), lactic acid levels, pH, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) for both studies were determined. Silage of both experiments was exposed to aerobic conditions for ten days to determine aerobic stability. It is concluded that the inoculant Lalsil® Cereal had the effect of reducing the rate of consumption of WSC during the anaerobic phase and aerobic exposure for both experiments. Silage spoilage due to yeasts and moulds was however more evident with the inoculated silage due the presence of sugars in the micro-silos experiment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is bekend vir droë periodes en wisselvallige reënval. Die inkuiling van gewasse is ‘n goeie manier om ruvoer te voorsien in tye van droogtes of tekorte. Kleingraan kuilvoer is veral bekend in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika en maak ‘n groot deel uit van die melkkoei se rantsoen. Landbouers is nog steeds bekommerd oor die tegniese aspekte wanneer dit kom by die inkuil van gewasse. Vorige navorsing het getoon dat die gebruik van ‘n melksuurbakteriese inokulant saam met die inkuiling van gewasse moontlik die potensiaal het om fermentasie, stabiliteit en degradering te verbeter en sodoende voeromset te verbeter. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om die effek van die inkuiling van hawerkuilvoer met Lalsil® Cereal Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus buchneri (NCIMB 40788) en Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM MA 18/5M)) LAB te bepaal op (1) kuilvoer fermentasie, (2) aërobiese stabiliteit en (3) nutriëntwaarde van die kuilvoer ingekuil in a. mikrosilo’s en b. in ‘n bunker in die buitelug. Hawer (Avena sativa, cv SSH 405) is op 60 ha droë land geplant op Elsenburg in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die hawer is ingekuil tydens die sagte deeg stadium en die gekapte materiaal was ongeveer 9 mm lank. Gekapte material was deeglik gemeng en in twee gedeel. Die inokulant (Lalsil® Cereal) is op die een gedeelte gesproei om 5.79 x 109 kolonie-vormende eenhede (KVE) melksuurbakterieë per gram vars materiaal te voorsien. Tydens die eerste eksperiment is 24 mikrosilo’s (1.5 L glas silo) (WECK, GmbH u.Co., Wehr-Ofligen, W. Duitsland) vir elke behandeling vol kuilvoer gemaak. Hierdie mikrosilo’s is gestoor in ‘n donker kamer teen kamertemperatuur. Drie mikrosilo’s is per behandeling oopgemaak op dag 1, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 en 102 na inkuiling om die fermentasie-dinamika te bepaal. ‘n Parallelle studie is gedoen met dieselfde materiaal ingekuil in netsakke binne die bunker. Die materiaal was ingekuil in ses netsakke vir elke behandeling. Nylon toue (3 m) is aan die sakke vasgemaak om die uithaal daarvan op latere stadium te vergemaklik. Hierdie sakke is ingekuil op verskillende dieptes, 1 m en 2 m in dieselfde bunker. Die sakke is na 186 dae weer uitgehaal. Droë materiaal (DM), organiese materiaal (OM), neutraal bestande vesel (NBV), ruproteïen (RP), melksuurvlakke, pH, water oplosbare koolhidrate (WOK) en in vitro organiese materiaal verteerbaarheid (IVOMV) vir beide studies is bepaal. Kuilvoer van beide eksperimente is ook blootgestel aan aërobiese toestande vir 10 dae aan aërobiese toestande blootgestel om aërobiese stabiliteit te bepaal. Daar is bepaal dat die inokulant Lalsil® Cereal het die tempo van WOK verbruik verminder gedurende die anaërobies fase sowel as die aërobiese fase vir beide eksperimente. Kuilvoer wat bederf het as gevolg van giste en swamme was meer sigbaar by die inokulant behandelde kuilvoer as gevolg van die teenwoordigheid van suikers in die mikrosilo’s. (Sleutelwoorde: hawerkuilvoer, inokulant, mikrosilo’s, water oplosbare koolhidrate (WOK), in vitro organiese materiaal verteerbaarheid (IVOMV))
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Schreiber, Kerstin. "Growing on (Un)common Ground: Motivations and Locational Choice of Urban Agriculture Entrepreneurs." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23101.
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Urban agriculture in post-industrial countries is commonly represented in form of shared community gardens or individual gardening lots. However, within the last years, an increasing number of commercial urban farming enterprises around the globe have started their operations. While recreational projects have received much attention, the commercial and entrepreneurial remained mainly uninvestigated. Using a grounded theory approach, this explorative dissertation aims to contribute to an understanding of farming as a new urban profession and the motivation of commercial urban farmers (CUFs) to grow in the city, rather than the countryside. Based on ten semi-standardized in-depth interviews, this study reveals first, that CUFs merge the commonly rural occupation of farming and their desire for autonomic labor with the urban lifestyle as self-made growers, without significant relevant personal or educational background in farming, using alternative growing techniques. Second, the study finds two CUF categories: urbanists, who perceive themselves as actors in sustainable urban development and pursue urban growing activities to contribute to this target; and bargainers, who regard urban growing as a means to an end to progress to small-scale rural agriculture. This suggests that CUFs must engage in inner negotiations between their economic capabilities, the geographic location, and the more society oriented visions they commit themselves to. This research conceptualizes urban farming as tool to fulfill not only food and sustainability goals, but that could also function as basis for sustainable small-scale growing in the countryside.
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Sambodo, Leonardo Adypurnama Alias Teguh. "The Decision making processes of semi-commercial farmers: a case study of technology adoption in Indonesia." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080107.151045/.
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An exploration of the creation and use of farmers' commonly used "rules of thumb" is required to conceptualize farmers' decision making processes. While farmers face complex situations, particularly when subsistence is an issue, they do appear to use simple rules in their decision making. To date inadequate attention has been given to understanding their reasoning processes in creating the rules, so this study traces the origins of farmers' beliefs, and extracts the decisive and dynamic elements in their decision making systems to provide this understanding.
The analysis was structured by using a model based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Modifications included recognizing a bargaining process (BP) and other decision stimuli to represent socio-cultural influences and sources of perception, respectively. Two analyses based on the Personal Construct Theory (PCT) and the Ethnographic Decision Tree Modelling (EDTM) were also applied to help elaborate the farmers' cognitive process and actual decision criteria. The method involved interviews in two villages in Lamongan Regency in East Java Province of Indonesia, where the farmers adopted an improved paddy-prawn system ("pandu").
The results highlighted that farmers use rational strategies, and that socio-cultural factors influence decision making. This was represented by interactions between the farmers' perceptions, their bargaining effort, and various background factors. The TPB model revealed that the farmers' perceptions about the potential of "pandu", and the interaction with their "significant others", influenced their intention to adopt "pandu". The farmers appeared to prefer a steady income and familiar practices at the same time as obtaining new information, mainly from their peers. When "pandu" failed to show sufficiently profitable results, most farmers decided to ignore or discontinue "pandu". This became the biggest disincentive to a wide and sustainable adoption. However, the PCT analysis showed that part of this problem also stemmed from the farmers' lack of resources and knowledge.
The farmers' restrictive conditions also led them to seek socio-cultural and practical support for their actions. This was highlighted by a bargaining process (BP) that integrated what the farmers had learned, and believed, into their adoption behaviour. The BP also captured the farmers' communication strategies when dealing with "pandu" as its adoption affected resource allocation within the family and required cooperation with neighbours. The PCT and EDTM analyses also confirmed how the BP accommodated different sets of decision criteria to form different adoption behaviours. Such a process indicated the importance of considering the adoption decision and the relevant changes resulting from the farmers' cognition. This provided a more dynamic and realistic description of the farmers' decision-making process than has previously been attempted.
Overall, the results suggested that semi-commercial farmers need to know, and confirm, that a new technology is significantly superior to the existing system, and can provide a secure income. The introduction of a new technology should use a participatory approach allowing negotiation, conflict mitigation and the creation of consensus among the relevant parties. This can be supported through better access to knowledge, information and financing. A specific and well-targeted policy intervention may also be needed to accommodate the diversity in the farmers' ways of learning and making decisions. Ways to improve the current analytical approaches are also suggested.
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Tello, Mario D. "Productivity, Technology and Innovation Capacity and Dissemination of Technology in Modern Commercial Agriculture in Peru: A Regional Exploratory Analysis." Economía, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117395.
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This paper, exploratory in nature, analyzes and estimates the relationships between the technological and innovation capacity (CTI), diffusion of good technological practices and labor productivity of productive units of the agricultural sector undertaken by family chiefs selling their production to (domestic and external markets) and of legal conditions of ‘natural persons’ of Peru. The main source of information is the National Agricultural Census of 2012. The three main results of the estimations point out that unit sizes, family chiefs’ human capital accumulation and the geographic distance between the location of the productive unit and the capital of the district of that location were key statistical factors that determined the producer technological and innovation capacity. This CTI together with the spillover effects coming from producers associations determined the diffusion and use of technological good practices. Finally, the stock of land per workers was the key determinant of labor productivity in all the regions of Peru.El presente trabajo, de naturaleza exploratoria, analiza y estima las interrelaciones entre la capacidad tecnológica y de innovación (CTI), la difusión de buenas prácticas tecnológicas y la productividad laboral de unidades productivas del sector agrícola comprendido por jefes de familia de condición jurídica de persona natural los cuales venden su producción al mercado(interno y/o externo). La fuente primaria y básica de información de estos productores de la agricultura comercial moderna es el Censo Nacional Agropecuario de 2012. Los tres principales resultados de las estimaciones señalan: que el tamaño de la unidad productiva, el capital humano acumulado (en niveles de educación) del productor y la distancia geográfica entre la ubicación de la unidad de producción y la capital del distrito de dicha ubicación fueron los principales factores que incidieron en la capacidad tecnológica y de innovación. Esta capacidad conjuntamente con los efectos de derramamiento derivados de las asociaciones de los agricultores determinó el uso y difusión de las seis buenas prácticas tecnológicas. Finalmente, el stock de tierras por trabajador fue el principal determinante de la productividad laboral de cada una de las regiones del Perú.
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Sebolai, Bridget. "Rural women's participation in commercial farming in Tweespruit." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20466.
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This study assesses the challenges confronted by rural women participating in small-scale commercial farming in Tweespruit, a rural town of the Free State Province. A qualitative, descriptive and explorative study was used for the study, and data was collected using focus group discussions during August 2015. The study found that rural women farmers are extremely challenged, as they are inadequately equipped as farmers, and they do not receive adequate aid from government or other entities, to enable them to turn their form of farming from subsistence farming to a more beneficial, commercialized form of farming. As a result, the study made the following recommendations. Firstly, the government should intensify programmes and strategies aimed at assisting rural women involved in farming activities. Secondly, it should also assist these farmers with training, especially in modern farming technologies, so as to grow their business into a commercialized form of farming. Finally, it was recommended that government facilitates these farmers to obtain funding from foreign donors to further grow their business.
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Ottman, Mike, Robert Voigt, and Carl Schmalzel. "Summary of Commercial Hybrid Grain Sorghum Yield Tests at Marana, 1983-85." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203833.
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Böhmke, Werner. "A decade of changes : Eastern Cape white commercial farmers' discourses of democracy." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/167/1/bohmke-ma.pdf.
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This paper deals with an analysis of the discursive accounts of Eastern Cape white commercial farmers on the subject of Democracy. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of Social Constructionism and Discourse Analysis – which view individuals’ accounts of their realities as produced and informed by their particular social and historical context – the paper seeks to provide an analysis of the content of, and rhetorical strategies within the participants’ accounts and explanations. Such accounts of the social, historical and political circumstances in which Eastern Cape commercial farmers find themselves are thought to provide valuable insights into the manner in which the process of democratisation has been received by members of the agricultural sector. Data collection was conducted via brief, audio taped, semi-structured interviews. The participants were all white men and women, living in a commercial farming region of the Eastern Cape Province. Responses to the interviews were subjected to the Discourse Analytical procedure advanced by Ian Parker. Analyses reveal that participants are critical of the notion of democracy; utilize specific rhetorical and argumentation strategies; make use of notions and techniques of ‘Othering’; and subscribe to a colonial / patriarchal ideology which attempts to idealize pre-democratic South Africa. These findings illustrate what is in many ways still an ongoing political and ideological struggle in the rural regions of the country.
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Van, Winkle Tyler W. "An evaluation of distller's grain price relationships and implications of increased ethanol production on grain processing practices in commercial feedlots." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/921.
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