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Wakefield, Yvonne. "The Classification, for purposes of the calculation of taxable income, of land and assets incidental to land, that are used as trading stock." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4574.
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In calculating the taxable income of a taxpayer, items of income and expenditure are classified as being either capital or revenue in nature, and are treated differently according to such classification. Over the years, a debate has emerged regarding the classification of items of income that are either part of the ground or accede to it, but which are treated by the taxpayer as trading stock. The debate extends to the classification of items of expenditure laid out in the production of income and for the purposes of trade, but which relate to land or things adhered to land. Items forming the subject matter of the discussion include sand, stone, coal, trees and other plants to be used not for the sale or use of their fruit, but for sale or use themselves
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Dube, Lighton. "Land tenure security and small scale commercial agriculture perfomance in Zimbabwe." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006195/.
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[Abstract]The major objective of this study is to identify the effects of land tenure security on Small Scale Commercial agricultural productivity and development inZimbabwe. Using a probit model, the study draws the following conclusions:i. Under a more secure tenure system, farmers are likely to have some longterm investments, in this case in plantation crops.ii. The type of tenure system may not necessarily influence an investment in non-fixed assets like livestock.iii. Secure tenure is likely to influence investment in property improvement fixed assets such as fencing and woodlots.iv. Secure tenure is likely to positively influence an investment in permanent housing facilities but does not seem to influence an investment in associated infrastructure such as garages, workshops or shades.v. Secure tenure seems to be associated with a higher propensity to invest in improving existing farm infrastructure.vi. Freehold tenure system is associated with a higher propensity to access to credit.vii. Tenure security appears not to significantly affect medium term soil improvements. Medium-term and long-term investments on the farm do not seem to have any significant impact on the level of input use.viii. However, contrary to expectations, the results of this study indicate that tenure security may not necessarily result in higher productivity.
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Selby, Angus. "Commercial farmers and the state : interest group politics and land reform in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432168.
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Nhiwatiwa, Shelton. "Leveraging public land ownership in the urban land market for commercial property development to achieve socio-economic outcomes in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28053.
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This thesis investigated how the South African local governments in the Western Cape Province are involved in the urban land market and, specifically, land supply for commercial property development to optimise socio-economic objectives in the South African property sector. The current conditions, challenges, and opportunities were examined using a qualitative research approach, combining primary and secondary data collection methods. The data for this research was gathered from a literature review, interviews and an online survey with local government property management officials directly involved in land transactions in local governments in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The research found that, if well-managed, public land offers opportunities to achieve government's socio-economic objectives of driving economic growth, creating employment opportunities, and advancing people economically and socially. Through their majority urban land ownership (Gelderbloem, 2012), the South African local governments in the Western Cape Province can leverage their land assets for commercial property development to achieve socioeconomic outcomes in the urban land market. Local governments can achieve this by leading, shaping and unlocking development potential through direct supply of land, land use allocation, and facilitating, expediting and incentivising development to stimulate desired catalytic property developments. Catalytic projects refer projects that stimulate development and redevelopment of surrounding properties. The land allocation and property decisions in local governments are mainly driven by socio-economic objectives where sustainable development is the top priority and financial gain, though important is not key. In order to give full effect to leading, shaping and unlocking development on public land, local governments should make conscious, calculated interventions in the land supply chain for commercial property development to ensure a healthy property market. Also, it was found that, ideally, local governments should dispose of their land with rights in place in order to realise full valuation potential on their property as well as to minimise risk to the potential developer. Lastly, it was found that land supply from local governments for commercial development is faced with a number of challenges, chief among them being: excessive legislation and compliance requirements, lack of expertise, political interference, inadequate land management systems and others. In order to optimise local government land ownership to achieve socio-economic objectives in the urban land market, it is recommended that municipalities make well thought out strategic interventions in the land market as well as invest in the establishment of land management information systems to establish comprehensive asset registers to render effective planning and programming of their land holdings. Notwithstanding the challenges faced by local governments in alienating land, local governments in South Africa can leverage their land ownership in the urban land market for commercial property development to achieve socio-economic outcomes.
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Cochrane, David Alan, and david cochrane@au ey com. "Maintaining Environmental Values in a Commercial Environment - a Framework for Commercial Development in Victoria's National Parks." RMIT University. Graduate School of Business, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080220.163331.
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This research has focussed on the development of a commercial business model (CBM) for providing tourism and support service based commercial activities in Victoria's national parks which also allowed for the protection of the parks natural values. National parks are vital if we as a nation are to retain our natural heritage - but the public sector land stewards of these important assets are facing increasing funding and user pressures. The result is a growing focus on the commercialisation of our national parks to provide services and generate the revenue required to maintain these assets. However, this has resulted in the exacerbation of a long existing conflict - these commercial operators are primarily focus on the achievement of a commercial return, while the land stewards' main responsibility is in the protection of the natural values of these assets. In completing this project an abductive research approach (using grounded theory) has been adopted. Specifically, the research activities undertaken included data collection via a number of techniques including stakeholder interviews, detailed examination of existing commercial arrangements, literature research on international approaches and models, development of a suggested commercial business model based on a synthesise of the research outcomes and, finally, obtaining user feedback. The use of the various data sources, and subsequent sourcing of user feedback facilitated the triangulation of the research results. The findings from this research challenge a number of the practices currently adopted in the structuring of commercial activities suggesting that these practices are inhibiting the quality of the service being provided to the national park visitor along with the level of protection being afforded to the parks natural values. The resulting CBM provides park managers with a framework for identification and structuring of commercial business activities, practical guidance on the actions required in the completion of a concession process and identification of a number of the relevant issues which need to be considered and addressed in establishing and managing a national park concession. The CBM has been developed specifically for application within Victoria's national parks (based on a public/private sector relationship). The output will also provide guidance on methods for embedding natural values on public/private sector relationships in other settings.
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Bernhard, Jayne M. "Stores as Schools: An Adaptive Reuse Alternative For Communities Dealing With Underutilized Commercial Space and Overcrowded Schools." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/144/.
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Yu, Lap-kee Richard. "A study on possible commercial development opportunities of subterranean space in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13362392.
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Van, Deventer Heidi. "Using geographical information systems for mapping commercial farmers' perceptions on land reform in Mpumalanga, RSA." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52043.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Traditional top-down decision-making models have become unpopular since public institutions have been demanding more democracy at local level. New approaches and techniques have focused on how the majority of people can be involved in a bottom-up approach to development and decision making. Techniques, such as Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs), have identified people's concerns regarding the use of natural resources centred on land issues. Land is essentially a subject of public concern. Land as a spatial phenomenon controlled politically and used by all for survival and other purposes needs to be assessed in an integrated and time-spatial way for better planning and decision making. Geographical Information Systems (GISs) have often been used by statutory "experts" in evaluating, analysing and mapping of land and land-related features. GISs have a lot of potential in being applied as decision-making tools. If this is the case, how can public perceptions and politics be presented and mapped in a GIS to improve and democratise decision making even further? The study has investigated new methods of representing people's perspectives at grassroots level in a non-traditional way. A sub-region of the Lowveld, situated in the Mpumalanga province, has been selected because of the various kinds of land owners in the region. The Kruger National Park lies to the east of the study area, from where some black communities claim to have been removed. To the west of that is one of the districts of the former homeland KaNgwane, namely Nsikazi, and west of that two areas of intensive large-scale commercial fruit and vegetable production in the Nelspruit-White River and Kiepersol-Hazyview areas. Towards the escarpment north-west of these lie large commercial exotic forest plantations, owned mainly by Safcol and MandL Given the high demand and need for land from the overpopulated Nsikazi district, the process of land reform is a matter of great concern. White male commercial farmers in both regions where commercial farming is active were interviewed about their knowledge and perceptions of land reform. Various themes were presented to the farmers to comment on, namely the history of forced removals, land use, land potential, hydrology and where land reform should take place. Interviews were taped in Afrikaans, transcribed and translated to English. "Mental maps" were drawn on tracing paper overlaid on topographical maps of the Land Surveyor General, Mowbray. These were digitised and managed in Arclnfo, and displayed and analysed in ArcView, from where output maps were produced. The results of this technique proved to be very useful and can certainly broaden the use of GISs in decision making and public participation. However, GISs alone cannot be seen as the solution to better development and better decision-making. Public participation is of the utmost value in facilitating and initiating these processes. Land use planning needs to be the responsibility and concern of all land users and owners at a local level, where GISs can be applied as a tool to provide easier and more effective analysis and results for the implementation of initiatives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tradisionele bo-na-onder besluitnemingsmodelle het in die laaste paar dekades baie ongewild geraak met die totstandkoming van instellings wat die publiek se mening hoog ag en demokrasie op grondvlak probeer bevorder. Nuwe benaderings en tegnieke poog nou om die publiek se mening in 'n onder-na-bo benadering tot ontwikkeling en besluitneming te integreer. Grondhervorming is basies die erns van die publiek, meer so as die staat. Grond is 'n ruimtelike verskynsel wat polities beheer word maar deur die meerderheid gebruik word vir oorlewing asook ander doeleindes. Dit behoort op 'n tyd-ruimtelike basis op 'n geïntegreerde wyse vir beter beplanning en besluitneming ondersoek te word. Geografiese Inligtingstelsels (GISs) word hoofsaaklik deur statutêre "kenners" gebruik in die evaluering, analise en kartering van grond en verbandhoudende verskynsels. Dit beskik verder oor die potensiaal om in besluitnemingsprosesse gebruik te word. Die vraag ontstaan egter hoe die publiek se menings en politieke strukture met 'n GIS verteenwoordig en gekarteer kan word ter verbetering van besluitneming op 'n meer demokratiese wyse. Die studie het nuwe metodes ondersoek waarvolgens mense op grondvlak se persepsies op nie-tradisionele maniere verteenwoordig en ondersoek kan word. 'n Sub-streek van die Laeveld wat geleë is in die Mpumalanga provinsie, is geselekteer vanweë die verskeidenheid grondeienaars wat daar voorkom. Die Kruger Nasionale Park is geleë in die oostelike deel van die studiegebied vanwaar sekere swart gemeenskappe gedurende die Apartheidsregime verskuif is. Direk wes hiervan lê die voormalige tuisland KaNgwane se Nsikazi distrik en wes daarvan twee areas, naamlik Nelspruit-Witrivier en Kiepersol-Hazyview, waar die kommersiële boerdery van vrugte en groente op groot skaal beoefen word. In die noordwestelike gedeeltes van die studiegebied kom grootskaalse uitheemse bosbouplantasies voor wat aan Safcol en Mondi behoort. Met die stygende aanvraag na grond vir residensiële- en landbougebruik in die streek, veral vanuit die Nsikazi distrik, is grondhervorming en die toepassing daarvan, 'n probleem, indien nie 'n bedreiging, vir die meeste grondeienaars. Onderhoude is met blanke manlike kommersiële boere, in albei die kommersiële streke gevoer om hul menings en kennis van grondhervorming te ondersoek. Verskeie temas is as besprekingspunte gestel, naamlik die geskiedenis van gedwonge verskuiwings, grondgebruik, grondpotensiaal, water hulpbronne en waar hul meen grondhervorming sou moes plaasvind. Onderhoude was in Afrikaans opgeneem, getranskribeer en in Engels vertaal. "Kognitiewe kaarte" was op deursigtige papier geteken wat oor 'n reeks topografiese kaarte van die gebied gelê is. Die resultate is versyfer en in Arelnfo gemanipuleer en daarna in ArcView ontleed en vir verslaglewering gekarteer. Die resultate van die tegniek beloof om vir beide besluitnemers en die publiek as deelnemers in die proses baie bruikbaar te wees. Dit verbreed ook die gebruik en toepassing van GISs en die sisteem se vermoëns. GISs kan egter nie alleenlik aangewend word om ontwikkeling en besluitneming vir die publiek beter of meer aanvaarbaar te maak nie. Alle mense se deelname is van die uiterste belang en waarde in die inisiëring, fasilitering en implementering van strategieë en projekte. Grondgebruiksbeplanning moet die verantwoordelikheid van almal word wat grond op plaaslike vlak gebruik of besit, nie net van die wat deur 'n probleem of program, soos grondhervorming, geraak word nie. 'n GIS kan aangewend word om die prosesse van ontwikkeling en besluitneming te vergemaklik deur analises vinniger en op 'n meer effektiewe manier te ondersoek vir beter en meer demokratiese besluitneming.
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Reed, Darcy Marie. "How Land Use Regulations Inform Sustainable Development: A Look at Commercial Development in Bakersfield, California." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1044.
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This research analyzes the relationship between local land use regulations and commercial development in the City of Bakersfield, California, specifically focusing on how the regulations are used to inform commercial development to be sustainable or not. This research contributes to similar research efforts through its contribution of the Sustainable Development Indicator Checklist, the tool used to measure sustainable development within the regulations as well as the built environment. Analysis of six case study locations falling under the C-B (Central Business), C-C (Commercial Center), and PCD (Planned Commercial Development) zone designations indicated the local land use regulations were not informing development to be particularly sustainable, mostly due to vague language, constraining language, and sometimes a combination of the two. Recommendations are made for how the City of Bakersfield can improve the land use regulations to be more pertinent to the process of informing future commercial development to be more sustainable.
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Law, King-wai. "Planning considerations and requirements for underground development : case study of Tsim Sha Tsui underground commercial development /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14014865.
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Davis, George William. "Commercial wildflower production in the fynbos biome and its role in the management of land-use." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22477.
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Bibliography: pages 175-201.The wildflower industry of the Cape, South Africa, utilizes ecosystems and vegetation of the Fynbos Biome either directly by harvesting of natural plant populations, or indirectly by land transformation for agro-horticultural production. This thesis reports on a study of conservation and management issues arising from: (a) direct veld-harvesting; and (b) primary annexation of land for controlled production of material. A review of the industry's structure and the controlling legislation, indicated a need for integration of current management strategies. A potential means of anticipating population degradation and local extinction of plant species through over-utilization was investigated by construction of a computer model. Lack of data describing the flow of material and revenue was highlighted as an impediment to resource management by means if modelling. Experimental work investigated the effects of marginal cultivation on mountain fynbos ecosystems as utilized by the industry. Work was conducted at a site in the Highlands Forest Reserve in the south-western Cape. This experimental system was cleared by burning, and tilled as if for commercial production. Disturbance effects on system parameters were monitored. These included energy and water regimes, aspects of community structure, plant growth, and water relations of the natural vegetation. Results showed that tillage altered the system during the dry summer months by increasing reflectivity of the soil surface to solar radiation, reducing soil temperatures, and increasing soil water content. Response of the vegetation included reduction of species richness and diversity, a reduction in projected foliar cover, and an increase in the productivity of some, but not all, of the naturally occurring dominant species. Two commercially favoured species of Protea were also introduced to the site. Survival and productivity of these populations were monitored as responses to substrate disturbance. Results showed that the treatment was significantly associated with better survival for P. cynaroides, but better productivity for P. repens. A concluding review suggests that there are general paradigmatic blocks between the economic and ecological facets of natural resource utilization which prevent implementation of optimal environmental management strategies. The wildflower industry is nominated as a small bridge for that gap.
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Gono, Cielito C. "Commercial farms after land reform : contractual relations between agribusiness companies and agrarian reform beneficiaries in the Philippines." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487968.
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Al-Buainain, F. A. A. A. "Urbanisation in Qatar : a study of the residential and commercial land development in Doha city, 1970-1997." Thesis, University of Salford, 1999. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26509/.
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The state of Qatar provides an interesting illustration of a nation that has recently witnessed spectacular urban development worthy of investigation. Indeed, during the past three decades huge oil revenues have enabled the country to embark on unprecedented national development. The main thrust of this research study is urbanisation and urban development in Qatar and the impact this phenomenon has had on the urban growth of its capital city, Doha. This study sets out to examine a set of issues caused by the urbanisation process within the framework of urban growth and land use development. The present study examines urbanisation and its impact on the city development in the Arab Gulf states (GCC) in general and in Qatar in particular. The main objective of the study has been to trace the influence these changes have had on the general growth of the city and the land uses particularly the residential and commercial land development with particular emphasis on the political and socio-economic factors which form the main thrust of this research. In addition, the examination of the emerging urbanisation phenomenon has aimed to establish the necessary background before dealing with the topic at the scale of the capital city. Following these objectives, the study has adopted a combined approach, which can be described as historical and empirical. The historical setting provides the changing nature of urbanisation in the Gulf States (GCC) and Qatar by establishing the evolution of this phenomenon until the present time. This is clearly done through defining the evolutionary periods reflecting the urban development stages, which included two distinctive phases: the traditional (pre-oil period) and modern/contemporary periods. The empirical/analytical part focuses especially on the city of Doha with respect to its recent urban development, socio-economic characteristics and the changing land use patterns of which the residential and commercial development represents one of the most rapidly growing and changing land use types that took place in a relatively short period (1970-1997). Clearly, the empirical research begins by investigating the socio-economic and physical features of the city. The analysis points out the enormous scale of development that occurred in the city benefiting largely from massive urban development plans engendered by the remarkable growth of the country's oil economy. Subsequently, the research separately examines additional dimensions pertinent to the residential and commercial land development. The findings show to what extent the growth of the city has influenced the emerging patterns of land use that were drastically changed. Also, the findings always reveal the existence of a strong correlation between the overall economic performance of the country and the changing residential and commercial uses. Indeed, the economic and social transformations of Qatar have resulted in new emerging patterns that were utterly unknown before the advent of oil. The thesis presents this research topic in three main parts. The first consists of two chapters, which introduce the methodology and approaches adopted by the study and the theoretical aspects relevant to urbanisation, urban development and urban internal structure along with definitions and concepts as well as previous studies done for Qatar. The second part includes three chapters, which deal with urbanisation in the GCC and Qatar. Chapter three provides an historical perspective of urbanisation and urban development pertaining to the Arab Gulf States. Chapter four presents an in-depth analysis of urbanisation and urban development in Qatar. This is followed by another chapter, which exclusively deals with the overall characteristics of population in Qatar. Part three of the thesis is entirely concerned with the city of Doha. It is divided into five chapters. Chapter six is concerned with the evolution and development of Doha; its changing demographic aspects and the factors affecting the population structure of the city are examined in chapter seven. The remaining three chapters of this part (8,9 & 10) deal with the city's land use development in general and with the residential and the commercial land development in particular. For this purpose, chapter eight investigates the overall characteristics relevant to land use in the city. The central aim is to establish an objective understanding of the evolution of land uses, the major factors influencing their development and the present distribution patterns over the 1980-1997 period. The latter analytical stage involves examining the emerging patterns of the residential land development in an attempt to explore the changing patterns and the housing characteristics. In the third analytical phase, the analysis proceeds to consider the changing patterns of the commercial development within the city. A final summary of the findings, conclusion of the study and suggestions for future research are provided in chapter eleven.
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Chaney, William D. Corzine Mark Paolercio Adrianne L. "United States Army Land Mobile Radio communication system impacts of information assurance on Commercial Off-The-shelf systems /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/JAP/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FChaney%5FJAP.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in [Program Management] from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."Advisor(s): Boudreau, Michael W. ; Alternate Reader(s): Willins, Katrina ; Smith, Nathan. "June 2010." "Joint applied project"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Information Assurance (IA), Commercial Off-The Shelf (COTS), Land Mobile Radio (LMR), DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP), Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International (APCO) 25, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49). Also available in print.
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Chaney, William D., Adrianne L. Paolercio, and Mark Corzine. "United States Army Land Mobile Radio communication system: impacts of information assurance on Commercial Off-The-shelf systems." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10517.
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Joint Applied ProjectThis Joint Applied Project examined the technical, operational and programmatic implementation of Information Assurance (IA) as it relates to the Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Land Mobile Radio (LMR) program within the United States (U.S.) Army. This project provides an overview of the LMR system, its capabilities and technical requirements, as well as the IA processes and requirements. The project then examines the technical aspects and impacts of implementing the IA requirements on the LMR system with possible interoperability with the Global Information Grid (GIG). As a result of this project, the U.S. Army will have a better understanding of the impact of IA on fielded LMR systems and its future impact to critical communications.
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Baharum, Siti Aishah. "A sustainable competitiveness model for strategic alliances : a study of rural entrepreneurs and commercial organisations in Malaysia with special emphasis on Malaysian farmers' organisations." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2004. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/5711/.
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It is evident that strategic alliance route offers Malaysian Farmers’ Organisations a reliable and realistic way forward, towards wealth creation and socio-economic development. It has brought about positive financial rewards to the farmers as well as that of the farmer’s organisations themselves. Statistical significance on effectiveness of the various types of alliance and important control factors of profitable alliance have also been identified. Based on 1991-2004 international strategic alliance development models, a three-stage Dynamic Domestic Sustainable Competitiveness Development Model of Strategic Alliance was developed. It consists of Start-up Period, Adaptation Process and Transformation/termination. With the presence of dynamic business entities, strategic alliance projects inevitably face Competitive Challenge from time to time. A Sustainable Competitiveness Cycle, a product of the Adaptation Process, turns saviour in more ways than one, in a lifespan of an alliance.
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Walker, Kimberley. "Clearing the Brownfields: Offsetting the Risks to Sustainable Development of Contaminated Land." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37477.
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This research develops eight recommendations for amendments to key Ontario legislation affecting Brownfield redevelopment that, if implemented, will reduce the liability and risk associated with the development of contaminated land and benefit stakeholders, such as, municipalities and developers.
Utilizing the methodology of law and economics, this research examines the legal landscape in Ontario and expands the dialogue regarding the risks of developing contaminated land. Through this examination, this research uncovers the origins of the risks of Brownfield redevelopment and extrapolates recommendations for amendments to legislation and policy that balance the liability of Brownfield redevelopment with the protection of the environment.
Recent developments in environmental law appear to increase environmental protection, but actually limit Brownfield redevelopment in Ontario by increasing liability and costs. The polluter pays principle that has been entrenched in Canadian law has governed the law in respect of contaminated lands for decades. However, as society evolves, the common law is forced to re-evaluate environmental protection in the face of contaminated lands. This evolution of the law is an attempt to intervene to correct a market failure that exists with respect to contaminated lands. The increased liability associated with Brownfield redevelopment translates into heightened costs to redevelop the land, which also severely threatens environmental justice in Ontario. The recommendations in this research will benefit stakeholders, the public, and the environment. With respect to stakeholders, it will be of assistance to municipalities, cities, developers, corporations, secured lenders, mortgage insurers and the government. The risks associated with Brownfield redevelopment can be offset by the recommended corrections to legislation regarding liability and stronger policies that create accessible programs and incentives to promote just, innovative, and sustainable redevelopment.
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Salem, Mohamed Mahmoud. "Determinants of foreign direct investment in commercial real estate and hotel sectors for selected MENA countries." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6015/.
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Developed, maturing, and emerging market countries are making considerable progress in the legal and institutional reforms necessary to allow and facilitate real estate and tourism (specifically hotel) foreign direct investment (FDI). From a political perspective, countries used to view real estate as one of the "crown jewels" of an economy (Lynn, 2007). No longer does this view hold consistently across countries as countries have recently recognised that real estate and hotel FDI is a way to encourage fixed capital investment, create jobs, and to introduce best practices from multinational corporations. The purpose of this research is to identify the main determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the commercial real estate (CRE) as well as hotel sectors, in selected Middle Eastern countries. Utilising existing theories of FDI, a set of determinants (drivers and barriers) were selected to be empirically tested, utilising Dunning's (Ownership-Location- Internalisation-OLI) eclectic paradigm. As Dunning consider FDI for all industries with a special focus on the manufacturing industry, this research enlarges the scope by commercial real estate and hotels specific considerations. This research utilises the Location dimension of Dunning framework as a basis to explain the determinants of FDI in the CRE and hotel sectors. The literature on both real estate and hotel FDI relies heavily on collecting primary data through surveys; recently however, very few studies (including He & Zhu (2010); He, Wang, & Cheng (2009); Anop (2010) and Rodriguez & Bustillo (2008)) have utilised the availability of data in real estate and started constructing econometric models with the aim of testing set hypotheses. This research fills a gap in the literature by utilising secondary data to develop and test different econometric models, using data from various sources. The empirical work of this research therefore consists of two parts: the first is an econometric analysis of FDI in commercial real estate for eight Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) markets namely, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Tunisia and the UAE during 2003-2009; the second part is an econometric analysis of FDI in hotels for the same countries for the same time period. The econometric analysis is carried out using the pooled Tobin model technique, for panel data, which uses both time-series and cross-sectional data. The findings for the econometric analysis of FDI in commercial real estate shows that country specific factors (i. e. economic health, standards of living and levels human development as well as political stability and absence of violence) as well I as real estate sector-specific variables (size of institutional real estate market), are significant variables and consistently support their hypotheses as explanations for commercial real estate related FDI for the selected MENA countries. The second part of the econometric analysis related to determinants of FDI in hotel greenfield projects, reveals that country specific factors (i. e. taxation environment, human development level and real growth of economy and political stability and absence of violence and terrorism) as well as hotel sector-specific variables (i. e. real visitor expenditure and level of investment freedom); are significant and consistently support their hypotheses as explanations for hotel FDI. These indicators are found to provide -a good explanation of location decision-making in both commercial real estate and hotel sectors.
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Robinson, Claire. "Popular theatre in Manchester 1880-1903 : commercial entertainment, rational recreation and politics." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6539/.
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This thesis investigates the leading popular theatres in central Manchester between the years 1880-1903. It was a time of rapid change that saw the rise of mass entertainment in which the theatres and music halls played a major part. This is a study of theatre as industry rather than the content of what could be seen on its stages. These developments are discussed as part of a nascent night time cultural economy being driven by the comparative rise in wages and reduction of working hours of the urban workforce. With the power to choose how to spend their disposable income and how to use their leisure time, the growing working and lower middle classes as consumers could exercise influence over the purveyors of commercial entertainment and demand what they wanted to see. The series of case studies investigate the networks of sociability that emerged and operated in and between the managements of the theatres and connected them with the rising press. Theatre, and specifically pantomime, is seen at the centre of a series of interlocking narratives that connected the industrial city, rational recreation, the ‘bohemian’ network of socialist writers and artists and audiences in late nineteenth century Manchester.
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Jaison, Mukai Ratidzo. "A Critical Realist Exploration of Intergenerational Relations to Land in Small Scale Commercial Farming Families, Mushawasha Masvingo, Zimbabwe, 1953-2014." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46186.
Full textAbstract:
The land reform process in Zimbabwe has raised critical questions about land with
regard to ownership and access, productivity of land and the most suitable size of land
(small scale or large scale). Over a decade after the most recent phase of land reform
in Zimbabwe, critical questions about land are continually debated in an ever-growing
literature on land. These questions span a wide margin, from ownership, access, and
productivity to who exactly should benefit from land reform processes. One important
debate has centred on the question of whether the primary consideration of land reform
processes should be aimed at addressing the more ideational aspects of land (return
to ancestral land, land as central to personal identities and the subsequent political
and social processes of determining who belongs and who is a stranger) or material
concerns (relating to questions of food security, livelihood making and the concerns
with environmental change). Subsequently, literature dealing with land is often
organised around a particular theme such as identity, tenure, politics, political
economy, livelihoods and questions relating to environmental change. Using the case
of small scale commercial farming families of Mushawasha in Masvingo Zimbabwe
who came to own the land as purchase area farmers as a result of the 1930 Land
Apportionment Act, this thesis constitutes an attempt to integrate multiple approaches
to the question of land, using a critical realist framework. I argue that the link between
people and land, which is explored generationally and in the context of broader
economic, political, historical and social change in Zimbabwe, is ever changing and is
influenced by a number of factors. For that reason, viewing the question of land in a
reductionist fashion from either an ideational or a material paradigm is unsatisfactory.
What this research reveals is that the links between people and land are tempered
numerous factors including generation, gender and residential status.Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Sociology
MSocSci
Unrestricted
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Yu, Lap-kee Richard, and 余立基. "A study on possible commercial development opportunities of subterranean space in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258116.
Full text
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Davidson, Dean A. "Residential revitalisation of inner city areas: a case study of Northbridge." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 1995. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15080.
Full textAbstract:
The catalyst for this research has been the growing national interest in inner city living. Specifically this has come from local and state government, the housing and land development industry, and the general public over the last two decades. During this time there has generally been an increase in dwellings and residents within most Australian inner city areas. The last two decades has witnessed a continual barrage by public and private organisations as to the benefits of inner city living. However there has been negligible research from the inner city residents perspective. Most research to date has centered on inner city lifestyle benefits, what dwellings private developers are providing,and what local and state governments are doing to promote inner city living. This research has focused on Northbridge as a case study as an indicator of inner city Australian areas. The research identifies historical influences and changes in landuses in Northbridge since 1829 through to the 1990s with particular reference to the move from residential to commercial land uses, and the resurgence in residential land uses. This has included an analysis of the role and impact of local and state government, and commercial forces. A synoptic view reveals that landuse changes have been driven by the needs of commercial forces, with local and state government serving commercial before resident needs. A demographic profile of who the inner city residents are has been established. It has been revealed that the diversity of the inner areas is reflected in the demographics of the people that live there.Similarly the inner city household types and structures are varied, although most households are smaller than those of the middle or outer suburbs. Further research was undertaken to determine the relationship of the available dwellings in inner areas relative to what residents want in terms of dwelling design, size, location, open space, cost and affordability. The type of dwelling being built was found to be similar to what inner city residents want, although their cost creates inequitable access. The problems with inner city living and what support services are required for inner city residents was analysed. This was correlated with an analysis of transport needs, and the relationship between inner city residents, and the location of employment, retail and entertainment facilities. Most support services required by inner city residents were found to be available, although a need exists to improve specific services. Inner residents do rely on private vehicles, although to a lesser degree than middle or outer suburban dwellers and with less time spent travelling to access employment, retail and entertainment facilities. This research has essentially focused on the inner city residents needs, and the degree to which these needs have been fulfilled.
The general consensus amongst local and state government, and private bodies involved in the supply of inner city dwellings is that building more dwellings will inject life into the inner areas. Unfortunately this is a simplistic view that is unlikely to create the bustling, lively streets envisaged. To revitalise the inner areas requires a closer examination of who the residents are that are moving into the inner areas' so as to enhance and not detract from the existing diversity. The concluding chapter of this thesis outlines recommendations that have been designed to promote equitable access to inner city dwellings and revitalisation of inner areas to ensure than not only is the inner city population increased, but that life is injected back into the inner city by the residents, and that there is more of a focus on resident, rather than commercial needs.
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Atkinson, Jonathan Peter. "Greyfield Development in Vallejo, California: Opportunities, Constraints, and Alternatives." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1037.
Full textAbstract:
Greyfield Development in Vallejo, California: Opportunities, Constraints, and Alternatives is a Project that determined that the regulatory framework and presence of underutilized commercial land make Vallejo, California the ideal community to facilitate Greyfield Development. The Project reviewed existing literature, determining that there are a number of causes for the proliferation of Greyfields, revitalization practices, and communities that have facilitated redevelopment. The Background Report analyzed existing conditions and illustrated that Vallejo contains several policies and programs that call for the redevelopment of underutilized commercial land. The Greyfield Study identified Springstowne Center, CVS Center, and Meadows Plaza as shopping centers that exemplify signs of maturation and/or decline. The Greyfield Study determined that Meadows Plaza experienced the most decline out of the three shopping centers based on the amount of vacant square footage through fieldwork and document analysis. The Project presented three conceptual alternatives that could spur revitalization of Meadows Plaza: (1) Adaptive Reuse; (2) Residential Development; and (3) Mixed-Use and Residential Development. The Project concludes by recommending that Vallejo implement the Underutilized Commercial Land Conversion Program as outlined in the Housing Element of the Vallejo General Plan as a way to redevelop underperforming sites like Meadows Plaza and facilitate greater community revitalization.
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van, Niekerk Melanie. "Understanding aquatic carbon loss from upland catchments in south west Scotland during land use change from commercial forest to wind farm." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/13064.
Full textAbstract:
High concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in fluvial systems are associated with the dark brown water colour familiar in many upland, peat-dominated areas and may indicate a depletion of the terrestrial carbon store. The removal of this colour can also be problematic and expensive for water companies as well as affecting the ecological functioning of the water body through factors such as reduced light penetration through the water column. Disturbance resulting from activities such as land use change can also enhance the loss of carbon and this may manifest itself in elevated concentrations and fluxes of DOC from aquatic systems. This thesis describes and explains patterns of change in DOC quantity and quality from the Crosswater, Crosswater of Luce and Tig catchments draining Arecleoch Forest, a peatland in south Ayrshire, Scotland, from 2008 to 2010. This time period incorporates the installation of a 60-turbine wind farm built and operated by Scottish Power Renewables (SPR). Water samples were collected from Arecleoch at different spatial scales ranging from catchments to soil pore water and temporal scales ranging from daily to seasonally. Concentrations of DOC were measured and fluxes estimated at the catchment scale. DOC concentrations from all three catchments exhibited the well-established seasonal pattern with maxima in late August/early September and minima seen in February/March. The Tig catchment experienced the greatest burden of disturbance from the wind farm development and returned the highest DOC concentrations and fluxes. The Crosswater catchment, used as a control site due to its isolation from wind farm activities, had higher DOC concentrations than the Crosswater of Luce throughout the monitoring period possibly due to a greater proportion of forest cover. ii DOC flux ranged from 35.0 g C m-2 yr-1 from the Crosswater of Luce catchment in 2008 to 55.0 g C m-2 yr-1 from the Crosswater in 2009. The Tig catchment was not monitored for the whole period but returned the highest DOC fluxes of the three catchments between January and June 2010 (15.7 g C m-2). These values are considered high for UK peatlands. It is possible to make a tentative estimate of an extra 12 g C m-2 being exported from the Crosswater of Luce in 2009 that may have been a result of wind farm and/or forestry activities in the catchment. At the sub-catchment scale, “hot spots” of high DOC concentrations (up to 113.4 mg L-1) were found during the final survey of headwater streams inside the development area of the wind farm site during construction in August 2010. Further surveys are recommended to assess whether DOC concentrations have decreased since completion of the wind farm. Daily water samples were collected upstream and downstream of turbine 33 during the excavation of the turbine base. DOC concentrations were higher downstream before work began on the turbine base and although the gap between upstream and downstream DOC concentrations increased over the monitoring period, statistical comparisons of these differences before and after the start of excavation work were not significant at the 95 % confidence level. Challenges arose from the practicability of conducting robust research on a construction site and novel approaches to monitoring DOC were developed. Activity scores were used to quantify the effect of peatland disturbance on DOC concentrations at the catchment scale. The results suggest that this approach may have merit but requires comprehensive site records from the developer. The non-linear nature of the individual wind farm development and forestry activities made it impractical to disentangle the impact of each, particularly for forest harvesting. iii Activity scores could, together with other information gathered from site records, be useful to developers as an indicator of the most likely periods for peat disturbance. Knowledge of the differing disturbance potential of the various activities could also provide useful information to feed into the carbon payback calculator. DOC quality was explored using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and E4/E6 ratios. The latter metric identified changes in the composition of DOC related to disturbance with water samples from areas draining land subject to disturbance having lower E4/E6 ratios indicating a greater degree of humification of the DOC. This research provides one of only three studies to investigate concentrations and fluxes of DOC in water courses draining land subject to disturbance relating to wind farm construction. It is the only study that incorporates a period of time prior to work beginning and takes in the whole of the development phase. In this respect it provides a valuable addition to our understanding of the way in which peatlands respond to land use change and may provide useful tools to assist developers in minimising the impact of their activities on these valuable carbon stores.
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Hartnack, Andrew Michael Carl. "Cultivations on the frontiers of modernity : power, welfare and belonging on commercial farms before and after "fast-track land reform" in Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15524.
Full textAbstract:
Forms of power on commercial farms and power relations between white farm owners and black farmworkers in Zimbabwe have been explored by scholars such as Clarke (1977), Loewenson (1992), Amanor-Wilks (1995), Tandon (2001) and especially Rutherford (2001a). While most focus on the capitalist exploitation of farmworkers and forms of structural violence, Rutherford has gone beyond political-economy to understand power relations on farms in terms of the histories and complex forms of identity formation among both white farmers and black workers in pre- and post-independence Zimbabwe. However, the subtle and often obscured role of the "farmer's wife" in farm power relations, determined by the dynamics of a system Rutherford (2001a) has called "domestic government", has not been examined much in the literature. In this thesis I address this omission through an examination of the role of welfare initiatives and related activities intimately linked to domesticity and white "farmer's wives" within Rhodesian/Zimbabwean white settler society. I show that this "maternalistic" role was not only important in the colonial civilising and modernising endeavours of white farmers as they "cultivated" African fields, African workers and their own identities, but also became an important foundation on which post-independence welfare endeavours (linked to a new kind of civilising mission: that of neoliberal "civil society") were built. I then trace the impacts of the radical agrarian shifts introduced in 2000 with the "Fast-track Land Reform Programme" (FTLRP) on such interventions and on their beneficiaries, black farmworkers, as well as on the emergent power relations which farmworkers and dwellers now negotiate. Based on nine months of fieldwork, and on archival and library research, this multi-sited study takes a historical-ethnographic approach which pays attention to the longue durée and the entanglement of political-economic and gendered socio-cultural factors shaping power regimes and relations in rural Zimbabwe. The dissertation weaves together several strands of argument relating to the changing dynamics of power, welfare, modernity and belonging and how these changes are affecting white farmers and their wives, NGOs and (former) farmworkers and dwellers in contemporary Zimbabwe. It contributes to a fuller, more nuanced and gendered understanding of the (dynamic) nature of labour relations and the role of welfare and "improvement" endeavours on (former) commercial farms over the course of more than a century.
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Keles, Ericok Aysegul. "Impact Of Land Use Changes On The Authentic Characteristics Of Historical Buildings In Bursa Historical City Centre." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615750/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Historic commercial centres are subject to continuous change and transformation due to the changing socio-economic and cultural structure and relations of production and consumption. Organized within a traditional structure, these spaces have survived until today with their altering meanings and different identities as well as the restructuration they went through because of the socio-economic transformation processes. Besides, they are not only shopping areas or consumption spaces but also urban areas with a traditional style of manufacture and crafts. Theoretical discussions on the conservation of historic city centres focus on issues such as integration of city centres into contemporary life with functions that do not have adverse effects on the authentic characteristics of historic streets and urban fabrics, the role of new functions, activities and structures in the historic fabric, and participation in the conservation process.
Historic buildings adopt functions that are different from their original functions due to changing life styles. Having functioned in a well-organized order and shaped by the socio-cultural and economic structure of their eras, they are subject to interventions due to the functions required by the present conditions, such as the addition of a mezzanine or the establishment of a connection between spaces. As a result of these interventions, the original plan schemes and authentic characteristics of historic buildings have changed. This thesis aims at identifying the types of commercial functions that intervene into the authentic design characteristics of commercial buildings located in the historic commercial centre. To this end, the Commercial Centre of Bursa was chosen as the case and the change in the functions of the hans located in this area was examined in detail.
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Williams, Heather Lorraine. "An assessment of land for commercial apple orchard potential on CLI class 4 and 5 soils in the Nanaimo B.C. area - a case study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25067.
Full textAbstract:
It is generally accepted in British Columbia that Canada Land Inventory Class 1 to 4 lands are arable, yet in many instances commercial farms exist on lands of lower capability.
A case study was done for an area (1.6 km * 2.9 km) southeast of Nanaimo, B.C. to determine if Canada Land Inventory Class 4 and 5 soils are biophysically suitable for Pyrus (pear) and Mai us (apple) orchards, and if such a development would be socioeconomically feasible. The critical biophysical
conditions governing orchard development identified were climate (freeze free period, effective growing degree days, dormancy period and minimum
winter temperature); soils (depth, drainage, texture/% coarse fragment content and topography); and groundwater availability for irrigation. The critical economic conditions were land tenure (Tree Farms and parcel size); current land use; and fruit yields and prices. While all biophysical conditions
were favourable to apple orchards, the soils were found to be too coarse textured for pear orchards.
Maps outlining the critical biophysical and socioeconomic conditions were prepared and overlayed. The composite map identified one area with realistic development potential for apple orchards. Although soils, land tenure, parcel size and current land use decreased the area available for orchards, the lack of groundwater for irrigation was found to be the most limiting factor to orchard development. Estimates of costs and returns for a 3.3 ha apple orchard over a 25 year period were done. Using these estimates, the net present value of the orchard was determined for three discount rates: 5%, 8% and 10%; and for five prices per kilogram: $0.15, $0.22, $0.33, $0.44 and $0.66. At prices of $0.15, $0.22, $0.33 and $0.44 (at discount rates of 10% and 8%), orchard establishment was not feasible. However, at prices of $0.44 (and discount rate of 5%) and $0.66, orchard establishment was feasible.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Kerr, Bradley Gray. "Sustaining and rapid response engineering in the reservoir sampling and pressure group of the commercial products and support organization at Schlumberger Sugar Land Technology Center." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4995.
Full textAbstract:
This record of study investigates twelve months of engineering industry
experience, a required internship of the Doctor of Engineering degree program at Texas
A&M University. The internship company was Schlumberger Limited. The record of
study begins with a brief introduction to the company. Three projects undertaken by the
intern during the internship are discussed. The projects show how a wide variety of
knowledge, both technical and practical, is required to solve engineering problems.
Issues facing newly graduated engineers in industry are discussed. Issues facing newly
graduated engineers exposed to industry for the first time are quite different than a
traditional engineering curriculum has prepared them to encounter. Industry today is
demanding a well-educated engineer capable of tackling technical problems in several
areas as well as engineers with the ability to easily communicate and interact with others
and develop leadership potential. Academia, industry, and society all have a highly
influential role in developing engineers. The engineer must consider the interaction of
technology and society when searching for a solution to optimize the benefit to all. The study further investigates academic challenges as well as the declining number of
engineers, international competition, industry responsibility, and observations made
during the internship period. Research has shown that in the next few year as the Baby
Boomer generation of approximately 77 million people begin to retire, the next
generation of approximately 44 million will have difficulty keeping up with technical
and scientific demands. Industry demand for science and engineering graduates is
beginning to overwhelm academiaâÂÂs ability to respond and produce. Few U.S.
undergraduates are continuing education in graduate schools. This leaves a large student
population base to be filled by international students. U.S. citizens accounted for only
35-percent of the total number of doctoral degree recipients in science and engineering
during the 2005 academic year. Observations made during the internship period will be
used to make recommendations to both industry and academia to help align industry
demands and academic abilities in order to produce engineering graduates that are ready
to accept the vastly different challenges encountered in industry.
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Sorce, Elizabeth. "The Role of Community Land Trusts in Preserving and Creating Commercial Assets: A Dual Cae Study of Rondo CLT in St. Paul, Minnesota and Crescent City CLT in New Orleans, Louisiana." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1501.
Full textAbstract:
As the community land trust (CLT) movement in the United States approaches its 50th anniversary, CLT members, practitioners and researchers are exploring and pushing the boundaries of the model. CLTs offer an alternative model of land use tenure that permanently removes properties from the speculative market for the ongoing common good of the community. Most frequently associated with the provision of affordable housing in strong real estate markets, several CLTs across the country are now expanding into the commercial realm. This thesis compares the incipient commercial development efforts underway in St. Paul, Minnesota and New Orleans, Louisiana in order to better understand the potential role of CLTs in helping communities preserve and create commercial assets under a wide range of market forces.
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Quan, Truong Tan. "Transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture in Quang Binh Province, Vietnam." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1557.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to investigate how farmers in Quang Bing Province, Vietnam have been making the transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture. This process began in 1986 when the Vietnam economy changed from central planning to a market orientation. The research strategy was based on case study analysis of two communes in each of three agro-ecological zones, defined as coastal, plains and mountains. Within each commune there were six embedded household case studies, i.e 36 in total. Case studies were selected purposively to capture diversity of agro-ecological zones, market access and communications, wealth and income status, and ethnic communities. Households were interviewed twice; first in either late 2006 or early 2007, and again in late 2008. The study was approached using a constructivist paradigm and a lens of livelihood analysis, focusing on resources, institutions, interventions and the dynamics of change. Particular attention was given to the development of markets (inputs, outputs, land, labour and credit) and supply chain factors. Separate measures of commercialisation were constructed based on outputs and inputs, and at the level of both individual activities and the overall household. Investigations were informed by existing theory, but no hypotheses were tested. Instead, the research focused on emergent patterns and insights, and the enrichment and modification of existing theory. A review of literature indicated that the transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture in Vietnam was different from other countries on account of the specific combination of low technology agriculture, typical of much of developing Asia, combined with the transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market orientation as occurred in Central and Eastern European countries. At commune level, the key determinants of commercialisation were strong physical connections to markets, with good road access being paramount. Once all weather road access for motorised vehicles was available, then rapid commercialisation occurred. Supply chains typically developed faster for outputs than inputs. New technologies that increased the yield of basic food crops, and facilitated by Government and NGO programs, led to the release of land resources no longer required for meeting food security needs. Households retained their production of food crops that provided food security, and added additional cash earning activities. At the level of individual households, the commercialisation process was led by entrepreneurial families who perceived opportunities relating to profitable activities, and combined this with hard work. Often these opportunities were linked to what they had observed or learnt elsewhere. Once first movers took up a new technology, others observed and followed. There were many enabling factors, such as access to land, access to capital, and access to credit. However, none of these could be considered a determinant, in that the absence of any one factor did not by itself preclude successful commercialisation. Absence of an active male worker was a major constraint to commercialisation, as was lack of necessary crop and livestock skills. There was evidence that income disparities were increasing between the wealthy and the poor. Output commerciality across all households averaged 88 % in 2008 and was higher for wealthy households (95 %) than poor households (83 %). All households still produced their own food crops, but these crops had low market values and hence had a low impact on the output commerciality index. Output commerciality measured in percentage terms obscured that wealthy families had net incomes almost 13 times greater than poor households. A major theoretical insight was that key commercialisation factors are multiple and context dependent. Accordingly, there is a need in any investigation for a holistic approach, based on a livelihood framework that incorporates the complexities associated with the development of markets, as well as giving consideration to the range of interventions and institutional policies that impact on livelihood development.
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Sambodo, Leonardo A. A. T. "The decision making processes of semi-commercial farmers : a case study of technology adoption in Indonesia." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/241.
Full textAbstract:
An exploration of the creation and use of farmers' commonly used "rules of thumb" is required to conceptualize farmers' decision making processes. While farmers face complex situations, particularly when subsistence is an issue, they do appear to use simple rules in their decision making. To date inadequate attention has been given to understanding their reasoning processes in creating the rules, so this study traces the origins of farmers' beliefs, and extracts the decisive and dynamic elements in their decision making systems to provide this understanding. The analysis was structured by using a model based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Modifications included recognizing a bargaining process (BP) and other decision stimuli to represent socio-cultural influences and sources of perception, respectively. Two analyses based on the Personal Construct Theory (PCT) and the Ethnographic Decision Tree Modelling (EDTM) were also applied to help elaborate the farmers' cognitive process and actual decision criteria. The method involved interviews in two villages in Lamongan Regency in East Java Province of Indonesia, where the farmers adopted an improved paddy-prawn system ("pandu"). The results highlighted that farmers use rational strategies, and that socio-cultural factors influence decision making. This was represented by interactions between the farmers' perceptions, their bargaining effort, and various background factors. The TPB model revealed that the farmers' perceptions about the potential of "pandu", and the interaction with their "significant others", influenced their intention to adopt "pandu". The farmers appeared to prefer a steady income and familiar practices at the same time as obtaining new information, mainly from their peers. When "pandu" failed to show sufficiently profitable results, most farmers decided to ignore or discontinue "pandu". This became the biggest disincentive to a wide and sustainable adoption. However, the PCT analysis showed that part of this problem also stemmed from the farmers' lack of resources and knowledge. The farmers' restrictive conditions also led them to seek socio-cultural and practical support for their actions. This was highlighted by a bargaining process (BP) that integrated what the farmers had learned, and believed, into their adoption behaviour. The BP also captured the farmers' communication strategies when dealing with "pandu" as its adoption affected resource allocation within the family and required cooperation with neighbours. The PCT and EDTM analyses also confirmed how the BP accommodated different sets of decision criteria to form different adoption behaviours. Such a process indicated the importance of considering the adoption decision and the relevant changes resulting from the farmers' cognition. This provided a more dynamic and realistic description of the farmers' decision-making process than has previously been attempted. Overall, the results suggested that semi-commercial farmers need to know, and confirm, that a new technology is significantly superior to the existing system, and can provide a secure income. The introduction of a new technology should use a participatory approach allowing negotiation, conflict mitigation and the creation of consensus among the relevant parties. This can be supported through better access to knowledge, information and financing. A specific and well-targeted policy intervention may also be needed to accommodate the diversity in the farmers' ways of learning and making decisions. Ways to improve the current analytical approaches are also suggested.
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Weigel, Brent Anthony. "Development of a commercial building/site evaluation framework for minimizing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of transportation and building systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44735.
Full textAbstract:
In urbanized areas, building and transportation systems generally comprise the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption. Realization of global environmental sustainability depends upon efficiency improvements of building and transportation systems in the built environment. The selection of efficient buildings and locations can help to improve the efficient utilization of transportation and building systems. Green building design and rating frameworks provide some guidance and incentive for the development of more efficient building and transportation systems. However, current frameworks are based primarily on prescriptive, component standards, rather than performance-based, whole-building evaluations. This research develops a commercial building/site evaluation framework for the minimization of GHG emissions and energy consumption of transportation and building systems through building/site selection.
The framework examines, under uncertainty, multiple dimensions of building/site operation efficiencies: transportation access to/from a building site; heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and domestic hot water; interior and exterior lighting; occupant conveyances; and energy supply. With respect to transportation systems, the framework leverages regional travel demand model data to estimate the activity associated with home-based work and non-home-based work trips. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to quantify the dispersion in the estimated trip distances, travel times, and mode choice. The travel activity estimates are linked with a variety of existing calculation resources for quantifying energy consumption and GHG emissions. With respect to building systems, the framework utilizes a building energy simulation approach to estimate energy consumption and GHG emissions. The building system calculation procedures include a sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo analysis to account for the impacts of input parameter uncertainty on estimated building performance. The framework incorporates a life cycle approach to performance evaluation, thereby incorporating functional units of building/site performance (e.g energy use intensity).
The evaluation framework is applied to four case studies of commercial office development in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region that represent a potential range of building/site alternatives for a 100-employee firm in an urbanized area. The research results indicate that whole-building energy and GHG emissions are sensitive to building/site location, and that site-related transportation is the major determinant of performance. The framework and findings may be used to support the development of quantitative performance evaluations for building/site selection in green building rating systems and other efficiency incentive programs designed to encourage more efficient utilization and development of the built environment.
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Rodrigue, Jason Adam. "Woody Species Diversity, Forest and Site Productivity, Stumpage Value, and Carbon Sequestration of Forests on Mined Lands Reclaimed Prior to the Passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35629.
Full textAbstract:
The present state of forestry post mining land uses has prompted concern among researchers, landowners, and the public. Surface mines reclaimed to forests under the provision of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) may not achieve site productivity levels required by the law. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many pre-law reforested mined sites are growing productive forests. The purpose of this study was to characterize these forests and the mine soils in which they are growing, and use them to benchmark forest development on mined land. Using 14 mined and 8 non-mined sites in the midwestern and eastern coalfields research to address the following objectives was undertaken: (i) characterize the development, composition, and diversity of woody species on pre-SMCRA, forested surface mined land; (ii) estimate forest and site productivity on surface mined land and determine the soil and site properties most influencing forest growth; (iii) estimate projected rotation-age timber product value; (iv) quantify current carbon sequestration pools associated with the developing woody plant biomass, the forest floor, and developing soil medium; (v) compare the diversity, forest and site productivity, commercial value, and carbon capture of reclaimed mined sites to that of regional non-mined forest systems.
Species richness between non-mined and mined sites was about the same within each region with 14 to 15 tree species in the canopy. Canopy richness of eastern mined sites was less than that on midwestern mined sites (12 species compared to 17 species, respectively). Species richness of the understory and woody ground layer were similar between sites planted to pines versus hardwoods. White pine (Pinus strobus) monocultures, planted on many sites in the eastern region, caused species unevenness throughout all forest strata. Midwestern mined sites and eastern sites planted to hardwoods closely approximated non-mined sites in commercial species composition. Planted species represented the majority of canopy layer dominance and abundance (82% relative dominance and 56% relative abundance). Site productivity between non-mined sites and 12 of the 14 mined sites was similar. Regression analysis identified the five most influential soil properties affecting site quality, which included soil profile base saturation, total coarse fragments, total available water, C horizon total porosity, and soil profile electrical conductivity. These five properties explained 52 % of the variation in tree growth. Forest productivity of these mined sites was equal to or greater than that of non-mined forests, ranging between 3.3 m3ha-1yr-1 and 12.1 m3ha-1yr-1. Management activities such as planting pine and valuable hardwood species increased the stumpage value of forests on reclaimed mine sites. Rotation-age stumpage values on mined study sites ranged between $3,064 ha-1 and $19,528 ha-1 and were commonly greater than stumpage values on non-mined reference sites. After 20 to 55 years, total site carbon levels on mined study sites averaged 217 Mg ha-1, while total carbon amounts on natural sites averaged 285 Mg ha-1. The amounts of carbon captured within the plant biomass and litter layer were the same on mined and natural sites. However, the soil carbon content of mined sites averaged 39 % lower than natural soils. The amount of carbon captured across mined sites was largely a function of forest stand age. Pre-SMCRA forests growing on mined sites with productivity levels similar to non-mined sites are capable of developing forest attributes comparable to or greater than those found on non-mined land within a period of 60 years, the length of a commercial hardwood rotation. These mature forests can serve as benchmarks for forest development on mined lands being reclaimed under current state and federal regulations.Master of Science
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Eklöw, Maria. "Gynnas aktörer från ett land utanför EU på den inre marknaden? : Vid tillhandahållandet av elektroniska tjänster." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-664.
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Elektroniska tjänster utgör en stor del av marknadsekonomin i större delen av världen således även på den inre marknaden. Elektronisk handel, där elektroniska tjänster ingår, har under de senaste åren expanderat. U.S. Bureau of Census uppskattade att elektroniska tjänster genererat i drygt 600 miljarder kronor under år 2005. Det är en ökning med 24.6 % från föregående år. Statistiken visar endast handeln i USA, men ger ändå ett mått på den framfart som skett de senaste åren rörande elektronisk handel.
Inom gemenskapen har rådet fastställt en rad harmoniseringsregler, främst i det sjätte mervärdesskattedirektivet . I syfte att harmonisera de mervärdesskatterättsliga reglerna för att undvika en snedvridning av konkurrensen mellan aktörer etablerade i olika medlemsstater. Den inre marknaden är förvisso avsedd för aktörer etablerade inom EU, men man kan inte bortse från det faktum att även aktörer i tredjeland har tillträde till den inre marknaden.
För att utreda om aktörer från tredjeland gynnas framför aktörer etablerade i gemenskapen i tillhandahållande av elektroniska tjänster till icke skattskyldiga inom gemenskapen är bestämmandet av platsen av betydelse. Först fastställs om transaktionen faller inom ramen för artikel 2 i det sjätte mervärdesskattedirektivet. Där konstateras att mervärdesskatt skall betalas för tjänster som tillhandahålls inom landets territorium av en skattskyldig. För fastställande av ”landets territorium” hänvisas till artikel 3, se bilaga 4. Det andra steget är att konstatera om den som tillhandahåller tjänsten betraktas som skattskyldig enligt artikel 4.1, se bilaga 5 till uppsatsen. Är kriterierna i artikel 2 och 4 uppfyllda går man vidare till artikel 9 för bestämmandet av platsen.
Ursprungslandsprincipen och destinationslandsprincipen ligger till grund för bestämmandet av vilken stat som har beskattningsrätt, först fastställs omsättningslandet och därigenom platsen för tillhandahållandet. Destinationslandsprincipen och ursprungslandsprincipen kräver ett förtydligande. Från början tillämpades ursprungslandsprincipen för att nå den inre marknaden. Destinationslandsprincipen är den rådande men kommissionens långsiktiga mål är att gå över till ursprungslandsprincipen. Trots detta ändras i dagsläget regler för att passa destinationslandsprincipen.
Tillhandahållande av elektroniska tjänster existerade inte vid utformandet av det sjätte mervärdesskattedirektivet. Följaktligen saknades begreppet elektroniska tjänster i direktivet. Då rådet antog direktiv 2002/38/EG infördes begreppet elektroniska tjänster samt ett tydliggörande av vad som var att anse som platsen för tillhandahållande. Begreppsdefinitionen var dock inte uttömmande och rådet antog förordning 1777/2005 där elektroniska tjänster definieras både i förordningen samt tillhörande bilaga. Klassificeringen av elektroniska tjänster sker på samma vis oberoende av platsen för tillhandahållandet. Däremot skiljer sig bestämmandet av omsättningsland och platsen beroende på om en aktör är etablerad i en medlemsstat eller ej.
Innan direktiv 2002/38/EG antogs kunde aktörer från tredjeland undgå mervärdesbeskattning då de tillhandahöll elektroniska tjänster till icke skattskyldiga i gemenskapen. Rådets intention vid antagande av direktivet var att undanröja snedvridning av konkurrensen samt att tydliggöra reglerna om platsen för tillhandahållande i de fall då aktörer var etablerade i tredjeland.
Med direktiv 2002/38/EG antogs den regel som bestämmer platsen för tillhandahållande till den där aktören är registrerad. I samband med detta infördes den ordning vilken innebär att aktörer från tredjeland skall registrera sig för mervärdesskatt i en medlemsstat.
Även det fasta driftstället har betydelse för bestämmande av platsen. I vissa fall är det fasta driftstället att anse som platsen och i andra fall är huvudkontoret platsen för tillhandahållande. Begreppet fast driftställe nämns i artikel 9 i det sjätte mervärdesskattedirektivet, men ingen definition ges av vad som omfattas eller vilka kriterierna är. För att fastställa detta är man hänvisad till EG-domstolens praxis då inget uttömmande svar ges i direktiven. Gällande elektroniska tjänster och inkomstskatterätt kan i vissa fall en server utgöra ett fast driftställe, det är inte möjligt inom mervärdesskatterätten.
Electronic commerce constitutes a big market economy in the world, therefore also in the internal market. Electronic commerce, which includes electronic services, has expanded in the past years. In the end of year 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the total U.S. electronic commerce sales at $ 86.3 billion. This featured a 24.6 percent increase from the previous year 2004. Even though this is U.S. statistics, it gives a view of how electronic commerce has expanded the last years.
Within the internal market, the Council of the European Union constituted a number of regulations on harmonisation, mainly in the Sixth VAT Directive . The purpose of harmonising the VAT regulations is to prevent distortion of the competition between suppliers established in the European Union. The internal market is intended for the suppliers established in the European Union, nevertheless suppliers from the countries outside the European Union have access to the internal market. The place of supply is of importance to investigate if a supplier from a country outside the European Union is in favour before a supplier established within the European Union in supply of electronic services to persons non-liable to tax.
To investigate whether or not a supplier from a country outside the European Union benefit before suppliers established within the internal market the place of supply is of significance. The first question that arises is whether the transaction falls within the scope of article 2. Article 2 establishes that the subject to value added tax is the supply of services affected for consideration within the territory of the country by a taxable person. Article 3 es-tablishes the territory of the country, see attachment 4. The second step to clarify is if the person supplying the services is liable for tax according to article 4, see attachment 5. If the criteria for article 2 and 4 are satisfied the next step is article 9 and to establish the place of supply.
To define the country with the right to tax, the establishment of the place of supply leads to the place of transaction. The principle of destination and principle of origin need to be explained. From the beginning, the Commission applied the principle of origin to reach the single market. In spite of the fact that the Commission’s long-term goal is to apply the principle of origin, rules are constantly changed to be applicable on the principle of destination.
The supplying of electronic services did not exist when the Sixth VAT Directive was proposed. Therefore the concept of electronic services is not defined in the directive. When the Council of the European Union approved Directive 2002/38/EC , the concept of electronic services was classified and it was also made clear what is established as the place of supply. Notwithstanding the concept was not exhaustive and the Council of the European Union approved the regulation 1777/2005 in which electronic services are defined further, both in the regulation and in the attachment belonging to the regulation. The classifications of electronic services are independent of whether the supplier is established in a Member States or country outside the European Union. The place of supply depends on if the supplier is established in a Member State or outside the European Union.
Before directive 2002/38/EC, a supplier from a country outside the European Union could escape value added tax when supplying services to non-liable tax persons. The Council of the European Parliaments intention to lay down the directive was to set aside dis-torted competition and to clarify the rules of the place of supply in situations when a sup-plier is established in a country outside the European Union.
With directive 2002/38/EC the rule that decides the place of supply to the one where the supplier are registered were taken into force. In relation to that, a regulation was introduced where suppliers from a country outside the European Union shall register for value added tax in a Member State.
The permanent establishment is of certain significance to establish the place. In some situations, a permanent establishment is considered as the place of supply and in others it is the head office. The classification of a permanent establishment is mentioned in article 9 in the Sixth VAT Directive but there is no definition of what it comprises or the criteria. To in-vestigate what a permanent establishment is one is referred to go through the European Court of Justices case-law. In income tax, there are situations when a server can constitute a permanent establishment, which is not possible in value added tax.
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Horelicová, Pavlína. "Analýza vztahu mezi nájemným z pozemku a cenou pozemku ve vybraných městech na Moravě a ve Slezsku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241293.
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The thesis is devoted to finding the percentage relationship between the advertised rent and the advertised price of commercial land in selected cities. Furthermore, determining the percentage relationship between the advertised rents and the price of commercial land price map.
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Peiffer-Smadja, Océane. "Gouvernance foncière et développement commercial en périphérie de Paris et Londres : quels impacts sur les formes urbaines et sur les inégalités territoriales ?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA021.
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Ce travail s’inscrit dans le champ des études sur la gouvernance foncière et la maîtrise du développement urbain. La problématique en est la suivante : quels outils et quelles modalités d'action les autorités publiques, aussi bien centrales que locales, mobilisentelles pour contrôler le développement urbain dans des territoires périphériques des grandes métropoles, soumis à une forte pression foncière ? Les politiques foncières permettent-elles de maîtriser les formes que prend le développement urbain en périphérie et de lutter contre les inégalités territoriales ? Notre analyse se construit à partir d’une comparaison des outils et modes de gouvernance foncière en France et en Angleterre. L’étude, tout en présentant et en prenant en compte les cadres institutionnels et juridiques de la gestion foncière dans les deux pays, porte principalement sur les périphéries de Londres et Paris. Nous utilisons des outils d’analyses statistiques spatiales et économétriques et nous utilisons principalement l’exemple de la maîtrise du développement commercial par les politiques foncières. Le premier article traite des conflits dans l’usage du foncier en Angleterre et en France. Nous étudions ensuite les politiques foncières dédiées au commerce, afin d'évaluer leurs usages (article 2), leurs impacts sur les formes de développement urbain (article 3), puis leur rôle dans la lutte contre les inégalités territoriales (article 4)My work deals with land governance and control of urban expansion in the peripheral areas of large metropolis. I address the following issues: what public tools and modalities of action do public authorities use to control urban development in peripheral territories? What impacts do land policies have on urban patterns and do they contribute to tackling spatial inequalities? While presenting and taking into account the institutional and legal frameworks of land management in both countries, the study focuses on public tools used in the peripheral areas of London and Paris. My methodology includes a comparative analysis of land use policies and land governance systems in France and England. I use spatial statistics and econometric methods and we have chosen to investigate public tools dedicated to retail development in order to bring some concrete insights into land use policies. The first article deals with land use conflicts in France and England. I then study land policies dedicated to retail in order to assess what use local authorities make of them (article 2), their impacts on urban patterns (article 3) and their role in fighting against spatial inequalities (article 4)
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MANFREDI, MATTEO. "GLI INVESTIMENTI DIRETTI ESTERI NEL SETTORE AGRICOLO DEI PAESI IN VIA DI SVILUPPO E IL DIRITTO DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/19080.
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Il presente lavoro esamina le politiche e gli strumenti giuridici di promozione e di tutela degli investimenti internazionali nel settore agricolo di uno dei principali attori coinvolti nella nuova corsa alla terra: l’Unione europea. Il primo capitolo analizza la competenza dell’Unione a concludere accordi internazionali, al fine di comprendere la portata innovativa dei trattati di libero scambio di nuova generazione dell’Unione. Il secondo e il terzo capitolo individuano delle possibili soluzioni alle due principali esigenze legate agli investimenti in terre agricole, quali la stabilità e la protezione dell’investimento, da una parte, e la tutela delle popolazioni locali, dall’altra, attraverso un’analisi critica della politica commerciale comune e della politica di cooperazione allo sviluppo dell’UE. La tesi intende dimostrare che i trattati di libero scambio negoziati dall’Unione europea e la politica di cooperazione allo sviluppo dell’Unione possono contribuire a promuovere una maggiore certezza giuridica dell’ordinamento dei Paesi in via di sviluppo, punto fondamentale per qualsiasi riforma del settore agricolo, e conseguentemente garantire una maggior protezione non solo per chi investe, ma anche per le popolazioni locali.The dissertation investigates the policies and the legal instruments for the international investments' promotion and protection in agriculture of one of the main actors involved in the new land rush: the European Union. The first chapter analyses the EU’s competence over the conclusion of international treaties in order to understand the main innovations of the new generation of EU trade agreements. The second and third chapters focus on possible solutions of the two main agricultural lands investments’ requirements: investment protection and certainty, on the one hand, and protection of local populations, on the other, through a critical analysis of the EU common commercial policy and of the EU development cooperation policy. The thesis aims to provide that the EU free trade agreements and the EU development policy may promote a major legal certainty for developing countries, a key point for any agrarian reform, and consequently guarantee more protection not only for investors but also for local populations.
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Nevím, Václav. "Multifunkční dům v Ledči nad Sázavou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265599.
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This thesis concerns the design documentation multifunctional house in Ledeč of the town. The building has four floors and no basement.The building is designed as a brick building from Porotherm in plan a rectangular shape with a flat roof. Roofing will be made of soft PVC gray. The ground floor will be located premises for commercial purposes and the other three floors will be used for accommodation. The house is located on undeveloped land with the ground plane. On land will also be established with a capacity of 36 parking lots for cars.
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Covesi, Filho Ricioti. "Os conflitos da expans?o urbana no entorno do complexo aeroportu?rio de Viracopos." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2006. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/26.
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Previous issue date: 2006-06-29This is a study about the development of commercial aviation throughout the world and in Brazil, along with the construction of airports in urban areas. It is focused on the increasing necessity of airports in our country for cargo and passengers transportation, due to its continental dimensions. It concentrates particularly on the development of S?o Paulo and Campinas and their metropolitan areas. The International Airport of Viracopos, located in Campinas, the economic and technological necessities that lead to changes and the necessity to build a second runway for landings and takeoffs, the saturation of the airspace in S?o Paulo, as well as the consequent impossibility of building a new airport in S?o Paulo. It brings out the territorial qualifications of the International Airport of Viracopos, according to the location of its installations for the activity at which it is aimed. The various government interferences as land expropriations of the airport surrounding areas, bringing consequences not only to its expansion, but also to the people who have taken the area for their habitation. The implementation of legal and illegal division of the land and the relocation of the families to new areas in order to make it possible to build the new runway, parallel to the already existing one. As a consequence, three forces come to sight: the country, the state and the municipality s powers. When it comes to tackling information in order to find the solutions the government takes over, considering that it is the owner of the company that implements and administrates the biggest airports of the country; the state is the organ that issues decrees to expropriate the land and the municipality, which takes in the equipment that due to its extension and complexity is called airport city. The lack of local political motivation for the expansion of the airport is also mentioned. The economic and financial impacts caused by this kind of project and the coexistence of local national or even international industries, in the face of globalization of economic activities in which Brazil is inserted. It comes up with old and new questions in which this equipment is constantly mentioned in aeronautical technical reports as the ideal solution for the problem, but so far it has not been put into practice.
Estudo de caso que aborda o desenvolvimento da avia??o comercial no mundo e no Brasil bem como a inser??o dos aeroportos no meio urbano. Enfoca a crescente necessidade de aeroportos no pa?s pelas suas dimens?es continentais para o transporte de passageiros e cargas. Visa particularmente ? expans?o da metr?pole paulista e a cidade de Campinas com sua regi?o metropolitana e o seu Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos, situado em Campinas, as necessidades econ?micas e tecnol?gicas que imprimem mudan?as e levam ? necessidade de constru??o da sua segunda pista de pousos e decolagens, al?m da satura??o do espa?o a?reo da capital e tamb?m a inviabilidade de constru??o de um novo aeroporto em S?o Paulo. Ressalta as qualifica??es territoriais do Aeroporto Internacional de Viracopos em fun??o do local da sua instala??o para a atividade fim, as v?rias interven??es dos governos em decretar expropria??es de terras para essas finalidades, seus decretos bem como a crescente ocupa??o dos terrenos no entorno dos limites do aeroporto, trazendo conseq??ncias para sua expans?o e para a popula??o que incorporou esta ?rea como habitacional. Observa os loteamentos legais e ilegais implantados e a realoca??o das fam?lias residentes para novas ?reas com o objetivo de viabilizar a constru??o da nova pista, paralela ? j? existente. Debate o papel dos tr?s poderes, Uni?o, Estado e Munic?pio, na gest?o de informa??es que encaminhem ?s solu??es, j? que a Uni?o ? propriet?ria da empresa que implanta e administra os maiores aeroportos do pa?s, o Estado edita os decretos expropriat?rios, cabendo ao Munic?pio acolher o equipamento que, por sua complexidade e extens?o, ? chamado de cidade aeroportu?ria. A falta de motiva??o pol?tica local para a expans?o do aeroporto tamb?m ? abordada, assim como os impactos econ?mico-financeiros que s?o proporcionados por um projeto de grande magnitude. Aborda a coexist?ncia das ind?strias locais, regionais, nacionais e at? internacionais, num contexto de globaliza??o das atividades econ?micas no qual o Brasil est? inserido. Ainda, levanta quest?es antigas e atuais da constante cita??o deste equipamento nos relat?rios t?cnicos aeron?uticos como sendo uma solu??o ideal, mas at? o momento n?o concretizada.
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Kurzaj, Marie-Caroline. "Peuplements et échanges entre Gaule interne et Gaule méditerranéenne dans le sud-est du Massif central à la fin du Second âge du fer (160 - 25 avant J. C.)." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOL028.
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Cette étude propose une synthèse relative à la fin du second âge du Fer (160-25 av. J.-C.) dans le sud-est Massif central. La zone géographique considérée recoupe plusieurs régions (Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes) et départements (Ardèche, Gard, Loire, Haute-Loire, Lozère, Rhône). Durant la fin du second âge du Fer, cette région rassemble les territoires de deux entités culturelles : la Gaule indépendante (Gabales, Ségusiaves et Vellaves) et la Gaule méditerranéenne (Allobroges, Helviens, Ségovellaunes et Volques Arécomiques). L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer une vision globale des faciès de mobiliers, de l’occupation du sol et des dynamiques commerciales dans cet espace géographique. Cette démarche repose sur une nouvelle lecture critique des données archéologiques accumulées dans cette région depuis le XIXe siècle. Le plan adopté comprend trois chapitres. Le premier présente le cadre, le contexte et l’approche méthodologique de l’étude. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’examen détaillé des données selon deux grandes thématiques : la culture matérielle et les formes de l’occupation. Le troisième chapitre offre une synthèse, une confrontation des données et une mise en perspective des caractéristiques de cette région. Les principaux marqueurs de la culture matérielle sont exposés et un modèle de structuration hiérarchique de l’occupation est proposé à partir d’une classification des différentes catégories d’habitat. Enfin, les résultats de l’analyse des mobiliers et de l’occupation du sol sont mis en commun afin de mettre en perspective les marqueurs de l’organisation territoriale spécifiques au sud-est du Massif CentralThis study provides a synthesis about the ending period of the second Iron Age (160-25 BC) in the southeast Massif Central. The geographical zone that I study here includes several regions (Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes) and departments (the Ardèche, the Gard, the Loire, the Haute-Loire, the Lozère, the Rhône). During the ending period of the second Iron Age, this region gathers the territories of two cultural entities: the independent Gaul (Gabali, Segusiavi and Vellavi) and the Mediterranean Gaul (Allobroges, Helvii, Segalauni and Volcae Arecomici). The aim of this study thus is to offer a global vision of furniture facies, land use and commercial dynamics in this geographical area. This initiative bases itself on a recent critical reading of the archaeological data accumulated in this region since the 19th century.The plan adopted is made of three chapters.The first one aims at presenting the frame, the context and the methodological approach of the study. The second chapter is dedicated to the detailed examination of the data according to two important subjects: the material culture and the occupation types.The third chapter offers a synthesis and a confrontation of the data.The characteristics of this region are compared here.The main markers of the material culture are exposed and a model of hierarchical structuring of the occupation is proposed from a classification of the various categories of housing environment. Finally, the results of the analysis of furniture and land use are shared, in order to compare the specific markers of the territorial organization in the southeast of Massif Central
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Fredrickson, H. Signy. "Non-timber forest products, a study of salal productivity, inventory of commercial plant and fungus species, and recommendations for management on the Nanaimo rifle range lands." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/MQ54584.pdf.
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Dalakos, Aristeidis. "Performance evaluation of the AN/USQ - 146 jammer over uncoded slow FH/MFSK military communication systems and the IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN commercial communication standard." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9878.
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On the modern battlefield communication is critical. Individual units require a steady flow of accurate information between headquarters and field units to remain effective. Just as important, denying the enemy the same needs of communicating with the help of electronic countermeasures (ECM), is essential to success. Communications jamming and surveillance are critical to achieve information superiority. This thesis evaluates the performance and capabilities of one of the most advanced devices that detects, analyzes and denies enemy signals: the Rockwell Colins AN/USQ - 146 transportable communication jammer. The jammer's best strategy varies with respect to the modulation technique that the hostile communication system uses. As the theoretical analysis and the simulation results indicated, the AN/USQ- 146 jammer achieves its best performance over a FH/MFSK system when it selects the repeat multitone jamming strategy. However, when the hostile communication system is the IEEE 802.11a wireless local area network (WLAN) system, the AN/USQ - 146 (Rubicon II) jammer must select the partial-band jamming strategy with p = 0.1. The results of the theoretical analysis and the simulation modeling of the specific jammer for all types of jamming in manual spot and repeat modes over FH/MFSK military communication systems and new advanced wireless standards such as the IEEE 802.11a can be used as guidelines to select the most effective jamming strategy for the specific type of hostile waveform encountered.
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Beznosková, Marie. "Zdaňování nemovitých věcí v České republice a ve Velké Británii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360182.
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This masters thesis focuses on real estate taxation in the Czech Republic and Great Britain. The theoretical part of this thesis presents the tax system in both countries as well as basic information about property taxes and the system of taxation of property. The practical part of this thesis consists mainly of model examples of taxation of real estate intended for housing and real estate with commercial use. Part of this work is also aimed at comparing the tax burden. The comparison of taxes on property in both countries is made by comparing taxes on property with GDP and with total taxation. The final part of this thesis compares the tax burden in both countries by using the results from the model examples.
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Taterka, Filip. "Les expéditions au pays de Pount sous la XVIIIe dynastie égyptienne : essai de compréhension du rôle idéologique des expéditions « commerciales »." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL031.
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Le but de la thèse est d’analyser l’importance idéologique et religieuse des expéditions égyptiennes au pays de Pount, particulièrement sous la XVIIIe dynastie. La 1ère partie (chapitres 1-4) présente en détail les sources relatives aux expéditions pountites et des produits en rapportés. Bien que la prééminence soit réservée aux sources de la XVIIIe dynastie, les documents datant d’autres périodes ont été aussi inclus dans les analyses. La 2e partie (chapitres 5-8) constitue une synthèse des conclusions formulées en résultat des analyses faites dans la 1ère partie. De cette façon, l’auteur examine les divers toponymes relatifs au pays de Pount (chapitre 5), le problème de la localisation exacte de Pount (chapitre 6), le caractère des expéditions pountites en comparaison aux autres types des missions étrangères égyptiennes (chapitre 7) aussi bien que les divers liens entre le pays de Pount et la religion et l’idéologie du pouvoir en Égypte (chapitre 8). L’auteur conclut que Pount jouait un rôle crucial dans l’idéologie du pouvoir égyptienne étant particulièrement associé au dieu solaire aussi bien qu’à la déesse Hathor. Les produits pountites étaient extrêmement importants tant pour le culte funéraire royal et privé que pour le culte divin rendu dans les temples. C’est pourquoi l’organisation d’une expédition pountite était un devoir du roi qui, selon les croyances égyptiennes, obéissait à un ordre direct du dieu solaire. En plus, aux diverses époques on peut percevoir une volonté de rétablir les contacts avec Pount afin de restaurer l’ordre naturel après une période de la crise, ce qui est particulièrement visible sous le règne d’Hatchepsout de la XVIIIe dynastieThe aim of the dissertation is to analyse the religious and ideological significance of the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions, particularly in the 18th dynasty. In the first part (chapters 1-4) the sources concerning the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions as well as the products imported to Egypt in their result were discussed in detail. Although the pre-eminence is given to the 18th dynasty sources, documents from other periods were also included in the analysis. The second part (chapters 5-8) constitutes a synthesis of the conclusions drawn in result of the analysis of the sources of the first part. Therefore, the author discusses various toponyms related to the land of Punt (chapter 5), the problem of Punt’s exact location (chapter 6), the character of the Punt expeditions in comparison with other foreign missions (chapter 7) as well as various links between the land of Punt and Egyptian religion and ideology of kingship (chapter 8). The author concludes that the land of Punt played an important role in the Egyptian ideology of kingship being especially associated with the sun-god as well as with the goddess Hathor. Puntite products were crucial for both royal and private funerary cult as well as for the divine cult carried out in the temples. This is why the organisation of a Punt expedition was a duty of the Egyptian king, who, according to Egyptian beliefs, was obeying a direct order of the sun-god. Moreover, in various periods we may observe a wish to re-establish the contacts with Punt in order to restore the natural order of things after a period of crisis, which is especially visible in the reign of Hatshepsut of the 18th dynasty
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Yates, James William. "TELEMETRY PROCESSING SYSTEMS DESIGN TRENDS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609213.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaCurrent changes in the way that large flight test systems are utilized have affected the industry’s methodology in both the early design phases and in the implementation of nextgeneration hardware and software. The reduction of available RF spectrum, the implementation of packet telemetry methods and systems, and a desire to implement commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware are only some of the considerations that telemetry systems integrators and product houses have to face. This paper describes how test methodology changes affect current large systems design at both government test ranges and at airframe/missile manufacturer test facilities. In addition, consideration is given to the area of increased processing power as it affects hardware and software design, the leveraging of such current and future telecommunications technology as network switch technology and compression, cross utilization, standardized technology, and the movement toward platform-independent software.
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Valin, Hugo. "Changements d'usage des sols, marchés agricoles et environnement." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0011/document.
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La contribution des changements d’usage des sols aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre d’origine anthropique est estimée à 17% pour la décennie 2000, en grande partie liée à la déforestation. L’un des facteurs principaux de ces changements est l’expansion des terres agricoles pour les besoins locaux de développement, mais également sous l’effet des exportations stimulées par la mondialisation. Pour cette raison, des préoccupations nouvelles surgissent quant aux effets des politiques sur l’usage des sols par le biais des marchés internationaux. Ce travail présente trois illustrations concrètes où ces effets peuvent être d’ampleur conséquente : i) l’intensification de l’agriculture dans les pays en voie de développement, ii) les accords commerciaux, et iii) les politiques d’agrocarburants. Les résultats montrent que pour chacune de ces politiques, les réponses des marchés sont susceptibles de jouer un rôle déterminant dans le bilan des gaz à effet de serre. L’atténuation du changement climatique par l’intensification des cultures conduit à des réductions d’émissions, mais l’effet rebond de la demande pourrait annuler une part substantielle des bénéfices attendus sur les surfaces de terres cultivées. L’exemple d’un possible accord entre l’Union européenne et le Mercosur montre les effets négatifs que peut induire la libéralisation de certains produits agricoles, si des mesures d’accompagnement adéquates ne sont pas mises en place. Enfin, l’effet des changements indirects d’affectation des sols est susceptible d’effacer une part substantielle des réductions d’émissions alléguées aux agrocarburants. Les réponses de l’affectation des sols aux différentes politiques dépendent néanmoins de nombreux paramètres comportementaux, et il est difficile d’en fournir une estimation chiffrée précise. Plusieurs approches de modélisation sont utilisées ici pour quantifier ces effets et explorer les intervalles de confiance découlant des estimations actuelles de la littérature économétrique. La prise en compte de cette externalité dans l’évaluation des politiques publiques nécessite des approches nouvelles intégrant mieux les différents niveaux d’incertitude sur ces effetsLand use change is estimated to have generated 17% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the 2000s, a large part coming from deforestation. The main driver of these emissions is expansion of agricultural activities, for the need of local development in tropical regions. However, they have also been caused by the dynamics of globalisation which has stimulated agricultural trade flows. Thus, today, there are new concerns with respect to how agricultural policies are influencing land use changes in other parts of the world through international market responses. In this work I consider three concrete illustrations of where these effects can be of significant magnitude: i) agriculture intensification in developing countries, ii) trade agreements, and iii) biofuel policies. I find that for each of these policies, market responses are likely to play a significant role in the final greenhouse gas emission balance. Mitigation of emissions through agricultural intensification could have quite beneficial outcomes, but the rebound effect on the demand side would offset a large part of greenhouse gas emission savings attributable to the land sparing effect. With the example of a possible EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, I also show the adverse effect of liberalising certain specific agricultural products closely connected to land use change dynamics without adequate accompanying measures. Last, the indirect land use change effect of biofuels is likely to offset a large part of their alleged GHG emission savings. Land use change responses depend on many behavioural parameters, however, and providing precise estimates constitutes a challenge. I use different modelling approaches to quantify their magnitude and extensively explore the level of confidence on the basis of current state of econometric findings.New approaches should be elaborated to take account of this externality in public policy assessments, together with an appropriate consideration of the uncertainty ranges associated with these effects
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Li-TingChen and 陳麗婷. "Apply Space Syntax to the Model of Commercial Land Use." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77179935182379698201.
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碩士國立成功大學
都市計劃學系碩博士班
100
In all the cases, Commercial Land-Use, which is predominant over others, has been considered as the norm of Urban Development. It also has strong relation with the development of society and economics. In addition, the Binary Logistic Regression Model has been generally used to explain the situation of Land-Use. Besides, in researches that relate to Land Use and Land Cover Change, society, economics, natural environments, Land Use, and accessibilities are effects of Land-Use Allocation as well . In the former analyses of the relation between Land-Use and Spatial Structure, Transport Accessibility has been extensively considered the index of Spatial Structure measurement. Besides, with the concept of Topological Space, Space Syntax develops to quantify the value of spatial element. Furthermore, by way of these index, the Spatial Structure, the relations, and the scales between spaces are here objectively described and discussed. With all the mentioned above and prior researches, in this research, the influences of Commercial Land-Use Allocation have been gathered and analyzed with Space Syntax. The parameter then has been placed in the Logistic Regression Model, and built as an appropriate prediction model of Commercial Land-Use for Urban Planning. This research shows that the policies, accessibilities, and the relations between Spatial Structure and Land-Use all affect Commercial Land-Use Allocation. With K-Fold Cross Validation as the model verification of the samples, the Interpretative Ability of the model achieves 84%, and the accuracy of prediction achieves 80%. The data reveal the good prediction of this research for Commercial Land-Use. Therefore, this study suggests that when the future research study in another land use, it can use Space Syntax to explain the urban spatial structure, and discussed the relationship between spatial structure and land use.
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Tsai, Chu-Hsuan, and 蔡聚璇. "The Influence of MRT on Commercial Land Use of Taipei Metropolitan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47666922798579238071.
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黃勁嵐. "Land Exploitation and Commercial Streets Development in ShiLin District during Qing Dynasty." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96923187675949631025.
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碩士臺北市立教育大學
社會科教育研究所
94
Adopting methods of historical research, this study utilized first-hand sources about ShiLin, which were further complemented with antique contract documents,and it referred to contemporary discussions on PinPu Tribe (or the Formosan Plains aborigines), land exploitation, community development and inner-society structure to explore land exploitation and commercial streets development in ShiLin during Qing Dynasty by probing into the following three primary aspects. Firstly, through reorganizing the historical context of MaoShaoWeng Village in ShiLin and through the study of related policies on the Qing Dynasty’s aborigine land rights, this research identified land issues between the MaoShaoWeng villagers of PinPu Tribe and ZhangZho people. It furthermore dug out the predicaments and problems confronted by MaoShaoWong villagers during the development process. Secondly, by exploring the exploitation organization and ways ZhangZho people obtained the land, this research explained how Zhangzho People cultivated ShiLin. Through the study on water resources developments, community developments and religious beliefs, this research made clear the process of how Hang society was formed. Finally, through the study on the two fights during XianFeng era and their influence on ShiLin, and the study of the relationship between the Pan Family and the development of ShiLin new streets, this research explored the journey of the ShiLin new streets project. Primary results of the research are as follows: 1. Cultural development of ShiLin was influenced by its ecological environment. 2. MaoShaoWeng Village stood the leading role in the BeiGang Tribal Community. 3. The Qing Dynasty’s aborigine land rights and labor obligation brought about predicaments that MaoShaoWeng had to confront with. 4. ZhangZho people obtained land property rights through “Hang people as Leader System” and “Aborigine as Owner and Hang people as Tenant System”. Families that exploiting land at earlier age declined little by little as they separated their assets. 5. ZhiShanYan acted as the religious center of ShiLin during Qing Dynasty. 6. The Pan Family was promoted onto the Gentry rank during XianFeng era and had actively dug into local public affairs. 7. The moving and reconstruction of ShiLin new streets was not simply caused by the fights between Zhang and Quan groups, but based on economical considerations.
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Liang, Chan-yu, and 梁展毓. "Commercial Activities in Residential Areas Developed after Land Readjustment - A Case Study of Lujhou Nangangzi Urban Land Consolidation Area." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36997330438098844850.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
地理學系
98
Residential areas developed after land readjustment are often very different from traditional residential areas. The most obvious characteristics in recent urban land consolidation areas are that the new high rise residential buildings and the straight grid road network system. The purpose of this study is to investigate how both factors affect the commercial activities in Lujhou Nagangzi land consolidation area. The residential buildings are the main building type in Nangangzi Urban Land Consolidation area. However, other types of functions would occur on the first floor of those residential buildings. In this study, residential buildings are divided into four types. Then according to the data of field survey, analyze how each type of residential buildings influence the distribution and properties of these functions. This study found that the new residential buildings are different from traditional apartment buildings. New buildings have higher proportion of commercial space on the first floor. Because the development of this area has not yet complete, many commercial stores are idle and waiting for sales or leasing. For other non-residential buildings, the size and form are determined by their functions. By comparing commercial functions in this area, indicates that higher ranking commercial functions are separated from residential buildings. The width of road is also an important factor to explain the distribution of activities. Commercial activities in Nangangzi have generally distributed along the major roads which width more than 12 meters. Chang Rong Rd., with a width of 25 meters, is the most important road in Nangangzi, is the most concentrated and prosperous commercial are in Nangangzi. On the other hand, the roads with special location and conditions could have a concentrative tendency of special functions. There are several cases with special functions assembled can be observed in the study area. Comparing the commercial properties between Nangangzi and older traditional commercial streets surrounding it, indicates the commercial functions in Nangangzi is less developed. Especially the daily functions are significantly lower. It could be related to the population of consumers attracted by the outer commercial districts.