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Orji, Uchenna Jerome. "Law and Practice of Conciliation in Nigeria." Journal of African Law 56, no. 1 (February 13, 2012): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855311000246.
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AbstractThis article gives a general overview of an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism known as “conciliation” and the legal framework relating to its practice in Nigeria. Using the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation as a normative framework, the article critically analyses the proposed reforms to the existing legal framework for conciliation in Nigeria which are contained in the Nigerian Federal Arbitration and Conciliation Draft Bill and exposes some of its deficiencies. It also investigates the effect of the statutes of limitation on conciliation proceedings. The article also suggests that the institutionalization of conciliation will enhance its viability as an ADR mechanism in Nigeria.
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Amucheazi, Chibike, and Joshua Olewu. "Consumer Dissatisfaction in E-commerce Transactions: Protecting the Nigerian Consumers." Business Law Review 44, Issue 3 (June 1, 2023): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2023014.
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Information Communication Technology (ICT) has had a significant impact on modern trade and commerce in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the impact of digitization and digital technology on commercial transactions has exposed consumers in Nigeria to a variety of issues, most notably consumer dissatisfaction. The phrase ‘what you ordered versus what you got’ has become popular as a result of unfair business practices and phoney advertising. Despite this, the efficacy of existing laws to safeguard consumers in Nigerian e-commerce transactions has now been called into question, as they continue to be subjected to unfair trade practices and deceptive advertising with limited legal recourse. As a result, this paper analyses the existing legislation in Nigeria that safeguards consumers’ rights and interests in e-commerce transactions. To achieve this aim, this paper adopts the doctrinal research methodology and finds that the extant laws for the protection of consumers in e-commerce transactions in Nigeria are outdated and not adequate to prevent exploitation and unfair trade practices. Consequently, it argues that there is an urgent need for the amendment of the existing laws to protect the rights of consumers in e-commerce transactions. E-commerce, consumer satisfaction, consumer protection law, Nigerian laws, consumer dissatisfaction, commercial law
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Ufot, Dorothy. "The Influence of the New York Convention on the Development of International Arbitration in Nigeria." Journal of International Arbitration 25, Issue 6 (December 1, 2008): 821–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2008064.
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Nigeria acceded to the New York Convention on March 17, 1970, adopting both the commercial and reciprocal reservations. Ever since, the Convention has influenced the development of arbitration as a mechanism for resolving international commercial disputes in Nigeria, with the implementation of the Convention by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1988. Specifically, Sections 51 and 52 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act are in pari materia with Articles IV and V of the New York Convention on the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards and the grounds for the refusal of recognition and enforcement of awards. This article discusses how Nigerian courts have interpreted Article V of the New York Convention and Section 52 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, in relation to the issues of validity, capacity, procedural due process, arbitrability and public policy, when confronted with applications to deny recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. The article concludes that although there is generally a “pro-enforcement bias,” by Nigerian courts, in line with global practice, nonetheless, recognition and enforcement may be refused in circumstances relating to the issues which arise under Article V of the New York Convention.
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Nnona, Chukwuemeka G. "Group Interests in Nigeria’s Companies and Allied Matters Act: a History of Subterranean Regulatory Capture." African Journal of Legal Studies 11, no. 2-3 (September 16, 2018): 201–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340033.
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AbstractThis article explores regulatory capture of aspects of company and securities law and the related law-making process by interest groups within Nigeria’s commercial and bureaucratic classes. Using several examples, the paper draws out the reach and character of these interests. The paper’s central argument is that the presence and reach of such group interests in Nigerian company law-making have hitherto been masked by the standard stylized rhetoric and presentation of company law and company law-making in Nigeria as formal, scripted affairs, but acknowledging these interests and delineating their contours conduce to their prophylaxis in law-making as well as their treatment in company law adjudication.
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Iheme, Williams C., and Sanford U. Mba. "Towards Reforming Nigeria's Secured Transactions Law: The Central Bank of Nigeria's Attempt through the Back Door." Journal of African Law 61, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855317000043.
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AbstractIn response to the inability of micro, small and medium scale enterprises (MSMEs) to access credit to finance their business operations, the governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria passed the Central Bank of Nigeria (Registration of Security Interests in Movable Property by Banks and Other Financial Institutions in Nigeria) Regulations, No 1, 2015. The purport of this regulation is, among other things, to ensure that MSMEs can use items of personal property to create security. This article critically examines the regulation in the light of the building blocks of article 9 of the US Uniform Commercial Code, which is not only a paradigmatic piece of legislation but appears to be the model on which the Nigerian regulation is based. This critical examination leads the authors to conclude that, although the regulation represents the first steps to reform, much more remains to be done to ensure effectiveness.
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Torgbor, E. "Commercial Arbitration Law and Practice in Nigeria, by Paul Oboarenegbe Idornigie." Arbitration International 32, no. 2 (October 28, 2015): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiv065.
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Babalola, Afe, and Clement C. Chigbo. "Recent Developments in the Nigerian Company Law." ABUAD Private and Business Law Journal 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/apblj.2018.0201.01-j.
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One of the various modes of doing business is to form a registered company. Prospective business persons and entrepreneurs who are desirous of pursuing commercial ventures in Nigeria would be forming companies limited by shares (that is a company where the liability of the shareholders for the debts of the company is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares). There are other types of company and business entities that can be registered in Nigeria (e.g. the company limited by guarantee and trust companies etc.). The contribution of the Company Law of Nigeria to orderly regulate business and economic affairs need not be overemphasized. The earliest known piece of company legislation of significance in Nigeria was the Company Act of 1912 which at first applied only to the colony of Lagos. It was later extended to the whole of the country. Plainly, students and practitioners will wish to know something of the ways in which the company law of tomorrow is likely to develop if the reforms which are now being planned or proposed receive the blessing of the present government. Thus it has been necessary to discuss some of the innovative changes being proposed in the anticipated Amendment to our Company Legislation. It became apparent that the entire Nigerian corporate landscape was heavily hamstrung by several provisions in the CAMA 2004 which have been described as impeding modern business practices in the light of national and global reforms. It has therefore been determined that the provisions of the current Act are not in tandem with global trends and that same requires extensive amendments to make the Act more contemporary and relevant. This commentary discusses/examines some of these amendments in context.
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Ugwuokpe, Kenneth. "Limitation Period for Enforcing Arbitral Awards in Nigeria: A Case of Justice Without Remedy." Journal of International Arbitration 40, Issue 3 (June 1, 2023): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2023015.
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In Murmansk State Steamship Line v. Kano Oil Millers Ltd, City Engineering Nigeria Ltd v. Federal Housing Authority and Tulip Nigeria Ltd v. Noleggioe Transport Maritime SAS, the Supreme Court of Nigeria held that the limitation period for enforcing arbitral awards runs from when the cause of action for arbitration arose and not when the awards were made, unless they contain Scott v. Avery clauses. The purpose of this article is to analyse if and to what extent such decisions constitute denial of access to justice against arbitral award creditors. Arbitration, international commercial arbitration, arbitral awards, enforcement of arbitral awards, limitation period, computation of time, Nigeria, Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1988, Supreme Court of Nigeria, access to justice
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Gogo, George Otuturu. "Some aspects of the law and practice of commercial arbitration in Nigeria." Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution 6, no. 4 (August 31, 2014): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jlcr2014.0184.
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Adetoro, David Oluwadare. "Highlights of Nigeria’s Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018: An Overview." Business Law Review 42, Issue 6 (December 1, 2021): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2021041.
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The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018 (FCCPA) was eventually signed into law in April 2019 and same is to be known as the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act. The Act repealed the Consumer Protection Act, Cap. 25, laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2014 and established the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) and the Competition and Consumer Protection Tribunal for the development and promotion of fair, efficient and competitive markets in the Nigerian economy. This prized enactment came after a painstaking drafting process, which was saddled with many drafts, seminars, debates, and ‘behind-the-scenes maneuvers’. It remains to be seen whether it is now respite to the consumers or yet another regulatory hype. (There are yet to be any real judicial proceedings in this matter save for some administrative measures that have been taken in recent times.) Consumer Protection, competition law, Nigeria, commercial transactions, Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act.
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Eyongndi, David, and Faith N. Opara. "Arbitrating During and Post Covid-19: Nigeria and the Imperativeness of Adopting a Legal Framework on Third-Party Funding." Strathmore Law Journal 6, no. 1 (November 17, 2022): 181–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v6i1.127.
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The advent of Covid-19 has led to the inability of parties fulfilling their commercial and contractual obligations. This inability has led to disputes and has negatively affected the financial fortune of many persons and businesses so that they may not afford or solely bear the cost of funding arbitration. To ensure that parties’ intention to arbitrate their disputes is not frustrated, Third-party funding (TPF), an acceptable practice in jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom (UK), Singapore, and Hong Kong, is a possible solution. Unfortunately, TPF is unknown to Nigerian law as it offends the common law doctrines of champerty and maintenance. This article, through a doctrinal methodology, examines the legislative effort towards institutionalising TPF in Nigeria and the ethical concerns advanced against it. The article argues that these concerns are more imaginary than real. Hence, they ought not to deter the adoption of TPF in Nigeria for intra- and post-Covid-19 funding of arbitration. It discusses the practice of TPF in the UK, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Ghana, and France in which these ethical concerns have been dealt with and draws lessons for Nigeria.
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Iheme, Williams Chima. "The Defects of Nigeria’s Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act 2017 and Their Potential Repercussions on Access to Credit: a Comparative Analysis and Lessons from the Anglo-American Law." Comparative Law Review 27 (December 22, 2021): 9–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/clr.2021.001.
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It has been sufficiently established in law and finance literature that an effective legal framework that governs non-possessory security transactions is a key component in the realization of financial inclusion and affordable access to credit in market economies. Recently, the Nigerian lawmakers enacted the Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act 2017 (STMA), which was modelled after the United States’ Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC Article 9) and its unitary-functional approach to security interests. Arguably, some of the STMA’s provisions are defective: they do not reflect the local conditions in Nigeria and are likely to frustrate its section 1 aim of broadening access to credit for individuals and small businesses. The STMA recognizes registration as the main method of perfection: yet there are multiple but unlinked movable collateral registries in Nigeria which ultimately constitute a breeding ground for secret liens. This article argues that the relegation of other perfection methods, such as ‘possession’ and ‘control’, will diminish the economic success of the reformed law. It calls for a reconsideration of the rules governing publicity and the perfection of security interests under the STMA with insights and lessons from the UCC Article 9 and its underlying case law.
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E. Nwafor, Ifeoma. "The Effectiveness of Blockchain Smart Contracts in Reshaping the Business Landscape in Nigeria." Business Law Review 42, Issue 4 (August 1, 2021): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2021027.
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The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had, and continues to have, a stark economic impact/aftermath on all sectors of life, particularly the health and business sector. Businesses across the globe were compelled to shut down and drastically reduce operations. The impact of commercial transactions coming to a halt resulted in changes that have affected commercial transactions and consumer behaviour. Reported sharp declines in businesses across the globe are unprecedented. At challenging times like this, information technology can come to the rescue to shape world trade and the future economy. Technological mechanisms, such as blockchain smart contracts, can be implemented to avoid economic uncertainty since physical contacts in contract formation and execution are almost impossible during a pandemic. Smart contracts are automation applications that run on blockchain platforms to digitally accelerate the authentication, control, or performance of contract agreements. It is faster, cheaper, accurate and provides a secure environment in multiple fields, from financial services, healthcare, voting and energy resources. This article adopts a doctrinal approach. It highlights the role and convergence of technology, law and commercial transactions under COVID-19 and beyond. It explores the benefits of smart contracts and canvasses for legal measures to regulate/supervise blockchain technology in Nigeria effectively. The Google Android case, digital markets, Turkish competition law, Russian competition law, Indian competition law
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Okonmah, Patrick D. "Right to a clean environment: the case for the people of oil-producing communities in the Nigerian delta." Journal of African Law 41, no. 1 (1997): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300009979.
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Commercial exploration and exploitation of Nigeria's petroleum resources began in 1956 when large deposits of hydrocarbon were discovered at Oloibiri in the present Rivers State of Nigeria. Since the delivery of the first consignment of crude oil to Europe in 1958, activities in Nigeria's oil industry have witnessed a dramatic increase. As the sixth largest producer in OPEC, Nigeria contributes nearly two million barrels of crude petroleum to the global oil market. Petrodollars from the sale of crude oil in the last four decades have brought a phenomenal change in the country's economy. Ironically, the oil industry, which has brought development to many parts of Nigeria, has become a source of misery to the people of oil-producing communities whose existence is now threatened by the scourge of oil pollution.
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Bello, Sunday, Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun, and Modupeola Adeolu-Akande. "Financial inclusion and gender-induced poverty in Nigeria." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 8 (January 1, 2022): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i8.1522.
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The goal of this study was to see how financial inclusion affects gender-based poverty in Nigeria. Commercial bank branches, deposits, and borrowers were the proxy for financial inclusion. The poverty index was used to measure poverty reduction. The World Development Indicator (WDI) and the CBN Statistical Bulletin 2021 provided the data for this study. Finally, the study included the years 2002 to 2019. Financial inclusion reduces household poverty in Nigeria, according to the study, which used a VAR estimate. The coefficients of commercial bank branches and commercial bank deposits were (-0.004) and (-0.008), respectively, indicating that they had a negative influence on poverty reduction. Furthermore, the study discovered that having access to credit through a financial institution was crucial in lowering poverty in Nigeria over the study period. As a result, the report recommends that steps to promote the rule of law, particularly contract enforcement and financial regulatory inspection, be implemented, resulting in more financial inclusion and a reduction in poverty and income gaps, particularly between men and women. The benefits of financial inclusion must be made more widely known, particularly in rural regions, through promoting financial literacy among the poor through education, advertising, and traditional institutions.
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Ikeyi, Nduka, and Ofornze Amucheazi. "Applicability of Nigeria's Arbitration and Conciliation Act: Which Field Does the Act Cover?" Journal of African Law 57, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855313000016.
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AbstractIn 1988, Nigeria's Federal Military Government promulgated the Arbitration and Conciliation Decree (now the Arbitration and Conciliation Act) to provide a unified legal framework for commercial arbitration throughout Nigeria. At the time of the decree's promulgation, the Federal Military Government had unlimited competence to legislate over any matter in, and for all parts of, Nigeria. However, under Nigeria's current constitutional democracy and federal structure of government, legislative powers are shared between the Federal Government and the respective state governments. This article investigates the constitutionality of the continued application of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act as federal legislation with application in all states of the federation.
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DALY, SAMUEL FURY CHILDS. "THE SURVIVAL CON: FRAUD AND FORGERY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BIAFRA, 1967–70." Journal of African History 58, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000347.
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AbstractOver the course of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70), many people in the secessionist Republic of Biafra resorted to forgery, confidence scams, and other forms of fraud to survive the dire conditions created by Nigeria's blockade. Forgery of passes and other documents, fraudulent commercial transactions, and elaborate schemes involving impersonation and racketeering became common in Biafra, intensifying as the Biafran government's ability to enforce the law diminished. Using long-neglected legal records from Biafra's courts and tribunals, this study traces the process by which deception emerged as a practice of survival in wartime Biafra – a process with important implications for the growth of fraud (known as ‘419’ after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code) in reintegrated postwar Nigeria.
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Babajide, Abisoye, and Miguel Centeno Brito. "Powering the Commercial Sector in Nigeria Using Urban Swarm Solar Electrification." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 4053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104053.
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The commercial sector in Nigeria has been greatly hampered due to the poor availability of reliable electricity. In a 2014 World Bank report, nearly half of the firms doing business in Nigeria identified electricity as a major constraint, with over a quarter of them listing electricity as their biggest obstacle. The business losses due to electrical outages have been significant, with losses averaging about 16% of annual sales. The lack of access to reliable electricity is one of the biggest challenges to economic growth in Nigeria. This paper proposes a means of powering the commercial sector in Nigeria using urban swarm electrification. It outlines a conceptual framework for using a distributed network made up of grid-connected home solar PV systems as a viable option for providing the commercial sector with more reliable access to electricity. It further addresses the policy implications for the commercial sector with the enablement of more electrification options, implications that include strong economic impact, as well as the expansion and creation of new industries.
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Oger-Gross, Elizabeth, and Charles Nairac. "Commercial Arbitration Law and Practice in Nigeria through the Cases, by Adedoyin Rhodes-Vivour." Arbitration International 33, no. 3 (April 27, 2017): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aix007.
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Inuwa, Nasiru, Abdullahi Mohammed Jikan-Jatum, and Dr Hassana Yahya Bello. "Motorcycles Health and Traffic Safety: Evidence from Commercial Motorcyclists in Gombe State, Nigeria." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i5.1101.
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<p>Although commercial motorcyclists are gaining acceptance by all and sundry as a means of public transport which are adapted to the contemporary Nigerian society. However, expose to all hazards including accidents are further worsened by the lack of proper knowledge on road safety measures of the commercial motorcycle riders. Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of a commercial motorcycle on health and traffic safety in Gombe metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria. The study was carried out in Gombe Metropolis with using the random sampling technique to select 500 motorcyclists sample size. The data generated were analyzed using simple percentages. The study finds that most of the motorcycles accidents were caused by reckless riding, drug abuse and disregard to traffic rules. Similarly, the study finds that Tricycles are the most important factor causing motorcycle accidents in Gombe metropolis. Furthermore, the study finds that most of the respondents suffer from at least one health challenge as a result of their continuous use of the motorcycle. The study therefore recommends that government and other relevant agencies should be equipped with materials and human resources to embark on regular and massive breath testing of motorcyclists to detect riders who ride under the influence of drugs. This can be achieved through identifying the Drunken riders and make them face the wrath of the law.</p>
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Ikeyi, Nduka, and Emmanuel Onyeabor. "Ravelli v. Digitsteel Integrated Services Ltd.: Does the Arbitration and Conciliation Act Preclude the Arbitration of Employment Disputes in Nigeria?" Journal of International Arbitration 37, Issue 4 (July 1, 2020): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2020024.
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The long title of Nigeria’s Arbitration Act describes the Act as ‘a unified framework for the fair and efficient settlement of commercial disputes by arbitration’. Section 57(1) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA) does not include the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NIC or ‘the court’) in its definition of ‘court’. (The NIC is a specialized High Court with exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine labour and employment disputes.) Relying on the provisions of section 57(1) of the ACA, the NIC in Ravelli v. Digitsteel Integrated Services Ltd. recently held that it is not enabled to apply the ACA, and further that the ACA does not apply to employment disputes. Accordingly, the NIC refused to assist the applicant to give effect to an arbitration agreement contained in an employment contract. This case comment reviews the decision in the Ravelli case and contends that, based upon a different rationale, the NIC might have taken jurisdiction to consider, and perhaps grant, the application. Arbitration, employment dispute, trade dispute, Arbitration and Conciliation Act, Trade Disputes Act, National Industrial Court of Nigeria, jurisdiction, employment contract, arbitration agreement, Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
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Nwabuzor, Emmanuel O. "Real Property Security Interests in Nigeria: Constraints of the Land Use Act." Journal of African Law 38, no. 1 (1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011426.
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The modern idea of secured transactions is based on the notion of economic efficiency, which implies the minimization of transaction costs while ensuring optimal returns. The efficiency theory posits that unclear definitions and unprotected allocation of property rights inhibit the production of wealth, because they raise the transaction costs of land and impede exchange. The more precisely property rights are stated and assigned, the lower the cost of establishing ownership, and the extent of one's interest in any given piece of land.1 Proceeding from the efficiency theory, contemporary commercial practice is not willing to accommodate the ancient, unnecessarily complicated system of conveyancing, which makes the taking of security in real property expensive. Thus, an efficient regime of secured transactions should be simple, fast, cheap and predictable.
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Nwabulu, Charles, and Oluwatobi Olakanye. "Assessing the Legal Regime for the Taxation of E-commerce and Social Media Organizations in Nigeria." Business Law Review 43, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2022030.
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E-commerce and social media have emerged because of the Internet’s development. Business transactions are concluded through it between persons from all over the world who may never meet in person throughout their lives. Flowing from modern trends, a significant number of transactions are completed online on digital platforms and social media. As Nigeria continues to grow and transform in the information and computer technology space, its laws are yet to match the pace of this transition fully. While Nigerians continue to benefit from this development, the profits from online commercial transactions have not been fully captured in Nigeria’s tax bracket. There is no doubt that fully harnessing the taxation of e-commerce and social media companies would boost the revenue and contribute to the development of Nigeria. This article examines how e-commerce and social media were taxed before the enactment of the Finance Act 2020 and how the Act has brought e-commerce into the Nigerian tax net. This article will also attempt to highlight the experience from other jurisdictions in the taxation of social media and e-commerce, noting the lessons that Nigeria can gain from them. Finally, this article will recommend steps for achieving a fair implementation of the law on the subject. Taxation, social media, e-commerce, Significant Economic Presence, Revenue, Double Tax Treaty, Digital Services, Non-Resident Companies, Technology, Globalization
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Ben Uche, Dickson, Jane Nwakaego Anene, and Emezue Leonard Nnabugwu. "Effect of Distribution Channel Strategies on the Performance of Banks." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 2 (April 4, 2022): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku732.
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Effective distribution channel strategy selection, application, and management does not only help to meet the shopping needs and habits of the target customers efficiently under the cost restraints of the seller; they must also lessen the drawbacks caused by distribution channel conflicts such as double downgrading. This study evaluated the effect of distribution channel strategies on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. The objective of the study specifically was to identify the distribution channel strategies adopted by commercial banks in Nigeria and to determine the effect of the distribution channel strategies adopted on the performance of the bank. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was 43 management staff of five commercial banks operating in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the tool for data collection. The data was analyzed and presented using percentages, mean and standard deviation. The study found that the branch network, electronic banking and multiple distributions were used by the banks. Marketing strategies being employed by the banks were aggressive marketing, mass marketing and value marketing, the study further found that the adopted distribution channel strategies have a significant effect on the performance of the banks. It was recommended among other things that; commercial banks should adopt those marketing distribution strategies that ensure the performance of the bank is improved and do away with those which adds costs so that the banks can compete effectively with the others and that they should embrace the concept whole heartedly by adopting electronic banking as already the battle for the banks is technology usage which should be one which offers customers more features.
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Onyekwere, Sixtus Cyprian, and Nafisah I. Babangida. "Board Diversity and Firm Performance: Panel Data Evidence from 12 Selected Commercial Banks in Nigeria." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 1 (November 27, 2021): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku587.
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Motivated by the continuous but inconclusive and ambiguous evidence on the relationship between board diversity and financial performance, this study aimed at providing new evidence that will enhance the state of knowledge by establishing if board diversity affects the financial performance of listed Banking institutions in Nigeria. The key dependent variables of interest were Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) and the independent variables of interest were board gender diversity and board independence. The study sampled 12 listed banks from the Nigerian stock exchange and relied on secondary data from the Bloomberg database and the annual reports of the banking institutions. Panel data methodology was used to analyse the data for the period under review (2015-2019). The results of the study indicated that board gender diversity has a significant positive impact on both ROA and ROE of the banking institutions. Conversely, the findings of the study indicated that board independence has a significant negative impact on both ROA and ROE of banking institutions. The findings of this study are related to Agency and Resource dependence theories and will contribute to meaningful policy reforms that can improve corporate governance, especially in the banking industry. The results of the study strongly recommend the need to increase the number of female directors on the boards of banking institutions. The study further recommends ways in which the contributions of both female and independent directors can be promoted in other to benefit from their presence on the board.
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Onibokun, Adedotun, and Bankole Sodipo. "An evaluation of third-party funding in commercial arbitration." Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 15, no. 1 (May 22, 2024): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v15i1.9.
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Arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism aims to advance access to justice in accordance with Goal 16 of the United Nations Substantiable Development Goals (SDGs). One key issue in arbitration law and practice is the role of third-party funders in fundraising for the arbitration or even litigation process. Third Party Funding (TPF) has grown as a practice of financial responsibility for litigation or arbitration by sponsors that are not parties to a dispute, but whose interest is return for their investment. Such an arrangement may cover major litigation or arbitration costs, as well as other miscellaneous costs. The practice contradicts well established legal principles such as privity of contract and/or complements party autonomy, but the enormous advantages it offers, such as faster access to justice and investment opportunities cannot be ignored. Whilst the concept has developed in advanced countries it is yet to take shape in developing nations like Nigeria. The methodology deployed is doctrinal with primary and secondary sources being the content of Statutes, Bills and Case law. Online sources were also relied upon for secondary sources. The study found that TPF will assist in higher fundraising for litigation and arbitration, that it applies mainly to claimants and will increase access to justice. It is recommended that funds be made available to Defendants too and that developing countries should embrace the practice.
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Yip, Man, and James Lee. "The commercialisation of equity." Legal Studies 37, no. 4 (December 2017): 647–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12167.
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This paper analyses the jurisprudence on the relevance of the commercial context to principles of the law of equity and trusts. We criticise recent UK Supreme Court decisions in the area (chiefly Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria, FHR European Ventures v Cedar Capital Partners and AIB Group v Mark Redler & Co) and identify a trend of the ‘commercialisation’ of the issues. The cases are placed in comparative context and it is argued that there is an unsatisfactory pattern of judicial reasoning, exhibiting a preference for some degree of unarticulated flexibility in commercial adjudication. But the price of that flexibility is a lack of doctrinal coherence and the development of equitable principles that will apply in, and beyond, the commercial context. We also argue that this trend has important implications for the coming rounds of Supreme Court appointments.
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Ekemode, Benjamin Gbolahan. "Impact of urban regeneration on commercial property values in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-04-2019-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of urban regeneration and renewal activities initiated by the Osun State Government in Nigeria on the rental values of commercial properties in Osogbo, the state capital between 2008, before the urban renewal programme through 2017, after the urban renewal programme had been completed. Design/methodology/approach Primary data utilised for this study were collected from all the Estate Surveying and Valuation firms involved in the formal management of commercial properties in Osogbo, Osun-State, Nigeria. Information on the types of urban infrastructure renewed and rental values of 63 commercial properties from 2008 to 2017 were obtained from the sampled estate surveying and valuation firms practicing in the study area. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test. Findings The findings showed that physical urban infrastructure such as roads, drainages, water supply and wastes disposal have been upgraded in the study area. Also, the study established that the urban regeneration programme had significant impact on the rental values of commercial properties in Osogbo, arising from the statistically significant difference (F(7, 600) = 22.264, p<0.000) between and within annual rental values of commercial properties in the study area. The annual rental values of the commercial properties also exhibited considerable variation based on the Duncan post hoc test. Practical implications The findings from this study indicate that urban regeneration programme by the Osun state Government has significantly increased the investment performance of commercial properties in the study area. Hence, while investors could achieve higher returns on investment by venturing into commercial property investment, revenue could also be generated for government through the collection of property taxes in the study area. Originality/value This study is one of the few studies that have analysed the effect of urban regeneration programme on commercial property values from the perspective of an emerging African economy, using data from Osun State, Nigeria.
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John Ayoola, Tajudeen, Omoneye Olufunke Olasanmi, Eghosa Godwin Inneh, Adebukola Olubunmi Ayoola, and Christian Ehiobuche. "Corporate governance quality, corporate life cycle and investor confidence in commercial banks: Evidence from Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 18, no. 3 (August 23, 2023): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.18(3).2023.12.
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A dominant strand of literature advances a positive association between corporate governance quality and investor confidence. However, the corporate life cycle may influence the relationship. Therefore, this study investigated the moderating role of the corporate life cycle in the association between corporate governance quality and investor confidence in the Nigerian banking industry. Corporate governance quality was proxied using a composite measure of board characteristics comprising board size, board meeting, independence, and board gender diversity, while investor confidence was proxied using the price-earnings ratio. Secondary data were obtained from the audited annual financial statements of 12 banks from 2006 to 2021. The study adopted a pooled regression model based on the results of Hausman, and the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test. The results showed that corporate governance quality positively and significantly impacted investor confidence at the introduction (coef = .318, p = 0.017) and decline (coef = 383, p = 0.011) phases of the life cycle. Banks at the introduction and decline phases of the life cycle were characterized by a narrow resource base, low profitability, and higher risky investments sufficient to attract investor confidence. The study concludes that corporate governance quality enhanced investor confidence at the introduction and decline phases of the banks’ life cycle.
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Abiola, Idowu, and Awoyemi Samuel Olausi. "The Impact of Credit Risk Management on the Commercial Banks Performance in Nigeria." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 3, no. 5 (April 1, 2014): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.5/11.5.295.306.
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Credit risk management in banks has become more important not only because of the financial crisis that the industry is experiencing currently, but also a crucial concept which determine banks’ survival, growth and profitability. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of credit risk management on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. Financial reports of seven commercial banking firms were used to analyze for seven years (2005 – 2011). The panel regression model was employed for the estimation of the model. In the model, Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Asset (ROA) were used as the performance indicators while Non-Performing Loans (NPL) and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) as credit risk management indicators. The findings revealed that credit risk management has a significant impact on the profitability of commercial banks’ in Nigeria.
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Sonde, Rotimi, B. A. Raji, and A. Eghuruamrakpo. "Effect of Monetary Penalty and Traffic Law Enforcement Agents on Drivers’ Behaviour in Ogun State, Nigeria." NIU Journal of Humanities 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.58709/niujhu.v9i1.1824.
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Fine or penalties are parts of measures in preventing accidents fatalities on Nigeria roads due to erratic driver behavior. This study thus examined the influence of monetary penalties on driver behavior in Lagos State. The study employed survey research design by purposively distributed four hundred (400) structure questionnaires to both private and commercial drivers. The results of the study showed that 76% of the respondents attested to the effectiveness of monetary penalty in changing driver behavior despite its 28% (R2= .276) statistical contribution. However, it was concluded that changing of driver attitude is not as effective when the focus is concentrated on monetary penalty only. Therefore, it was recommended that, implementation of alternative penalty measures, including fines, community service, driver’s license revocation or the utilization of combinations of two penalty options. Keywords: Penalty option, Fines, Traffic Law, Law enforcement agents
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Olujobi, Olusola Joshua, Elizabeta Smaranda Olarinde, and Tunde Ebenezer Yebisi. "The Conundrums of Illicit Crude Oil Refineries in Nigeria and Its Debilitating Effects on Nigeria’s Economy: A Legal Approach." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 6197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176197.
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Nigeria’s oil industry encounters crude oil theft in commercial quantities, which is often exported to neighbouring countries. This has occasioned a loss of revenue and has caused environmental pollution due to oil spillages. There is a need for a stringent legal framework to combat the menace caused by incessant crude oil thefts, pipeline vandalisation by militants, and inadequate maintenance of existing crude oil refineries. The study adopts doctrinal legal research methods and a conceptual approach with the consideration of primary and secondary sources of law, for instance, the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI Act 2007, International Conventions, law textbooks and peer-reviewed journals. The justification for using the method was to establish the trustworthiness of the findings on illicit crude oil refineries. The findings reveal that the Nigerian government has lost more than 150,000 barrels of crude oil daily valued at USD six billion as a result of crude oil theft. This has reduced oil revenues, which ought to have added to the national treasury. The Petroleum Production and Distribution (Anti-Sabotage Act) 2007, which proscribes disruption of petroleum products in Nigeria, has not been diligently enforced. There is also an absence of a specific oil and gas legal framework criminalising crude oil theft. Section 3(e)(f)(iv) of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps Act only offers pipeline security as one of the functions of the corps, without distinctly stating the penalties to be imposed on those damaging crude oil pipelines. The study designs a hybrid model for the renovation of the country’s crude oil refineries. It also advocates the need to redefine legal regimes on illegal oil refineries by amending the Petroleum Industry Act to include specifically illegal oil refineries provision and to effectively criminalise crude oil theft. The implications of the main results are as follows: criminalising crude oil theft and pipeline vandalisation with vigorous punishments will serve as deterrence to others in the sector, increase revenues for the government and reduce environmental pollution.
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Ekpo Abraham Salamatu, Salamatu, Haruna Kuje Ayuba, Danjuma N. Marcus, and Adamu Tanko Ogah. "Analysis of Tree Species Preference and Reasons among Commercial Charcoal Producers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.2.124.
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Commercial charcoal production has over time become an indispensable means of livelihood among rural settlers in Nasarawa State. However, charcoal production involves woodland exploitation which contributes to deforestation. Considering the growing significance of charcoal in rural and urban livelihoods in Nasarawa State, this paper analysed the preference of tree species and reasons among commercial charcoal producers in Nasarawa State in view of identifying endangered species and suggesting measures to ensure sustainability of the business. The study employed descriptive survey using both qualitative and quantitative data drawn from primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire was administered to 450 respondents randomly sampled from commercial charcoal producers drawn from 6 communities and 3 LGAs of Nasarawa State. Interviews and Focus Group Discussions were also conducted and the data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in Microsoft Excel and SPSS (version 23). A total of 22 tree species were identified as usable for charcoal production in the study area. Investigation into the producers’ preference of tree species showed that eight (8) were mostly preferred out of which Anogeissus leiocarpus (Marke) (57.3%), Erythrina senegalensis (Madri) (52.2%) and Prosopis Africana (Kirya) (49.1%) were among the top three. Marke, Kirya and Madri were the most preferred species in Akwanga, Doma and Karu production areas respectively. High charcoal yield, good combustion quality, high heat content of resulting charcoal, less ash production were the main reasons for their preferences. Most of the preferred tree species have been depleted to the point that they are no longer commonly found for use among commercial charcoal producers in the state. The most endangered species due to commercial charcoal production were Anogeissus leiocarpus (Marke), Erythrina senegalensis (Madri) and Prosopis Africana (Kirya). However, pressure is currently on Teminalia glocosece (Baushe/Uko), Andira inermis (Gwaska), Ficus Spp (Baure), Vitellaria paradoxa (Kede) and Gardinia aqualla (Gaude) due to the difficulties in finding the endangered ones which constituted the most preferred species among producers in Nasarawa State. It was recommended that state energy policies should incorporate a law recognizing charcoal as a key source of energy in the State, thereby encouraging investments in the activity of commercial charcoal producers. Furthermore, conservation plans and practical measures of replacing the extracted trees from woodlands/forests for commercial charcoal production should form the basis for license issuance for charcoal production.
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Bello, E. I., and C. I. Usifo. "A Study of Urban Traffic Management- A Case Study of Lagos State Traffic Management Authority." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.599.
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Lagos state is the commercial and financial capital of Nigeria. It is a coastal city with a population of 12 million and covers 2000 square kilometers. The road network extends over 2700 km with a vehicle density of 740 vehicles per kilometer. It consumes over 85% of petroleum products imported into the country. It has no rail or sea mass transit system and all movements of people and goods are by road. This has created a major traffic Management challenge and government intervention is the establishment of the Lagos State Traffic Management Authority( LASTMA). To understand the structure, strength, and weaknesses of the authority, the enabling law and accident statistics, were obtained from the Authority, the Nigerian Police, and the Federal Road Safety Commission. Questionnaires were administered to drivers unions and the general public. The results were analyzed and it was discovered that conflicts across agencies, corruption and high handedness exist. It was also established that the authority has to a great extent succeeded in improving orderliness on Lagos roads. LASTMA needs to pursue an aggressive public enlightenment to change driver’s behaviors.
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A. Obalade, Adefemi, Babatunde Lawrence, and Joseph Olorunfemi Akande. "Political risk and banking sector performance in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(3).2021.01.
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Political risk is prevalent in Nigeria and tends to influence business outcomes and the stability of the banking system. As a result of this study, it was determined whether political risk matters to the performance of the banking sector in Nigeria. The effect of political risk on different banks’ performance measures, such as return on assets, return on invested capital, credit risk and stock price, were examined in a panel of 12 selected commercial banks for the period 2006–2018. Data was analyzed using a two-stage system of generalized method of moments. The results provided evidence that the effect of political risk on bank performance depends on the performance proxies. Specifically, political risk was found to be negatively related to banks’ returns on invested capital and positively related to deteriorating credit risk. Hence, it can be concluded that political risk induces poor banking system performance in Nigeria. The study provides a critical insight into the management of a country’s political systems in terms of their potential to create unfavorable conditions for banking systems to thrive.
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Dakas, Dakas Clement James. "The Legal Framework for the Recognition and Enforcement of International Commercial Arbitral Awards in Nigeria – Dilemmas and Agenda for Action." Journal of International Arbitration 15, Issue 2 (June 1, 1998): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1998014.
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Frimpong, Kwame. "A Review of Rent Control Legislation in Botswana." Journal of African Law 33, no. 1 (1989): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000797x.
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The subject “Rent Control” is very wide as it covers many areas. It may deal with the control of rents in respect of agricultural land, industrial property or it may be limited either to dwelling houses or commercial buildings. For the purposes of this paper, “rent control” focuses on the dwelling or residential houses and commercial buildings in the country. The obvious reason is that the current rent control legislation is limited to those properties because of the apparent high level of the rents they attract.The use of legislation to control rents of premises is a product of the twentieth century. In England, for instance, the first attempt to control rents was in 1915, during the First World War. It is interesting to note that the first legislation on rent control in England coincided with the outbreak of the First World War. Rent controls in Nigeria and Ghana were also influenced by the First and Second World Wars respectively. The reason for the introduction of rent control legislation to coincide with world wars is not hard to find. Wars generally create shortages of a number of essential goods because many resources are diverted to the production of armaments and the labour force is channelled to the battle front. Housing is one of the needs of mankind which usually becomes scarce as a result of the outbreak of a major war like the last two World Wars.
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Akpan, Macaulay. "Solid waste management under COVID-19: a case study of Uyo in Akwa Ibom State – Nigeria." Applied Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjhss20200304024.
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This research examined the performance of solid waste management bodies during COVID-19 pandemic in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria in the 2nd quarter of 2020. The researcher adopts doctrinal and observation methods of research. The research found that supervision by those in the top echelon could positively influence and motivate compliance with proper waste disposal. The deployment of resources and political will as well as sanctions where appropriate could lead to effective solid waste disposal. The paper assertively suggests that the state government needs to review solid waste management policy, law and regulations in the state in the direction of incorporating the in-built social benefit scheme. This approach would make solid waste generation collection and disposal truly commercial and a source of wealth to the domestic waste generators. This would contribute to the current effort to stem the rising tide of indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Uyo. Keywords: COVID-19, Indiscriminate Solid Waste Disposal, Generators, Domestic Waste and Pandemic
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Dimopoulou, Maria, Vivian Offiah, Kolawole Falade, Alan M. Smith, Vassilis Kontogiorgos, and Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Polysaccharide Extraction from Baobab: A Scale Up Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 9915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179915.
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This research studied the commercial exploitation of an indigenous African crop in order to formulate high value products, with a potential significant impact on the local economy. More specifically, the present work investigated the extraction of polysaccharides from baobab in a bench-scale unit, focusing on the overall yield and the techno-economic assessment of the extraction process. Preliminary technoeconomic analysis for two scenarios (with and without ethanol recycling) was performed to determine the economic viability of the process and the development of the baobab market both in Nigeria and the UK. A full economic analysis was undertaken for each of the two scenarios, considering all operating and capital costs, and the production cost of baobab polysaccharides was estimated based on a constant return on investment. Combining the operating cost with the average polysaccharide yield, the minimum profitable selling price in the UK was estimated to be between £23 and £35 per 100 g of polysaccharide, which is comparable to the commercial selling price of high purity polysaccharides. An assessment of a scaled-up plant was also performed under Nigerian conditions and the results showed that such an investment is potentially viable and profitable, with a minimum profitable selling price of £27 per 100 g, a value comparable to the UK-based scenarios.
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OLABIYI, OLANIYI JOSHUA OLABIYI. "Mr A preliminary comparative perspective on the role of multinational enterprises in influencing labour relations of their host nation." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 12 (January 2, 2020): 298–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.612.6980.
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This paper examines the operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in so far as they are able to influence the public and labour relations policy and law of their host nation with a special attention on African nations. It is to be expected that MNEs would already be comfortable with the mechanisms in place for the resolution of labour-related or commercial disputes in their country of origin. The question then that arises is: If confronted with an employment relations situation in their host nation, would the MNE attempt to circumvent or adapt the process to suit what they are already familiar with? This could pose a challenge for the practice of international labour law. Literature (Briscoe, Schuler & Tarique, 2012; Eweje, 2009; Iyanda & Bello, 1979; Onimode, 1978) already alludes to the fact that MNEs tend to take the ‘line of least resistance’ if confronted with ‘higher’ labour standards.
A comparative exploratory analysis was undertaken. The paper identified MNEs in selected African countries – Nigeria, South Africa, and Zambia – that have been reported to have had a challenge in dealing with labour-related or commercial standards of their host nation. The selected MNEs had been reported in the news media for having had a ‘run in’ with their host nation on, at least, a labour - or commercial law-related matter.
The principal legislation governing labour relations in these countries are, in some cases, briefly highlighted to underscore the extent of their breach or disregard by the examined MNEs. Furthermore, a qualitative, thematic analysis of selected reported cases involving these MNEs were undertaken to highlight evidences (or instances) of attempts, if any, by the MNEs to circumvent the commercial, fiscal or labour standards of the host nation. Finally, it is hoped that the result of the above analyses would inform the possibility of proposing a framework for MNEs compliance with the labour standards of their host nation.
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Sthembiso Msomi, Thabiso. "Factors affecting non-performing loans in commercial banks of selected West African countries." Banks and Bank Systems 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.17(1).2022.01.
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This paper examines the macro-economic and bank-specific factors affecting non-performing loans in commercial banks. Using 47 listed commercial banks from six countries, namely 19 banks from Nigeria, 14 banks from Benin, 3 banks from Burkina Faso, 3 banks from Gambia, 3 banks from Guinea, and 5 banks from Liberia for the period 2008 to 2019, fixed and random effect model was used. The Hausman test favored the selection of fixed effect model, and it was found from the estimation that the liquidity ratio, capital adequacy ratio and inflation rate significantly affect non-performing loans. As a result, it is advised that banks depend not only on their ability to achieve the capital adequacy ratio, but also guarantee that loans are thoroughly scrutinized before being issued to beneficiaries. Bank managers should guarantee that banking staff is not simply awarding loans to secure their jobs by accumulating deposits from consumers at the price of the bank’s long-term stake. In addition, the economies of West Africa should keep their inflation rates low so that repayment of loans on time is cheap and realistic. AcknowledgmentI would like to appreciate Fezile Nonjabulo Gcwabaza for love and support throughout this research project.
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Fagbayide, Samuel Dare, and Francis Olawale Abulude. "Effects of human activities on water quality assessment of Ala River in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria." World Journal of Environmental Research 8, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/wjer.v8i1.3486.
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The purpose of the study was to assess the water quality parameters of Ala River found in Akure, Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria. The river is considered one of the most important irrigation and drinking water resources in Akure, Nigeria. Three locations were chosen spatially along the watercourse to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities that are capable of affecting the quality of the river water. The water samples were collected monthly for three consecutive months (February to April 2015) at the three sampling sites. The water samples collected were analyzed for physicochemical parameters which include pH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total hardness, phosphate, temperature, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, nitrate, iron and zinc using standard methods and their environmental effects on the river were investigated. There were variations in the quality of the sampled water when compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for domestic and commercial water for the selected parameters. The traces of some hazardous physical and chemical impurities in the river were above the acceptable limits, and thereby pose a health risk to several rural communities who rely heavily on the river primarily as their source of domestic water. Therefore, the law should be enforced to discourage unnecessary waste dumping and discharging of another form of pollutants into surface water in Nigeria.
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Awodi, Peter Inalegwu. "‘Pilfering the commons’ through law: Global land governance and its impact on Nigerian smallholder women farmers in an age of land grabbing / Voler les biens communs par la loi: La gouvernance foncière mondiale et son impact sur les petites agricultrices nigérianes à l’ère de l’accaparement des terres." Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021 (2021): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/aucil/2021/a4.
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This study digresses from the dominant narratives advanced in extant literature which have mainly analysed the question of national sovereignty over natural resources in Nigeria from the perspective of contestations over crude oil in the restive Niger Delta region. This study brings a fresh insight to the debate about national sovereignty over natural resources by examining the interface between international law and national land governance laws in an age of land grabbing in Nigeria. This study reveals how provisions of the ‘Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests’, international human rights laws, international investment laws, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) and the Land Use Act of 1978 were deployed to reinforce land grabbing by foreign capitalist agribusiness firms in Nigeria. Findings from the study reveal how the 2007/2008 global economic recession shifted investors’ interest to agriculture, leading to a renewed interest in acquiring large swathes of farmlands in Nigeria. The instrumentality of international and Nigerian laws was deployed in the processes of acquiring, establishing and operationalising these controversial commercial farms. A combination of superimposing international and national legal frameworks underpinning investments, land tenure systems and human rights was invoked to acquire land to establish the 15 000-hectare Casplex Farms, the 13 000-hectare Shonga Farms, and the 10 000-hectare Olam International Rice Farm in northcentral Nigeria. Basically, provisions in section 12.1 of Part 4 of the FAO’s ‘Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests’, art 17(1) of the UDHR, s 43 of Part 4 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), and s 28(1) of Part 5 of the Land Use Act of 1978 have reinforced land grabbing in Nigeria. At the same time, the study, which draws on historical and exploratory research designs, brings to light the human security implications of such expropriation of indigenous farmland used by vulnerable smallholder women farmers who hold fragile customary rights to land. The study recommends the review of legal instruments on the control of land resources to prevent exploitation by capitalist foreign investors and to provide adequate legal protection for peasants to curtail institutional arbitrariness. Cette étude se dissocie des études existantes dans la littérature qui ont le plus souvent analysé la question de la souveraineté nationale sur les ressources naturelles au Nigeria sous l’angle des contestations sur le pétrole brut dans la région rebelle du Delta du Niger. Cette étude apporte un nouvel aperçu dans le débat à propos de la souveraineté nationale sur les ressources naturelles en examinant l’interface entre le droit international et les lois nationales de gestion de la question foncière à l’ère de l’accaparement des terres au Nigeria. Cette étude révèle comment les dispositions des « Directives volontaires pour une gouvernance responsable des régimes fonciers applicables aux terres, aux pêches et aux forêts », les lois internationales sur les droits de l’homme, les lois internationales sur les investissements, la Constitution de la République Fédérale du Nigeria 1999 (telle que modifiée) et la loi sur l’utilisation de la terre ont été déployées pour renforcer l’accaparement des terres par les entreprises capitalistes étrangères agro-industrielles au Nigeria. Les recherches montrent comment la récession économique mondiale de 2007/2008 a dévié l’intérêt des investisseurs vers l’agriculture, ce qui a suscité un intérêt pour l’acquisition de grandes parcelles de terres agricoles. L’instrumentalisation des lois internationales et nigérianes ont été déployées dans ce processus d’acquisition, d’établissement et d’opération de ces plantations commerciales controversées. Une combinaison suprême des cadres juridiques internationaux et nationaux sous -tendant les investissements a été invoquée pour acquérir les terrains pour établir la plantation Casplex de 15 000 hectares, la plantation Shonga de 13 000 hectares, et la rizière d’Olam International de 10 000 hectares dans le centre-nord du Nigeria. Essentiellement, les dispositions de l’article 12 alinéa 1er Partie 4 des « Directives volontaires pour une gouvernance responsable des régimes fonciers applicables aux terres, aux pêches et aux forêts », de la FAO, article17 alinéa 1er de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’Homme, article 43 de la Partie 4 de la Constitution de la République Fédérale du Nigeria 1999 (telle que modifiée), et l’article 28 alinéa 1er de la loi sur l’utilisation de la terre de 1978 ont renforcé l’accaparement des terres au Nigeria. Dans le même temps, cette étude qui s’inspire des modèles de recherches historiques et exploratoires, met en relief les implications sur la sécurité humaine d’une telle expropriation des terres agricoles autochtones utilisées par des petites agricultrices détenant des droits coutumiers fragiles sur la terre. Cette étude recommande la revue des instruments juridiques sur le contrôle des ressources foncières afin de prévenir l’exploitation des investisseurs étrangers capitalistes et de prévoir une protection juridique adéquate aux paysans pour réduire l’arbitraire institutionnel.
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Unuigbe, Maria, Sambo Lyson Zulu, and David Johnston. "Exploring Factors Influencing Renewable Energy Diffusion in Commercial Buildings in Nigeria: A Grounded Theory Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 9726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159726.
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The adoption and integration of renewable energy technologies (RETs) into buildings is key to making the necessary transition to low-carbon and resilient built environments. However, such technologies have struggled to gain a firm foothold in countries within the sub-Saharan African (SSA) region. This is particularly the case in Nigeria, which suffers from severe energy poverty, despite its significant RE and conventional energy potential. In Nigeria, a significant proportion of the energy demand for offices is provided by self-powered off-grid fossil-fuel generators. The country is also one of the primary settings for increased construction activity. This, combined with its susceptibility to the effects of climate change, presents significant concerns relating to the resilience of its built environment. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive empirical study addressing this, as previous studies have been limited in their insight and perspectives. This study adopted a grounded theory method (GTM) aligned with Charmaz’s approach, to gain in-depth participant-driven insights into factors influencing sustainable energy use in commercial buildings, focusing on solar photovoltaics (PVs). This led to the development of a theory of the sustainability transition process of construction professionals (CPs). It provides relevant, reliable, and relatable points of reference that would be beneficial to policymakers in developing plans for actionable interventions for PV and broader sustainable measures toward green energy transition. Furthermore, it highlights the value of employing GTMs in construction management research beyond the developing context. This paper contributes theoretically, empirically, and methodologically to facilitate a better understanding of the situations (context) grounded in empirical data.
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Akpan, Macaulay. "Solid waste management under COVID-19: a case study of Uyo in Akwa Ibom State – Nigeria." Applied Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjhss202004024.
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This research examined the performance of solid waste management bodies during COVID-19 pandemic in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria in the 2nd quarter of 2020. The researcher adopts doctrinal and observation methods of research. The research found that supervision by those in the top echelon could positively influence and motivate compliance with proper waste disposal. The deployment of resources and political will as well as sanctions where appropriate could lead to effective solid waste disposal. The paper assertively suggests that the state government needs to review solid waste management policy, law and regulations in the state in the direction of incorporating the in-built social benefit scheme. This approach would make solid waste generation collection and disposal truly commercial and a source of wealth to the domestic waste generators. This would contribute to the current effort to stem the rising tide of indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Uyo. Keywords: COVID-19, Indiscriminate Solid Waste Disposal, Generators, Domestic Waste and Pandemic
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Adewale, Nafisat Toyin, Yushiana Mansor, Muhammad-Bashir Owolabi Yusuf, and Ahmeed Onikosi. "Uncertainty and subjective task complexity in the information-seeking behaviour of lawyers." Library Review 66, no. 4/5 (July 4, 2017): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-09-2016-0079.
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Purpose This study investigates the moderating effects of age, experience and educational qualification on the relationship between uncertainty and subjective task complexity among lawyers working in private law firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach A survey method was adopted and data were gathered using questionnaires. The analysis was carried out based on partial least squares structural equation modelling using SmartPLS 2.0 M3 software. Findings Results showed that the effect of uncertainty on subjective task complexity is significantly moderated by age, educational attainment, experience of the lawyers under study. Research limitations/implications Although data were collected in the most populated state and commercial hub of Nigeria, generalisation based on findings may still need to be made with caution. Practical implications Attainment of higher educational qualification is highly important for lawyers even though the minimum requirement to practice as a lawyer is a degree. Lawyers with higher degrees (LLM and PhD) had less uncertainty and perceived their tasks to be less complex compared to their counterparts who had the first degree (LLB). Originality/value The demographic profile of professionals (age, education and experience) has proven to have an impact on their perception about task complexity as determined by uncertainty as found in this study.
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O. Afolabi, Adedeji, and Ifeoluwa R. Akinlolu. "Evaluation of women’s access to building credits from banks in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(4).2021.05.
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Women are responsible for the fastest economic growth in the world through their commercial activities. Despite this notable act, women in developing countries are most times sidelined in accessing financial incentives from banks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the criteria used by banks and the problems encountered by women in accessing building credits in Nigeria. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design that utilized an electronic questionnaire instrument. The data obtained were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, 100% stacked bars, mean score, ANOVA, and categorical regression (CAT-REG) tests. The result revealed that the primary criteria to access building credits across different banks in Nigeria were the source of income/level of income, credit status/review, and the value of the collateral. When women can access building credits from banks, it can lead to improved living conditions for women, improved work-life, and benefits for their children. However, the lack of collateral, lack of financial literacy, lack of formal employment, and lack of right to ownership of property are limiting factors in women lending from banks. Furthermore, gender discrimination, lack of financial literacy, and low educational background could influence women’s access to building credits from banks. To facilitate the provision of loans to women from banks, it is necessary to improve government policy, economic reforms and banking legislation for women’s access to loans. AcknowledgmentThe article processing charge (APC) for this paper was supported by Covenant University Centre for Research, Innovation and Discovery, Nigeria.
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Aliyu, Umar Shuaibu, Huseyin Ozdeser, Behiye Çavuşoğlu, and Mohammed A. M. Usman. "Food Security Sustainability: A Synthesis of the Current Concepts and Empirical Approaches for Meeting SDGs." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 11728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111728.
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Currently, food security is becoming a fundamental problem in the global macroeconomic dynamics for policymakers and governments in developing countries. Globally, food security offers challenges both from achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets and the welfare perspective of many poor households. As a result, this study is guided by Neo Malthusian and Access theories to investigate Food Security Sustainability: a Synthesis of the Current Concepts and Empirical Approaches for Meeting SDGs in Nigeria using ARDL and ECM techniques. The ARDL revealed that agricultural value-added and GDP positively affect food security for commercial agrarian investments in Nigeria. However, internal displacement, population growth, food inflation, and exchange rate volatility negatively affect sustainable food security in Nigeria. The model’s coefficient of ECMt−1 also shows negative (−0.0130 approximately) and statistically significant (0.0000) at 1%. Thus, the speed of adjustment requires 1.3% annually for the long-run equilibrium convergence to be restored. The study concludes that the SDGs targets for poverty and hunger reduction, mainly for food security sustainability alongside small producers by the year 2030, can be rarely achieved because the convergence to equilibrium is more than nine years. An active value-addition strategy for sustainable food security and the provision of humanitarian interventions are recommended.
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Amadi, Agatha, Kehinde A. Adetiloye, Abiola Babajide, and Idimmachi Amadi. "Banking system stability: A prerequisite for financing the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(2).2021.10.
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The banking system, which has been the fulcrum of funding for Nigeria’s economy, is plagued by instability in the face of a growing amount of non-performing loans. This is examined in the current milieu of the need for funding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using a number of proxies for SDGs 8 and 9, annual time series data covering 1992 to 2019 were used with variables such as GDP per capita, commercial banks’ loans to small-scale enterprises, banking system stability indicators and liquid assets to total assets of banks. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag. Findings showed that banking system stability has a significant positive effect on funding the SDGs 8 and 9 beyond the five per cent level of significance within the study period. Non-performing loans remained negative throughout the study. The result suggests that banking stability would enhance funding of the SDGs, and banks would be stable if they finance the SDGs. The policy implication explains the importance of banks actively pursuing opportunities to build sustainable enterprises and developing strategies that will enable their core banking business to be more venture-driven rather than consumer-oriented. In conclusion, there is a need to completely eliminate or reduce the quantum of non-performing loans from the system and establish a regulatory framework that will facilitate its expected role of intermediation in the economy profitably and successfully. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to appreciate Covenant University for financial support to publish this paper.
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Ibrahim, UsmanM, AbubakarM Jibo, MuktarA Gadanya, Abubakar Musa, FatimahI Tsiga Ahmed, RabiuI Jalo, Sunday Audu, et al. "Determinants of personal hygiene practices: comparison of street food vendors and canteen food handlers in commercial City of Northwestern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences 18, no. 2 (2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_30_21.
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