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Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial drones'
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1
Choi, Jong Min, and Hui Young Hwang. "A Exploratory Analysis on the Concept and Issue of 'Regulatory Void': Focusing on the Drone Sector." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.8.9.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the current situation of regulatory void and related major issues. For this purpose, this study scrutinizes the actual situation of regulatory void in the drone industry by using legal analysis and literature research methods. The results are as follows: First, compared to the technology development of drones, the issue of regulatory void in the commercial use was found to be more prominent. Compared to the past, as the weight and control qualifications of drones were eased, the technology development of drones has been further promoted. On the other hand, in commercial use of drones such as drone taxis, leisure drones, and drone delivery services, there are many issues to be solved along with the various legal absence. Second, it was found that the regulatory void of drones requires revision of various laws. There was a gap in regulations related to actual commercial applications. The results of this study suggest that new standards need to be established to meet the growing demand in the drone industry.
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Jackman, A. H. "Rhetorics of possibility and inevitability in commercial drone tradescapes." Geographica Helvetica 71, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-71-1-2016.
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Abstract. Drones have been posited as the "signature device of the present moment" (Noys, 2014). Whilst research into the proliferation of drones in military and defence spheres is gaining notable momentum, drones in commercial and "civilian" contexts "have remained widely unnoticed in academic research" (Klauser and Pedrozo, 2015:285). Complementing emergent scholarship in this area, this paper seeks to both explore and assert the trade show as a valuable site of (industry and advocacy) community "copresence" (McCann, 2011). Drawing upon empirical data, this paper unpacks the rhetorical framing of the commercial drone in the trade-show environment. In so doing, it explores two dominant rhetorical framings, or "techniques of imagination" (Kinsley, 2012:1559), of the commercial drone: those of possibility and inevitability. Such an analysis seeks to respond to calls advocating further attention to the "making of the drone", prior to its "functioning" (Klauser and Pedrozo, 2015) and end-point applications.
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Janavi, Koonamneni, and Ambarapu Rahitya Teja. "Robot Operating Systems (ROS): The Fundamentals of ROS and Its Remarkable Performances in the World of Drones." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 1844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46938.
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Abstract: A structured communication mechanism is offered by the open-source operating system ROS. With the integration of its framework and toolkits, and a sophisticated operating system for software development, robot deployment is effective. The development of the unique robotic drone applications and a thorough description of how to program the drone using Ros are covered in this paper's brief discussion of the evolution of the Robot Operating System (Ros). Later in the article, the implementation of using a motion controller to control a drone's motion with basic hand motions is shown. However, there has been a significant increase in the commercial use of drones recently, and many drones have invaded public spaces, potentially invading people's right to privacy. To correct this mistake, we have used the ROS to deploy a drone that does not intrude in forbidden places.
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Appelbaum, Deniz, and Robert A. Nehmer. "Using Drones in Internal and External Audits: An Exploratory Framework." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51704.
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ABSTRACT: Recently the FAA relaxed restrictions on the use of drones or Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) for commercial purposes. Markets for commercial drone use are in the technology trigger phase of the Gartner Group's Hyper Cycle, with developments occurring rapidly in real estate, agriculture (farming), the film industry, insurance, and other areas. Examination and inspection applications of drones have been proposed in heavy industry and cell tower inspection. Previous research suggests an incremental structure for implementing technological innovations such as continuous auditing (CA). In this paper these proposals are expanded to include the additional requirements to add drone technologies. This structure is extended here by (1) defining the use of drones in audit environments, with emphasis on the continuous versus occasional use of drone technologies, (2) extending the technical adoption architecture to include the use of drones, and (3) considering the types of drone usages amenable to both internal and external audits. A specific architecture is proposed here to prototype inventory counts in large warehouses or open-air inventories and that satisfies the suggested requirements. Additionally, this proposal adds value to the current research by extending the discussion of technology adoption in the Alles, Kogan, and Vasarhelyi (2008) paper to include the use of drones in many different audit environments by enumerating the usage types of drones in audit settings and by considering the prototype of such a system.
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Lykou, Georgia, Dimitrios Moustakas, and Dimitris Gritzalis. "Defending Airports from UAS: A Survey on Cyber-Attacks and Counter-Drone Sensing Technologies." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123537.
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As the fastest growing segment of aviation, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) continue to increase in number, technical complexity and capabilities. Numerous civilian and commercial uses are drastically transforming civil protection, asset delivery, commercial and entertaining activities. However, UAS pose significant challenges in terms of safety, security and privacy within society. An increasing phenomenon, nowadays, is drone-related incidents near airport facilities, which are expected to proliferate in frequency, complexity and severity, as drones become larger and more powerful. Critical infrastructures need to be protected from such aerial attacks, through effective counteracting technologies, risk management and resilience plans. In this paper, we present a survey of drone incidents near airports and a literature review of sensor technologies, able to prevent, detect, identify and mitigate rogue drones. We exhibit the benefits and limitations of available counter-drone technologies (C-UAS); however, defending airports against misused drone activity is a hard problem. Therefore, we analyze three realistic attack scenarios from malicious drones and propose an effective C-UAS protection plan for each case. We discuss applicability limitations of C-UAS in the aviation context and propose a resilience action plan for airport stakeholders for defending against airborne threats from misused drones.
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McKelvey, Nigel, Cathal Diver, and Kevin Curran. "Drones and Privacy." International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcr.2015010104.
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Drones, also referred to as UAV's (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), are an aircraft without a human pilot. Drones have been used by various military organisations for over a decade, but in recent years drones a have been emerging more and more in commercial and recreational capacity. The paper is aimed at drone and UAV technology capabilities and how they could and are currently effecting privacy laws globally in comparison to those currently in the Rep. of Ireland. Being investigated is the collection, retention and purpose of which civilian's information is being gathered. The authors also discuss the laws preventing the development and evolution of drone technology in the US in comparison to the Rep. of Ireland.
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Ben-Moshe, Boaz. "Power Line Charging Mechanism for Drones." Drones 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5040108.
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The use of multirotor drones has increased dramatically in the last decade. These days, quadcopters and Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) drones can be found in many applications such as search and rescue, inspection, commercial photography, intelligence, sports, and recreation. One of the major drawbacks of electric multirotor drones is their limited flight time. Commercial drones commonly have about 20–40 min of flight time. The short flight time limits the overall usability of drones in homeland security applications where long-duration performance is required. In this paper, we present a new concept of a “power-line-charging drone”, the idea being to equip existing drones with a robotic mechanism and an onboard charger in order to allow them to land safely on power lines and then charge from the existing 100–250 V AC (50–60 Hz). This research presents several possible conceptual models for power line charging. All suggested solutions were constructed and submitted to a field experiment. Finally, the paper focuses on the optimal solution and presents the performance and possible future development of such power-line-charging drones.
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Ghazali, Mohamad Hazwan Mohd, Azwati Azmin, and Wan Rahiman. "Drone Implementation in Precision Agriculture – A Survey." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0422_10.
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Abstract— Drones have been widely applied in the precision agriculture sector in the past few years. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI), sensors, microcontrollers, and the Internet of Things (IoT) into the drones can help overcome the challenges faced by the farmers, such as livestock monitoring, wide land area, crop spraying, and in-depth crop health analysis. In this paper, several drone applications in precision agriculture are discussed, including the hardware and techniques involved. In addition, commercial agricultural drones available in the market to date are presented. The publications trend regarding drone application in precision agriculture is also included and based on reviewing more than 50 articles, a quadcopter-type drone is the most used drone in this sector, and seed planting is the least explored drone application area. Keywords—camera, crop monitoring, drone, mapping, spraying system
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Samedov, Adalat, Elchin Aliyev, Ayaz Mamedli, and Murad Aliyev. "Utilization of drones for innovative development of infrastructure and agriculture in Azerbaijan." Problems of Information Society 13, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25045/jpis.v13.i2.04.
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Today, the market for civil and commercial use of drones is actively developing, while the risks associated with their use are also increasing. At the same time, according to market research data from leading foreign companies, the rapidly developing market for civil and commercial use of drones has the greatest growth potential. Therefore, drone legislation is developing rapidly and is being improved every year. However, now it has come to a state of relative stability, allowing us to assert those general rules that will apply for a long time. The proper implementation of laws on the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, is proposed for the successful innovation and development of infrastructure and agriculture in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Through the clear enforcement of laws and guidelines of UAVs, involving registration, certification, and regular surveillance of UAVs by the National Aviation Academy, the implementation of drones will be systemized, paving the way for further innovative development of Azerbaijan.
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Șcheau, Mircea Constantin, Monica Violeta Achim, Larisa Găbudeanu, Viorela Ligia Văidean, Alexandru Lucian Vîlcea, and Liliana Apetri. "Proposals of Processes and Organizational Preventive Measures against Malfunctioning of Drones and User Negligence." Drones 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7010064.
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Drones have been included in more and more activities in various domains, such as military, commercial and personal use. The existing legislative framework insufficiently addresses the responsibility and preventive measures angles in case of vulnerability exploitation and negligence in drone usage. Such aspects can be addressed by the industry in technological processes and standardization. These are especially important aspects given the high impact that misuse of drones can have on individuals, property and buildings within the flight zone when the drone is misused. The aim of this research paper is to investigate how these elements are viewed in existing legislation and by individuals, while taking into account the technical specifics and the stakeholder ecosystem of drone usage. In this respect, we use a complex questionnaire which was sent to a final number of 233 respondents pertaining to firms specialized in IT, legal and cybersecurity. The responses have been analyzed from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. Our results highlight the areas of improvement in the existing standardization and find the followings: (1) stakeholders across the drone ecosystem are viewed as having a shared liability in certain use cases, (2) preventive measure implementation should be dispersed across the stakeholders of drone usage and (3) automation of prevention measures is considered more useful in case of malfunctioning or misuse of drones rather than user manual intervention. In addition, we make proposals to accommodate new policy requirements for the above use cases. The results of this research paper assist policy makers in improving existing standardization framework and technological processes concerning drone usage, but also stakeholders of the drone ecosystem in generating increased trust of the drone users. Further, this research paper can also assist drone software and hardware producers in calibrating their products to ensure trust of the users. In addition, trust in the use of drones for commercial and personal purposes is increased through standardization and proper approaches for situations that may cause damages to drones and to third parties.
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Wu, Han, Peng Zhou, Siyang Zhong, Xin Zhang, and Kunyu Luo. "Experimental assessment of the noise characteristics of propellers for commercial drones." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2697.
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Multi-copters or drones are engaged in a wide range of industrial applications for their flexibility, safety and low-cost. The noise emission is becoming an issue with the expanding applications, among which the propellers that drive the drones are the major sources of noise. In this work, the noise characteristics of small-scale propellers is experimentally investigated using the advanced rotor aerodynamics and aeroacoustics test platform in an anechoic chamber at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST). The study will focus on the representative off-the-shelf propellers. The rotor noise will be measured by a linear array with 20 microphones, and the aerodynamic forces will be acquired by using the high-accuracy load cells. The dependence of both the tonal and broadband noise radiation with the thrust and rotation speed at various conditions will be tested. The study will enhance our understanding of the noise features of the multi-rotor powered drones, and will provide us with a better understanding of the status of the drone noise impact on the environment.
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Kapustina, Larisa, Natalia Izakova, Elizaveta Makovkina, and Michail Khmelkov. "The global drone market: main development trends." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112911004.
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Research background: Many countries of the world announced increasing the use of drones for civil and military purposes. An important feature of the drone market is that it is an “ecosystem”“, which includes software developers, integrators, component manufacturers, etc. By 2025, the capacity of the global unmanned aerial vehicle market will grow by 3 times. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study is to identify current trends in the development of the global market of unmanned aerial vehicles for commercial use. Methods: A significant part of the necessary statistical data is closed for public access, due to the fact that most of the UAVs produced are part of the military-industrial complex or “dual-use” goods. Only 23.6% of all UAVs produced can be classified as civilian or commercial products. Market development trends using economic statistic methods were determined based on the data of the reports “The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in International Trade and their Regulation”, Drone Industry Insights, the analytical agency Mordor Intelligence, “Global Drone Regulations Database”. Findings & Value added: The USA, China and France are the leaders in the production of commercial and consumer drones. The rating of drone manufacturers is led by: DJI (China), SenseFly / Parrot SA (France), Yuneec (China), 3D Robotics (USA). The largest purchases are made by the USA, China, Russia, Great Britain, Australia, France, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea. Significant growth in the use of drones is expected in medicine, logistics and delivery.
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Overington, Caitlin, and Thao Phan. "Happiness from the Skies, or a New Death from Above? #cokedrones in the city." Somatechnics 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2016.0175.
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The production of the #cokedrone YouTube advertisement by Coca-Cola Singapore in 2014 is a manifestation of the broader trend toward the domestication of drone technologies within city spaces, indicating a prolonged desire to eschew its relationship to violence. This article seeks to briefly provide one interpretation into this ad and the broader contextual implications of drones in cities. We argue that while a variety of strategies are clearly deployed within this ad—the redesign of the body of the drone, the attempt to negate the relation between drones and violence, and finally, through the reconfiguration of the drone eye from the eye that ‘watches’ to the eye that ‘sees’—the overall implications of drone technologies within city spaces warrants further investigation. Particularly as drone technologies are easily adaptable to changing environments, often concealing its security and surveillance capabilities, commercial and domestic participants in this trend must be critically aware of the potential consequences underlying the normalisation of drones as part of everyday life in the city.
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Hamzah, Robiah, and Mohammad Faizuddin Md. Noor. "Drone Aerial Image Identification of Tropical Forest Tree Species using the Mask R-CNN." International Journal of Innovative Computing 12, no. 2 (November 20, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijic.v12n2.381.
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Tropical forests have a wide variety of species and support environmental activities. The drone's image resolution is 90% more accurate than satellite data. It boosted productivity, safety, and the capacity to make better decisions by comparing archived and prospective images. Labeling tree species in heavily forested locations is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive. This research seeks to design a new model for classifying tree species based on drone imagery, then test and assess its effectiveness. This study shows that drone technology can diminish productivity per hectare compared to conventional ground approaches. The study shows drones are more productive than ground approaches. The approach is feasible since it targets commercial timber species in the forest's higher stratum. Drones are cheaper than satellite data, therefore they're being used more in forest management and deep learning. Drones allow flexible, high-resolution data collection. This research uses Mask R-CNN to recognize and segment trees. This study uses high-resolution RGB images of tropical forests. The mAP, recall, and precision all performed well. Our suggested method yields a solid prediction model for detecting tree species, validated by 75% of ground truth data. This strategy can help plan and execute forest inventory, as shown. This initiative's success may lead to the first phase of a forest inventory, affecting the region's logging and forest management.
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Rao, Bharat, Ashwin Goutham Gopi, and Romana Maione. "The societal impact of commercial drones." Technology in Society 45 (May 2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.02.009.
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Al-Qubaydhi, Nader, Abdulrahman Alenezi, Turki Alanazi, Abdulrahman Senyor, Naif Alanezi, Bandar Alotaibi, Munif Alotaibi, Abdul Razaque, Abdelaziz A. Abdelhamid, and Aziz Alotaibi. "Detection of Unauthorized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using YOLOv5 and Transfer Learning." Electronics 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172669.
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Drones/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently grown in popularity due to their inexpensive cost and widespread commercial use. The increased use of drones raises the possibility that they may be employed in illicit activities such as drug smuggling and terrorism. Thus, drone monitoring and automated detection are critical for protecting restricted areas or special zones from illicit drone operations. One of the most challenging difficulties in drone detection in surveillance videos is the apparent likeness of drones against varied backdrops. This paper introduces an automated image-based drone-detection system that uses an enhanced deep-learning-based object-detection algorithm known as you only look once (YOLOv5) to defend restricted territories or special zones from unauthorized drone incursions. The transfer learning to pretrain the model is employed for improving performance due to an insufficient number of samples in our dataset. Furthermore, the model can recognize the detected object in the images and mark the object’s bounding box by joining the results across the region. The experiments show outstanding results for the loss value, drone location detection, precision and recall.
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Vargas-Ramírez, Nicolás, and Jaime Paneque-Gálvez. "The Global Emergence of Community Drones (2012–2017)." Drones 3, no. 4 (October 6, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3040076.
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The use of drones with or by communities—what we call community drones—has emerged globally over the last decade to serve diverse purposes. Despite a growing academic interest in community drones, most experiences have been documented as gray literature and there are still no publications that review and systematize their use worldwide. Here, we present an overview of the first experiences using community drones—what we refer to as their global emergence (2012–2017). We reviewed gray and academic literature in English and Spanish for the period 2012–2017. We then analyzed the experiences according to their location, date, purpose, type of drone(s) used, agent(s) that carried them out, and methodology used for community participation; “good” and “bad” practices were also included when information was available. We reviewed 39 experiences and found that (1) they mostly occurred in Latin America from 2014; (2) commercial and multirotor drones were the most frequently employed; (3) the main purposes were community training to acquire territorial information for improved defense and/or informed decision-making; (4) most initiatives were driven by external agents and communities’ allies; (5) the most usual forms of community participation were participatory mapping and training workshops, yet local knowledge was either neglected or little valued to complement drone information; and (6) there were no appropriate practices established for community drone usage. Our study improves the little knowledge we have regarding the global emergence of community drones, its geographic trends, and the existing opportunities and challenges to meet the needs and expectations from community drones. In addition, we provide guidelines for appropriate practices that will be useful for communities and social agents interested in the acquisition, training, and use of drones. We conclude by suggesting new avenues to develop theoretical and methodological approaches in relation to the new field of community drones.
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Crampton, Jeremy W. "Assemblage of the vertical: commercial drones and algorithmic life." Geographica Helvetica 71, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-71-137-2016.
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Abstract. This paper takes up the increasingly popular topic of drones – including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS), remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), and a vast panoply of commercial drones and copters – to argue that our analysis should lie not so much on drones as objects, but as assemblages of the vertical. Drones, I argue, constitute a socio-technical assemblage of the sky and vertical space, which means that our focus should be not (only) on their technological development and capacities but also on their effects and affects. The latter of these include increasing algorithmic data collection and circulation that follow anticipatory logics.
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Kolamunna, Harini, Thilini Dahanayaka, Junye Li, Suranga Seneviratne, Kanchana Thilakaratne, Albert Y. Zomaya, and Aruna Seneviratne. "DronePrint." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448115.
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With the ubiquitous availability of drones, they are adopted benignly in multiple applications such as cinematography, surveying, and legal goods delivery. Nonetheless, they are also being used for reconnaissance, invading personal or secure spaces, harming targeted individuals, smuggling drugs and contraband, or creating public disturbances. These malicious or improper use of drones can pose significant privacy and security threats in both civilian and military settings. Therefore, it is vital to identify drones in different environments to assist the decisions on whether or not to contain unknown drones. While there are several methods proposed for detecting the presence of a drone, they have limitations when it comes to low visibility, limited access, or hostile environments. In this paper, we propose DronePrint that uses drone acoustic signatures to detect the presence of a drone and identify the make and the model of the drone. We address the shortage of drone acoustic data by relying on audio components of online videos. In drone detection, we achieved 96% accuracy in a closed-set scenario, and 86% accuracy in a more challenging open-set scenario. Our proposed method of cascaded drone identification, where a drone is identified for its 'make' followed by the 'model' of the drone achieves 90% overall accuracy. In this work, we cover 13 commonly used commercial and consumer drone models, which is to the best of understanding is the most comprehensive such study to date. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of DronePrint to drone hardware modifications, Doppler effect, varying SNR conditions, and in realistic open-set acoustic scenes.
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Klauser, Francisco, and Silvana Pedrozo. "Big data from the sky: popular perceptions of private drones in Switzerland." Geographica Helvetica 72, no. 2 (June 6, 2017): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-72-231-2017.
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Abstract. Camera-fitted drones are now easily affordable for the public. The resulting extension of the vertical gaze raises a series of critical questions, ranging from the changing regimes of visibility and control that characterise today's world of big data from the sky to the novel opportunities, risks, and power dynamics hence implied. The paper addresses these issues empirically, focussing on the popular perception of commercial and hobby drones in Switzerland. This provides a deeper understanding of the driving forces and obstacles that shape current drone developments and highlights that the societal diffusion of private drones today transforms the very ways in which the aerial realm is lived and perceived, as a highly contested space of risks, opportunities, and power. This discussion is rooted in a research approach that places questions of power and (air-)space at the centre when approaching the drone problematic.
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Tanaka, Saori, Abner Asignacion, Toshiyuki Nakata, Satoshi Suzuki, and Hao Liu. "Review of Biomimetic Approaches for Drones." Drones 6, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6110320.
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The utilization of small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs), commonly known as drones, has increased drastically in various industries in the past decade. Commercial drones face challenges in terms of safety, durability, flight performance, and environmental effects such as the risk of collision and damage. Biomimetics, which is inspired by the sophisticated flying mechanisms in aerial animals, characterized by robustness and intelligence in aerodynamic performance, flight stability, and low environmental impact, may provide feasible solutions and innovativeness to drone design. In this paper, we review the recent advances in biomimetic approaches for drone development. The studies were extracted from several databases and we categorized the challenges by their purposes—namely, flight stability, flight efficiency, collision avoidance, damage mitigation, and grasping during flight. Furthermore, for each category, we summarized the achievements of current biomimetic systems and then identified their limitations. We also discuss future tasks on the research and development associated with biomimetic drones in terms of innovative design, flight control technologies, and biodiversity conservation. This paper can be used to explore new possibilities for developing biomimetic drones in industry and as a reference for necessary policy making.
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GONZALEZ JORGE, HIGINIO, LUIS MIGUEL GONZALEZ DE SANTOS, NOELIA FARIÑAS ALVAREZ, ANA NOVO GOMEZ, JOAQUIN MARTINEZ SANCHEZ, and ENRIQUE ALDAO PENSADO. "OPERATIONAL STUDY OF DRONE SPRAYING APPLICATION OF PHYTOSANITARY PRODUCTS IN VINEYARDS." DYNA 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10230.
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The use of drones in topics related to precision agriculture to improve the efficiency in the application of phytosanitary products to vineyards increases every day. Drones are especially productive in difficult orographic terrains, where other mechanical systems such as tractors cannot be used. This study shows the development and implementation of a methodology to determine key parameters to decide the suitability of a drone to a spraying task (i.e. spraying time for a certain parcel, number or tank refills required), taking into account the technical specifications of a certain commercial model. For the validation, the data of a vineyard belonging to the Rías Baixas appellation of origin (NW Spain) and the technical specifications of drones from three different manufacturers (i.e. DJI, Hylio and Yamaha) are used. Results show that the Hylio AD122 with a phytosanitary tank of 22 L provides the best performance, with a productivity around 6 minutes per hectare. Keywords: drone spraying; vineyard; precision agriculture; aerial works
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West, Jonathan P., Casey A. Klofstad, Joseph E. Uscinski, and Jennifer M. Connolly. "Citizen Support for Domestic Drone Use and Regulation." American Politics Research 47, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 119–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18782208.
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Recently, governments, commercial firms, and individuals have increased their use of unmanned aerial vehicles (i.e., “drones”). As with many new technologies, drone use has outpaced government oversight. Attempts to regulate the technology have been met with intense public backlash. Therefore, governments need to understand the public’s preferences for a regulatory regime. Analyzing national survey data, we address two questions: (a) What policies do Americans prefer for the regulation of drones? and (b) Does the public believe the federal, state, or local government or nongovernmental actors should be responsible for regulating drone use? Public preferences are one of several important inputs affecting policymaking; therefore, our results provide an important overview of current public opinion toward drone policy, as well as a theoretical blueprint for understanding how such opinions might fluctuate overtime.
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Kim, Se Ho, Sang Hoo Oh, and Bong Gyou Lee. "Stimulating Commercial Drones with Open Spectrum Paradigm." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 5, no. 10 (2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2016.5.10/11.10.79.86.
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Zawadzki, Józef. "COMMERCIAL OPERATION OF THE SEAPORTS AND THE ASPECT OF CRUISE SHIPS AND DRONE THREATS." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XIII (January 24, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7581.
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This article discusses the problem that concerns the impact of cruise ships and drone threats to the commercial operation of the seaport. The author presents the correlation between the issues contained in the title of the publication, while citing information necessary to confirm the thesis. Therefore, an appropriate classification of seaport threats, factors affecting competitiveness and examples of incidents involving drones affecting port security were presented
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Davidovich, Barak, Ben Nassi, and Yuval Elovici. "Towards the Detection of GPS Spoofing Attacks against Drones by Analyzing Camera’s Video Stream." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072608.
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A Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing attack can be launched against any commercial GPS sensor in order to interfere with its navigation capabilities. These sensors are installed in a variety of devices and vehicles (e.g., cars, planes, cell phones, ships, UAVs, and more). In this study, we focus on micro UAVs (drones) for several reasons: (1) they are small and inexpensive, (2) they rely on a built-in camera, (3) they use GPS sensors, and (4) it is difficult to add external components to micro UAVs. We propose an innovative method, based on the video stream captured by a drone’s camera, for the real-time detection of GPS spoofing attacks targeting drones. The proposed method collects frames from the video stream and their location (GPS coordinates); by calculating the correlation between each frame, our method can detect GPS spoofing attacks on drones. We first analyze the performance of the suggested method in a controlled environment by conducting experiments on a flight simulator that we developed. Then, we analyze its performance in the real world using a DJI drone. Our method can provide different levels of security against GPS spoofing attacks, depending on the detection interval required; for example, it can provide a high level of security to a drone flying at altitudes of 50–100 m over an urban area at an average speed of 4 km/h in conditions of low ambient light; in this scenario, the proposed method can provide a level of security that detects any GPS spoofing attack in which the spoofed location is a distance of 1–4 m (an average of 2.5 m) from the real location.
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Nixon, Josephine, and Stephen Dance. "'Attack of the Drones' Exploration of Sound Power Levels Emitted and the Impact Drone's could have upon Rural Areas, Roxwell, Essex, UK." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1848.
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This study considers the acoustic emission from a DJi Phantom 4 commercial drone using different rotor blades. Measurements were taken from a hovering drone with four commercial product blade configurations. Measurements were taken in accordance with (BS) EN ISO 3745: 2009 'Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure - Precision methods for anechoic rooms and hemi-anechoic rooms'. The aim of the project was to consider the sound characteristics emitted, specifically tonality and to determine the distance a drone could be heard from, with the different blade configurations, in a rural setting. By considering the different blade configurations within a rural setting, the role drones have within society is considered.
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Shukla, Utkarsh. "Solar Autopilot Drone." Journal of Advanced Research in Power Electronics and Power Systems 07, no. 1&2 (May 13, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.1401.202003.
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Advances in technology have made the drone an affordable tool for various purposes. This article focuses on gaining knowledge of drone at a working and conceptual level. Firstly, there is a detailed explanation of the construction of the drone. Some of the most essential elements of a drone include frame, propellers, engine, system of power the electronic control and communication system. Whether you fly your drone for commercial or recreational purposes, staying in the air as long as possible is the goal. But of course, the battery life of the drone can put a damper on how much you can accomplish while you’re flying.Batteries serve as a major drawback because they get exhausted after 15 minutes of flight and thereby landing the drone on ground. The batteries used for powering the drones are lithium-polymer batteries.This project aims to provide an ingenious solution to this hurdle by introducing the current popular photovoltaic system into the UAV power system design.Solar drones use solar cells powered directly from the sun and solve major issues related to conventional drones such as increasing the flight time and risk of the drone losing connectivity with its controller. The design is to be modular for easy module upgrade and replacement. Using photovoltaic system minimizes the environmental impact, an issue that can be controversial for large projects built for utilities because they tend to spread across hundreds of acres of land in remote regions.
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Kim, Isaac, Hyun-geun Kim, In-young Kim, Sung-yup Ohn, and Sung-do Chi. "Event-Based Emergency Detection for Safe Drone." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 8501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178501.
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Quadrotor drones have rapidly gained interest recently. Numerous studies are underway for the commercial use of autonomous drones, and distribution businesses especially are taking serious reviews on drone-delivery services. However, there are still many concerns about urban drone operations. The risk of failures and accidents makes it difficult to provide drone-based services in the real world with ease. There have been many studies that introduced supplementary methods to handle drone failures and emergencies. However, we discovered the limitation of the existing methods. Most approaches were improving PID-based control algorithms, which is the dominant drone-control method. This type of low-level approach lacks situation awareness and the ability to handle unexpected situations. This study introduces an event-based control methodology that takes a high-level diagnosing approach that can implement situation awareness via a time-window. While low-level controllers are left to operate drones most of the time in normal situations, our controller operates at a higher level and detects unexpected behaviors and abnormal situations of the drone. We tested our method with real-time 3D computer simulation environments and in several cases, our method was able to detect emergencies that typical PID controllers were not able to handle. We were able to verify that our approach can provide enhanced double safety and better ensure safe drone operations. We hope our discovery can possibly contribute to the advance of real-world drone services in the near future.
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Bruni, Maria Elena, and Sara Khodaparasti. "A Variable Neighborhood Descent Matheuristic for the Drone Routing Problem with Beehives Sharing." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 9978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169978.
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In contemporary urban logistics, drones will become a preferred transportation mode for last-mile deliveries, as they have shown commercial potential and triple-bottom-line performance. Drones, in fact, address many challenges related to congestion and emissions and can streamline the last leg of the supply chain, while maintaining economic performance. Despite the common conviction that drones will reshape the future of deliveries, numerous hurdles prevent practical implementation of this futuristic vision. The sharing economy, referred to as a collaborative business model that foster sharing, exchanging and renting resources, could lead to operational improvements and enhance the cost control ability and the flexibility of companies using drones. For instance, the Amazon patent for drone beehives, which are fulfilment centers where drones can be restocked before flying out again for another delivery, could be established as a shared delivery systems where different freight carriers jointly deliver goods to customers. Only a few studies have addressed the problem of operating such facilities providing services to retail companies. In this paper, we formulate the problem as a deterministic location-routing model and derive its robust counterpart under the travel time uncertainty. To tackle the computational complexity of the model caused by the non-linear energy consumption rates in drone battery, we propose a tailored matheuristic combining variable neighborhood descent with a cut generation approach. The computational experiments show the efficiency of the solution approach especially compared to the Gurobi solver.
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Birnbach, Simon, Richard Baker, Simon Eberz, and Ivan Martinovic. "#PrettyFlyForAWiFi." ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security 24, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3473672.
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Drones are becoming increasingly popular for hobbyists and recreational use. But with this surge in popularity comes increased risk to privacy as the technology makes it easy to spy on people in otherwise-private environments, such as an individual’s home. An attacker can fly a drone over fences and walls to observe the inside of a house, without having physical access. Existing drone detection systems require specialist hardware and expensive deployment efforts, making them inaccessible to the general public. In this work, we present a drone detection system that requires minimal prior configuration and uses inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf hardware to detect drones that are carrying out privacy invasion attacks. We use a model of the attack structure to derive statistical metrics for movement and proximity that are then applied to received communications between a drone and its controller. We test our system in real-world experiments with two popular consumer drone models mounting privacy invasion attacks using a range of flight patterns. We are able both to detect the presence of a drone and to identify which phase of the privacy attack was in progress while being resistant to false positives from other mobile transmitters. For line-of-sight approaches using our kurtosis-based method, we are able to detect all drones at a distance of 6 m, with the majority of approaches detected at 25 m or farther from the target window without suffering false positives for stationary or mobile non-drone transmitters.
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Çetin, Ender, Cristina Barrado, and Enric Pastor. "Countering a Drone in a 3D Space: Analyzing Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228863.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as drones have been used for a variety of reasons and the commercial drone market growth is expected to reach remarkable levels in the near future. However, some drone users can mistakenly or intentionally fly into flight paths at major airports, flying too close to commercial aircraft or invading people’s privacy. In order to prevent these unwanted events, counter-drone technology is needed to eliminate threats from drones and hopefully they can be integrated into the skies safely. There are various counter-drone methods available in the industry. However, a counter-drone system supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) method can be an efficient way to fight against drones instead of human intervention. In this paper, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method has been proposed to counter a drone in a 3D space by using another drone. In a 2D space it is already shown that the deep reinforcement learning method is an effective way to counter a drone. However, countering a drone in a 3D space with another drone is a very challenging task considering the time required to train and avoid obstacles at the same time. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm with dueling network architecture and prioritized experience replay is presented to catch another drone in the environment provided by an Airsim simulator. The models have been trained and tested with different scenarios to analyze the learning progress of the drone. Experiences from previous training are also transferred before starting a new training by pre-processing the previous experiences and eliminating those considered as bad experiences. The results show that the best models are obtained with transfer learning and the drone learning progress has been increased dramatically. Additionally, an algorithm which combines imitation learning and reinforcement learning is implemented to catch the target drone. In this algorithm, called deep q-learning from demonstrations (DQfD), expert demonstrations data and self-generated data by the agent are sampled and the agent continues learning without overwriting the demonstration data. The main advantage of this algorithm is to accelerate the learning process even if there is a small amount of demonstration data.
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Pax, Anthony. "It’s up in the Air!" Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 3, no. 2 (March 2016): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v3.i2.4.
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“Look! Up in the sky! It’s a bird! It’s a plane!” No, it’s a drone! Private and commercial drone use is expanding as quickly as the technology can be developed to fulfill the various needs of different users. As new ways to use drones are conceived every day, the potential for conflict is ever increasing. This Article will argue that, in the absence of any real federal guidance on the subject, the state of Texas must apply its current criminal law framework to any drone-related conflicts that may arise. This will provide clear guidelines for resolving the multitude of issues that are sure to develop from both the private operation of drones and the possible use of self-help measures against them. It is essential for Texas to adapt and apply current criminal laws to this issue due to the vast amount of money being invested in drone technology; the fact that the law is currently unclear or non-existent on the subject; and the very real policy concerns that are sure to arise as a result of evolving drone technology.
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Li, Chun-Ta, Chi-Yao Weng, Chin-Ling Chen, Cheng-Chi Lee, Yong-Yuan Deng, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize. "An Efficient Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme Supporting Privacy-Preservation for Internet of Drones Communications." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 9534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239534.
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In recent years, due to the rapid development of Internet of things (IoTs), various physical things (objects) in IoTs are smart enough to make their own decisions without the involvement of humans. The smart devices embedded in a drone can sense, collect, and transmit real-time data back to the controller from a designated environment via wireless communication technologies. The mobility, flexibility, reliability and energy efficiency of drones makes them more widely used in IoT environments such as commercial, military, entertainment applications, traffic surveillance and aerial photography. In a generalized IoD architecture, we have communications among the drones in a flying zone, among the drones and the control server, and also among the drones and authorized user. IoD still has many critical issues that need to be addressed, such as data access being carried out through a public channel and battery operated drones. To address these concerns in IoD communications, in this paper, an efficient authentication and secure communication scheme with privacy preservation is proposed and it only uses secure one-way hash function and bitwise XOR operations when control server, drone and user mutually authenticate each other. After the successful authentication, both IoD-based participants can agree on a common session key to secure the subsequent communication messages. The widely accepted ProVerif and BAN logic analysis have been used to assure that the proposed scheme is provably secure against existing well-known security attacks and ensures privacy. Finally, a comparative analysis is presented to demonstrate the proposed scheme preserves efficiency when compared to existing competitive schemes.
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Mesquita, Geison P., José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro, Rodrigo Rocha de Oliveira, and Margarita Mulero-Pázmány. "Steps to build a DIY low-cost fixed-wing drone for biodiversity conservation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): e0255559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255559.
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Despite the proved usefulness of drones in biodiversity studies, acquisition costs and difficulties in operating, maintaining and repairing these systems constrain their integration in conservation projects, particularly for low-income countries. Here we present the steps necessary to build a low-cost fixed-wing drone for environmental applications in large areas, along with instructions to increase the reliability of the system and testing its performance. Inspired by DIY (Do It Yourself) and open source models, this work prioritizes simplicity and accounts for cost-benefit for the researcher. The DIY fixed-wing drone developed has electric propulsion, can perform pre-programmed flight, can carry up to 500 g payload capacity with 65 minutes flight duration and flies at a maximum distance of 20 km. It is equipped with a RGB (Red, Green and Blue) sensor capable of obtaining 2.8 cm per pixel Ground Sample Distance (GSD) resolution at a constant altitude of 100 m above ground level (AGL). The total cost was $995 which is substantially less than the average value of similar commercial drones used in biodiversity studies. We performed 12 flight tests in auto mode using the developed model in protected areas in Brazil, obtaining RGB images that allowed us to identify deforestation spots smaller than 5 m2 and medium-sized animals. Building DIY drones requires some technical knowledge and demands more time than buying a commercial ready-to-fly system, but as proved here, it can be less expensive, which is often crucial in conservation projects.
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Nooralishahi, Parham, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, Shakeb Deane, Fernando López, Shashank Pant, Marc Genest, Nicolas P. Avdelidis, and Xavier P. V. Maldague. "Drone-Based Non-Destructive Inspection of Industrial Sites: A Review and Case Studies." Drones 5, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5040106.
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Using aerial platforms for Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) of large and complex structures is a growing field of interest in various industries. Infrastructures such as: buildings, bridges, oil and gas, etc. refineries require regular and extensive inspections. The inspection reports are used to plan and perform required maintenance, ensuring their structural health and the safety of the workers. However, performing these inspections can be challenging due to the size of the facility, the lack of easy access, the health risks for the inspectors, or several other reasons, which has convinced companies to invest more in drones as an alternative solution to overcome these challenges. The autonomous nature of drones can assist companies in reducing inspection time and cost. Moreover, the employment of drones can lower the number of required personnel for inspection and can increase personnel safety. Finally, drones can provide a safe and reliable solution for inspecting hard-to-reach or hazardous areas. Despite the recent developments in drone-based NDI to reliably detect defects, several limitations and challenges still need to be addressed. In this paper, a brief review of the history of unmanned aerial vehicles, along with a comprehensive review of studies focused on UAV-based NDI of industrial and commercial facilities, are provided. Moreover, the benefits of using drones in inspections as an alternative to conventional methods are discussed, along with the challenges and open problems of employing drones in industrial inspections, are explored. Finally, some of our case studies conducted in different industrial fields in the field of Non-Destructive Inspection are presented.
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Ghosh, Sampat, Pascal Herren, Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow, and Chuleui Jung. "Nutritional Composition of Honey Bee Drones of Two Subspecies Relative to Their Pupal Developmental Stages." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080759.
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We examined the contents of nutritional importance, i.e., amino acids, fatty acids and minerals of different developmental stages of drones of two honey bee subspecies, namely Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. mellifera. The results revealed that, in general, individual amino acid amounts and therefore the total protein increased along with the developmental stages of the drones. No statistically significant differences were found between the same developmental stages of the two subspecies. The reverse, i.e., a decrease with developmental stage occurred in relation to the fatty acid composition. Most of the minerals were higher at advanced developmental stages. Overall, the high protein content (31.4–43.4%), small amount of fat (9.5–11.5%) and abundance of minerals such asiron and zinc, make drones a suitable nutritional resource. Even though nutrient content, especially protein, was higher in the pupae than the prepupae, we propose prepupae also as a commercial product based on their higher biomass production. Provided standard production protocols maintaining hygiene and safety will be adhered to, we propose that drone honey bees can be utilized as human food or animal feed.
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Lamsters, Kristaps, Jānis Karušs, Māris Krievāns, and Jurijs Ješkins. "APPLICATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR GLACIER RESEARCH IN THE ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4130.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles or drones are nowadays widely used in a broad field of scientific and commercial applications. Despite this, it is quite a new method for glacier mapping in polar regions and has a lot of advantages, as well as disadvantages over more classical remote sensing instruments. Here we examine the main issues associated with the application of drones for glacier research from our experience in Iceland, Greenland and the Antarctic. We use DJI Phantom series drones for the obtaining of aerial photographs and produce digital surface models (resolution of 8 – 16 cm) and orthomosaics (resolution of 2 – 4 cm) for glacier mapping. Several issues related to the ground control points, geolocation using Global Navigation Satellite System receiers and creation of final products are addressed as well. We recommend the further use of drones in remote polar areas because it allows obtaining very high-resolution orthomosaics and digital surface models that are not achieved by other methods. Short summer season, raw weather with precipitation and winds, limited drone flight duration and problems with connection cables are the main issues everyone can encounter working in polar regions but all issues can be restricted with careful planning and readiness to gather data whenever it is possible during all field campaign.
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Chamata, Johnny Elie, and Lisa Marie King. "The Commercial Use of Drones in U.S. National Parks." International Technology Management Review 6, no. 4 (2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/itmr.2017.6.4.4.
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Catherwood, Philip A., Michael Little, Dewar Finlay, and James McLaughlin OBE. "Recovery of Incapacitated Commercial Delivery Drones Using LPWAN Technology." IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 12, no. 2 (2020): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mits.2019.2898972.
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Marbel, Revital, Boaz Ben-Moshe, and Roi Yozevitch. "Star-Tracker Algorithm for Smartphones and Commercial Micro-Drones." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041106.
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This paper presents a star-tracking algorithm to determine the accurate global orientation of autonomous platforms such as nano satellites, U A V s, and micro-drones using commercial-off-the-shelf ( C O T S ) mobile devices such as smartphones. Such star-tracking is especially challenging because it is based on existing cameras which capture a partial view of the sky and should work continuously and autonomously. The novelty of the proposed framework lies both in the computational efficiency and the ability of the star-tracker algorithm to cope with noisy measurements and outliers using affordable C O T S mobile platforms. The presented algorithm was implemented and tested on several popular platforms including: Android mobile devices, commercial-micro drones, and Raspberry Pi. The expected accuracy of the reported orientation is [0.1°,0.5°].
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Barrett-Gonzalez, Ronald. "High Performance Convertible Coleopter Drones." Drones 6, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6110346.
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This paper opens with an historical overview of efforts to develop micro-, mini-, and organic aerial vehicles (MAVs and OAVs) in the 1990’s. Although conceived during WWII, coleopters would not see serial production for 60 years. The paper continues with programmatic aspects of hovering coleopter development of the 1990’s and describes the technical motivations behind in-flight conversion from hover-mode to missile-mode flight and the record-setting XQ-138 family of convertible coleopters. As the first commercially successful family of such aircraft, the XQ-138 was taken from initial concept through configuration design, detailed design, patenting, prototyping, proof-of-concept, production, flight testing, qualification, and eventually high rate production, all with private funding. The paper lists basic engineering drivers, covers fundamental sizing methods, presents weight fraction data, and describes flight test procedures, locations, conditions, and results. High-speed flight test data show the stock aircraft achieving speeds in excess of 164 mph (263 kph) with endurances in excess of an hour at that speed with a special dash-optimized version reaching 288 mph (463 kph) for a few minutes. Videos from flight testing and live-fire exercises are shown at Redstone Arsenal, Eglin Air Force Base, and Fort Benning test ranges under extreme conditions. The paper concludes with an assessment of civil and military variants for a variety of military missions and commercial uses.
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PUSTOKHINA, I. V., and L. R. MARDANSHINA. "LAST MILE DELIVERY BY DRONES: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 4 (2021): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.01.012.
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The article analyzes Russian and foreign legislation in the field of regulating flights using drones, which showed that the delivery of goods by drones is a promising, and in some cases, a necessary technology. However, legal restrictions related to the safety of the use of airspace prevent the use of drones on a regular basis for commercial purposes. Also, points of growth of their use in the delivery of goods "to the door" were found.
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Kim, Seong Kuen, Hibal Ahmad, Jong Woon Moon, and Sung Yong Jung. "Nozzle with a Feedback Channel for Agricultural Drones." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052138.
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In recent years, small drones have been used in agriculture, for spraying water and pesticides. Although spraying systems affect the efficiency of agricultural drones considerably, research on the spraying system of drones is insufficient. In this paper, a new nozzle with a feedback channel is proposed for agricultural drones. The proposed nozzle was manufactured through 3D printing, and its performance was compared with that of the nozzle used in commercial agricultural drones. Images taken with a high-speed camera were digitally processed, to track the area and location of spray particles, and the spraying characteristics were evaluated based on the size and uniformity of the droplets obtained from the images. The proposed nozzle provided a better performance, as it could spray smaller droplets more uniformly. Commercial nozzle droplets have an average diameter of 1.76 mm, and the proposed nozzle has been reduced to a maximum of 215 μm. In addition, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the commercial nozzle is 0.233, but the proposed nozzle is up to 1.519; the proposed nozzle provided better performance, as it could spray smaller droplets more uniformly. Under the condition of 30 kg, the best performance in the proposed nozzle, the minimum value of the average droplet diameter of the nozzle without feedback channel is 595 μm and the maximum value of FWHM is 1.329. Therefore, a comparison of the performance of the proposed nozzle with that of a nozzle with no feedback channel indicates that the feedback channel effectively reduces the droplet diameter and improves the spraying uniformity. It is expected that the proposed nozzle can be useful for designing the spraying systems of agricultural drones.
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Choung, Wan. "A Study on Drone Flight Safety and Protection of Privacy." Kyung Hee Law Journal 57, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15539/khlj.57.2.5.
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A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle included in the ultra-light vehicle category under the Aviation Act. Recently, as the number of people who own and use drones is rapidly increasing, legal problems such as drone flight safety issues and invasion of privacy are frequently occurring. Accordingly, around 2021, the Aviation Safety Act was amended to classify drones, that is, unmanned ultra-light flying devices, into four categories according to their weight, and in all cases, the qualification conditions were mandatory so that they could fly only after obtaining a pilot’s certificate. Many users are not aware of this fact, and if they fly without a license, they will be fined at least 3 million won.
Drones, which are considered a promising industry in the future, require strict regulation as they can be used for various personal crimes including unqualified flight problems. First of all, drone users must obtain a license according to the type of drone in accordance with the Aviation Safety Act, and all commercial flying devices, regardless of weight exceeding 2 kg or weight, must be reported to the Drone Management Office of the Korea Transportation Safety Authority. In addition, the enforcement rules of the Aviation Safety Act include prohibition of dropping objects, prohibition of flying that may pose a risk to human life or property in the sky over a densely populated area, prohibition of flying in a no-fly zone, prohibition of flying at night, prohibition of flying while intoxicated, etc. The prohibition of flying is stipulated as a regulated user compliance requirement.
Drones usually have cameras installed to take pictures of the scenery seen from the sky, but unspecified numbers of people can be photographed, so you should use them with caution about personal information. If a scene with another person's face is uploaded to a social networking service or YouTube without consent, depending on the situation, it may be involved in a lawsuit for damages or defamation under the criminal law due to infringement of the right to portrait. To prevent this, you should try to protect the privacy of others by taking aerial shots rather than close-up shots in public places where there are people.
Advances in science and technology such as information and communication technology (ICT) are also changing the means and aspects of terrorism. In particular, drones, which are widely used for low-cost general use, industrial and military use, have a very high risk of being abused for terrorism against key personnel or important national facilities, as well as invasion of privacy such as illegal filming.
Drones can be used for crime or terrorism in various safety accidents at any time, so it is virtually impossible to prevent existing threats with the legal system alone. Accordingly, when a drone flying in a prohibited place or time zone or an unmanned aerial vehicle operating abnormally is discovered, it is necessary to detect and block it at an early stage. In addition, ordinary citizens who use drones for hobbies such as video shooting are urged to carefully read the contents stipulated in the law and use them safely to protect the lives and privacy of others.
Police and national defense use the face recognition system on drones to search for missing persons and to recognize and intercept terrorists, a national risk factor, are expected to play a major role. As a healthy and developing drone industry is expected in the future, individuals must also follow the rules to avoid infringing on drone flight requirements and privacy of others. There are two key issues in drone legal issues: flight safety issues and invasion of privacy. In this article, we would like to consider improvement measures that can ensure the safe flight of drones, suppress the occurrence of human damage, and effectively prevent invasion of privacy.
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Oigbochie, A. E., E. B. Odigie, and B. I. G. Adejumo. "IMPORTANCE OF DRONES IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AMID A PANDEMIC: CURRENT AND GENERATION NEXT APPLICATION." Open Journal of Medical Research (ISSN: 2734-2093) 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojmr.v2i1.187.
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A drone is an aircraft controlled from a distance without a human pilot onboard using devices ingrained with software flight protocols. Outside the military, it lately just started to reach the relevancy of conventional businesses. The healthcare sector is an industry where this capacity is needed particularly in a pandemic in providing a responsive healthcare service in a contact-free manner. Also, delivery of blood supplies, vaccines, medications and other medical supplies to rural areas with no access to health facilities is made possible by the use of drones as they can navigate through difficult barriers such as buildings and bridges as well as areas that have been rendered inaccessible by conventional land and air transport. Drones have triggered a swift advancement in a variety of commercial, recreational and industrial applications with its capability to effectively put together real-time information on events at a low cost. However, its breakthrough in healthcare has been slower compared to other sectors where drones have been used extensively. Hence, this review is aimed at emphasizing the importance of drones in healthcare delivery noting its current and future usability. In this paper, a systematic review of relevant literatures was employed. Findings suggests that drones have been used effectively in healthcare viz a viz: enabling transportation of birth control, biopsy for emergency surgeries and other medical and laboratory supplies within few minutes. Considering the current global situation (COVID-19 pandemic), the future might experience more outpatient care and perhaps home-based care previously admitted in hospitals. Test results, medications and other treatment ordered by physicians may be couriered to patient’s residence via drones. In conclusion, drones offer a variety of exciting opportunities; delivery of medical and laboratory supplies, blood products including biopsy for emergency surgeries is just a starting point. Drones have the capability to evolve medical care as well as propel advancement in the health industry.
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Oakey, Andy, Aliaksei Pilko, Tom Cherrett, and James Scanlan. "Are Drones Safer Than Vans?: A Comparison of Routing Risk in Logistics." Future Transportation 2, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 923–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp2040051.
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Drones are being considered as an alternative transport mode to ground based van networks. Whilst the speed and application of such networks has been extensively studied, the safety aspects of such modes have not been directly compared. Using UK Department for Transport data and a drone flight planning approach using a probabilistic risk model, an estimation of fatality rates for seven origin-destination (O-D) pairs was undertaken in a theoretical case study of medical deliveries in the Southampton area of the UK. Using failure rates from the literature, results indicated that commercial vehicles (<3.5 T) were safer than drones in all cases by ≤12.73 (12.73 times more fatalities by drone than by road). With the O-D pairs covering a range of localities, routes covering more mileage on minor roads were found to be the least safe but were still ≥1.87 times safer than drone deliveries. Sensitivity tests on the modelled drone failure rates suggested that the probability of a failure would have to be ≤5.35×10−4 per flight-hour for drone risk to be equal to van risk. Investigating the circuity of drone routes (how direct a route is) identified that level of risk had a significant impact on travel distances, with the safest paths being 273% longer than the riskier, straight-line flight equivalent. The findings suggest that the level of acceptable risk when designing drone routes may negatively impact on the timeliness of drone deliveries due to the increased travel distance and time that could be incurred.
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Keller, Assaf, and Boaz Ben-Moshe. "A Robust and Accurate Landing Methodology for Drones on Moving Targets." Drones 6, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6040098.
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This paper presents a framework for performing autonomous precise landing of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on dynamic targets. The main goal of this work is to design the methodology and the controlling algorithms that will allow multi-rotor drones to perform a robust and efficient landing in dynamic conditions of changing wind, dynamic obstacles, and moving targets. Unlike existing GNSS-based vertical landing solutions, the suggested framework does not rely on global positioning and uses adaptive diagonal approaching angle visual landing. The framework was designed to work on existing camera-drone platforms, without any need for additional sensors, and it was implemented using DJI’s API on Android devices. The presented concept of visual sliding landing (VSL) was tested on a wide range of commercial drones, performing hundreds of precise and robust autonomous landings on dynamic targets, including boats, cars, RC-boats, and RC-rovers.
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Karam, S., F. Nex, O. Karlsson, J. Rydell, E. Bilock, M. Tulldahl, M. Holmberg, and N. Kerle. "MICRO AND MACRO QUADCOPTER DRONES FOR INDOOR MAPPING TO SUPPORT DISASTER MANAGEMENT." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-1-2022 (May 17, 2022): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-1-2022-203-2022.
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Abstract. The use of drones to explore indoor spaces has gained attention and popularity for disaster management and indoor navigation applications. In this paper we present the operations and mapping techniques of two drones that are different in terms of size, the sensors deployed, and the positioning and mapping techniques used. The first drone is a low-cost commercial quadcopter microdrone, a Crazyflie, while the second drone is a relatively expensive research quadcopter macrodrone, called MAX. We investigated their feasibility in mapping areas where satellite positioning is not available, such as indoor spaces. We compared the point clouds obtained by a multi-ranger deck, a multi-layer LIDAR scanner and a stereo camera, and assessed each against ground truth obtained with a terrestrial laser scanner. Results showed that both drones are capable of mapping relatively cluttered indoor environments and can provide point clouds that are sufficient for a quick exploration. Furthermore, the LIDAR scanner-based system can handle a relatively large office environment with an accumulated drift less than 0.02% (1 cm) on the Z-axis and 0.77% (50 cm) on the X and Y axes over a length trajectory of about 65 m. Despite the limited features of the sensor configuration of the Crazyflie, its performance is promising for mapping indoor spaces, given the relatively low deviation from the ground truth: cloud-to-cloud distances measured were generally less than 20 cm.
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Banks, Christopher, Antonio Bono, and Samuel Coogan. "Physical Human-UAV Interaction with Commercial Drones using Admittance Control." IFAC-PapersOnLine 54, no. 20 (2021): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.11.184.
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