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Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial negotiations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Botto, Mercedes, and Juliana Peixoto Batista. "The Negotiations of Services of Health and Education in Argentina: Between Commercial Liberalization and Technical Cooperation." education policy analysis archives 16 (September 15, 2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v16n17.2008.

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The aim of this article is to analyze the Argentine experience on the commercial negotiations of education and health services. Firstly, we closely examine the negotiations' dynamics of these sectors in diverse forums for negotiation, such as the multilateral, the hemispheric, and the interregional and regional ones. In addition, we determine the advances on the matter, identifying the existence of commercial agendas as well as issues regarding cooperation. The authors emphasize on the existing tension between these two agendas—cooperation and liberalization—, that although antagonizing in the

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2

Lupu, Felicia Adriana. "PROCEDURAL PARALLEL AND APPROACHES BETWEEN DECISIONS AND TRADE NEGOTIATIONS." Problems of Management in the 21st Century 7, no. 1 (2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/13.07.24.

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In a conscious or less conscious way, in each moment of its existence, the organization negotiates. Any negotiation assumes the fact that the negotiator has to approach at least one decisional situation and has to make at least one decision. Making decisions when negotiating, negotiators manifests their reasoning, proving the fact that they can approach decisional situations. Approaching the negotiation process by a string of decisional sequences, the entire theory regarding decision making may underline the process of negotiation, providing efficiency to the resources allocated within the pro

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Lanteigne, Marc. "Northern Exposure: Cross-Regionalism and the China–Iceland Preferential Trade Negotiations." China Quarterly 202 (June 2010): 362–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741010000287.

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AbstractAn increasingly visible facet of China's commercial diplomacy has been its pursuit of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with small and medium-sized economies outside Asia. China's PTAs, completed or under negotiation, have indicated both a conservative approach and an increasing comfort level with cross-regional trade negotiations. The China–Iceland PTA negotiations since 2006 illustrate this new thinking. Although the island state has a considerably smaller economy, China has perceived the negotiations as being undertaken between equals as well as an important bilateralism model. A

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4

Bakshi, S. K. "International Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860108.

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5

Mehrotra, K. N. "International Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860111.

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6

Prakash, T. "Commercial Negotiations in STC." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860103.

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7

VIDOMENKO, O.I. "The importance of mastering the skills of conducting commercial negotiations and knowledge of communication strategies in the context of the formation of market relations." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №7-8(242-243)2021 139 (October 11, 2021): 105–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5561221.

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Relevance of the research topic. In the conditions of the formation of market relations, it is extremely important to be able to establish mutually beneficial business relationships with partners (including international ones) in business and with representatives of government agencies. The negotiation process has become an integral part of any business activity. Business negotiation skills and knowledge of communication strategies are the key to effective negotiations and informed management of this process. Formulation of the problem. A specialist's lack of certain knowledge and psycholo

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Michael Osinakachukwu Ezeh, Adindu Donatus Ogbu, Augusta Heavens Ikevuje, and Emmanuel Paul-Emeka George. "Enhancing sustainable development in the energy sector through strategic commercial negotiations." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 6, no. 7 (2024): 2396–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i7.1331.

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Sustainable development in the energy sector necessitates a delicate balance between economic growth, environmental stewardship, and social well-being. Strategic commercial negotiations play a pivotal role in achieving this balance, facilitating agreements that align with sustainable development goals (SDGs). This paper explores the intersection of commercial negotiations and sustainable energy practices, emphasizing how strategic negotiations can drive progress towards sustainability. In the contemporary energy landscape, the shift towards renewable energy sources and the implementation of gr

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Hobson, Christopher A. "E-Negotiations: Creating a Framework for Online Commercial Negotiations." Negotiation Journal 15, no. 3 (1999): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1999.tb00192.x.

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10

Modwel, Suman Kumar. "Behavioural Aspects of Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860102.

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11

Xi, Hongmei, and Pengshuo Wang. "An Analysis of Pragmatic Stance in Drug Negotiation Discourse Concerning National Medical Insurance Catalogue in China." Athens Journal of Health and Medical Sciences 11, no. 1 (2024): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhms.11-1-3.

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As a kind of public discourse, negotiation discourse is different from daily discourse, usually involving politics, economics, diplomacy, medical treatment, etc., and it is closely related to the national stance. At present, the studies on negotiation discourse mainly focus on diplomatic and commercial negotiations, with few studies in the context of medical insurance negotiations. Thus, this paper takes the negotiation of the national medical insurance catalogue as the research data, applies the theoretical framework of the Pragmatic Stance Cone, and analyzes the stance construction from thre

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Trosborg, Anna. "Strategies in Negotiation." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 2, no. 3 (2015): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v2i3.21410.

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This paper outlines major strategies in negotiation and points to some difficulties non-native speakers are likely to experience when taking part in commercial, international negotiations. It stresses the need for an approach which integrates social and psychological knowledge of the process and strategies of negotiation interactions with cross-cultural and cross-linguistic aspects, from which guidelines for the practical training of negotiators can be derived.

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13

Ganapathy, R. "Salient Aspects of International Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860104.

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14

Bhattacharyya, B. "Legal Dimensions of International Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860112.

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15

Millet, Montserrat, Benjamin Kienzle, and Patricia Garcia-Duran. "Revisiting European Influence: The Case of Agricultural Trade Negotiations." Journal of World Trade 48, Issue 5 (2014): 1057–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2014037.

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In recent years, scholars have called into question the often-heard policy statements that link a stronger single voice of the European Union (EU) to more European influence in international negotiations. This article examines this challenge in an area where the EU has a particularly long tradition of establishing common policies: agriculture. By comparing in particular the international agricultural negotiations that have taken place in the framework of the Uruguay and the Doha Development Rounds (up until Cancún), it argues that internal coherence is actually not a sufficient condition for E

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Qiu, Lanrong. "Discussion on the Application of Anchoring Effect in Commercial Negotiation of Iron and Steel Enterprise." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 193, no. 1 (2025): 255–61. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2025.lh24929.

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Chinas steel industry, a global economy pillar, faces challenges and opportunities requiring innovative transformation. At a critical juncture of green transformation and structural adjustment, integration into emerging fields is crucial for maintaining its strategic position. In this context, this paper focuses on the application of anchoring effect in commercial negotiation and quotation in the iron and steel industry, using a case study of internal negotiations at a Xinjiang steel enterprise,. The research reveals that the anchoring effect can lead to cognitive bias, affecting the role of d

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Sengupta, N., and S. B. Kulkarni. "Cross-Cultural Dimensions of International Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Trade Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515860106.

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18

Takács, Tamara. "Situating the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (negotiations) in European Union Common Commercial Policy." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 43, Issue 4 (2016): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2016018.

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The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations can be distinguished from previous trade negotiations in terms of substance and process. The adoption of the mandate and the ongoing negotiations have taken place in the significantly reformed structure of the European Union (EU)’s Common Commercial Policy after the Lisbon Treaty’s entry into force. Efforts at closer economic integration between the world’s two biggest trading blocs has developed as the EU’s focus shifts from the multilateral trade system toward bilateralism and regionalism, and a new generation of trade ag

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19

Leys, David, and Tobias Dolle. "The Trade and Customs Law Consequences of Brexit." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 3 (2017): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017017.

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Businesses are encouraged to take a pro-active stand to understand, assess and monitor the trade and customs consequences of Brexit on the UK, on the EU and on their bilateral, plurilateral, regional and multilateral trade relations. The lengthy and complex process of negotiation and re-negotiations that will affect the EU and the UK looks poised to result in many commercial risks and opportunities for traders.

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20

Lucy, Wangari Ndihu, and Noor Dr. "Effect of Post Tender Negotiations on Performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya." American Based Research Journal 8, no. 10 (2019): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3514715.

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<em>The main aim of the study was to establish the effect of post-tender negotiations on performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. The study was 27 commercial state corporations in Government in Nairobi County. The study adopted simple random technique to select a sample size of 84 respondents. The data was collected by use of a questionnaire.  The reliability of the instrument was tested through use of Crobanch Alpha value. Data were analyzed using descriptive (Frequencies, percentage informed by dynamic capability theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The

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Zhang, Zhongqi. "Research on Negotiation Strategies and Challenges in International Business Transactions." Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research 11 (November 5, 2024): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.62051/8b0xnt43.

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The complexity of international commercial transactions has increased due to market globalization, necessitating the development of effective negotiation strategies for success. This study investigates various negotiation methods and challenges faced in international commercial transactions. By synthesizing data from case studies, surveys, and existing literature, the study identifies major factors influencing negotiation outcomes, including cultural differences, legal frameworks, economic contexts, and power dynamics. The research emphasizes the importance of cross-cultural competency and ada

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22

Cooke, Justin, Russell Leaper, and Vassili Papastavrou. "Science should not be abandoned in a bid to resolve whaling disputes." Biology Letters 5, no. 5 (2009): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0353.

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The International Whaling Commission (IWC) is currently engaged in an intensive negotiating process in an attempt to resolve international disputes about whaling. The IWC has pioneered and agreed a management procedure approach for setting catch limits for commercial whaling that was unanimously recommended by its Scientific Committee. It is disturbing that current negotiations are moving towards discarding this agreed and carefully developed scientific procedure in favour of ad hoc catch allowances based on political expediency.

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23

Vickery, E. J. "THE NEGOTIATED PRICE OF CERTAINTY—RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NATIVE TITLE AGREEMENTS AFFECTING THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03039.

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Development of Native Title agreements for Petroleum continues in parallel with the release of Court decisions on the law of Native Title. Negotiated agreements for three bidding rounds in the South Australian region of the Cooper Basin are now concluded, with exploration underway there and some new commercial production.These agreements were negotiated under the Commonwealth Native Title Act’s ‘Right to Negotiate’. Agreed resolutions are virtually demanded by the competing tensions within the legislative machinery. The need for conjunctivity of title from the exploration to the development st

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24

Farias, Rogério de Souza. "Trading voices: the European Union in international commercial negotiations." Contexto Internacional 28, no. 1 (2006): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-85292006000100006.

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25

Cooper, Richard N., and Sophie Meunier. "Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations." Foreign Affairs 85, no. 1 (2006): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20031860.

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26

Zheleznyakova, Yulia E. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN THE PROVISION OF CONSULTING SERVICES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/4, no. 157 (2025): 162–68. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2025.04.04.022.

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The article analyzes the activities of an organization engaged in tax and accounting consulting. The object of the study was an organization whose main activity is related to the provision of services in the field of accounting, financial auditing, and tax consulting. The problem statement is related to the fact that when negotiating with clients, various problems arise that may make it difficult to achieve the desired result. These include insufficient training of employees, lack of sufficient knowledge, lack of awareness of the subject of negotiations, misunderstanding of the strengths and w

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MIHALI, Ana Maria. "The Importance of Marketing Communication in the Touristic Negotiation." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 14, no. 2 (2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1423.

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The article deals with a complex and original field of analysis – the role that promotional communication can have within the commercial negotiation process between tour-operating agencies and hotels. In a business world dominated by competitiveness, every method regarding the optimization of the negotiation process is welcomed from the point of view of modern organizations. Therefore, the present research finds its utility through its scope – measuring the impact of marketing communication upon the stages of the negotiation process in the field of touristic services.I propose a series of fact

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Chia, Siow Yue. "Emerging Mega-FTAs: Rationale, Challenges, and Implications." Asian Economic Papers 14, no. 1 (2015): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00310.

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This paper examines the recent emergence of mega–free trade agreements, namely, the Asian-centric Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. In a comparative context it discusses the rationale for their emergence; their distinctive membership features, objectives, and negotiating agendas; their quantifiable benefits and dissenting voices; issues and challenges; and likely outcomes. Aspirations for “high standards” are unlikely to be met because their negotiating timelines are repeatedly missed as negotiat

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Mapulanga, Patrick. "Licensing and negotiations for commercial e‐resources in African libraries." Library Review 62, no. 4/5 (2013): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-01-2013-0008.

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30

Osavoliuk, Leonid. "How Ukraine Lost and Fought for the Waters of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXV (2024): 897–903. https://doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2024-41.

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Abstract. The article provides a detailed account of the preparation and course of negotiations between Ukraine and the russian federation on the delimitation of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait, which took place in December 2003. It highlights the role and pressure exerted by A. Orel regarding the author’s visa as a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine to accept the russian version of the draft agreement between Ukraine and the russian federation on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait. The article specifies several amendments to the russi

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Sheen, Erica. "101 and Counting: Dalmatians in Film and Advertising." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 9, no. 2 (2005): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568535054615385.

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AbstractIn both academic and animal welfare circles, Disney's live action films 101 and 102 Dalmatians have been criticised as a commercial exploitation of the breed. From this perspective, it was widely held that the Dalmatian has been subject to over-breeding and abandonment as a direct result of these films, and that Disney should be held responsible for this abuse. I question these assumptions. I discuss the Hollywood animal image as a form of intellectual property and provide a detailed account of negotiations between Disney and Dalmatian breed associations in America and the UK. In respo

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Staughton, Sir Christopher. "How do Courts Interpret Commercial Contracts." Cambridge Law Journal 58, no. 2 (1999): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197399002032.

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CHRISTOPHER Staughton, a former Lord Justice of Appeal, writes of the four principal rules for the interpretation of written contracts. First, there is the exclusion of negotiations and subjective evidence of intention. Secondly he considers what material can qualify as background evidence, or as some would say matrix. Thirdly, there is the rule that a meaning which is less obvious =N but still consistent with the words used =N may be preferred. Fourthly, he deals with the very limited extent to which evidence of market practice is admissible.The article contrasts recent observations of Lord H

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Saorín-Iborra, M. Carmen, and Gustavo Cubillo. "Influence of Time Pressure on the Outcome of Intercultural Commercial Negotiations." Journal of Promotion Management 22, no. 4 (2016): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1190224.

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34

Chorev, Nitsan. "S. Meunier, Trading voices: the European Union in international commercial negotiations." Review of International Organizations 3, no. 1 (2008): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-008-9034-5.

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35

Kaelberer, Matthias. "Book Review: Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 5 (2006): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001041400603900509.

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Kurniawan, Fredy, Stephen Ogunlana, and Ibrahim Motawa. "Stakeholders’ expectations in utilising financial models for public-private partnership projects." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 4, no. 1 (2014): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-04-2012-0015.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore stakeholders’ expectations in utilising PPP financial models in order to ensure that each stakeholder understands the expectations of others before negotiating and reaching contract agreement by all the stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – Five common sets of 40 expectations have been identified through a systematic research approach, and their relative significances were verified based on pilot studies in India and the UK and expert opinion solicited worldwide through a structured questionnaire survey. The survey responses were evaluate

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Gruni, Giovanni. "Towards a Sustainable World Trade Law? The Commercial Policy of the European Union After Opinion 2/15 CJEU." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 1 (2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018002.

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Opinion 2/15 provides an undisputable exclusive competence to the EU for the inclusion of labour and environmental standards in EU Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). However, most of the possible policies to include sustainable development in world trade law would affect trade clauses of FTAs and World Trade Organization law for which the exclusive competence of the EU was not in doubt (e.g. free movement of goods and services, intellectual property). Accordingly, a holistic approach of the EU considering sustainability issues when negotiating any aspects of international trade treaties is required

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Haasbroek, Hannes. "Die swart loongeskil van 1926 in Bloemfontein." New Contree 76 (November 30, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v76i0.136.

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Early in 1926, the agitation for higher minimum wages for unskilled workers once again flared up in the black community of Bloemfontein. This battle for higher wages, however, was bowed down by warring black factions that had an obvious negative effect on it. On the one hand, there were the supporters of the moderate local Native Advisory Board and on the other that of the radical national Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (ICU). The city council and other employers were caught between these two poles. Through difficult and patient negotiations between the white and black role players,

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BRESSER-PEREIRA, LUIZ CARLOS. "A turning point in the debt crisis: Brazil, the US Treasury and the World Bank." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 19, no. 2 (1999): 350–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571999-1031.

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ABSTRACT This paper is an account of the Brazilian 1987 negotiation of the debt crisis, that represented a turning point in the history of this world financial crisis. When the author assumed the Finance Ministry of Brazil, in April l997, the country was in moratorium. The minister, after consulting international bankers, economists and state officials, prepared a proposal for solving the problem that was based in two key ideas: the securitization of the debt with a discount, and the relative delinkage between IMF and the commercial banks in the negotiations. In September 1997 the proposal rec

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van den Berghe, Frederic. "The EC’s Common Commercial Policy Revisited: What Does Lisbon Add?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 9 (2009): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009034.

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Article 133 EC Treaty regulates the conclusion of EC external trade agreements. As the scope of subjects covered by international trade negotiations and by the EC’s common commercial policy has broadened, the issue of the limits of this exclusive competence has risen. This article outlines the changes to Article 133 EC Treaty over the last two decades and summarizes the amendments introduced by the Lisbon Treaty to that article. Although the latter amendments have clarified competency issues with respect to intellectual property agreements, they have raised considerable legal uncertainty with

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Camarillo, Erin Leizh, and Phoebe Aguilar. "Perceptions of Gender Roles Towards Negotiation Behavior." Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 42, no. 10 (2025): 1352–61. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.421001.

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The evolving negotiation landscape constantly requires a comprehensive gender analysis within various fields. With the changing perceptions of gender roles, understanding gender role differences and negotiation behavior is crucial. The study aimed to determine how gender roles were perceived in the negotiation practices within the diverse community of Kibawe, Bukidnon, focusing on the perceived gender roles of men and women in negotiation, the perceived negotiation barriers, and the relationship between gender roles and negotiation behavior of individuals. The study analyzed perceptions of gen

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Sakai, Courtney, and Peter Allgeier. "Trade and the Oceans: A New Paradigm for Environmental Protection and Conservation." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 6 (2011): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011034.

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Increasing attention is being given to the nexus between international trade rules and environment/resource issues, especially how trade agreements and rules affect the global commons. To date, trade agreements largely have been confined to fostering environmental cooperation and promoting compliance with existing domestic environmental laws and regulations. The impact of such agreements, many argue, has been minimal in terms of having a tangible effect on the environment. However, current negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) offer the poss

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Baldwin, Robert E. "What's at Stake for the LDCs, Now that the Uruguay Round Talks have been Suspended? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4I (1991): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4ipp.579-599.

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Until negotiations collapsed in early December, the Uruguay Round gave promise of being the most significant multilateral trade negotiation since 1947, when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA TI) was implemented and tariffs levels of the industrial countries were sharply cut. There are at least three reasons for this conclusion. First, by agreeing at the outset to bring both agriculture and textiles under GATT discipline, the participants created the opportunity for both rich and poor agricultural exporting nations and relatively low-wage, newly industrializing LDCs to benefit sign

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Widodo, Arif, and Retno Woro Kaeksi. "Negotiating Ability of Using Condom to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Disease and HIV/AIDS of Commercial Sex Worker Woman in Region Surakarta." Forum Geografi 19, no. 2 (2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v19i2.4847.

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The data from Board of Health in Surakarta City, on 8 September 2005, from 155 commercial sex worker woman had blood examined, there were 7 persons positive in HIV. One of factor affecting the high infection HIV/AIDS in women commercial sex worker was low use of condom. Aims of this research was to know factor-factor associated with didn’t use of condom and social aspect negotiations about using condom (education, economics status, working experience, devilling place, occupation, ethnic, religious, and income). This research is qualitative research using guided group discussion technique, in-d

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Aynul Islam, Mohammad, and Rubel Molla. "Geopolitics and International Negotiations: Challenges and Options for Bangladesh." Bangladesh Political Science Review 15, no. 1 (2022): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.57074/zhwa8138.

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The paradigm shifts in the centre of gravity of global power, growing multipolarity, and enhanced role of small powers in international relations have been affecting the negotiation strategies around the world in recent decades. Moreover, the relative decline of the US’ hegemonic influence and rise of China and India as major regional powers have relocated the geostrategic tilt of the world towards Asia. Consequently, the power politics within international relations has created more geopolitical hotspots, overlapping political and economic partnerships, and risks of conflict. These emerging r

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Glancy, David, Robert Kurtzman, Lara Loewenstein, and Joseph Nichols. "Recourse as Shadow Equity: Evidence from Commercial Real Estate Loans." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 077 (2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.079.

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We study the role that recourse plays in the commercial real estate loan contracts of the largest U.S. banks. We find that recourse is valued by lenders and is treated as a substitute for conventional equity. At origination, recourse loans have rate spreads that are at least 20 basis points lower and loan-to-value ratios that are around 3 percentage points higher than non-recourse loans. Dynamically, recourse affects loan modification negotiations by providing additional bargaining power to the lender. Recourse loans were half as likely to receive accommodation during the COVID-19 pandemic, an

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Choi, Jung-Sup, and Daniel A. Sumner. "Opening Markets while Maintaining Protection: Tariff Rate Quotas in Korea and Japan." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (2000): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001477.

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As the result of Uruguay Round negotiations, Korea and Japan established tariff rate quotas (TRQs) for agricultural imports. Both countries allocate the TRQs with various methods that show different fill rates and welfare implications. The state trading enterprises play important roles in TRQ administration in both countries. The TRQs contributed to increased imports. However, the transparency and commercial consideration in administering the TRQs remain a concern and the access for some commodities seems to be less open than would be the case if quota amounts were made available on a purely c

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Tatar, Olga. "Structure and principles of international commercial contracts." Supremacy of Law, no. 2 (June 2023): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/2345-1971.2022.e2.16.

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The presented article describes in detail the main conditions, content, obligations of the seller and the buyer, according to the concluded international commercial contracts. International commercial agreements mediate the international business activities of the parties and differ from similar internal transactions, as well as transactions that, although complicated by a foreign element, are concluded with the participation of the consumer. The first stage refers to the period of the emergence of medieval law as a law merchant, representing a set of international trade customs that regulated

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49

Bantekas, Ilias. "Civil Limitation Statutes and International Arbitration in Central Asia: not Business as Usual." Review of Central and East European Law 47, no. 3-4 (2022): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-bja10073.

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Abstract It is generally agreed that statutory limitations applicable to civil proceedings have no place in international arbitration proceedings, unless these have been specifically accepted by the parties; are imposed by mandatory laws, or; otherwise compelled by public policy. In equal measure, the process and recognition of enforcement awards should not be subjected to any statutory limitations, as such limitations are absent in the New York Convention and generally excluded by reference to transnational legal instruments, such as the uncitral Model Law. Investor and commercial actors oper

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50

Melillo, Margherita. "The Influence of the Commercial Speech Doctrine on the Development of Tobacco Control Measures." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 50, no. 2 (2022): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.47.

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AbstractAmong the attempts to oppose tobacco control legislation, the tobacco industry has alleged violations of its right to commercial speech. While the disputes that took place in some jurisdictions like the United States (US), Canada, or the European Union (EU) have been already analyzed, much less is known about how, globally, this doctrine has influenced the adoption of tobacco control measures. This article contributes to filling this gap by illustrating how the commercial speech doctrine influenced the negotiations of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Moreover, using

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