Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Commercial drones'
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Höglund, Gran Tommie, and Erik Mickols. "Hacking a Commercial Drone." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284573.
Full textUnmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones, are part of the IoT revolution and have gotten some attention in recent years due to privacy violation issues as well as airport and military security. Since they can fly and have an increasing amount of technology implemented, especially camera and other surveillance, they are attractive targets for hackers and penetration testers. A number of attacks have been carried out over the years. In this thesis the Parrot ANAFI drone is explored and attacked using threat modeling from a black box perspective. The threat modeling includes identifying threats with STRIDE and assessing risks with DREAD. Major vulnerabilities in the system were not found. This report shows that the manufacturer has a high security awareness. Examples of this awareness are that previously reported vulnerabilities have been mitigated and firmware code has been obfuscated. The methods used and results found could be used to further explore vulnerabilities in drones and similar IoT devices.
Roca, David Féral François. "Le démantèlement des entraves aux commerces mondial et intracommunautaire : droits communautaire et de l'OMC comparés /." Paris : l'Harmattan, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41050301t.
Full textMortier, Renaud. "Le rachat par la société de ses droits sociaux." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10416.
Full textThe repurchases by a company of its own shares split in two very distinct categories in the sight of their juridical nature (first part). Whereas the repurchases linked to capital reduction are capital invested reversed operation, "capital invested's reimbursement" ("repurchases-reimbursements"), the repurchases not linked to such reduction are transfers ("repurchases-transfers"). This nature's duality throws light on a treatment's duality. The repurchases-reimbursement have always and for any companies'types been authorised. This is logical : as the capital invested is essential to the company, the capital invested's reimbursement, reversed reflection, is too. The repurchases-transfers, on the very contrary, crystallize all the fears, including the most irrational. Because putting in a bid for one's own shares is a first sight an abnormal, indeed nasty relationship with oneself. This is the reason why these operations, for a long time prohibited, remain in part. This analysis permits to demystify the repurchases-transfers to propose their liberalization (second part). Admittedly such repurchases involve real dangers. But these dangers are often exaggerated. Moreover the positive law eradicate them effectively. Whereas the repurchases-tranfers otherwise show countless uses, often unsuspected, so that in the end going on restraining them is quite unjustified : the reform initiated by the july 2nd, 1998 law must be continued. The here proposed liberalization follows two main lines. In the first place, it's desirable to unify the numerous repurchases-transfers' procedures, by abolishing the targetted repurchases and by generalizing the repurchases' programmes for any useful purpose. In the second place, it's necessary to improve these regulations by increasing the self-holding domain (abolition of the self-holding's ceilings ; right for the SARL to hold its own shares) and the modes of repurchases (recognition and regulation of the repurchase's shares' bonds ; redeemable shares' legalization), while protecting better the shareholders from the repurchase's risks
Dieng, Françoise. "La direction des sociétés anonymes en droit sénégalais comparé aux droits français, anglais et américain." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010269.
Full textThe law nr-85-40 of july 29, 1985, has introduced in Senegal the first corporate law since the independance of this country. This law was inspired by french, english and north-americain laws. Our aim was to compare the senegalese corporate governance with the laws from which it is drawn,in its various aspects: powers,nomination,removal,remuneration,duties, responsibilities of the directors
Lacroix-De, Sousa Sandie. "La Cession de droits sociaux." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF10331.
Full textMortier, Renaud. "Le rachat par la société de ses droits sociaux /." Paris : Dalloz, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/501952578.pdf.
Full textLaborde-Debucquet, David. "Mesures et détermination endogène des droits de douane." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU2010.
Full textAy, Ebru. "La validité de la convention d'arbitrage en droits turc et comparé de l'arbitrage international." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010307.
Full textSawadogo, Félicité. "Approche renouvelée du régime juridique de la cession de droits sociaux dans les sociétés commerciales en droit français et en droit OHADA." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0169.
Full textIn France and in the OHADA area, the transfer of social rights is an economic operation considerably practiced by thousands of commercial companies. However, the law does not provide a framework formally dedicated to its legal regime. Faced to this legal vacuum, jurisprudence, doctrine and practitioners try to apply pre-existing but really inadequate legal regimes. We are thus, naturally witnessing a civil appropriation of the operation, considered as a civil act. But it presents some characteristics of a fundamentally commercial act. This study proposes an approach that prioritizes its commerciality
Schlumberger, Edmond. "Les contrats préparatoires à l'acquisition de droits sociaux." Paris 1, 2011. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D4428%26nu%3D16.
Full textNguihé, Kanté Pascal. "Entreprises commerciales et droits fondamentaux : contribution à l'étude des particularismes au regard des droits français et camerounais." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR30002.
Full textThe thrust of this study is whether business enterprises can adapt to human rights. In other words, can we say that the specific needs of the business world stamp their mark on the nature or the regulations of basic human rights? This issue is examined from two angles in this study. Firstly, business enterprises can be viewed more and more as subject to human rights in the same way as a natural person because of their status. Consequently, they can equally cite to their advantage the applicability of standards relating to human rights. However, it is not always certain that the special nature of certain human rights, highly attached to the human being, may really find a favourable ground when the one citing it is a business concern. But this does not at all detract from the interest of this issue. Secondly, the issue is less discussed when we have to consider the business concern as a framework for the exercise of human rights. In this respect, it is considered that human rights must not be left at the doorstep of business concerns and that the different basic laws on salaried employees and citizen workers must be equally guaranteed here. But this does not rule out the fact that some of these laws may be affected due to the need to protect the interest of business enterprises. Up to this point, the sacred nature of these laws only authorizes such infringements on the condition that they are absolutely necessary and proportionate to the desired goal. It seems such is the issue of the relations between business enterprises and human rights in French and Cameroonian Law. But there are many differences concerning the effectivity of the law in the two countries. The situation is better in French system comparating to Cameroonian Law
Lechevallier, Véronique. "La convention européenne des droits de l'Homme et les droits économiques." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR30015.
Full textThe examination of the economic rights via the ECHR is astonished because this Convention guarantees Human Rights of a political and civil nature. Thus, considering the increasing role of the State in the economic sector, the European Court had to open the praetorium to the salaried or independent workers and the economic operators. She has justified this standpoint by claiming that there is no impenetrable barrier between civil and political rights on the one hand and economic, social and cultural rights on the other. The effective protection of the rights of the ECHR implies therefore a restricting judicial control of the economic rights which until now only the European Court is able to provide on an European level on the basis of the articles 4, 6 to 11, 14 of the ECHR and 1st of Protocol n°1. Via a systemization of the interpretation of economic rights on the basis of the material rights of the ECHR, the Court confirms the thesis of Human Rights endowed with an economic dimension
Ferreira, Christophe. "Les pratiques commerciales déloyales à l'aune des droits anglo-américains : approche comparative." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0035/document.
Full textEconomically and politically, the Western society is led by two main sets which are the European Union and the United States of America. Juridically, this distinction matches with a more general one wich can be observed between traditional romano-germanic states and those submitted to the common law. Nowadays, this distinction tend towards disappearance because of the intermingling of these two legal systems. Indeed, regarding the form first, common law states resort more and more to statutory laws, and conversely, traditional romano-germanic laws leave a growing room for the case law, and especially, for the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. In substance then, because those two legal systems correspond to two economic systems unified around a market economy. They want to protect it against damaging behaviours for consumers, competitors, and in fine for the market itself But this protection require in particular to order fairness during the use of business-to-consumer commercial practices. That is why, the European Parliament and the Council, announced a directive concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market, which contains maximum harmonisation provisions about unfair commercial practices, but without provisions about their juridical regime. Then, it seems necessary to compare the European system with the American one, especialy with the consideration of the theory of the economic torts, in order to study if these two can enrich each other. So, it will be demonstrated that if the classification follows the same arguments on either side of the Atlantic, the responses to those behaviours is more contrasted
St, Louis Marcouiller Claire. "La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés et le domaine constitutionnel de l'expression commerciale." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9637.
Full textAlmahmoud, Hussam. "L'arbitrage commercial international et les opérations bancaires : étude à la lumière des droits syrien et égyptien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0123.
Full textThe practice of business reveals the success of arbitration as a means of resolving disputes. This form of justice, promoted by important international and regional conventions, is recognized and encouraged by many national legislations. The Syrian and Egyptian Arab Republics are not so left behind this way. They have adopted important and modern texts which aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of the arbitration process and creating a favorable environment for the development of this type of dispute settlement. Yet despite a favorable legislative context, banking operators in these republics are still reluctant to resort to this form of justice. Although this resume may be justified in the case of disputes arising from the implementation of so purely internal operations, it is surprising to observe it in the case of operations which are deployed in the international order. The object of the study is therefore to highlight the prospects offered by the new legal provisions. At first, the question of "access to arbitration" is explored. Going beyond this first problem, it was still necessary to examine the way in which these national provisions frame "arbitral justice" at the stage of the proceedings as well as at the level of appeals available against the award
Paulus, Arnaud. "Protections et garanties du cessionnaire de droits sociaux." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE0011.
Full text-This work is a doctoral law's thesis about somme specific aspects of the purchase of shares or, broadly speaking, purchase of securites. - when the purchase's contract appeared to be less rewarding to the purchaser than contemplated, is there any remedy ? - if there is no question about the validity of consent and in the absence of any wrongdoing from the seller, a legar warranty is available to the purchaser. But legal warranty does not protect much, the purchaser may therefore need to bargain warranty clauses in the very contract to fill the loopholes as far as possible. The aim of this work is to bring out the complexity and many snares and problems behind these clauses (. . . ) And to suggest, according to each case, possible anxwers and solutions
Iderkou, Meriem. "La contribution des accords commerciaux au respect des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs au Maroc." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CERG0573.
Full textIn 2004, took place in Morocco in-depth reform of the Labour Code just after the entry into force of the trade agreement with the European Union, coincided with the negotiations of that which United States.The views Moroccan that marred the end of 90th the debate on the "social clause" in WTO seemed to be re-discuss light of these events.The question seemed simple : are there any social clauses in trade agreements signed between Morocco and its trading partners and if so what is their impact on the Moroccan legal system?It was therefore to investigate:First, all trade agreements concluded by Morocco since independence to verify the existence of such clauses and where appropriate date their appearance;Second, the debate over the inclusion of a "social clause" in trade agreements (historical, diplomatic and theoretical, logical and logical Moroccan business partners of Morocco, logic of international organizations including WTO and ILO) to attempt to define the content.The field of research, then refocused on the fundamental rights of workers, left the question of enforcement of these rights in Morocco.To answer the question posed by this study, meetings and interviews were conducted with several officials of the Moroccan administration to really know whether Morocco's trade agreements have contributed to the fundamental rights of workers in this country
El-Badawi, Mohammed Gélani. "Investissements étrangers et entreprises communes : perspectives d'une collaboration entre les Droits nationaux et la Lex Mercatoria." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE0013.
Full textMouanga, Stella. "La médiation comme mode alternatif de réglement des contentieux commerciaux en droits français et américain." Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100085.
Full textThe emergence of mediation as an alternative dprocess in the United States and in France shows the real willingness of the American and French authorities to provide a concrete response to the problems of the civil justice, namely delay, costs and complexity of the procedure. Mediation is more flexible, faster and cheaper. For all these reasons, mediation can interest businesses in search for settled solutions rather than imposed decisions. Mediation can be judicial, that is to sayt it is proposed by the judge to the litigants while the trial has commenced, or contractual when the parties anticipate in a special clause the resolution of any difficulty arising of a contract by refering to mediation. In general, mediation is a contractual process in which the mediator assists the parties to use their right to negotiate agreements in order to settle their disputes but also to frame their business relations. This process is substantially different from the judicial procedure in the sense that it is essentially a form of negotiation: parties reach an agreement on a voluntary basis and thus they have the power to schedule the negotiation sessions as well as the final agreement. The primary goal of mediation is not the conclusion of an agreement because it is first a means of establishing dialogue between the parties so that they can engage in a reconciliation way. The parties’final agreement, generally named mediated settlement agreement, is essentially governed by the law of contract. If this contractual qualification is obvious enough because the agreement is the result of confidential negotiations between the parties, its international execution is far from being easy beacause of this contractual terminology
Klementová, Tereza. "Legislativa pro využití dronu v realitní praxi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316949.
Full textFraissinier-Amiot, Virginie. "La liberté d'entreprendre : étude de droit privé." La Réunion, 2006. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/06_04_fraissinier.pdf.
Full textImplicitely recognised in the 1789 Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, the freedom to conduct a business has been sanctioned by the French Constitutional Court in 1982 and stands since as a fundamental freedom. Likewise recognised in European law, that freedom nevertheless raises a number of questions as to its definition. It first stands as the basic freedom that everyone enjoys when undertaking to create a business. It nevertheless comprises the power of managing or exploit a business in the view of making a profit, that of entering into commercial competition and, eventually, that of ending the course of a business. The study of that freedom from a private law perspective can be organised in two complementary directions: The relativity of the freedom, such freedom being approached as a formal right subjected to various and numerous limitations ; the effectiveness of the freedom that can be analysed through the mechanisms of protection that exist in national and European law, which both contribute to its concrete realisation
Zhang, Ning. "La règlementation antidumping de la C. E. Et les relations commerciales sino-communautaires." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020090.
Full textImplementation of the e. C. Antidumping law to the commercial relations with china includes certain particularities resulting from the special rules applicable to the countries who are considered by the community to be a non-market economy. According to these rules, in nonmarket economies, normal value is not based on domestic price but on the price of a like product in a market economy third country - known as an "analogue country". This affects the whole basis of the comparison of prices which is at the heart of an anti-dumping investigation and puts the chinese exporters into a difficult position during a procedure. The present study demonstrates that the community anti-dumping rules applicable to the non-market economy countries call for the reexamination in order to be conforme to the realities. Rules applicable to the non-market economy countries call for the reexamination in order to be conforme to the realities
Guebidiang, A. Tchoyi-Doumbe Hélène. "La Cession de droits sociaux de l'associé minoritaire." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719575.
Full textPfister, Étienne. "Droits de propriété industrielle et stratégies des firmes : éléments théoriques et empiriques." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010045.
Full textHannoun, Charley. "Le droit et les groupes de sociétés." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100054.
Full textThe subject of this research is to bring out an explanatory theory of the relations between law and groups of companies. The initial intuition is that group's rights can't be separated from the general structure of contempory law. The general principle of "gouvernementalite" deducted from philosopher Michel Foucault’s analysis has since led us to observe the emergence of a new juridical system: the naturel economic right its two basic aspects: the search of balance and the economic and social "police". The law crisis thus should be the mere expression of the transition between two underlying rationalities: the "souveraineté" and the "gouvernementalité". Reinterpreted in the light of this analysis, the groups’ right shows the will to adjust two imperious contradictions: the maintenance of society’s autonomy principle and the acknowledgment of the groups. It arises from this the functional and relative character of the notion. On the basis of this rationality we have then tried to build, in a more technical way, a theory of corporate bodies’ transparency able to precise the criterion by which can be discussed the society’s autonomy principle to the benefit of economic unity. This notion draws nearer to other known notions like simulation, fraud or appearance. In that manner can be withdrew a lot of doubts concerning the groups law
Pailler, Ludovic. "Le respect de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne dans l'espace judiciaire européen en matière civile et commerciale." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0101.
Full textWhen the treaty of Lisbon gave Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union its legally binding force, it gave rise, in article 67, paragraph 1, of the Treaty on the Functionning of the European Union, to a legal obligation to respect fundamental rights while building the Freedom, Security and Justice Area. As this legal obligation concerns all the rules of this space, it raises questions in the European Judicial Area in civil and commercial matter where rules coordinating national legal systems are partially resistant to the influence of fundamental rights. Polysemy of the notion of respect make it possible to consider different ways for the Charter and the European Judicial Area law to interact. If the hierarchical principle seems to be the most obvious way to ensure the respect of the Charter, it transpires to be inappropriate by itself and because of the specific context fort the application of the Charter commanded by the European Judicial Area. So, it would be more convenient to substitue the hierarchical principle with a more supple way of interaction, the combination, so as to conform the studied space to the article 67, paragraph 1, of the Treaty on the Functionning of the European Union
Viacava, Keitiline Ramos. "Attentional bias for food and alcohol cues after exposure to commercial advertising : a consumer neuroscience approach." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/141278.
Full textUnderstanding how commercial stimuli may affect individuals’ behavior and health is one of the main questions in Consumer Neuroscience. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of exposure to commercial advertising on attentional bias for food and alcohol cues in a set of studies. There were similarities in the use of visuoperceptual content in advertisements for tobacco, alcohol and food in Brazil (study 1); and high proportion (75%) of unhealthy food commercials in the Brazilian television (study 2). We found that commercial advertisements can affect attention to food, and watching TV per se can influence affect and subjective hunger in young adults (study 3). Results also revealed associations between exposure to alcohol marketing and limbic-frontal activations in adolescents (study 4). Altogether, these results represent an attempt toward identifying possible risk factors for increased energy intake and alcohol misuse.
Meledje, Akpa Henri. "Les principes fondamentaux de célérité et des droits de la défense et le code de procédure civile commerciale et administrative ivoirien." Paris 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA020052.
Full textThis research is on a new model of procedural code concerning the civil rights trade and administration in the ivory-coast. The study was based on two fondamental principles: swiftness in the dispensation of justice and defence rights. Decreed on 1972, this code is a large extent a product of the country's history. Although modified, or adapted to suit the local environment, signs of colonial rule are still present. In fact the study tried to show the evolution in time and space of world event of which this code is the product. An effort has been made to show the originality of this code, and the differences between it and french procedure. The originality comes from the fact that there is a common judicial procedure to all branches of law as against french's which has a specific procedure for each branch of law. However, there is still a lot to do in the technicalities of the code as many procedural rule are either not covend at all or are shallowly treated. Furthermore, inspite of the sound structure for swiftness (unified tribunals and procedures, thereby reducing the nomber of steps and time required to complete a case) adopted by the authors of the code, many juges apparently and paradoxically make it difficult for suitors, maybe as a result of their training which was not originally geared to handle the new situation. Besides, the authors of the code completely ignored the theme "defence rights" apparenteltly because they were much more preoccuped with the dispensation of justice. And that is all the more reason why (the topic of) this study was chosen -knowing fully well that swiftness can make defence rights to suffer even more. Finally, one thing that can be said is that a code exists; but to have a code is one thing, and (to know) the reality is another
Vezina, Nathalie. "L'obligation de sécurité : Etude de droit comparé (droits français et québécois)." Paris 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA020022.
Full textCavicchioli, Claudia. "Le traitement juridictionnel des stratégies procédurales touchant au choix de for dans le contentieux commercial international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D046.
Full textFaced with a blurring of national boundaries, claimants in international commercial litigations are called upon to decide before which tribunal to lodge their case. Such a choice of forum will entail consequences, as much with respect to the procedural and substantive rules applicable to the case as with respect to the ease with which the opposing party will be able to conduct its own defense. The study of international commercial litigation practice reveals that choice of forum has become the focus of procedural strategies implemented by the litigants. The reaction mechanisms available to French judges have however proved insufficient to properly address and answer the procedural strategies developed by litigants regarding the choice of forum. It is therefore proposed to create a new legal category, forum shopping malus, based on an analysis of the infringement, by a given procedural strategy, of the opposing party’s fundamental rights. By applying the principle of private proportionality (proportionnalité privatisée), a series of criteria are developed in order to establish a panel of solutions against which a judge may lean to assess the existence of a case of forum shopping malus. The creation of forum shopping malus requires a modification of the judge’s function, so that he may be granted the power to relinquish jurisdiction in favour of another judge, as well as the power to issue an injunction against the author of a procedural strategy which is deemed to constitute forum shopping malus
Plouffe-Malette, Kristine. "Moralité publique : pour une interprétation renouvelée de l'exception commerciale à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce par la jurisprudence des droits de la personne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33910.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019
Publications obscènes ou blasphématoires, relations et mariages homosexuels, communication sur l’avortement, lancer de nains, conversion sexuelle, inceste, don d’embryon ou de gamète, pornographie, chasse aux gros mammifères, interdiction de manifestation pour la fierté gaie, jeux en ligne, publications et produits audiovisuels, chasse aux phoques, lutte au blanchiment d’argent, qualification halal de produits horticoles : tous ces thèmes ont en commun d’avoir fait l’objet d’une mesure nationale dite de moralité publique, contestée auprès de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, du Comité des droits de l’homme ou de l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Contrevenant aux dispositions de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales, du Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, de l’Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) ou de l’Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), ces mesures ont été défendues par l’invocation de la nécessité de protéger la moralité publique. Fortes de plusieurs décennies d’expériences, les instances de droit international des droits de la personne ont développé une méthode d’analyse des ingérences de moralité publique qui tend à respecter la nature et la portée de la norme morale défendue par l’État. Inversement, les organes quasi juridictionnels de l’OMC sont nouvellement confrontés à cette exception, de plus en plus soulevée pour justifier une entrave au commerce international. Leurs interprétations évoluent, mais plusieurs lacunes persistent... Mots-clés : moralité publique, préoccupation citoyenne, droit de la personne, droit de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, restriction, ingérence, exception commerciale, marge nationale d’appréciation, nécessité, proportionnalité, consensus, discrimination, Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (DUDH), Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (PIDCP), Comité des droits de l’homme, Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales (CEDH), Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT), Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), organe de règlement des différends.
Publications obscènes ou blasphématoires, relations et mariages homosexuels, communication sur l’avortement, lancer de nains, conversion sexuelle, inceste, don d’embryon ou de gamète, pornographie, chasse aux gros mammifères, interdiction de manifestation pour la fierté gaie, jeux en ligne, publications et produits audiovisuels, chasse aux phoques, lutte au blanchiment d’argent, qualification halal de produits horticoles : tous ces thèmes ont en commun d’avoir fait l’objet d’une mesure nationale dite de moralité publique, contestée auprès de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, du Comité des droits de l’homme ou de l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Contrevenant aux dispositions de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales, du Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, de l’Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) ou de l’Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), ces mesures ont été défendues par l’invocation de la nécessité de protéger la moralité publique. Fortes de plusieurs décennies d’expériences, les instances de droit international des droits de la personne ont développé une méthode d’analyse des ingérences de moralité publique qui tend à respecter la nature et la portée de la norme morale défendue par l’État. Inversement, les organes quasi juridictionnels de l’OMC sont nouvellement confrontés à cette exception, de plus en plus soulevée pour justifier une entrave au commerce international. Leurs interprétations évoluent, mais plusieurs lacunes persistent. Pour aborder cette problématique, la thèse se présente sous trois parties. La première partie est consacrée à l’expérience du système international de promotion et de protection des droits de la personne dans le traitement d’une ingérence de moralité publique. Cette analyse permet d’abord de statuer sur la nature régalienne, sociale et évolutive de la norme morale. Elle fait ensuite ressortir le mode opératoire de la Cour européenne et du Comité des droits de l’homme lorsqu’ils tentent de concilier la protection des droits et libertés et les exigences morales d’une société. Ainsi, comme toute ingérence, elle doit être prévue par la loi, s’inscrire dans un but de protection de moralité publique et être nécessaire. Plus précisément, si les juges internationaux ont fait preuve d’une grande retenue le moment venu d’étudier la norme morale, adoptant ici une approche unilatérale de la moralité publique, ceux-ci contrôle l’ingérence quant à sa qualité ociale, sa cohérence interne, aux principes de l’universalité des droits de la personne et la nondiscrimination, et quant à sa nécessité, traduite par la recherche d’un besoin social impérieux ou une nécessité sociale proportionnelle. Finalement, la marge de manoeuvre des États est modulée en fonction de la détermination d’un consensus. En définitive, à travers cette analyse, il se dessine une méthode d’analyse des ingérences de moralité publique. La seconde partie permet d’examiner l’interaction entre le droit de l’OMC et les mesures contestées de moralité publique. Si, conformément aux dispositions du GATT et de l’AGCS, il est possible de faire valoir une mesure de moralité publique, laquelle est de même nature que l’ingérence en matière de droit de la personne, il est démontré que la validité d’une telle mesure peut rencontrer d’importantes difficultés. Si toutes les mesures contestées ont été reconnues de l’ordre de la morale par les organes quasi juridictionnels de l’OMC, aucune n’a totalement été justifiée. Ainsi, à la suite de l’étude des rapports des groupes spéciaux et de l’Organe d’appel, des lacunes ont été soulevées notamment quant à l’identification des préoccupations qui émanent de la société du Membre qui défend sa morale, à la possibilité d’adopter des préoccupations contradictoires ou des exceptions aux objectifs divergents, aux moyens de preuve pertinents, au lien qui s’opère entre les préoccupations citoyennes et la norme morale, au rôle de l’opinion publique, à la place qu’occupe l’argument du consensus, à l’analyse de la nécessité et à l’application d’une mesure de moralité publique. À la troisième partie, il est suggéré de prendre en compte les enseignements, et non les conclusions, de la jurisprudence des droits de la personne pour tenter de résoudre certaines lacunes identifiées dans la mise en oeuvre du droit de l’OMC, dans le respect du mandat de l’organisation, du mode de fonctionnement du processus de règlement des différends ainsi que du mécanisme de l’exception commerciale. Des propositions concrètes sont formulées. L’adoption d’une approche unilatérale de la préoccupation sociale, de la norme morale et du choix du moyen pour parvenir à la protection souhaitée, ainsi qu’une approche consensuelle et un retour à l’examen de la bonne foi des Membres, sont principalement suggérées le moment venu d’étudier une mesure commerciale de moralité publique. En définitive, la conciliation des règles commerciales et des demandes formulées par les citoyens, véhiculées par les normes morales, pourrait être satisfaite à l’aide du mécanisme de l’exception commerciale de moralité publique. Mots-clés : moralité publique, préoccupation citoyenne, droit de la personne, droit de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, restriction, ingérence, exception commerciale, marge nationale d’appréciation, nécessité, proportionnalité, consensus, discrimination, Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (DUDH), Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (PIDCP), Comité des droits de l’homme, Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales (CEDH), Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT), Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), organe de règlement des différends.
Obscene or blasphemous publications, gay relations and marriages, abortion communication, dwarf throwing, sexual conversion, incest, embryo or gamete donation, pornography, large mammal hunting, ban on gay pride manifestations, online gambling, publications and audiovisual products, seal hunting, money laundering, halal qualification of horticultural products: all of these themes have in common that they have been the subject of a national public morality measure disputed in front of the European Court of Human Rights, the Human Rights Committee or the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body. Infringing the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) or the Agreement General on Trade in Services (GATS) provisions, these measures have been defended by the invocation of the need to protect public morality. With decades of experience, international human rights law institutions have developed a method that aims at analyzing public morality interference that tends to respect the moral standard nature and scope espoused by the State. Conversely, the WTO quasi-judicial bodies are newly confronted with this exception, which is increasingly raised to justify an obstacle to international trade. Their interpretations are changing, but several shortcomings persist. In order to address this problem, the thesis is presented in three parts. Part 1 is devoted to the international system for the promotion and protection of human rights experience in the treatment of public morals interference. First, this analysis makes it possible to state on the regal, social and evolutionary nature of the moral norm. It then highlights the working methods of the European Court and the Human Rights Committee when trying to reconcile the protection of the rights and freedoms and the society moral requirements. Thus, like any interference, it must be provided for by law, must be adopted for the protection of public morals and be necessary. More precisely, if the international “judges” have exercised great restraint when studying a moral norm, adopting a unilateral approach to public morality, they control the interference with its social quality, its internal coherence, the universality of human rights and non-discrimination principles, and its necessity, translated by the search for a proportionate pressing social need. Finally, the State's margin of appreciation is modulated according to the determination of a consensus. Ultimately, an analysis method of public morality interference is developed... Key words: public morality, public concerns, human rights law, World Trade Organization law, limitation, interference, commercial exception, margin of appreciation, necessity, proportionnality, consensus, discrimination, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Human Rights Committee, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (CEDH), European Court of Human Rights, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Dispute Settlement Body.
Stankiewicz, Murphy Sophie. "L'influence du droit américain de la faillite en droit français des entreprises en difficulté : vers un rapprochement des droits?" Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/STANKIEWICZ_MURPHY_Sophie_2011.pdf.
Full textThe latest reforms of French bankruptcy law have demonstrated the interest of French legislators and practitioners in the American procedure of reorganization, chapter 11 of the title 11 of the federal code of the United States (popularly known as “chapter 11”). As a consequence of this interest, certain American legal concepts have been introduced into French law. Some illustrations of this are the new procedure of “sauvegarde”, classes of claims or interests, idea of a “second chance” for the debtor and the prepackaged plan (i. E. The accelerated financial safeguard procedure or “procedure de sauvegarde financière accélérée”). In particular, the influence of American bankruptcy law is omnipresent in the French procedures of “sauvegarde” and “redressement judiciaire”. The study of this influence raises questions regarding its future in French law. On the one hand, some aspects of American bankruptcy law merit inclusion in French law, such as the bankruptcy estate, the debtor in possession or the “best interest test”. On the other hand, the recently demonstrated weaknesses of the American reorganization system, as well as the recognition of the international character of bankruptcy law, are limiting factors for the influence of American bankruptcy law in France
Heydari, Bahareh. "Le rôle des droits de l'homme dans les relations extérieures de l'Union européenne." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32028.
Full textFernandez, Manuel. "Le contrôle de l'entreprise par ses fournisseurs de crédit dans les droits français et anglais." Paris 2, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02077850.
Full textBorner-Kaydel, Emmanuelle. "La liberté d'expression commerciale : étude comparée sur l'émergence d'une nouvelle liberté fondamentale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1009.
Full textThe freedom of speech takes place in differents domains, and receives protection from the national constitutions and international conventions. However, concerning the commercial domain, the question of its protection may be asked. The recognition of a constitutional and conventional protection of the commercial speech is the result of many turnovers Court, but still remains disputed by some doctrine. To devote the commercial speech as a constitutional right can not only strengthen its protection, but also to create a connection between economy and the consitutional rights. Indeed, the economic nature of the commercial speech is in the middle of the discussions which it is the object, and causes it to be confronted on the one hand with the other constitutional rights, and on the other hand with the right of intellectual property and of new technologies. The presence of the commercial speech in these reflects the spread of the constitutional rights in the whole law. Finally, the recognition of this new constitutional right, under both civil and economic rights, highlights a revitalisation of the classifications' typologies of the constitutional rights
Terrier, Laure. "La criminalité environnementale ou l’impossible jouissance des droits de l’homme : le cas de l’exploitation industrielle et commerciale des ressources aurifères et diamantifères en Amérique Latine." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100194.
Full textThis research work focuses on the socio-environmental impacts of industrial gold and diamond mining in Latin America. It analyzes the normative and institutional legal framework, both existing and projected, and its relevance in the pursuit of an ambitious goal: to restore a full and effective implementation of Human Rights. The case study of the open pit mine in Paracatu, Brazil gathers various testimonies and evidence of Human Rights abuses, collected during an investigation and fact-finding trip. The examples of cases in Guatemala, Peru, Argentina, Chile or Salvador bear also testify to serious environmental and Human Rights abuses in the context of industrial and intensive gold and diamond mining. Considering the seriousness of the facts described herein, judiciary mechanisms destined to sentenced environmental crimes will prove to be insufficient and less effective than extra-judiciary ones. A positive prospect is the implementation of standards that frame fairtrade and fairmined gold in a legal framework
Jantarakantee, Pimdaw. "La Thaïlande et le multilatéralisme commercial et financier (OMC et FMI)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677288.
Full textLoiseau, Grégoire. "Le nom, objet d'un contrat." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010282.
Full textThe principle of surname inalienability asks the question of the validity of contracts having such a sign as object. The analysis of the specificity of this principle, viewed as a functional rule, nevertheless allows the assessment of its domain : the purpose of the inalienability rules is to prevent a person from waiving his or her surname, which identifies him or her, or from waiving his or her right to one's own name, which protects his or her personality. Therefore, it implicates the nullity of contracts involving an assignment of the person's surname or of his or her right to one's own name. In contrast, the inalienability rule does not prevent the validity of contracts relative to a surname which has acquired a secondary meaning as a trademark or a tradename or of contracts concerning the sole use of a surname authorized by his or her holder to a third party. While the first contracts are governed by the common law rules relating to industrial property's matter, the second may be qualified as "abstention contracts", the holder of the right commiting himself or herself not to exercise it against the party authorized to use the surname. To these two types of contracts is added a third categorie of contracts, which market the value of a celebrity's surname. These contracts point out that the celebrities'surname has today a publicity value which may be marketed. But its analysis also points out that the french law is maladjusted to the practical necessities of reservation and marketing of this value. It is therefore a necessity to recognize a property right on the celebrity's surname as the right of publicity in united states of America
Mansur, Murad Schaal Flavia. "Le nom et l'image de la personne, objets de marque : le droit brésilien face aux droits français et communautaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0407.
Full textThis study develops marketing aspects, as well as law issues connected with the use of the name of a person as well and/or its image, as a trademark of products or services.In law, we know that the trademark is an industrial property right and when it is composed by the name of a person or by it's image, these rights touch another area of the law: personal rights connected with the identification of the person. It is an individual right which shall not purely and simply be treated like a commercial good like any other. However the name and the image of certain people have such an economic importance, and a special value, that their exploitation becomes one of the most considerable assets of its owner.The trademark will be observed on the marketing side in a manner to attract the clients, and then be developed according to the law aspects and to the personal civil rights, real rights and its forms of exercise.A deeper study of the personality rights and the trademark law is essential to understand this intersection of protection as well as the limits of exploitation.France and Brazil develop this issue in a very similar way and, mainly in Brazilian law, we notice a very important influence of French law in the subject matter. The procedure, prosecution and litigation aspects as well as the counterfeiting are also being developed, as well as the unfair competition, abusive use of third parties' personal rights, protection and exploitation
Giannopoulou, Alexandra. "Les licences 'creative commons'." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020054.
Full textThe widespread use of the Creative Commons licenses for the sharing of non-software works demonstrates the imperative to devote a study to the licenses in question. The goal of the study is to assess the current links of the licenses to the legal regime of intellectual property in order to suggest prospective ones. The study underlines the singularity of Creative Commons as a copyright management system, which consists of a series of licenses and is guided by an association promoting the sharing of works and by an ideology based on the autonomy of the authors. The premise of the thesis is founded on the variety of freedoms granted by the licenses. The licenses transform into a series of standardized tools that are gradually imposed as a standard for the sharing of works while relying on the rules of copyright. At the same time, the analysis of the consequences of the implementation of each license demonstrates the asymmetries created between the agents involved in the sharing process. In particular, our study shows that although the distinction between commercial and non commercial introduced by the licenses acts as a conciliation tool between the proprietary regime and that of the creative sharing, the introduction of an ambiguous concept - that of non-commercial use - influences the fate of licenses and complicates the evolutionary process of shared works. One way to resolve this tension proposed by our thesis is to review prospective mechanisms that would achieve a level of coordination between the licenses and copyright based on the founding principle of Creative Commons, which is the rebalancing of the interests involved in copyright
Park, Sehwan. "Les abus de puissance économique dans les relations commerciales déséquilibrées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA013.
Full textCompetition provisions seek to regulate the abuse of economic power in unequal commercial relationships. However, in the process, such provisions should not have the effect of adversely impacting the market or harming the proper functioning of other competition rules. When there exists a significant power disparity between parties, the stronger party can impose unequal conditions on the weaker party, particularly through what is called the "fear factor". During the duration of the contractial relationship, the weaker party will not be able to stand up to the stronger party in fear of the commercial relationship being terminated. This is why oppressive behaviors continue in reality, despite the presence of numerous regulations designed to prevent such behaviors. Law makers have a tendency to react by hastily enacting ad hoc regulations. The adaptability of powerful corporations to circumvent the rules is often overlooked. Ultimately, abuses of economic power can only be regulated on a sustainable basis through the creation of a more balanced and less concentrated market. It is in this context that a truly structural approach should be considered. This analysis compares the principal measures against abuses of economic power employed in France and Korea, which sometimes adopt different responses to similar circumstances
El, Rouby Ossama Rouby Abdel Aziz. "La cour de cassation et le contrôle de l'application de la loi civile et commerciale : étude comparée franco-égyptienne : contribution à l'étude de la protection procédurale des droits de l'homme." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOD003.
Full textPamoukdjian, Jean-Pierre. "Le droit de la haute couture, du pret-a-porter et de la parfumerie de luxe." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010290.
Full textTêtu, Pierre-Louis. "Stratégies des entreprises chinoises dans le secteur extractif dans l'Arctique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27270.
Full textDriven by rapid economic growth over the past thirty years, the Chinese demand for raw materials has experienced a rapid and sustained growth. As the largest net importer of many commodities from the beginning of the 21st century, China, which is not a coastal State of the Arctic Region, seems to be interested to the economic opportunities and potential of the region, particularly with regard to the exploitation of mineral deposits. The opening of maritime access through the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago might be an opportunity for Chinese mining companies to save on transportation costs and to more easily access mineral deposits in Greenland and in the Canadian Arctic. The rise of China’s economic growth since the beginning of the 21st century, its political affirmation in the world’s affairs, and its resource diplomacy perceived as aggressive contribute to develop a negative perception of China from Artic Coastal States Public Opinions. In a context of debates over issues of sovereignty in the Arctic, there were concerns in Canadian, Danish and Greenlandic Medias on Chinese investment abroad which have prevailed since the early 2000s. For example, a survey conducted in 2015 by the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada revealed that nearly 75% of the Canadian population was hostile to a Canadian-based take-over bid by a Chinese entity. In Greenland, the prospect of mining operations led or run by Chinese companies were denounced in both the Danish and Greenlandic Medias. While some analysts fear a wider Chinese geopolitical strategy in this region, others focus on the implications of massive arrival of Chinese workers, as well as the risk that China seeks to ensure a long term access to the mineral resources of the Arctic, pretexting that Greenland is a priority investment area for Chinese mining companies. It is thus possible to ask the question whether Chinese mining related companies seek to get its hands on Arctic mining resources. Are the Canadian Arctic Greenland or the Northern Quebec priority investment areas for those Chinese actors? What are the overriding factors driving Chinese mining investments in the Arctic? In the frame of this research, thirty-six Chinese actors either firms or government-based organizations were surveyed. The results of the survey highlight that the Arctic area is not a priority in Chinese Mining company’s strategies. However, these mining jurisdictions attract Chinese investments because of the political stability and competitive business affairs environment in both Canada and Greenland, and the quality of proven mineral deposits resources in the region. The survey also highlights important challenges faced by Chinese respondents such as the lack of infrastructure in the Arctic, the lack of information on business opportunities in this part of the world, weak experience on International Business, high costs and the perceived lack of available experienced manpower. While it appears that the Arctic region is not a priority investment area for Chinese Mining companies, these investors seek to diversify supply partners while ensuring a steady and secured flow of raw materials. In this regard, our survey shows that most Chinese companies are thinking on a market-based logic to ensure the profitability of their business and achievement gains. However, despite the price fluctuations on world markets which affect global mining operations, the remoteness and the extreme weather conditions in the Arctic, as well as the lack of infrastructure are among those factors that affect and increase the cost of doing business in the north. It points out that Arctic mining remains a niche market.
Cantin, Marie-Hélène. "Entre droit et politique: le concept de délégation internationale et le règlement des différends commerciaux canado-américains en matière de droits antidumping et compensateurs sous le chapître 19 de l'ALÉ et de l'ALÉNA." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30082/30082.pdf.
Full textCantin, Marie-Hélène. "Entre droit et politique : le concept de délégation internationale et le règlement des différends commerciaux canado-américains en matière de droits antidumping et compensateurs sous le chapitre 19 de l'ALÉ et de l'ALÉNA." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24609.
Full textGollock, Aboubakry. "Les implications de l'Accord de l'OMC sur les Aspects de Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle qui touchent au Commerce (ADPIC) sur l'accès aux médicaments en Afrique subsaharienne." Phd thesis, Grenoble 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267310.
Full textOlarte, Bacares Diana Carolina. "L'articulation du droit international des investissements et des droits de l'homme : le cas de l'Amérique latine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010320.
Full textThis thesis addresses two different legal areas: Human Rights and foreign investment protection. The focal point of our research is Latin America, and the objective is to analyze the articulation of the above-mentioned legal areas, while identifying and studying the circulation of legal norms in their horizontal dimension, in other words, in the framework of international law. The interaction of foreign investment law and human rights is recent, and is a subject that has begun to attract the attention of the international community and to display the advantages and limits in their articulation In fact, States have to protect, respect and guarantee Human Rights, regardless of the classification they are subject to. At the same time, States must also comply with their obligations to protect foreign investment in their territories derived from international treaties that they are part of. Compliance with these two types of obligations can take place without implying any coordination problems, but in other cases, it could also cause these obligations to clash. We will aim to identify common points in both regimes, as well as conflict areas in order to determine the articulation between these two areas of international law. In fact, practice reflects the implications that investment activities sometimes have on human rights, and invites to analyze the interactions between these two regimes. This is how some new model agreements promoting and protecting foreign investment have begun to expressly refer the protection of human rights. In the same way, international arbitration has been increasingly dealing with questions concerning the common areas, as well as the diverging points of these two regimes. In effect, arbitral jurisprudence deals with this interaction, but often times in a timid and heterogeneous way, and in the majority of the cases biased by interpretations that privilege the rights of investors over any other question relative to rights of other persons affected by the investment. In light of human rights jurisprudence, this situation often receives a different understanding, due to the fact that human rights are interpreted and applied in accordance with specific principles, and placing greater importance on the humanistic essence that distinguishes the area. These differences in the interpretation may deepen, taking into account the specificity of regional structures that participate in the creation and development of international investment law and international human rights law. Concerning Latin America, bearing in mind the contrasts that depict the region, it has featured particular approaches with regard to the treatment of foreign investors, greatly influenced by the Calvo and Drago doctrines, as well as by regional interpretations within the framework of the Inter-American system of human rights. These interpretations have built Latin American legal traditions in the matter that have evolved over time, and can be evaluated against the international investment juridical framework. This landscape of possible legal fragmentation is nourished by the creations of new decision-making centers and regional institutions such as the UNASUR, ALBA, and more recently the CELAC. This question calls us to deepen the study of the articulation of these two legal regimes, under the prism of the Latin American legal tradition
Bedet, Florian. "Essai sur la définition d’un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS529/document.
Full textThe thesis undertaken aims to try to define a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The legal nature of the postal sendings justifies a customs treatment autonomous and distinct from the customs formalities applicable to the goods of the international commercial exchanges. The completed works should first of all help to answer the problems related to the legal difficulties of the definition of this procedure of specific taking out of bond and their consequences. The study will relate particularly to settlement of disputes between the customs authorities and the importers or exporters of international postal sendings in the event of litigation related to the taking out of bond. As a preliminary, it is thus necessary to raise and clarify the legal rules which are already applicable to the taking out of bond of the postal sendings, so much at the national and European level, that with the international level in this field. However, that appears difficult, and there is necessary to remain obstinate in front of the extreme diversity of the sources and the texts, strewn in many branches with the right. It is then necessarily necessary to try to redefine, clearly and simply, the concept of postal sending and the notion of universal postal service justifying the application of a specific procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The concept of universal postal service implies a fast taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The customs administrations have, they, the obligation to ensure the control of all the imported or exported goods their territories main roads. The main mission of the customs authorities is to protect the economic attractivity from the States. The customs agents must, on the one hand, take the customs duties and import taxes, on the other hand, to fight against the illicit traffics of goods prohibited or subjected to restriction. The delicate combination of the universalism of the postal service and the customs obligations must allow the recognition and the establishment of a procedure of taking out of bond specific to the postal sendings implying a new determination of the sendings concerned with the universal postal service and the installation of rules of taking out of bond obligatory and communes the whole of the international postal services. The implementation of an international cooperation reinforced between the postal services and the customs authorities is, in this direction, beforehand essential. The study must make it possible to make comprehensible, for the companies and the individuals national and European, the customs substantive law applicable to the postal taking out of bond. One will analyze in particular the customs infringements and rules sanctioning the various frauds which one finds most frequently in practice. The test on the definition of a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings will show that it is imperative to reinforce the powers and the means of control and sanctions of the customs authorities for this singular type of taking out of bond. The not-contentious and contentious appeals which are opened up for the debtors and applicants will also be the object of a particular treatment. The rights of the debtors or applicants are in particular ensured by the principle of control of the legality of the decisions of the Customs and Excise and of its agents by the legal judge. The legal judge and the European right limit and frame the exorbitant powers of the customs authorities
Panhard, Maxime. "Arbitrage international et garanties de passif." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D087.
Full textInternational arbitration became the natural choice when it comes to select a dispute resolution method in international comercial operations. Even if M&A operations followed this trend, some legal complications remained in French law, that have been gradually solved over the past twenty years. Yet, most of the post-closing disputes regard the execution of the so called ‘representations and warranties’ dispositions. These provision show some crucial specificities that parties must take into account when they negotiate an arbitration clause. Given the fast evolution of international arbitration and the practice of the M&A sector, these specificities can change rapidly in comparative law. The current trend in favor of arbitration for representations and warranties disputes make it a judicious research subject, being it from a practical point of view, as well as the insights given for the evolution of the solutions in French law. Thus, this work explores the opportunity of arbitration for international M&A operations, as well as the specific challenges brought by post-closing disputes for the international arbitration practice, with or without the application of French law. The results regard mainly French law practice, studying the opportunity of arbitration for representations and warranties, as well as the technical consequences and pitfalls. They also bring new elements to issues that regard international arbitration