Relevant bibliographies by topics / Commercial law

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Commercial law'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Commercial law"

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Choi, Junesun. "Commercial Law." Commercial Law Review 36, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21188/clr.36.1.1.

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Endeshaw, Assafa. "Commercial law." Computer Law & Security Review 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(97)80171-9.

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Rogers, Kevin M. "Commercial Law: Philosophical Contrasts in Commercial and Consumer Law - Should we Codify Commercial Law?" Business Law Review 26, Issue 11 (November 1, 2005): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2005198.

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Rosen, Kenneth. "Company Law and the Law of Succession Droit Commercial/Commercial Law." American Journal of Comparative Law 62, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5131/ajcl.2013.0029.

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Sealy, Len. "COMMERCIAL LAW AND COMPANY LAW." Denning Law Journal 14, no. 1 (November 20, 2012): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v14i1.276.

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Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. "Islamic Commercial Law." American Journal of Islam and Society 13, no. 2 (July 1, 1996): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v13i2.2330.

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Introductory RemarksThe Islamic law of transactions (mu'amalat) has often been singled outas the most important area of contemporary research in Islamic theses, somuch so that, according to some observers, its priority is even higher thanthat of research in applied sciences and medicine. This status is due to thecritical importance of commercial transactions in the wealth generation andproductivity prospects of contemporary Muslim countries. New researchon issues of conventional fiqh al mu'amalat is essential for the viability andsuccess of economic development programs in Muslim countries. In recentdecades, research interest in fiqh al mu'amalat has been shifting increasinglyto specific themes and development of new operative formulas tostimulate profitable business in the marketplace. Evidently, futures tradingis one such theme where original ijtihad is required to enhance theprospects of economic success, especially in farming and agro-based industriesin developing Muslim countries.The futures market is where contracts for future sale and purchase canbe concluded for standardized quantities and qualities of commodities, currencies,bonds, and stocks. Ever since the large-scale inception of futuresmarkets in the early 1970s, new products and trading formulas in varioustrade sectors involving commodities, options, financial futures, and stockindex futures, among others, have increased so much that futures contractscurrently are available in over eighty commodities, ranging from foodgrains, oil and oil seeds, sugar, coffee, livestock, eggs, orange juice, cotton,rubber, precious metals, and currencies. In terms of volume, futures tradinghas far exceeded trading levels in conventional stocks and, currently, is thesingle most voluminous mode of commerce on the global scale ...
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Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. "ISLAMIC COMMERCIAL LAW." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 3 (October 1, 1997): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i3.2280.

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This essay is presented in two sections. Section one is devoted to amarket analysis of options, and section two to a Shari'ah perspective onoptions trading. There is no real shortage of information in the operationalprocedures of options and the various ways in which options areutilized as trading vehicles and hedging and risk-reduction devices. Onthe other hand, there is a shortage of in-depth information analyzingoptions trading from the perspective of the Shari'ah. The second part ofthis essay is tentative, in part because certain aspects of the issue needfurther development and research. The literature on the subject is in itsearly stages and has not reached a stage where consensus on issues canbe identified. This is borne out perhaps by the divided opinion that wehave at present over the basic question of the validity or nonvalidity ofoptions from an Islamic legal perspective. I shall review these twoopposing currents of opinion in due course. Suffice it here to note thatthis presentation does not seek to advocate the validity of those varietiesof options which either directly or indirectly proceed on the charging offixed interest to accounts. This may be said to be one of the distinctivefeatures of the Shari'ah perspective on options-just as it is of all varietiesof commercial transactions in Islamic law.My review of the mechanics of options trading in the first section ofthis essay broadly indicates that options trading does not proceed oncharging of fixed interest, nor does it involve unwarranted risk takingand uncertainty (gharur). Options trading has a logic of its own, whichis dominated by the idea of risk reduction and hedging against excessivelylarge positions in its underlying assets. From the perspective ofIslamic law this aspect of options is attractive and hence, from this perspectiveI make the case for the legality of options. I may also add herein passing that options trading cannot be equated with gambling or overindulgencein financial speculation. as it is basically designed to ...
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Timmermans, Wim. "Russian Commercial Law." Review of Central and East European Law 34, no. 4 (2009): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598809x12474728805895.

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Vasiljević, Mirko. "Commercial companies and commercial courts." Pravo i privreda 58, no. 3 (2020): 7–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2003007v.

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The company law rules governing commercial companies, being a special sphere of substantive law, are not and cannot by themselves constitute a closed regulatory system. Practical legal life of numerous substantive institutes of company law is possible only within the complete legal surrounding and in delicate cooperation between substantive and procedural regulation. At this moment, the Serbian legal scene is characterized by an evident gap between legislative aspiration which covers the sphere of substantive provisions governing commercial companies (Law on commercial companies) aimed at following the trends of the company law regulation in the leading European countries and harmonised regulation within this sphere on the level of EU and regulation which covers the procedure of enforcement of those institutes in practice, both contentious and extra contentious, both judicial and arbitration. Of course, this does not mean that regulation of substantive law institutes, especially the institutes which have their procedural side, is always fully acceptable and exemplary in all their aspects. In this article the author critically discusses, before all, shortcomings of Serbian companies' regulation which governs substantive law institutes having corresponding procedural aspects: arbitrability of internal company disputes (companies' members - members, members - board of directors, companies' members - company) and special companies' actions that are recognized and regulated by law (arbitrability of derivative action, arbitrability of individual action, arbitrability of class action); shortcomings of existing substantive legal regime of derivative action, which are the main reason of the scarce presence of this type of action in judicial practice; shortcomings of existing legal regime of individual action (especially on the level of covering the zone of reflective losses), as well as the shortcomings of legal regime of the class action as a kind of collective action (especially of its legal effect on non-participants in the procedure before courts or arbitration) and, finally, representative actions. The author draws the conclusion that it is necessary to review the substantive regulation in order to remove any possible ground for interpretation that internal companies' disputes are not arbitrable (capable of being resolved by arbitration under the arbitration agreement). In the same vein, the author submits that it is necessary to thoroughly modify the existing procedural regulation, in order to make procedural aspects of company lawsuits more straightforward and indisputable (litispendancy objection and res iudicata objection - the need to establish only the objective identity of the subject-matter of the disputes, procedural costs related to derivative actions, legal effect of class action on non-participants in litigation or arbitration procedure, practical aspects of representative legal actions and so on). Finally, the author proposes the introduction of the possibility for alternative competence of public notaries for numerous extra-contentious procedures which can now be brought only before commercial courts. As an argument in favour of this proposal, the author puts forward that, at present, public notaries are competent to perform various non-contentions procedures (this could partly compensate for their almost complete non-justifiable exclusion from the sphere of company law, which is the current approach taken by the Serbian public notary law).
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MacNeil, Iain. "Uncertainty in Commercial Law." Edinburgh Law Review 13, no. 1 (January 2009): 68–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1364980908000966.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commercial law"

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Landa, Arroyo César. "Constitutionalization of Commercial Law." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109901.

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The Constitution, being the Supreme Law of the Peruvian legal system, irradiates its normative force towards all the legal fields. For its part, Commercial Law is an area based on privatea utonomy; however, in our legal system a zone free of constitutional control does not exist.In this article, the author conducts a remarkable analysis about the constitutionalization of Commercial Law, making reference to the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence which, applying fundamental principles  and  rights,  has had an effect on the application of the commercial laws in our country.
La Constitución, al ser la Norma Suprema del sistema jurídico peruano, irradia su fuerza normativaa todos los ámbitos del Derecho. Por su parte, elDerecho Mercantil es una rama que se basa en laautonomía privada; sin embargo, en nuestro orde-namiento no existe zona que esté exenta de controlconstitucional.En este artículo, el autor realiza un notable análisis acerca de la constitucionalización del Derecho Mercantil, haciendo un recorrido por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional que, aplicando principios y derechos fundamentales, ha influido en la aplicación de las normas mercantiles en nuestro país.
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Linarelli, John. "Commercial law and commercial codes : philosophical and economic approaches." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429199.

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Al-Subaihi, Abdulrahman A. I. "International commercial arbitration in Islamic law, Saudi law and the model law." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497341.

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Ruslan, Md Khalil. "Ḥawādith Ṭāri'a in Islamic commercial law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22609.

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In the face of the desire to re-establish the sharīca in commercial activity, study of new perspectives in fiqh is a crucial part of modern Islamic legal thought. This study deals with hawādith tāri'a, one of the new legal terms in fiqh which is concerned with the status of a contract in commercial transactions. Despite the fact that hawādith tāri'a is usually considered in Western sources as coming under the law of contract, this study is confined to the Islamic legal category of commercial transactions. Therefore, this study begins by considering the law of contract and its connection with the Book of Sales. As a theory in contemporary Islamic legal circles, hawādith tāri'a addresses exceptional circumstances in commercial contracts which render the performance of the contractual obligation onerous. This study is concerned with understanding the sources of the theory, particularly the hadīths of the Prophet (peace the upon him) dealing with wadc al-jawā'ih, where the foundation of the theory can be seen to have its origins. The significance of wadc al-jawā'ih, a classical doctrine regarding calamities that occur to crops after the completion of a sales contract, is examined at length, together with the classical legal texts on the sale of fruit before its ripeness is evident (bayc al-thimār qabla an yabduwa salāhuhā). Also, the doctrine of cudhr, which concerns being excused in the performance of contractual liability in hiring and leasing, is studied. From all of the above, the classical underpinnings of the concepts of hawādith tāri'a become abundant evident.
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Nghishitende, Kaulikalelwa N. "Competition law : the legal precedent of the Wal-Mart case on competition law development in Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12891.

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This dissertation paper is based on the decision of the Wal-Mart cases in respect to competition law, mergers and acquisition in Namibia. Owing to the fact that Namibian law is mostly derived from South African law, the exploration and analysis will be based on both Wal-Mart cases in Namibia and South Africa in respect of the subject matter with specific particularity on the significance of the court’s judgment to competition law development in Namibia. The paper will also contain an exposition of the High Court and Supreme Court’s judgment in Namibia as well as the judgment of the South African Court on the same subject respectively. This is aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of the approaches taken by the two courts with respect to mergers and also to derive guidelines from the interpretation of the court in South Africa owing to the fact that the court in South Africa has successfully and efficiently dealt with the same issues many times compared to the Namibian courts. The guidelines that will be looked at will be based on how the courts in Namibia and South Africa have applied and interpreted the provisions within the Act pertaining to statutory granting or refusal of mergers in the sphere of competition law with specific reference to the question of public interest. An analysis on the respective judgments will be provided.
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Soepboer, Mick. "Libertarian views on intellectual property law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4557.

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During the elections for the European Parliament in June 2009, an unknown party in Sweden turned out to be very successful. The Pirate Party, campaigning for patents to be scrapped and copyright to last just five years instead of 70, received 7% of the votes in the Scandinavian country, giving the party the right to a seat in the Parliament in Brussels. These modern day pirates are most successful in Sweden, but similar parties exist in the United States and a number of European countries as well. In modern society, copyrights, patents, and other forms of intellectual property play a bigger role in normal life than they did one or two decades ago. This development makes people more aware of all the effects of intellectual property theory and policy cause. It also brings up the discussion concerning whether the original goals of the policies are still being pursued properly. Is the chosen path in IP law still a valid one in this digital age or is it time to rethink the structure?
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Joulie, Anne-Hortense. "Commercial transactions on the internet." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27455.

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This study explores selected issues in the legal environment created by domestic and international electronic contracting practices on the Internet within the United States and international jurisdictions: questions regarding the formation of the contract through the Internet, the enforceability of such a contract (contractual writing requirements, legally binding signatures), the contents of the contract, the ways to prove the electronic contract, the applicable law and the competent court, and finally, the best ways to settle disputes arising from electronic contracts are considered. We examine to what extent contract law, and in particular article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), provides a satisfactory legal ground for the Internet, and how the various model trading partner agreements or the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's Draft Model Statutory Provisions (UNCITRAL DMSP) deal with legal contract issues. We attempt to show that contracts in Cyberspace do not require any substantial reform but only some changes and adaptations to existing law, since when the policy considerations that underlie an existing rule still make sense as applied to Cyberspace, a completely new rule is not worth having. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Gouesse, Emmanuel. "Responsibility in international law for commercial space activities." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31160.

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Space activities are increasingly undertaken by private companies. Space law, however, was mainly developed in the beginning of the space age, at a time where space activities were predominantly state activities. The rules that developed were thus focusing on the duties of states and concerned private entities only through the intermediary of states.
This thesis explores the applicable principles of space law and of the international law of responsibility. Taking into account the recent practice of private companies engaged in space business, the work also focuses both on its impact on the responsibility and liability regime as well as on the legal efficiency of the links between private entities and states.
In conclusion, the thesis makes several recommendations to improve the responsibility regime for space activities.
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Chang, Mann-Long. "Harmonisation of procedural law in international commercial arbitration." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9931.

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The principle of party autonomy is widely accepted in the practice of international commercial arbitration. However, it still encounters certain limitations in its applications, especially for the fact that the demands of natural justice and the public good cannot be neglected by the parties. The various states in the international system have and operate peculiar systems of mandatory rules and public policies, which tend to impart significantly on the arbitral procedure, thereby creating a situation of discordance of outcomes of arbitration in different countries. For this reason, this writer intends to examine ways by which the various procedural laws can actually be harmonised. This thesis shall therefore focus on the discordances and confusion that often arise in the interacion of the various laws that may be applicable to the arbitral process in International commercial arbitration, as well as ways of achieving a harmonisation of these laws.
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Duarte, Henriques, Енрікес Дуарте, and Энрикес Дуартэ. "Judicial practice as a source of commercial law." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/48744.

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The modern world is characterized by a variety of international economic relations. The regulation of these relations in the legal field plays an essential role from the point of view of the integrity and effectiveness of international law. Today, such a phenomenon as transnational corporations (TNCs) has become an important component of international economic relations. International law with its branch – international economic law - can serve as a solid basis for the general international legal regulation of the activities of TNCs. An important role in this process is played by the norms of international legal regulation of foreign investment.
Сучасний світ характеризується різноманітністю міжнародних економічних відносин. Регулювання цих відносин у правовому полі відіграє важливу роль з точки зору цілісності та ефективності міжнародного закону. Сьогодні таке явище, як транснаціональні корпорації (ТНК) стали важливою складовою міжнародних економічних відносин. Міжнародне право з його галуззю - міжнародним економічним правом - може слугувати як міцна основа загального міжнародно-правового регулювання діяльності Російської Федерації ТНК. Важливу роль у цьому процесі відіграють норми міжнародно-правового регулювання іноземних інвестицій.
Современный мир характеризуется разнообразием международных экономических отношений. Регулирование этих отношений в правовом поле играет важную роль с точки зрения целостности и эффективности международного закона. Сегодня такое явление, как транснациональные корпорации (ТНК) стали важной составляющей международных экономических отношений. Международное право в его отраслью - международным экономическим правом - может служить как прочная основа общего международно-правового регулирования деятельности Российской Федерации ТНК. Важную роль в этом процессе играют нормы международно-правового регулирования иностранных инвестиций.
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Books on the topic "Commercial law"

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Whitman, Douglas. Commercial law. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Goode, Royston Miles. Commercial law. 3rd ed. London: LexisNexis, 2004.

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Bradgate, Robert. Commercial law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Bradgate, Robert. Commercial law. 3rd ed. London: Blackstone, 1996.

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Painter, Desmond. Commercial Law. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5.

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Dobson, A. P. Commercial law. London: Cavendish Publishing, 1994.

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J, Nagel C., ed. Commercial law. 2nd ed. Durban: Butterworths, 2000.

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Jordan, Robert L. Commercial law. 4th ed. Westbury, N.Y: Foundation Press, 1997.

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Fidelma, White, ed. Commercial law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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D, Walt Steven, and Jordan Robert L. 1928-, eds. Commercial law. 6th ed. New York: Thomson/West, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Commercial law"

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Park, Chanho. "Commercial Law." In Introduction to Korean Law, 187–214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31689-0_6.

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Dzwig, Sophia. "Commercial Law." In Life as a Junior Barrister, 104–16. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003111597-9.

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Bauman, Richard W. "Commercial Law." In Critical Legal Studies, 135–38. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429044793-18.

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Dong, Xiaobo, and Yafang Zhang. "Commercial Law." In On Contemporary Chinese Legal System, 217–38. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2505-6_10.

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Painter, Desmond. "Introduction." In Commercial Law, 3–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5_1.

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Painter, Desmond. "Summary of Case-study Contents." In Commercial Law, 7–8. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5_2.

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Painter, Desmond. "Summary of Legal Topics." In Commercial Law, 9–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5_3.

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Painter, Desmond. "Case Studies." In Commercial Law, 16–114. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5_4.

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Painter, Desmond. "Introduction to the Notes." In Commercial Law, 116. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5_5.

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Painter, Desmond. "Notes on each case study." In Commercial Law, 117–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09263-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Commercial law"

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Mal'ceva, T. V., and T. V. Konoplyannikova. "Features of commercial risk insurance." In Scientific Trends: Law. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-20-12-2019-01.

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Akinin, Artem. "Commercial (entrepreneurial) and private international law (comparative law study)." In Actual problems of jurisprudence 2022. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02089-0/013-018.

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The article deals with the subject, system and sources of trade (entrepreneurial) law in the aspect of the international space. The author of the article notes a significant practical connection between international business and international private law, names their main features as a dispositive method of legal regulation, independence and equality of subjects of civil legal relations, the presence of corresponding rights and obligations among the subjects of such relations, a pronounced property nature of the civil liability of subjects.
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Dempsey, Paul Stephen. "U.S. Law Governing Commercial Space Launches." In 57th International Astronautical Congress. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-06-e6.1.13.

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Nam, Bui Sy. "Criminal Liability of Commercial Legal Entity in Vietnamese Law." In XIV European-Asian Congress "The value of law" (EAC-LAW 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.010.

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Ritter, Jeffrey B. "Global law for commercial digital products: work in progress at the United Nations and in United States commercial law." In Photonics East '95, edited by Viktor E. Hampel, Clifford B. Neuman, and John P. Barlow. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.232259.

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Serik, M. A. "Legal aspects of regulation of the activities of commercial organizations Republic of Kazakhstan." In Scientific Trends: Law. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-20-05-2019-12.

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Kozuka, Souichirou. "Private Law Rules for the Commercial Activities in..." In 56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-05-e6.4.01.

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Guerreiro, Miguel. "CNG for Commercial, Law Enforcement and Recreational Boats." In ASME/USCG 2017 4th Workshop on Marine Technology and Standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mts2017-0402.

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CNG has significant environmental and economic advantages as a marine fuel in commercial applications as well as law enforcement and recreational use. This paper covers the current technical and business aspects of the current deployment of CNG marine systems for boat propulsion, on-board power generation, fueling operation and the practical considerations that make it all possible today for the different use of boats. The technology and its benefits are reviewed and measurements from existing CNG hybrid boats currently in operation are analyzed. Paper published with permission.
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McIntosh, A. M. "Protection of commercial data and national law enforcement." In IEE Colloquium on Information Security - Is It Safe? IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19960891.

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Babaev, Rafael', and Emin Babaev. "CRIMINALLY-LEGAL CHARACTERISTIC BRIBERY AND COMERCIAL BRIBERY." In Law and law: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02033-3/179-193.

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The article is based on legislative acts and literary sources on the problems of corruption activity and provides a criminal-legal characteristic and social-legal assessment of bribery and commercial bribery. The author points out the shortcomings of the criminal law norms regulating bribery and commercial bribery under the current criminal code of the Russian Federation. The author’s definition of the concept criminal-legal characteristics of receiving a bribe and commercial bribery is given.
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Reports on the topic "Commercial law"

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Bertlin, Julian. Climate & environment assessment. Business case: Commercial Law and Justice Programme (CLJP). Evidence on Demand, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd.nov2013.bertlin.

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Li, Richard. Syndicated finance for a gas-fired power plant in Edo State, Nigeria. LegalOne Global Limited, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.62436/a-1644575966206.

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The UAE has implemented a new Commercial Companies Law, effective from January 2, 2022. The law focuses on foreign investment, allowing 100% foreign ownership for certain businesses, leading to increased M&A activity and foreign investment. It introduces Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) and Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) to facilitate transactions. Changes in corporate governance affect Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) and Public Joint Stock Companies (PJSCs). Companies have until January 2, 2023, to comply with the new law. It is important to update Memorandum of Association accordingly to adhere to the requirements.
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Konijnenburg, Jan. Certification Approaches for Weigh-In-Motion Systems in Law Enforcement Applications. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.2200-05.

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Every day, overweight and excessively heavy vehicles cause damage to roads, bridges, and other vehicle-based infrastructure. To protect the vital transportation infrastructure for the U.S., states have imposed weight limits for commercial and fleet transport vehicles. A common way for enforcing these weight limits is to guide trucks off the road to weigh stations where the vehicles can be weighed using static truck scales. A disadvantage of these dedicated weigh stations is that they take up a substantial amount of space (which is not always available) and time to conduct weighments, as well as cause delays to traffic flow that may impede commerce based on truck transport. A solution to these problems is the use of high-speed weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems that are installed in the road and weigh vehicles as they pass by while maintaining their speed. For jurisdictions to effectively use a WIM system for direct enforcement of weight limits, the system must be evaluated against a recognized standard to establish suitability for its intended application. The vast majority of weighing instruments used for legal metrology purposes (including law enforcement) need to comply with the requirements in NIST Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. However, the NIST Handbook 44 does not (yet) cover WIM systems for direct enforcement. Although state and local jurisdictions use NIST Handbook 44 to certify legal metrological instruments, it does not exclude jurisdictions from using additional technical standards to certify certain instruments. New York City recently certified a WIM system to protect a critical section of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) by designating it as a pilot project while efforts were made to amend NIST Handbook 44 to include WIM systems for direct enforcement. This publication discusses the main characteristics of WIM systems and how they can be used for direct enforcement. An overview of several alternative documentary standards that can be applied for certification of WIM systems is also provided, with further explanation regarding how the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) implemented the certification of the WIM system to begin issuing citations to overweight vehicles in an effort to protect the BQE.
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Hall, Wiley A., Robert L. Gladhill, Jeffrey Horlick, and Harvey W. Berger. Commercial products LAP handbook :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3171.

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Quinn, G. J. Managing commercial low-level radioactive waste beyond 1992: Transportation planning for a LLW disposal facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/183911.

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Garcia, R. S. Commercial low-level radioactive waste transportation safety history. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/183859.

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Fricke, Brian A., Vishaldeep Sharma, and Omar Abdelaziz. Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants for Commercial Refrigeration Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1376485.

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Kusiak, Chris, Mark D. Bowman, and Arun Prakash. Legal and Permit Loads Evaluation for Indiana Bridges. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317267.

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According to federal law, routine commercial vehicles must adhere to certain limits on their load configuration in order to operate legally on interstate highways. However, states may allow for heavier or different load configurations provided that bridges on the state and county highway system are load rated and, if necessary, posted with vehicles that appropriately represent these loads. The state of Indiana allows several classes of vehicles to operate with loads that exceed federal limits, and, presently, several LFD design loads are used to represent these exceptions as state legal loads. This study evaluates the MBE rating loads for their ability to encompass Indiana’s exception vehicles and recommends a set of state rating loads which can replace the current state legal loads and, combined with the MBE rating loads, satisfactorily encompass the load effects due to these exceptions. Comparing moment and shear envelopes on a representative set of bridges, the MBE rating vehicles were found to be insufficient for representing Indiana’s exception vehicles. Three new rating loads are proposed which encompass the exception vehicles efficiently and represent realistic legal loads. Conversely, acceptable HS-20 rating factors are also provided as an alternative to the adoption of these new vehicles. These rating factors, all 1.0 or greater, can ensure a similar level of safety by requiring a specific amount of excess capacity for the HS-20 design load.
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Quinn, G. J., O. F. II Brown, and R. S. Garcia. Commercial low-level radioactive waste transportation liability and radiological risk. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/183851.

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Deschenes, Timothy R., Jonathan Grot, Nevzat Guler, Jason Quenneville, and Willy Unterkoefler. COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE FOR LOW PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS LEVERAGEING DOE TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1559105.

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