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Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial agriculture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Oyelade, Aduralere O. "Impact of commercial bank credit on agricultural output in Nigeria." Review of innovation and competitiveness 5, no. 1 (2019): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/ric.2019.51/1.

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Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigated the impact of commercial bank credits on agricultural output in Nigeria over the period 1980 to 2015 by setting three specific objectives which are to examine the trend of commercial bank credit and agricultural output in Nigeria; to investigate the effect of commercial bank credit on agricultural output in Nigeria and to investigate the effect of commercial bank credit on subsector of agriculture in Nigeria. The trend analysis and the impact of commercial bank credit on subsector of agriculture in Nigeria make this work unique and different from other studies in this area. Trend analysis was used to achieve the first objective and fully modified ordinary least square (OLS) for objective two and three. Methodology. The study employed Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) approach. Findings. It was evidenced that interest rate on commercial banks’ credit to agriculture and deposit money bank’s assets are statistically significant in determine agricultural output in Nigeria within the period considered. Also, commercial bank loan on agriculture and deposit money bank’s assets determine the output of crop production in Nigeria; commercial bank loan on agriculture and interest rate on commercial banks’ credit to agriculture determine the output of livestock production in Nigeria and commercial bank loan on agriculture and interest rate on commercial banks’ credit to agriculture determine the output of forestry in Nigeria while commercial bank loan on agriculture and interest rate on commercial banks’ credit to agriculture determine the output of fishing in Nigeria. Limitations. This study is limited because the study does not include other variables that determine the output of agricultural sector in Nigeria. Also, other theories and methods can still be used by other researcher to make it different from this work. Originality. This is an original work and has neither been published in any other peer-reviewed journal nor is under consideration for publication by any other journal.

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2

Saparita, Rachmini. "PERKEMBANGAN KOMERSIALISASI PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA DAN PROYEKSINYA 2005-2050." Jurnal AGRISEP 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.4.2.1-16.

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This article identified the growth commercial agriculture through diversification of crops to predict the process of agricultural transformation in Indonesia. The result showed that the growth of commercial agriculture was varied. Some provinces, such as Jakarta, West Java, North and West Sumatera, Riau, Kalimantan, Midle and South Sulawesi, which had low index, commercialization worked well. The economic pattern of their farmer changed from subsistence to commercial. Agricultural development in those provinces entered to the growth and advanced stages of agricultural transformation. However, others provinces, which had high index, commercial agriculture worked poorly. For all provinces outside Java islands, the cause of those high indexes were predicted by several factors, such as lack of infrastructure, remote areas, and other limitations, so that business accesses to outside areas were not run well. For all provinces inside Java islands, the cause was predicted by the excessive of subsistence agriculture, so that commercial agriculture was delayed, while other areas were suited for various food crops type. From that situation it could be concluded that agricultural development was not spread equally for every province in Indonesia. Since agricultural development policies were such as the existing strategies, the growth of commercial agriculture were predicted would not affect the increase of farmer’s income, because the growth was not caused by transformation of agricultural economic pattern from subsistence to commercial, but was caused by agriculture household enlargement. Consequently, the government should apply land reform policy immediately.Key words: agricultural diversification, agricultural commercialization, agricultural transformation, and agricultural development

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3

Betubiza, Eustacius N., and David J. Leatham. "Factors Affecting Commercial Bank Lending to Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, no. 1 (July 1995): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019660.

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AbstractA tobit econometric procedure was used to examine the effect of selected demand and supply factors on nonreal estate agricultural lending by commercial banks in Texas. Results show that banks have reduced their agricultural loan portfolios in response to increased use of interest sensitive deposits after deregulation. Moreover, almost half of this decrease came from banks that stopped making agricultural loans. Also, results show that banks affiliated with multi-bank holding companies lend less money to agriculture relative to their assets than do independent banks.

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4

Goldsmith, Peter, and Avery Cohn. "Commercial Agriculture in Tropical Environments." Tropical Conservation Science 10 (January 2017): 194008291772799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082917727994.

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5

Igboeli, G. "COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE: A NEW BEGINNING." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v11i1.2538.

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6

Moss, Charles, Samba Mbaye, Anwar Naseem, and James Oehmke. "Did the Plan Sénégal Emergent Affect Cropping Decisions in the Senegal River Basin?" Economies 6, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies6030042.

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One of the basic debates in African development is whether agriculture can be the instrument for the transformation of a rural economy. A common question is whether agricultural policies can provide the impetus to move agriculture in developing economies from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Senegal’s Plan Sénégal Emergent (PSE) provides a data point in this discussion. Senegal and international donors invested in agricultural supply chains starting in 2012 to facilitate the emergence of commercial agriculture for peanuts, rice, and vegetables. This study focuses on these investments in the Senegal River Valley of northern Senegal. The empirical results presented in this study provide evidence that farms in the Senegal River Valley impacted by PSE have moved away from subsistence agriculture by planting more hectares in commercial crops.

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7

Groenewald, J. A. "TRANSFORMATION: THE CHALLENGE TO COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE." Agrekon 35, no. 4 (December 1996): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1996.9524832.

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8

Saunderson, Marthinus D. "Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in South Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 3 (September 1995): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400306.

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South Africa is divided into two different worlds when it comes to agriculture. One is the commercial agriculture sector, dominated by white farmers, and the other is the developing sector of small-scale, disadvantaged farmers. This is of course the result of the old system of apartheid, Agricultural research and development as well as extension have been focused on white commercial farmers, to the neglect of the small scale farmers. Agricultural research aimed at their specific conditions is essential for sustainable rural development.

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9

Gardner, Bruce L. "Commercial Agriculture in Metropolitan Areas: Economics and Regulatory Issues." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 23, no. 1 (April 1994): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000460.

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Metropolitan agriculture is economically important, especially in the Northeast. While faced with substantial economic and regulatory obstacles, commercial farming in urban areas is surviving and even prospering. In terms of standard models of agriculture in economic development, this is a puzzle. But more detailed, spatial economic models indicate how labor-intensive production of perishable commodities in urbanized areas can make economic sense, especially when coupled with environmental amenities that farming generates for nonfarm people. At the same time, environmental disamenities of agriculture are larger in densely populated areas. The political economy outcomes have tended to be favorable to continued farming, albeit with increased regulation. Nonetheless, many questions remain about the dynamics of agricultural adjustment to urbanization, and the possible steady-state mix of farm and nonfarm activities.

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10

Gani, Azmat, and Frank Scrimgeour. "Bank Lending to Agriculture in a Small Developing Country." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 14, no. 4 (May 25, 2015): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341353.

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This paper explores bank lending to agriculture in Fiji, a small developing country. It examines bank lending by bank type—commercial bank lending and lending by the Fiji Development Bank (fdb), a non-commercial bank. The findings reveal the importance of both banking types as well as a significant drop in lending since 1993, despite the need to fund the agricultural sector to boost food production activities. Interest rates, government spending and food production strongly determine fdb lending to agriculture. The availability of arable land has a negative and significant effect on fdb lending to agriculture. The results show commercial banks are performing a slightly different role in the agricultural sector than the Fiji Development Bank; they appear to be unresponsive to economic variables that the fdb is responsive to.

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11

Raj, Mohan, and Arul Stephen. "COMMMERCIAL BANK’S LENDING PERFORMANCE IN PRIORITY SECTORS DEVELOPMENT IN TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 6(SE) (June 30, 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i6(se).2016.2658.

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Nowadays banks are offering various services through different schemes. The segment wise schemes are sorted by commercial banks. Activity of bank in every sector is the heart beat of the development of human as well as the nation. So, the banks are disbursing equal priority to all the sectors. Even though different industries spread across the nation, agriculture is the leading sector of the nation. The banks are targeting the agricultural activities, based on that several schemes are introducing to the benefits of the agriculture activity. The schemes of banks for agriculture priority are such as agriculture loan, agriculture mortgage, crop loan, crop subsidy, and agriculture vehicle subsidy etc. In this paper discuss in detail about the commercial bank’s lending performance to agriculture sector.

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12

Kovachev, Goran. "Financing agribusiness by state development banks - the case of Macedonia." Journal of Governance and Regulation 2, no. 3 (2013): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v2_i3_c1_p3.

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In countries where agriculture has substantial role in generating domestic product, sustainable agro-finance can seriously increase economic development. It is well known that agriculture is perceived as risky to be financed by commercial banks. Therefore, creating specific agro-credit lines within state development banks is key element in enhancing agricultural activities. These state development banks, operating in close collaboration with the Government have a significant role in accelerating economic welfare of farmers and rural poor. This study tends to emphasize the importance of creating special lending products targeted towards agriculture. The focus will be put on comparison between the first pillar – direct lending to agriculture and second pillar – lending to agriculture through commercial banks showing the better viability of the later.

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13

Parausic, Vesna, and Drago Cvijanovic. "Serbian agriculture: Programmes of credit support by the state and commercial banks between 2004-2007." Ekonomski anali 52, no. 174-175 (2007): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0775186p.

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Serbian agricultural production accounts for a significant percentage of the share in GDP, and almost 1/3 of the Serbian population live on farms. There is a positive balance in food trade, and nearly 17 per cent of total Serbian export belong to agriculture. However, financial support to agricultural production is insufficient and incommensurate to the role and importance of agriculture in domestic economy in comparison with the practice in advanced economies and those in the region. If high interest rates, along with current credit conditions, remain, agriculture will not be able to advance and compete in foreign markets, however highly competitive its export potential may be.

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14

Arbona, Sonia I. "Commercial Agriculture and Agrochemicals in Almolonga, Guatemala." Geographical Review 88, no. 1 (January 1998): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215871.

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15

Arbona, Sonia I. "Commercial Agriculture and Agrochemicals in Almolonga, Guatemala." Geographical Review 88, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00095.x.

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16

Joseph, Brigit, and K. J. Joseph. "Commercial Agriculture in Kerala after the WTO." South Asia Economic Journal 6, no. 1 (March 2005): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140500600103.

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17

Celestin, N'GORAN Koffi. "Financial Credit in Agricultural Development in Côte D'ivoire." Journal of Agricultural Studies 9, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v9i3.18984.

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Agriculture has long been Côte d’Ivoire’s main source of export income and the first largest sector providing employment. For several decades, Ivorian agriculture remained unmodernized. The modernization of agriculture requires both public and private funding. Despite some efforts, financing of agriculture is not effective in Côte d'Ivoire due to the lack of real commitment from the private sector and commercial banks. The results showed that in the long-term agricultural credit and other variables have a positive and significant influence on agricultural added value. It is therefore recommended to increase agricultural credit and extend it to small producers.

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18

Ahrendsen, Bruce L., Bruce L. Dixon, and LaDerrek T. Lee. "Independent Commercial Bank Mergers and Agricultural Lending Concentration." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31, no. 2 (August 1999): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800008506.

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AbstractIn an era of rapid consolidation in banking, the effect of mergers on the availability of credit to agricultural businesses is unclear. Commercial bank mergers have profoundly altered the urban credit marketplace and are positioned to do the same for the agricultural credit marketplace. Adjustment models are estimated with data on independent bank consolidations from 1988 through 1995. The regression results bode well for agricultural lending if acquiring banks have larger concentrations of assets in agriculture than acquired banks. Conversely, if acquiring banks have smaller concentrations than acquired banks, acquisitions have a negative impact on agricultural lending. Since most acquiring banks have smaller agricultural loan concentrations than acquired banks, there is concern for agricultural lending. However, other lenders are likely to fill credit gaps that develop.

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19

Guillermo, Benavides-Perales, Tellez-Leon Isela Elizabeth, and Venegas-Martinez Francisco. "The impact of banking and external sectors on Mexican agriculture in the period 1995–2015." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 1 (January 18, 2018): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/193/2016-agricecon.

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Mexican agricultural production has been characterised by a lack of dynamism in recent years and is losing ground in terms of GDP. This may reflect the lack of funding from commercial and development banks. This research aims at studying the dynamics of the agriculture sector through econometric analysis using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models in order to examine the short- and long-run relationships among agricultural production, terms of trade (ratio of agricultural prices and general price level), agricultural exports and lending from commercial and development banks. The main empirical findings, contrary to what was expected, is that even though there was a precarious level of funding from the banking sector, credit from commercial banking was higher than that from development banking in the last decades. Further, relative prices were found to have a negative relationship with agricultural exports, showing the importance of the external sector in agriculture.

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20

Atreya, Kishor, Bhishma Prasad Subedi, Puspa Lal Ghimire, Sudarshan Chandra Khanal, and Samikshya Pandit. "A review on history of organic farming in the current changing context in Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0503024.

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Worldwide, with the increase in awareness of health and environmental concerns, demand for organic agricultural products is increasing, however, its adoption in Nepal at the field level is minimal (0.30% of the total agricultural land area). Exploring the history of organic agriculture could answer, “why its growth, despite the increasing demand, is minimal?” The history of organic agriculture for commerce in Nepal is little known. This study thus explores the scope and history of commercial organic agriculture in Nepal. The paper identifies a few historical landmarks of organic agriculture; and while doing so, it describes the world history of organic agriculture. The study observed that a ‘pure’ form of organic agriculture in Nepal started in 1987, when an American research scholar established a commercial farm. Since then, it advanced until 1992, and then ‘merged’ with permaculture. The organic agriculture movement rejuvenated again in 2002 into the 10th five years plan. Much of the national policy documents on organic agriculture favored ‘income’ and perceived organic products as luxurious goods. As a result, much of the innovation in organic agriculture, government priorities, and people’s perception inclined towards earning dollars rather than environmental conservation and sustainability of the farming system. The movement of organic agriculture in Nepal deviated from its philosophical grounds and the government's priority increased on earnings, resulting in some myths in the Nepalese society on organic agriculture. All these factors caused minimal growth of organic agriculture, despite its great scope at national and international levels.

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21

Lewis, Carol E., Roger W. Pearson, and Wayne C. Thomas. "Agricultural development in Alaska." Polar Record 23, no. 147 (September 1987): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400008378.

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AbstractDevelopment during approximately 200 years of agricultural activity in Alaska has been varied and generally inadequate. Four stages are here identified. During the period from Russian and early American colonization to the late 1880s production was largely for personal consumption. From 1898 to World War II federal intervention stimulated local commercial agriculture, and from the late 1940s to the late 1960s commercial production expanded. Since then a state- supported strategy to develop an export-based agriculture has been tried, but implementation has not been completed. Alaska remains a frontier which has yet to find a workable manner in which to implement a strategy for its agriculture.

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22

F., Obioma I., Ihemeje J. C., Ogbonna C. I., Amadi C. O., and Hanson U. E. "Effect of Agricultural Financing on the Performance of Agricultural Sector in Nigeria." Journal La Bisecoman 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v2i2.360.

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The study examined the effects of agricultural financing on the performance of agricultural sector in Nigeria using annual time series data. The data for the study was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Contribution of agriculture to GDP was used as proxy for the performance of agricultural sector, commercial banks loan to agriculture, rain fall, government expenditure to agriculture and interest rate were used as proxy for explanatory variables. Following unity in the order of integration, Johansen cointegration approach was used to check for the long run relationship among the variables. Vector autoregressive estimate the vector correction mechanism was used to examine the speed of adjustment of the variables from the short run dynamics to the long run equilibrium. The study found that there is long run relationship among the variables. Specifically; there is significant and long run effect of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme on Contributions of agriculture to GDP. Commercial banks loans to agriculture showed positive and significant effect on Contributions of agriculture to GDP within the reference period. The coefficient of multiple determinations explained the variation in the dependent variable jointly explained by the independent variables. The study recommend that there should be increase in the amount which the agricultural credit guarantee scheme inject into the sector on annual basis and proper supervisory measures should be constituted in order to ensure efficient application and use of the money.

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23

NAMINOVA, Kermen A. "Distinctions and terms of soft financing to Russia's agricultural enterprises." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.4.649.

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Subject. Under the current circumstances, the State and commercial banks invent how to support agricultural producers due to the high priority of agriculture for the national security and the high standards of living of people. Soft financing is a mechanism the State uses to support agricultural enterprises, thus stimulating the agricultural production through debt finance. Objectives. I identify distinctions and determine positive and negative aspects of soft financing granted for agricultural producers. Methods. I referred to official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, Russian Agricultural Bank. I applied methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, the systems approach. Results. I analyzed typical traits of soft financing to agricultural enterprises. The article indicates the role of authorized banks as systemically important credit institutions in Russia as part of the soft financing mechanism. I conducted the comparative analysis of commercial lending and soft financing to businesses, pointed out key differences between their mechanisms. The article spotlights the shortage of working funds, which results from distinctions of the agricultural sector. I investigated the impact of the sectoral and intrasectoral specifics of agriculture on the lending process. Referring to the key differences of commercial lending and soft financing to agricultural producers in the Russian Federation, I figured out positive and negative aspects of soft lending. Conclusions and Relevance. Agricultural producers operate, being exposed to high risk. Therefore, commercial banks take risks into account when setting up the cost of loans. High rates on loans are unaffordable for the majority of small and medium-sized agricultural businesses, thus complicating the finance of agricultural producers’ operations. Agricultural enterprises demonstrate a rather low profitability, thus impeding the performance of lending principles, such as repayment, timeliness, serviceability.

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24

Brklacich, Michael. "The application of agricultural land rating and crop models to CO2 and climate change issues in Northern regions: the Mackenzie Basin case study." Agricultural and Food Science 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72740.

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The Mackenzie Basin in northwestern Canada covers approximately 1.8 million km2 and extends from 52°N to 70°N. Much of the Basin is currently too cool and remote from markets to support a viable agricultural sector, but the southern portion of the Basin has the physical potential to support commercial agriculture. This case study employed agricultural land rating and crop models to estimate the degree to which a CO2 -induced global warming might alter the physical potential for commercial agriculture throughout the Basin. The two climate change scenarios considered in this analysis would relax the current constraints imposed by a short and cool frost-free season, but without adaptive measures, drier conditions and accelerated crop development rates were estimated to offset potential gains stemming from elevated CO2 levels and warmer temperatures. In addition to striving for a better understanding of the extent to which physical constraints on agriculture might be modified by climate change, there is a need to expand the research context and to consider the capacity of agriculture to adapt to altered climates.

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25

Adanir, Fikret, Caglar Keyder, and Faruk Tabak. "Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East." Die Welt des Islams 34, no. 1 (April 1994): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1570883.

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26

Cherif, Mohamed-Hedi, Caglar Keyder, and Faruk Tabak. "Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 37, no. 4 (1994): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632661.

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27

Taylor, Scott D. "Business and Politics in Zimbabwe's Commercial Agriculture Sector." African Economic History, no. 27 (1999): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601662.

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28

Phipps, Tim T. "Commercial Agriculture and the Environment: An Evolutionary Perspective." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20, no. 2 (October 1991): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002968.

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The decade of the 1980s saw a resurgence of concern over the environmental and health effects of agricultural production that exceeded even the concern in the sixties generated by the publication of Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring. Consumers worried about the health effects of pesticide residues on foods; conversion of wetlands to crop production was blamed for the decreased population of migratory waterfowl; rural residents worried about the effects of nitrates and pesticides found in their groundwater supplies; and sediment, nutrients, and pesticides in surface waters were blamed for the decline of estuaries such as the Chesapeake Bay and contributed to problems in freshwater and coastal fisheries.

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29

Zyl, J., and J. A. Groenewald. "EFFECTS OF PROTECTION ON SOUTH AFRICAN COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE." Journal of Agricultural Economics 39, no. 3 (September 1988): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1988.tb00599.x.

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30

Flinn, J. C. "ESTIMATING THE DEMAND FOR WATER IN COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE*." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 19, no. 3 (November 13, 2008): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1971.tb01169.x.

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31

Hamilton, Sarah, Linda Asturias de Barrios, and Brenda Tevalan. "Gender and Commercial Agriculture in Ecuador and Guatemala." Culture Agriculture 23, no. 3 (September 2001): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.2001.23.3.1.

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32

KGATHI, D. L., M. B. M. SEKHWELA, and H. HAMANDAWANA. "SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN CHOBE DISTRICT, BOTSWANA." South African Geographical Journal 85, no. 1 (March 2003): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2003.9713780.

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33

Sessions, John, David Smith, Kristin M. Trippe, Jeremy S. Fried, John D. Bailey, Joshua H. Petitmermet, William Hollamon, Claire L. Phillips, and John D. Campbell. "Can biochar link forest restoration with commercial agriculture?" Biomass and Bioenergy 123 (April 2019): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.015.

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34

Broegaard, Rikke Brandt, Laura Vang Rasmussen, Neil Dawson, Ole Mertz, Thoumthone Vongvisouk, and Kenneth Grogan. "Wild food collection and nutrition under commercial agriculture expansion in agriculture-forest landscapes." Forest Policy and Economics 84 (November 2017): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.12.012.

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35

Osabohien, Romanus, Adesola Afolabi, and Abigail Godwin. "An Econometric Analysis of Food Security and Agricultural Credit Facilities in Nigeria." Open Agriculture Journal 12, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501812010227.

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Background:It is a known fact that the efficiency of credit facility positively contributes to production base of a sector, especially the Nigerian agricultural sector which is recognised as the heartbeat of the economy by employing over 70% of the country’s labour force; this forms the motivation for this study.Objective:This study examined the potential of agricultural credit facilities in terms of commercial bank credit to agriculture and agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF) and their corresponding interest rates to farmers towards increasing agricultural production as the pathway to food security in Nigeria.Method:The study employed the Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) econometric approach on the time series data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period 1990-2016.Result:The result from ARDL showed that commercial banks credits and ACGSF increased food security by 8.12% and 0.002% respectively, while population reduces food security by 0.001%.Conclusion:The study concluded that population should be controlled through family planning and adequate financing of the ACFSF by the government and monitor commercial banks leading interest rates on credit facilities.

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36

Ghimire, Shree Ram. "Environmental Concern in Nepalese Agriculture." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 9 (August 2, 2009): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v9i0.2115.

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Semi traditional to early commercial agriculture system of Nepal has now its economic move in transition from agricultural to early industrial track of economic development. An attempt has been made to assess the relationship between the emerging modern agriculture practices and environmental depletion. Some of the developmental challenges of Nepal like small land holdings, weather dependent farming systems, low per capita income, underdeveloped physical infrastructures and inefficient bureaucratic procedures are associated with comparatively higher cost of agricultural production. Natural disasters and human induced environmental degradation are closely associated with improved farming systems. Nepal has preferential ways of producing niche agricultural products by exploiting its inherent diversified climate to cope with the global open market challenges. Competitive agribusinesses along with the adoption of environmental protection measures keeping the strategy of import substitution and export promotion are the ways for sustainable agriculture development in the country. Key Words: Competitive agri-business, development infrastructures, environmental depletion, open-global market, sustainable developmentThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 41-45

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37

Hopen, Herbert J. "Herbicides Available for Commercial Cabbage Producers during 1965-94." HortTechnology 5, no. 1 (January 1995): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.1.25.

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Through cooperation of state agricultural research stations, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture-Cooperative States Research Service (USDA-CSRS) Interregional Project Four (IR-4), manufacturers and grower organizations, new herbicide labels for cabbage have been granted recently. Labels for the herbicides consist of national, regional, and state need and state emergency use labels. These herbicides provide adequate choices of labels for cabbage producers in the major commercial production areas. Starting with only three herbicides available in 1965 to a choice of 10 herbicides in 1994, growers can be more effective in control of weeds in cabbage.

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38

Ahrendsen, Bruce L., Bruce L. Dixon, and Atien Priyanti. "Growth in Agricultural Loan Market Share for Arkansas Commercial Banks." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026353.

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AbstractChanges in commercial bank market shares of farm debt are decomposed into portfolio decisions, loanable funds availability and loan market size for 64 counties in Arkansas from 1986 through 1990. A seemingly unrelated regression model is hypothesized to identify county characteristics that are related to changes in commercial bank market shares. Regression results indicate that county differences in economic activity, the relative risk associated with agriculture, farm structure and regional location contributed to changes in commercial bank market shares. The results imply a market niche for rural commercial banks emphasizing agricultural loans in the presence of unlimited branch banking.

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Pasour, E. C. "The Farm Problem, Government Farm Programs, and Commercial Agriculture." Journal of Production Agriculture 1, no. 1 (January 1988): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1988.0064.

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Thirtle, Colin, Jon Atkins, Paul Bottomley, Nancy Gonese, and Jones Govereh. "The productivity of commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe, 1970–89." Journal of International Development 5, no. 2 (March 1993): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380050211.

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Klein, Ira. "British Reforms, Commercial Agriculture, and Agrarian Distress in India." Historian 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 732–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00226.x.

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Smith, Imran. "Promoting Commercial Agriculture in Nigeria Through a Reform of the Legal and Institutional Frameworks." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 1 (February 2018): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0220.

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This article examines the potency of the extant legal and institutional frameworks in addressing the challenges that have stifled the agricultural sector in Nigeria for decades. It suggests reforms with a view to promoting sustainable commercial agriculture, ensuring increased investment in the sector and boosting revenue-generation for the country.

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Lokesha and Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar. "Impact of factors on the utilization of agricultural credit of banks: an analysis from the borrowers’ perspective." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(1).2019.16.

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Agricultural credit is required for the development of agriculture scenario in any economy. Commercial, cooperative and regional rural banks have extended agricultural credit to the farmers in Dakshina Kannada district of India. The effectiveness of agricultural credit system depends on the utilization of credit funds by the borrowers. The present study made an attempt to understand the factors influencing the utilization of agricultural credit of banks in Dakshina Kannada. The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data are gathered from the borrowers of banks operating in Dakshina Kannada district. The study found that there is an impact of demographic, agriculture and agricultural credit factors on the purpose of utilization of agricultural credit in Dakshina Kannada district.

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Okello, Julius J., Ramatu Al-Hassan, and Ruth M. Okello. "A Framework for Analyzing the Role of ICT on Agricultural Commercialization and Household Food Security." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2010010103.

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Lack of agricultural information has been attributed to the inability of smallholder farmers to transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Recent efforts to improve smallholder access to agricultural information have seen increased application of ICT technologies in developing agriculture. These efforts use ICT-based market information to reduce transaction costs of smallholder participation in markets, promote commercialization, and improve household food security. Emerging studies document the benefits of such ICT-based applications in agriculture, including increased incomes and improved performance of agricultural markets. Unfortunately these studies have been context specific and the link between provision of ICT-based market information, smallholder commercialization and household security remains unclear. This paper develops a framework that can be used to analyze the link between ICT application in smallholder agriculture, household commercialization, and food security. The paper generates testable hypotheses relating ICT application in agriculture and reduction in transactions costs, smallholder farmer commercialization, and household food security. It then provides illustrative cases where ICT application in agriculture has benefited smallholder production and improved market performance. However, more research must be done to test the generated hypotheses. The paper discusses the implications of the framework for practitioners.

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Terry, Alan, and Matthew Ryder. "Coping with Change: The transition from subsistence orientated rain-fed agriculture to commercial irrigated agriculture." Geography 90, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2005.12094127.

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Mkonda, Msafiri Y., and Xinhua He. "Efficacy of Transforming Agriculture for Survival to Commercial Agriculture through 'Kilimo Kwanza' Initiative in Tanzania." Natural Resources and Conservation 4, no. 4 (December 2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/nrc.2016.040401.

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Sishodia, Rajendra P., Ram L. Ray, and Sudhir K. Singh. "Applications of Remote Sensing in Precision Agriculture: A Review." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193136.

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Agriculture provides for the most basic needs of humankind: food and fiber. The introduction of new farming techniques in the past century (e.g., during the Green Revolution) has helped agriculture keep pace with growing demands for food and other agricultural products. However, further increases in food demand, a growing population, and rising income levels are likely to put additional strain on natural resources. With growing recognition of the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment, new techniques and approaches should be able to meet future food demands while maintaining or reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. Emerging technologies, such as geospatial technologies, Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI), could be utilized to make informed management decisions aimed to increase crop production. Precision agriculture (PA) entails the application of a suite of such technologies to optimize agricultural inputs to increase agricultural production and reduce input losses. Use of remote sensing technologies for PA has increased rapidly during the past few decades. The unprecedented availability of high resolution (spatial, spectral and temporal) satellite images has promoted the use of remote sensing in many PA applications, including crop monitoring, irrigation management, nutrient application, disease and pest management, and yield prediction. In this paper, we provide an overview of remote sensing systems, techniques, and vegetation indices along with their recent (2015–2020) applications in PA. Remote-sensing-based PA technologies such as variable fertilizer rate application technology in Green Seeker and Crop Circle have already been incorporated in commercial agriculture. Use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased tremendously during the last decade due to their cost-effectiveness and flexibility in obtaining the high-resolution (cm-scale) images needed for PA applications. At the same time, the availability of a large amount of satellite data has prompted researchers to explore advanced data storage and processing techniques such as cloud computing and machine learning. Given the complexity of image processing and the amount of technical knowledge and expertise needed, it is critical to explore and develop a simple yet reliable workflow for the real-time application of remote sensing in PA. Development of accurate yet easy to use, user-friendly systems is likely to result in broader adoption of remote sensing technologies in commercial and non-commercial PA applications.

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Gołaś, Marlena, Piotr Sulewski, Adam Wąs, Anna Kłoczko-Gajewska, and Kinga Pogodzińska. "On the Way to Sustainable Agriculture—Eco-Efficiency of Polish Commercial Farms." Agriculture 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100438.

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The negative impact of agriculture on the natural environment is not a new issue. One of the ideas to overcome this problem is the eco-efficiency concept, analyzing the agricultural output in relation, not only to traditional inputs, but to the environmental impact, as well. This paper aims at calculating the eco-efficiency of Polish commercial farms, based on a representative sample of 601 farms participating in the Polish Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). To assess the eco-efficiency of the farms, variables illustrating traditional inputs (land, labor, capital), as well as variables reflecting the environmental pressure of the surveyed farms (greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses) were used. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) revealed that, on average, farms could reduce their inputs by almost a quarter without reducing their outputs. Additionally, it was revealed that incorporating externalities of agricultural production into analyses decreases the diversity of the farm population in terms of efficiency measures. According to the analyses, more eco-efficient farms are characterized by larger utilized agricultural area (UAA), higher production value, and higher intensity of chemical inputs per 1 ha, but at the same time by lower amounts of inputs used per production unit. Moreover, more eco-efficient farms achieved higher farm incomes in many terms: total, per 1 ha of UAA, and per 1 EUR of production value.

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Fonjong, Lotsmart, Irene Dione N. Fokum Sama-Lang, Lawrence Fombe, and Christiana Abonge. "Legalizing Illegitimate Large-Scale Land Deals for Commercial Agriculture in Cameroon." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 17, no. 1-2 (February 13, 2018): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341470.

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Abstract Many communities in Cameroon are fast losing large expanse of ancestral land in the wake of a global land rush to local and foreign capitalists operating in the mining and agricultural sectors. This study examines the legal status of commercial land acquisition, the extent to which investors are complying with the law, and the land rights of those affected. It is based on primary data collected through interviews conducted among local administrative and traditional authorities, community members, and civil society organizations. The article highlights how agro-investors with complicity of the State have exploited weakness in Cameroon land laws to dispossess poor communities from ancestral lands. Findings indicate that in violating both laws and due processes to acquire land, the current land rush has left affected communities impoverished and without land and security. Commercial agriculture has displaced communities from traditional sources of livelihood to promote international capitalist interest.

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Lucheta, Adriano Reis, and Marcio Rodrigues Lambais. "Sulfur in agriculture." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 5 (November 2012): 1369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000500001.

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Sulfur (S) deficiency in soils is becoming increasingly common in many areas of the world as a result of agronomic practices, high biomass exportation and reduced S emissions to the atmosphere. In this review, the incidence and commercial exploitation of S pools in nature are discussed, as well as the importance of S for plants and the organic and inorganic S forms in soil and their transformations, especially the process of microbiological oxidation of elemental sulfur (S0) as an alternative to the replenishment of S levels in the soil. The diversity of S0-oxidizing microorganisms in soils, in particular the genus Thiobacillus, and the biochemical mechanisms of S0 oxidation in bacteria were also addressed. Finally, the main methods to measure the S0 oxidation rate in soils and the variables that influence this process were revised.

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