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1
BLISS, SHARDONNAY, and BRYONY JAMES. "INFLUENCE OF COMMERCIAL PVD DEPOSITION PARAMETERS WHEN PRODUCING TIN COATINGS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041203.
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Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a coating technique that relies on the creation of a vapor phase, under vacuum conditions, that condenses on a substrate to form a coating. PVD coatings of titanium nitride are commonly used in functional applications to promote faster cutting speeds and to prolong tool life, leading to operational cost savings and improved productivity. Some of the limitations of a PVD coating for functional applications are based on the coating thickness, where a lower coating thickness reduces the wear volume available on a contacting surface. Also of issue is the presence of globules or "macros" in the coating resulting in a non-homogeneous, rougher surface. The formation of macros in a PVD coating is particularly associated with the cathodic arc PVD system. This study investigated the effects of chamber pressure, substrate bias voltage and arc current and their interaction, on physical parameters of titanium nitride coatings deposited in a commercial cathodic arc PVD system. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to provide a measure of the consistency of the coating topography and an indication of the number of macros in the coatings. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to provide numerical values for the roughness of the coatings. The information from these two instruments was combined to provide the optimum processing conditions for the reduction of macros.
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Dang, Minh Nhat, Surinder Singh, Hannah J. King, John H. Navarro-Devia, Hoang Le, Thomas G. Pattison, Rosalie K. Hocking, et al. "Surface Enhancement of Titanium-Based Coatings on Commercial Hard Steel Cutting Tools." Crystals 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050470.
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This study investigates the mechanical properties, surface integrity, and chemical configuration of PVD-coated high-speed steel (HSS) cutting tools, with a particular focus on titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) coatings. A range of characterisation methodologies were employed to examine the impact of pre-coating surface conditions on the resulting coatings. This impact includes the effects of gas bubble production and unequal distribution of elements, which are two unwanted occurrences. Notwithstanding these difficulties, coatings applied on surfaces that were highly polished exhibited more consistency in their mechanical and elemental characteristics, with a thickness ranging from 2 to 4 µm. The study of mechanical characteristics confirms a significant increase in hardness, from an initial value of roughly 1000 HV0.5 for untreated tools to 1300 HV0.5 for tools with physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings. Although PVD coatings produced on an industrial scale might not exceed the quality of coatings manufactured in a laboratory, they do offer substantial enhancements in terms of hardness. This study highlights the significant importance of thorough surface preparation in achieving enhanced coating performance, hence contributing to the efforts to prolong the lifespan of tools and enhance their performance even under demanding operational circumstances.
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Margono, Muhammad Kozin, David Setiadhi, Hassan Khamis Hassan, and Rajeshkumar Lakshminarasimhan. "Development of Titanium Nitride-Based Coatings for Wear Resistant Materials: A Review." Mechanics Exploration and Material Innovation 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2024): 102–19. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.memi.2024.001.03.5.
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Friction and wear are significant contributors to energy consumption, requiring the development of wear-resistant materials. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings provide a potential solution for protecting metal parts from wear when they are applied over forming and cutting tools as TiN is characterized by low coefficient of friction and high hardness. However, local heat generation and brittle properties can cause cracks, affecting tool life and finished product accuracy. This article explores the wear behavior of TiN-based coatings over the substrates. In most cases, the TiN coatings are applied using Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition (PVD and CVD), and duplex treatment methods. PVD and CVD techniques have been the preferred processes for years for the deposition of various industrially important coatings, with the typically producing single coatings like ceramics or intermetallics. This study concludes multilayer or multiphase coating can improve fracture resistance, acting as a crack inhibitor and improving tribological properties. Duplex treatment shows potential for future advancements and has been developed to address these issues and extend PVD and CVD processes' commercial viability.
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Souza, José Vitor C., Maria do Carmo de Andrade Nono, Olivério Moreira Macedo Silva, G. V. Martins, João Paulo Barros Machado, and M. Pimenta. "Development and Characterization of Si3N4 Coated AlCrN Ceramic Cutting Tool." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.697.
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Nowadays, silicon nitride based cutting tools are used to machine cast iron from the automotive industry and nickel superalloys from the aero industries. Advances in manufacturing technologies (increased cutting speeds, dry machining, etc.) induced the fast commercial growth of physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings for cutting tools, in order to increase their life time. In this work, a new composition of the Si3N4 ceramic cutting tool was developed, characterized and subsequently coated, using a PVD process, with aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN). The Si3N4 substrate properties were analyzed by XRD, AFM, hardness and fracture toughness. The AlCrN coating was analyzed by AFM, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and hardness. The results showed that this PVD coating could be formed homogeneously, without cracks and promoted a higher surface hardness to the insert and consequently it can produce a better wear resistance during its application on high speed machining.
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Meier, S. M., and D. K. Gupta. "The Evolution of Thermal Barrier Coatings in Gas Turbine Engine Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906801.
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Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been used for almost three decades to extend the life of combustors and augmentors and, more recently, stationary turbine components. Plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia TBC currently is bill-of-material on many commercial jet engine parts. A more durable electron beam-physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) ceramic coating recently has been developed for more demanding rotating as well as stationary turbine components. This ceramic EB-PVD is bill-of-material on turbine blades and vanes in current high thrust engine models and is being considered for newer developmental engines as well. To take maximum advantage of potential TBC benefits, the thermal effect of the TBC ceramic layer must become an integral element of the hot section component design system. To do this with acceptable reliability requires a suitable analytical life prediction model calibrated to engine experience. The latest efforts in thermal barrier coatings are directed toward correlating such models to measured engine performance.
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Lille, Harri, Alexander Ryabchikov, Priidu Peetsalu, Liina Lind, Fjodor Sergejev, Valdek Mikli, and Jakob Kübarsepp. "Residual Stresses on Various PVD Hard Coatings on Tube and Plate Substrates." Coatings 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111054.
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In this study, the average residual stresses were determined in hard PVD nACRo (nc-AlCrN/a-Si3N4), nACo (nc-AlTiN/a-Si3N4), AlCrN, TiAlN, and TiCN commercial coatings through the deflection of the plate substrates and the simultaneous measurement of length variation in thin-walled tubular substrates. The length measuring unit was used for the measurement of any length change in the tubular substrate. A change in tube length was reduced to the deflection of the middle cross-section of the elastic element for which deformation was measured using four strain gauges. The cross-sectional microstructure and thickness of the coatings were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a determination was made of the chemical composition of the coatings and substrate by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The values of average compressive residual stresses, as determined by both methods, were very high (with a variation of between 2.05 and 6.63 GPa), irrespective of coating thickness, but were dependent upon the shape of the substrate and on its position in relation to the axis of the rotating cathode. The thicknesses of the coatings that were deposited on the plates with two parallel fixings (such as the nACRo coatings on the front surface at 6.8 μm and on the rear surface at 2.9 μm) and on the tubular substrates (10.0 μm) were significantly different. The higher average compressive residual stresses in the coating correlate to the higher average relative wear resistance that was obtained during field wear testing.
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Nicholls, John R., Richard G. Wellman, Remy Steenbakker, and Jörg Feist. "Self Diagnostic EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings." Advances in Science and Technology 72 (October 2010): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.65.
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Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are an enabling materials technology to improve the efficiency and durability of gas turbines and thus through such efficiency improvements offer reduce fuel usage and an associated reduction in CO2 emission. This commercial drive is pushing both aero- and industrial turbines to be lifetime dependent on TBC performance – the TBC must be “prime reliant”. However, the prediction of the durability of the TBC system has proved difficult, with lifetimes varying from sample to sample and component to component. One factor controlling this is the inability to measure accurately the bondcoat/ceramic interface temperature when buried under a TBC. In operating engines this is further exacerbated by the fact that such TBC systems operate in strong temperature gradients due to the need to cool aerofoil components. This research examines the design and manufacture of self diagnostic thermal barrier coatings capable of accurately measuring the interface temperature under the TBC, whilst providing the requisite thermal protection. Data on the temperature sensing capability of various rare earth doped EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings will be reported. It will be shown that systems exist capable of measuring temperatures in excess of 1300oC. Details of the measurement method, the compositions and the thermal stability of such systems will be discussed in this paper. The ability to produce a sensing TBC capable of measuring interface temperature, surface temperature and heat flux will further be discussed permitting the design of thermal barrier protected components capable of in-situ performance monitoring.
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Uddin, Ghulam Moeen, Muhammad Sajid Kamran, Jawad Ahmad, Muhammad Ghufran, Muhammad Asim, Muhammad Qasim Zafar, Muhammad Irfan, et al. "Comparative Experimental Study of Tribo-Mechanical Performance of Low-Temperature PVD Based TiN Coated PRCL Systems for Diesel Engine." Advances in Tribology 2018 (December 12, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9437815.
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Piston ring and cylinder liner (PRCL) interface is a major contributor to the overall frictional and wear losses in an IC engine. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) based ceramic coatings on liners and rings are being investigated to address these issues. High temperature requirements for applications of conventional coating systems compromise the mechanical properties of the substrate materials. In the current study, experimental investigation of tribo-mechanical properties is conducted for various titanium nitride (TiN) coated PRCL interfaces in comparison with a commercial PRCL system. Low-temperature PVD based TiN coating is successfully achieved on the grey cast iron cylinder liner samples. Surface roughness of the grey cast iron cylinder liner substrates and the thickness of TiN coating are varied. A comprehensive comparative analysis of various PRCL interfaces is presented and all the trade-offs between various mechanical and tribological performance parameters are summarized. Coating thickness between 5 and 6 micrometres reports best tribo-mechanical behaviour. Adhesion and hardness are found to be superior for the TiN coatings deposited on cylinder liner samples with higher roughness, i.e., ~ 5-micron Ra. Maximum 62 % savings on the COF is reported for a particular PRCL system. Maximum 97% saving in cylinder liner wear rate is reported for another PRCL system.
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Chowdhury, Mohammad Shariful Islam, Bipasha Bose, Shahana Akter, and Stephen Clarence Veldhuis. "Effect of Deposition Parameters on Micromechanical Properties and Machining Performance of CrN Coating for Wet Finish Turning of Ti6Al4V Alloy." Materials 17, no. 17 (August 31, 2024): 4328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17174328.
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This study aims to optimize the performance of CrN coatings deposited on WC cutting tools for machining Ti6Al4V alloy, where the formation of built-up edge (BUE) is a prevalent and critical issue. In-house CrN coatings were developed using the PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) process, with variations in deposition parameters including nitrogen gas pressure, bias voltage, and coating thickness. A comprehensive experimental approach encompassing deposition, characterization, and machining performance evaluation was employed to identify the optimal deposition conditions. The results indicated that CrN coatings deposited at a nitrogen gas pressure of 4 Pa, a bias voltage of −50 V, and a thickness of 1.81 µm exhibited superior performance, significantly reducing BUE formation and tool wear. These optimized coatings demonstrated enhanced properties, such as a higher elastic modulus and a lower coefficient of friction, which contributed to improved tool life and machining performance. Comparative studies with commercial CrN coatings revealed that the in-house developed coatings outperformed the commercial variants by approximately 65% in tool life, owing to their superior mechanical properties and reduced friction. This research highlights the potential of tailored CrN coatings for advanced machining applications and emphasizes the importance of optimizing deposition parameters to achieve high-performance tool coatings.
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Singh, Harminder. "Fabrication of Nanostructured Coatings." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 5, no. 1 (May 5, 2016): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2016.5.1.2410.
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The outstanding thermal, mechanical, electrical and electronic properties of nanocrystalline materials and carbon nanotubes hasattracted considerable research interests, and is now one of the major identifiable activities for material scientists. However, the practical and commercial use of these materials requires efficient processing methods, which needs to be compatible with the existing processes. One of the problems limiting their application is preparation of these materials. Currently, these materials have been prepared in the laboratory by traditional method of compacting the metallic powders which consist of particles at nanoscale. This method has many limitations to achieve properties required at nanoscale. The development of surface nanostructured coatings has been considered as potential industrial application. The nanostructured coatings can be formed by various methods such as physical vapour deposition (PVD), sputtering, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), electrochemical deposition, electrospark deposition. This study has reviewed the formation of nanocoatings by different processes, with emphasis on embedding carbon nanotubes in coating structure.
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D’Avico, Luigi, Ruben Beltrami, Eleonora Pargoletti, Stefano P. M. Trasatti, and Giuseppe Cappelletti. "Insight into the Release Agents/PVD Coatings Interaction for Plastic Mold Technology." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030281.
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In polymer processing, the formation of undesired fouling hinders the plastic manufacturing processes. Hence, the use of emulsions as releasing agents is mandatory and their affinity to the mold substrates plays a crucial role. Therefore, this research work has been focused on the wetting properties of commercial water-based release agents (namely Marbocote® W2140, EP, EV-333) towards different Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) nitride coatings (AlTiN, NbN, ZrN and TiN), usually adopted in the industrial manufacture of Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR). The investigated solid substrates were characterized by means of profilometry, SEM/EDX and Surface Free Energy (SFE) analyses, whereas, tensiometric determinations were acquired on the commercial pure and diluted emulsions. The release agents/mold substrates wettability features were studied by means of the work of adhesion and the spreading coefficient. Finally, nitride-coated mold seals were directly tested in an industrial plant with the most performing release agent in terms of adhesive features; for the first time, a deep correlation between the service life, in terms of number of molded seals, and surface (contact angles, work of adhesion and spreading coefficient)/electrochemical (OCP) features was drawn.
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Raya-Tapia, Alma Yunuen, Francisco Ung-Medina, Guillermo César Mondragón-Rodríguez, Eric Mauricio Rivera-Muñoz, José Apolinar-Cortés, Franklin J. Méndez, and Rafael Huirache-Acuña. "Photocatalytic Evaluation of TiOx Films Produced by Cathodic Arc-PVD with Silver Addition by UVC Photo-Reduction Method." Inorganics 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10100148.
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A titanium (Ti) commercial cathode material and high purity Ar and O2 were used in the cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (arc-PVD) process. The TiOx coating was deposited on the three sets of Raschig rings using decreasing ratios of Ar/O2:440/60, 400/100 and 300/100. The cross sections of the TiOx PVD coating were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A homogeneous layer of Ti with small O content was observed, and the data suggest that a thin TiOx oxide film was deposited. For this reason, a thermal treatment was applied to the coating to oxidize it and form the rutile phase of TiO2 in the coating, which was demonstrated by grazing incidence XRD. In addition, the TiOx coatings absorb radiation, which was observed by diffuse reflectance band gap energy measurement. Silver (Ag) was added by the photo-reduction method, using UVC light to activate the TiO2 coating, and the band gap energy was analyzed by diffuse reflectance. The photocatalytic activities of the films were evaluated by degradation of the model dye rhodamine B and in the removal of fecal coliforms using two matrices, water from a secondary treatment effluent, and synthetic water.
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Jung, Kyu Ick, Sang Hyun Park, Jong Ho Kim, Do Kyung Kim, Ung Yu Paik, and Kee Sung Lee. "Hertzian and Nanoindentations on EBPVD-Coated Gadolinium Zirconate Thermal Barrier Materials." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1349.
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New gadolinium-yttrium zirconate thermal barrier coating(TBC) material is deposited by electron beam PVD method, as an alternative to YSZ TBC layer for gas turbine blade applications. XRD analysis reveals that the new TBC material consists of thermally stable pyrochlore structure. Hertzian and nanoindentation evaluations reveal that gadolinium zirconate materials show superior properties as a TBC candidate material with high mechanical properties. The Y2O3 doping improved hardness and elastic modulus of TBC layers. The indentation stress-strain curves by Hertzian indentation and the load-penetration depth curves by nanoindentation indicate that the new TBC layer has higher damage resistance combined with superior thermal insulation properties rather than commercial YSZ coatings.
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Czarniak, Paweł, Karol Szymanowski, Peter Panjan, and Jarosław Górski. "Initial Study of the Effect of Some PVD Coatings (“TiN/AlTiN” and “TiAlN/a-C:N”) on the Wear Resistance of Wood Drilling Tools." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020286.
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The wear of drills when processing wood-based boards is an important problem in industrial practice. The main objective of the study was to experimentally check whether two types of PVD coatings (multilayer nanocomposite “TiN/AlTiN” and double-layer coatings “TiAlN/a-C:N”) increase the wear resistance of the drill bits significantly (in terms of statistics). The typical two-blade drill bits intended for drilling in wood-based panels were used. During the experiments, the holes were drilled in samples made of commercial raw three-layer particleboard with the spindle speed of 4500 rpm, and the feed per revolution was 0.15 mm. The tool wear was monitored using a microscope. The advantage (greater resistance to wear) of both of the tested coatings (“TiN/AlTiN” and “TiAlN/a-C:N”) over raw cemented carbide was statistically significant in the initial period of machining (before 800 holes were drilled). Unfortunately, in the final period (when the number of holes drilled was over 800), only one coating (“TiN/AlTiN”) retained its advantage over raw cemented carbide. The effect of the second coating (“TiAlN/a-C:N”) turned out to be statistically insignificant.
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Haynes, J. A., M. J. Lance, B. A. Pint, and I. G. Wright. "Characterization of commercial EB-PVD TBC systems with CVD (Ni,Pt)Al bond coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 146-147 (September 2001): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01483-9.
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Swadźba, Lucjan, Ginter Nawrat, Boguslaw Mendala, and Marek Goral. "The Influence of Deposition Process on Structure of Platinum-Modifed Aluminide Coatings O Ni-Base Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.247.
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The modern jet engines used in commercial and military aircrafts are characterized by operating temperature in turbine section above 1000oC. The Ni-base superalloy turbine blades and vanes working in high temperature in very aggressive environment require using of protective coatings. The aluminide coatings are widely used to protect this engine parts. The pack cementation, out of pack and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technologies are usually used to produce this type of coating. The aluminide coatings can be modified by platinum or other elements. The Pt-modified aluminide coatings are characterized by better oxidation and corrosion resistance in comparison with conventional aluminide coatings and can be used as a bond coat for Thermal Barrier Coatings deposited by EB-PVD technology. In present study the influence of deposition technology and their’s parameters on structure and chemical composition of Pt-aluminide coatings are presented. The base material for coatings was a Inconel 738 Ni-base superalloy. The first step of coatings production were Pt electroplating with different thickness of platinum layer. The second step of coating production was aluminising process. The aluminide coatings were produced by pack cementation and out of pack technologies. Additional the influence of heat treatment of base alloy with coatings was investigated. The structure of all deposited coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical and phase composition of coatings were investigated by EDS and XRD methods. The observed coatings were characterized by two types of structure: first based on NiAlPt phase obtained on thin Pt layer and the second with additional presence of PtAl2 phase on the thick Pt layer.
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Hadło, Krystian, Janusz Lubas, Wojciech Szczypinski-Sala, Agnieszka Tomala, and Dariusz Konieczny. "Tribological Properties of a Sliding Joint with an a-C:H:W Coating under Lubrication Conditions with PAO8 Oil and the Addition of 2% MoS2 Nanoparticles." Materials 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2024): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17040870.
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One of the promising methods for improving the durability and reliability of friction joints in combustion engines is the use of thin and hard coatings, including coatings based on amorphous DLC. The a-C:H:W coating was produced using the commercial PVD method. The tested tribological joints were made of AISI 4337 steel and SAE-48 bearing alloy (conformal contact) and AISI 4337 steel and valve shims (non-conformal contact). The contact area was lubricated with SAE 5W40 engine oil and PAO8 oil + 2 wt.% MoS2 nanoparticles. The objective of this work is to explore the influence of PAO8 + MoS2 on the tribological properties of a sliding joint with an a-C:H:W coating and the change in the properties of the oils. In the conformal contact, the lubrication of the a-C:H:W coating with PAO8 + MoS2 caused a significant increase in the friction resistance (than in) as compared to the joints with a quenching and tempering surface layer and lubricated SAE 5W40, while in the non-conformal contact, the lubrication of the a-C:H:W coating with PAO8 + MoS2 caused a decrease in the friction resistance and temperature of the contact area. The joints with the a-C:H:W coating were characterized by higher wear of the SAE-48 bearing alloy, as compared to the joints with the surface layer without coating (lubricated with SAE 5W40 oil—11-fold increase, PAO8 + MoS2—46-fold increase). The wear of valve shims with the a-C:H:W coating was significantly lower as compared to the wear of the commercial version of the valve shims (the difference between joints lubricated with SAE 5W40 oil and PAO8 + MoS2 was 12%, 36% and 29% for unit pressures of 10, 15 and 20 MPa). Lubrication of the a-C:H:W coating with PAO8 oil + MoS2 protected the sliding joints against seizing in non-conformal contact.
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Qi, Hong Yu, Hai Quan Ma, Xu Li, Xiao Guang Yang, and Duo Qi Shi. "Thermal Fatigue of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.405.
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Turbine vanes and blades are the most intensively loaded elements in that they are subjected to a large variety of mechanical and high temperature loads. The thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used on different hot components of gas turbines, as blades and vanes, for both, power engineering as well as aeronautical applications. Currently, two methods are used for depositing TBCs on substrate, which are plasma spray (PS) and electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). A typical TBCs system consists of two thin coatings, including a ceramic coating and a metallic bond coat. Despite considerable efforts, the highly desirable prediction of their life time is still a demanding task. The PS coating was focused on in this work. Firstly, the TBCs systems are multiplayer material systems. The material properties are not easily determined, such as Young’s modulus of the top-coating of TBCs. Using the resonant frequency and the composite beam theory, the Young’s modulus of APS TBCs was gotten under from room temperature to 1150°C. Then using a commercial finite-element program, the model geometry is that of a cylinder specimen. The interface region between bond coat and top coating is modeled and meshed with a sinusoidal geometry. The temperature was designed and cycled over a range from room temperature to 1050°C. The force-air-cooling was designed to form temperature gradient across the thickness of TBCs. Finally, the fatigue life of TBCs was predicated. The maximum relative error is 20.1%.
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Dalibon, Eugenia Laura, Amado Cabo, Jorge Halabi, Ramiro D. Moreira, Kevin Silva, and Sonia P. Brühl. "Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of TiN Coatings Deposited on Nitrided AISI 420 Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.135.
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TiN coatings are widely used in different applications for extending the lifetime of components due to their high hardness and good wear resistance. However, it is not convenient to deposit them on soft stainless steels. In this work, the wear and corrosion behavior of commercial TiN coatings deposited by Arc-PVD on nitrided and non-nitrided martensitic stainless steel was studied. Two different nitriding conditions were used, one at high temperature (HTN) and the other at low temperature (LTN). Nanohardness and microhardness were measured. The microstructure was characterized by OM, SEM, XRD and XPS. Pin on disk and erosion tests were carried out in order to evaluate their wear resistance. The corrosion behavior was analyzed in salt spray fog and electrochemical tests in NaCl solution and the adhesion was measured in Scratch and Rockwell C Indentation tests.The coating thickness was about 1.5 µm and its hardness of 34 GPa. The nitrided layers were 13 µm and 17 µm thick for LTN and HTN, the hardness was approximately 12 GPa for both nitrided samples. The nitrided layer improved TiN coating adhesion in the Scratch tests. The wear loss volume was similar for both duplex and only coated samples in pin on disk tests. Nevertheless, wear resistance was not good for the LTN or HTN + TiN coating system in the erosion tests. Regarding corrosion behavior, the coatings showed poor corrosion resistance and this could be related to the presence of porous defects, which allow the solution to reach and attack the substrate, thus producing coating detachment around the pits.
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Souza, José Vitor C., Maria do Carmo de Andrade Nono, M. V. Ribeiro, Olivério Moreira Macedo Silva, and M. A. Lanna. "Turning of Compacted Graphite Iron Using Commercial TiN Coated Si3N4 under Dry Machining Conditions." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.604.
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Due to their high hardness and wear resistance Si3N4 based ceramics are one of the most suitable cutting tool materials for machining hardened materials. Therefore, their high degree of brittleness usually leads to inconsistent results and sudden catastrophic failures. Improvement of the functional properties these tools and reduction of the ecological threats may be accomplished by employing the technology of putting down hard coatings on tools in the state-of-the-art PVD processes, mostly by improvement of the tribological contact conditions in the cutting zone and by eliminating the cutting fluids. However in this paper was used a Si3N4 based cutting tool commercial with a layer TiN coating. In this investigation, the performance of TiN coating was assessed on turning used to machine an automotive grade compacted graphite iron. As part of the study were used to characterise the performance of cutting tool, flank wear, temperature and roughness. The results showed that the layer TiN coating failed to dry compacted graphite iron under aggressive machining conditions. However, using the measurement of flank wear technique, the average tool life of was increased by Vc=160 m/min.The latter was also observed using a toolmakers microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Benelmekki, M., M. Torrell, E. Xuriguera, F. Vaz, and V. Teixeira. "Structure and Properties of Silver Clusters Implanted in PET by PVD Sputtering for Active Packaging Applications." Journal of Nano Research 18-19 (July 2012): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.18-19.105.
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Active packaging is becoming the most suitable way to control and assure food safety from farm to fork. In this way, commercial products with finely dispersed nanosilver (n-Ag) particles permanently embedded in the containers are already available in the market. New plastic materials with inherent antibacterial properties can be made for this purpose by polymerization or copolymerization of new monomers or by chemical modification and/or blending of polymers. However the development of new materials by use of new monomers leads often to unacceptable high costs and changes in the bulk properties. Sometimes the obtained materials also suffer a poor thermal stability, which limits their processability. A possible alternative is to use of functional coatings, which improves surface properties of a given substrate leaving unchanged its bulk properties. This technology is limited by mechanical properties of the coating and bad adhesion to the substrates. In this work, we propose a new approach to antibacterial silver activity in packaging by implanting Ag clusters in PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) substrates by DC sputtering technique. To improve the impermeability of the PET to the gases and water vapour, a Ag:TiOx nanofilm with homogeneous Ag nanoclusters distribution was successfully deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on PET
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Moreno, C. M., G. Artola, and J. M. Sanchez. "Interaction between Ti-6%Al-4%V Alloys and Hardmetals Coated by Cathodic-Arc Technology." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.353.
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At present, milling of titanium based alloys for aerospace applications is mainly carried out with un-coated WC-Co carbide tools. The present work evaluates the chemical interaction of the Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy with these WC-Co commercial hardmetals. Strong decarburation induced by carbon diffusion to the Ti based alloy is observed at temperatures ranging from 750-1000°C. This reaction is responsible for the high adhesion found at the alloy-carbide interface. Different cathodic arc coatings have proved efficient in inhibiting such reaction and the associated adhesion to the Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy. Delamination induced by reaction between the Ti6Al4V alloy and AlTiN and TiAlCN coatings increases with the hot pressing temperature, being more severe for the AlTiN material. A lower bound of 44 J/m2 has been obtained for the interfacial fracture energy of cathodic arc PVD TiAlCN coatings on hardmetal substrates, this value being significantly higher than those previously reported for TiAlN materials.
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Kohlscheen, Joern, and Tomohiro Shibata. "Phase and Residual Stress Evaluation of Dual-Phase Al70Cr30N and Al80Cr20N PVD Films." Crystals 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9070362.
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We investigated arc ion-plated Al70Cr30N and Al80Cr20N thin films deposited with three different bias voltages (50 V, 100 V, and 150 V) to study crystal phase stabilities, residual stresses, and mechanical properties. Commercial compositions of AlxCr100–xN coatings typically range from x = 50 to 70 where the cubic face centered crystal phase occurs. The present study focuses on films near the solubility limit of Al in the cubic Cr(Al)N lattice around 70 at.%, above which hexagonal AlN (h–AlN) starts to form in significant amounts. Residual stress values are obtained by two methods: grazing incidence diffraction with the wholepattern fitting and the conventional side inclination method (sin2Ψ method). When multiple phases are present in the film, wholepattern fitting turns out to be particularly effective and a comparison of both measurement methods will be discussed. The Al70Cr30N films consist of the cubic phase with crystallite sizes of about 70 nm for all bias voltages. Compressive stress increased with bias voltage from about 3 to almost 6 GPa and coatings become brittle. Al80Cr20N films showed a different dependence on bias voltage. Using 50 V bias voltage in deposition, the major phase is h–AlN phase with a crystallite grain size of < 30 nm and (0002) preferred orientation. With increasing bias the cubic phase is stabilized also reaching about 70 nm crystallite size. In general, the compressive residual stress was significantly lower than for Al70Cr30N films for the same bias voltages which may be a result of the presence of the hexagonal phase. Wear and scratch tests confirmed higher ductility of the Al80Cr20N variants but reduced resistance of the films in impact wear testing.
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de Castilho, Bruno César Noronha Marques, Felipe de Sousa Mazuco, Alisson Mendes Rodrigues, Pedro Renato Tavares Avila, Raira Chefer Apolinario, Philipp Daum, Fabiana Pereira da Costa, et al. "Tailoring the Hybrid Magnetron Sputtering Process (HiPIMS and dcMS) to Manufacture Ceramic Multilayers: Powering Conditions, Target Materials, and Base Layers." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142465.
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The mechanical and wear behavior of CrN/CrAlN multilayers were improved by tailoring the experimental conditions of a hybrid magnetron sputtering process based on a high-power impulse (HiPIMS) and two direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS) power supplies. To this end, the influence of the base layer and of the combination of Cr and CrAl targets, which were switched to the dcMS and HiPIMS power supplies in different configurations, were investigated with respect to the growth of ceramic CrN/CrAlN multilayers onto commercial gas-nitrided diesel piston rings. The microstructure, grain morphology, and mechanical properties were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and instrumented nanoindentation. Bench wear tests simulating the operation of a combustion engine were conducted against a gray cast iron cylinder liner under reciprocating conditions using 0W20 oil as a lubricating agent enriched with Al2O3 particles. The results revealed a significant increase in hardness, resistance to plastic strain, and wear resistance when two CrAl targets were switched to a HiPIMS and a dcMS power supply, and a Cr target was powered by another dcMS power supply. The compressive coating stresses were slightly reduced due to the soft Cr base layer that enabled stress relief within the multilayer. The proposed concept of hybrid magnetron sputtering outperformed the commercial PVD coatings of CrN for diesel piston rings manufactured by cathodic arc evaporation.
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Džupon, Miroslav, Ján Balko, and Janette Brezinová. "Non-Destructive Surface Diagnostics of Tools." Materials Science Forum 818 (May 2015): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.818.41.
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The aim of the study was to validate non-destructive diagnostics of surface of tools and metal sheets after steel grit blasting. We used replicas produced by fy Struers, known under commercial name RepliSet-F5. The replicas were extracted from surfaces of thirty specimens with PVD coatings (CrN, TiCN) and from flat specimens after steel grit blasting. Qualitative and quantitative parameters characteristic of surface morphology were determined by means of an optical profilometer, and confocal microscope was used for surface contactless metrology measurements. We observed a qualitative coincidence of morphological images of original surfaces and replicas. The values of the quantitative parameter Sa (Arithmetic mean height according to ISO 25178) of surfaces and replicas extracted from them differed at the second decimal place. Replicas document well the surface morphology and allow one to obtain information about the state of surface in difficult-to-access sites of the tools or constructions.
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Lacki, Piotr, Wojciech Więckowski, Grzegorz Luty, Paweł Wieczorek, and Maciej Motyka. "Evaluation of Usefulness of AlCrN Coatings for Increased Life of Tools Used in Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of Sheet Aluminum Alloy." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184124.
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The study presents the results of examinations of wear in tools made of 1.2344 steel without and with an anti-wear coating in the process of welding overlap joints of sheet metal made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy using friction stir welding (FSW) technology. A commercial anti-wear AlCrN coating (Balinit® Alcrona Pro by Oerlikon Balzers Coating Poland Sp. z o.o., Polkowice, Poland) was examined, applied using physical vapor deposition (PVD) and used to improve tool life in metalworking processes. Wear tests for the tools were conducted in industrial conditions at specific parameters of the friction stir welding process. Tool wear was evaluated through examination of the tool working surface. The results of the static tensile strength tests and metallographic examinations of the joints were used to evaluate the effect of tool wear and the coating impact on joint quality. The results obtained in the study show that the tool made of 1.2344 steel was intensively worn after the welding of a joint with the length of 200 m, increasing the risk associated with further use of the tool and suggesting the tool’s low durability. The use of the AlCrN coating led to an increase in tool life. The coating limits the process of tool wear and can be used as an anti-wear coating for tools used in the FSW of aluminum alloys.
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Eriksson, Jenny, and Mikael Olsson. "Tribological testing of commercial CrN, (Ti,Al)N and CrC/C PVD coatings — Evaluation of galling and wear characteristics against different high strength steels." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 16 (May 2011): 4045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.02.053.
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Zhang, Tao, Gilles Mariaux, Armelle Vardelle, and Chang-Jiu Li. "Numerical Analysis of the Interactions between Plasma Jet and Powder Particles in PS-PVD Conditions." Coatings 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101154.
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Plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) refers to a very low-pressure (~100 Pa) deposition process in which a powder is injected in a high-enthalpy plasma jet, and mostly vaporized and recondensed onto a substrate to form a coating with a specific microstructure (e.g., columnar). A key issue is the selection of the powder particle size that could be evaporated under specific spray conditions. Powder evaporation takes place, first, in the plasma torch between the injection location and nozzle exit and, then, in the deposition chamber from the nozzle exit to the substrate location. This work aims to calculate the size of the particles that can be evaporated in both stages of the process. It deals with an yttria-stabilized zirconia powder and two commercial plasma torches operated at different arc powers with gas mixtures of argon and helium or argon and hydrogen. First, it used computational fluid dynamics simulations to calculate the velocity and temperature fields of the plasma jets under very low-pressure plasma conditions. Then, it estimated the evaporation of the particles injected in both plasma jets assuming an isothermal evaporation process coupled with momentum and heat transfer plasma-particle models in a rarefied plasma. The calculations showed that, for different powers of the Ar–H2 and the Ar–He operating conditions of this study, the heat flux from the plasma jet to particles inside the torch is much higher than that transferred in the deposition chamber while the specific enthalpy transferred to particles is comparable. The argon-helium mixture is more efficient than the argon-hydrogen mixture to evaporate the particles. Particles less than 2 μm in diameter could be fully evaporated in the Ar–He plasma jet while they should be less than 1 µm in diameter in the Ar–H2 plasma jet.
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HOSSEINI NAJAFABADI, M., F. ASHRAFIZADEH, and M. MONIRVAGHEFI. "OPTIMIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED BLACK ELECTROLESS Ni-P COATING FOR SOLAR ABSORBER." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 05 (January 2012): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512002619.
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High solar absorber coatings of Ni - P on aluminum substrate have been fabricated by electroless technique as an alternative to complex PVD coatings. For this purpose, the Ni - P coating was deposited on commercially pure aluminum and then blacking process was carried out. Upon heat treatment, the amorphous structure of the coatings transformed to a nanocrystalline structure which is accompanied by variation in properties. The phase structure of the coatings was studied by X-ray diffraction; the crystallite size measured by using Sherrer method indicated an average crystallite size of about 15 nm with an increase in hardness. Morphological studies of coatings were performed by scanning electron microscopy. The coatings generally had a sound, crack-free surface with a thickness value of around 10μm. The optical properties of the coatings were determined by means of spectrophotometer. The black electroless nickel possessed higher absorption in the range of visible light, with a coefficient in the order of 0.98. The results of this study indicate that the coating process described herein is suitable as solar absorber coating.
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ALI, MUBARAK, ESAH BINTI HAMZAH, and MOHD RADZI HJ. MOHD TOFF. "EFFECT OF METAL ION ETCHING ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL, MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TiN-COATED D2 TOOL STEEL USING CAE PVD TECHNIQUE." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 04 (August 2006): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008384.
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A study has been made on TiN coatings deposited on D2 tool steel substrates by using commercially available cathodic arc evaporation, physical vapor deposition technique. The goal of this work is to determine the usefulness of TiN coatings in order to improve the micro-Vickers hardness, coefficient of friction and surface roughness of TiN coating deposited on tool steel, which is vastly use in tool industry for various applications. A pin-on-disc test was carried out to study the coefficient of friction versus sliding distance of TiN coating at various ion etching rates. The tribo-test showed that the minimum value recorded for friction coefficient was 0.386 and 0.472 with standard deviation of 0.056 and 0.036 for the coatings deposited at zero and 16 min ion etching. The differences in friction coefficient and surface roughness was mainly associated with the macrodroplets, which was produced during etching stage. The coating deposited for 16 min metal ion etching showed the maximum hardness, i.e., about five times higher than uncoated one and 1.24 times to the coating deposited at zero ion etching. After friction test, the wear track was observed by using field emission scanning electron microscope. The coating deposited for zero ion etching showed small amounts of macrodroplets as compared to the coating deposited for 16 min ion etching. The elemental composition on the wear scar were investigated by means of energy dispersive X-ray, indicate no further TiN coating on wear track. A considerable improvement in TiN coatings was recorded as a function of various ion etching rates.
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Dercz, Grzegorz, Jagoda Barczyk, Izabela Matuła, Tadeusz Kubaszek, Marek Góral, Joanna Maszybrocka, Dariusz Bochenek, et al. "Characterization of YSZ Coatings Deposited on cp-Ti Using the PS-PVD Method for Medical Applications." Coatings 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111348.
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A patient’s body accepting a bone implant depends not only on the biomaterial used, but also on its surface, which allows it to properly interact with bone cells. Therefore, research has focused on improving the bioactive and tribological properties of titanium and its alloys. Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) is widely used as a biomedical material. However, it is characterized by unsuitable tribological properties. In this work, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was deposited on a cp-Ti substrate via plasma spray–physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). The structural characteristics were determined using X-ray analysis (XRD). Additionally, the lattice parameters of each phase were determined using Rietveld’s method. High-resolution scanning microscopy (HR-SEM) showed a typical column structure of coatings that can be used with PS-PVD. Depending on the process parameters, the coatings differed in thickness in the range of 2.4–9.0 µm. The surface roughness also varied. The samples were subjected to nano-indenter testing. A slight change in hardness after deposition of the coating was observed, in addition to a significant decrease in the Young’s modulus. The Young’s modulus in relation to the metallic substrate was reduced to 58 or 78 GPa depending on the parameters of the spray-coating process.
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Kontakis, MG, A. Diez-Escudero, H. Hariri, B. Andersson, JD Järhult, and NP Hailer. "Antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties of two different types of titanium silver coating." European Cells and Materials 41 (June 14, 2021): 694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v041a45.
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In prosthetic joint surgery, Ag coating of implant areas in direct contact with bone has been met with hesitation for fear of compromising osseointegration. The physicochemical, antibacterial and osteoconductive properties of three different Ti samples were studied: Ti6Al4V alloy that was grit-blasted (GB), Ti6Al4V alloy with an experimental Ti-Ag-nitride layer (SN) applied by physical vapour deposition (PVD) and commercially available PVD-coated Ti6Al4V alloy with a base Ag layer and a surface Ti-Ag-nitride layer (SSN, clinically known as PorAg®). Ag content on the surface of experimental SN and SSN discs was 27.7 %wt and 68.5 % wt, respectively. At 28 d, Ag release was 4 ppm from SN and 26.9 ppm from SSN substrates. Colonisation of discs by Staphylococcus aureus was the highest on GB [944 (± 91) × 104 CFU/mL], distinctly lower on experimental SN discs [414 (± 117) × 104 CFU/mL] and the lowest on SSN discs [307 (± 126) × 104 CFU/mL]. Primary human osteoblasts were abundant 28 d after seeding on GB discs but their adhesion and differentiation, measured by alkaline-phosphatase production, was suppressed by 73 % on SN and by 96 % on SSN discs, in comparison to GB discs. Thus, the PVD-applied Ag coatings differed considerably in their antibacterial effects and osteoconductivity. The experimental SN coating had similar antibacterial effects to the commercially available SSN coating while providing slightly improved osteoconductivity. Balancing the Ag content of Ti implants will be vital for future developments of implants designed for cementless fixation into bone.
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Vikor, György, Bernd Disteldorf, Francis Wuillaume, Jian-gang Weng, Adam Burghardt, Alexander Sobolev, Suresh Devisetti, and Greg Brecht. "Bird safety coating for architectural and commercial applications." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 10, no. 4 (2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2020.4.8.
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Scientific observations conclude that modern buildings can cause a high number of bird deaths due to birds’ collision with glass windows and glass walls. There are many efforts to put bird-deterrent patterns on glass in order to avoid bird collision. To make the patterns environment-friendly and meanwhile invisible for human eye, we developed a special “first surface PVD coating”. This paper describes a design for bird-deterrent stack from sputter-coating processes, our method to improve the contrast ratio between coated and uncoated area, followed by some discussions on the tunnel-test results.
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Leyendecker, T., O. Lemmer, S. Esser, and J. Ebberink. "The development of the PVD coating TiAlN as a commercial coating for cutting tools." Surface and Coatings Technology 48, no. 2 (November 1991): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90142-j.
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Voropai, V., M. Nieher, A. Kratsch, W. Kirchner, B. Giggel, C. H. Lohmann, J. Bertrand, S. Weißmantel, and J. Döring. "TETRAHEDRAL AMORPHOUS CARBON COATING FOR KNEE JOINT APPLICATION AND ITS TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE." Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_7 (April 4, 2023): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.7.078.
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Total knee arthroplasty is one of the most common surgeries. About 92% of all implanted knee endorposthesis in 2020 were manufactured from uncoated CoCrMo articulating on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. All articluations generate wear particles and subsequent emission of metal ions due to the mechanical loading. These wear particles cause diverse negative reactions in the surrounding tissues and can lead to implant loosening. Coating technologies might offer the possibility to reduce this wear. Therefore, we investigated the applicability of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coating on CoCrMo alloy.Polished specimens made of CoCrMo wrought alloy according to ISO 5832-12 were coated with ta-C coatings with different layer structure using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). This process allows the deposition of ta-C coatings with low internal stress using an additional relaxation laser. Surface quality and mechanical properties of the coating were characterised using optical surface measurements (NanoFocus μsurf expert, NanoFocus AG) and a nanoindentation tester NHT3 (Anton Paar GmbH). Scratch tests were performed on Micro Scratch Tester MST3 (Anton Paar TriTec SA) to define the coating adhesion. Pin-on-plate tribological tests, with a polyethylene ball sliding on the ta-C-coated plate under a defined load according to ISO 14243-1 were performed using a linear tribometer (Anton Paar GmbH) to evaluate the tribological and wear properties.The ta-C coatings showed a mean roughness Ra of 5-20 nm and a hardness up to 60 GPa (n=3). The adhesion of the ta-C coatings (n=3) was comparable to the commercial coatings like TiN and TiNbN. The pin-on-plate tests showed an improvement of tribological properties in comparison with the polished uncoated CoCrMo specimens (n=3).The ta-C coatings applied by DLP technology show increased hardness compared to the base material and sufficient adhesion. Further research will be needed to investigate the optimal coating strategy for implant coating.
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Denkena, Berend, Georg Erkens, and Bernd Breidenstein. "Residual Stress in PVD-Coated Carbide Cutting Inserts - Applications of the sin2ψ and the Scattering Vector Method." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2383.
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Premature collapse in terms of cohesive damage of PVD-coated carbide cutting tools often results in a time and cost consuming immediate interrupt of the cutting process. It is assumed that the residual stress state of the composite coating – substrate in combination with external loads during tool use is responsible for cohesive damage. The X-ray diffraction methods sin2 and scattering vector are applied for determination of the residual stress depth distribution in the coating and the substrate’s subsurface. Investigations of the residual stress state of commercial PVD-coated carbide cutting tools are presented. It is determined to what extent the single process steps during tool manufacturing are responsible for the final residual stress state of the PVD-coated tool. Furthermore the meaning of the PVD-coating process for the substrate’s residual stress state is investigated. Moreover, possibilities of controlling the residual stress state of the substrate by changing process variables of selected process steps are analyzed.
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Strano, Matteo, Paolo Albertelli, Elio Chiappini, and Stefano Tirelli. "Experimental Evaluation of Innovative Tools for Ti-6Al-4V Turning." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1941–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1941.
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Titanium alloys, mainly because of their poor thermal conductivity, need to be cut at relatively low cutting speeds, with obvious negative consequences on the profitability of machining. An important amount of research activities has been done in order to increase productivity in titanium machining operations: high performance coatings and innovative technologies to improve inserts resistance to wear represent promising solutions. In this work, the cutting performance in Ti6Al4V rough turning of an innovative TiAlN coating obtained by Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering and the effects of a Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) have been experimentally investigated and a statistical analysis of the results has been performed. Typical commercially available inserts (TiAlN-AlCrO coated) have been used as a benchmark. Preliminary hardness and thermal conductivity measurements tests have been performed on the three types of tool to determine the differences caused by the different coatings and thermal treatment. The experiments have been conducted using a full factorial design in order to statistically evaluate, using ANOVA, the significance of the input factors on the process most interesting outputs. tool life and other variables of interest with different process parameters. The considered input factors are type of insert, cutting speed and feed rate. The analysed responses are average flank wear, surface roughness, cutting forces, coefficient of friction and chip morphology. The results show that even if friction coefficients are lower for standard tools, innovative inserts exhibit a higher resistance to wear. Taylor’s law parameters of PVD coated tools, with and without DCT have been determined, clearly showing that cryogenically treated tools present higher resistance at higher cutting speeds, mainly due to their superior hardness. In conclusion, it appears that relevant improvements of productivity or profitability of titanium turning can be obtained if an advanced PVD coating, deposited by magnetron sputtering is used on tungsten carbide inserts and if deep cryogenic of the inserts is performed afterwards.
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Pędrak, Pawel, Kamil Dychtoń, Marcin Drajewicz, and Marek Góral. "Synthesis of Gd2Zr2O7 Coatings Using the Novel Reactive PS-PVD Process." Coatings 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101208.
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Ceramic topcoats of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) make it possible to increase the working temperature of the hot sections of jet engines. Yttria-stabilized zirconia oxide (YSZ) is usually used to protect the turbine blades and vanes against high temperature and oxidation. It is necessary to develop new materials which can operate at higher temperatures in a highly oxidizing gas atmosphere. Re2Zr2O7-type pyrochlores are promising YSZ replacements. Usually, they are produced by mixing pure oxides in the calcination process at higher temperatures. In a recent article, the new concept of pyrochlore synthesis during the deposition process was presented. The new technology, called reactive plasma spray physical vapor deposition (reactive PS-PVD), was developed and a Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) coating was achieved. The reactive PS-PVD process allowed for the use of a mixture of untreated ZrO2 and Gd2O3 powders as reactants, instead of the commercially available gadolinium zirconate powders used in other types of processes. The results of microstructure observations revealed a columnar microstructure in the produced ceramic layer. The phase composition indicated the presence of gadolinium zirconate. Thermal analysis showed a decrease in the thermal conductivity in the range of 700 to 1200 °C of the produced layers, as compared to the layer made of the currently used conventional YSZ.
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Bala, Niraj, Harpreet Singh, and S. Prakash. "An Overview of Cold Spray Technique." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 2419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.2419.
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The Cold spray or cold gas dynamic spraying is the new progressive step in the direction of development of high kinetic energy coating processes. The cold spray is a method for coating substrates under atmospheric conditions. In this process micron sized solid particles are accelerated and transported to substrates by means of supersonic free jets. Upon impacting the substrates, particles stick to the surface and form coatings which possess very low porosity. The paper outlines the principles involved in cold spray method and the equipment used for the technique. The cold spray method is related to classical thermal spray methods but it has some interesting additional features, which has been discussed in the paper. A fundamental feature of cold spray method i.e. concept of critical velocity along with the plausible mechanism theory responsible for the deposition of coating has been discussed briefly. Successful applications of cold spray process and its environment friendly aspect has been elaborated. It is reported that well founded cold spray technology will be able to compete for a good market share of VPS/PVD coatings in various fields like power, electronic/electrical, biotechnology, turbines and other industries. The cold spray process is still primarily in the research and development stage and only now becoming commercially available, and has been accepted as a new and novel thermal spray technique mainly in developed countries. The technology has great potential for future research especially with reference to its application to real industrial solution.
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Chumrum, Pakorn, and Varunee Premanond. "Wear Behavior of the CVD and PVD Coated Piercing Punch." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.499.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate the effectiveness of PVD and CVD process of TiCN film coating on SKH51 JIS tool steel on reducing wear in piercing operation. Both processes of PVD and CVD were carried out under commercial conditions. It was found that the amount of wear found for TiCN-PVD coated punch is lower than that of CVD coated punch. Adhesive strength of film coated by CVD technique is found lower which is related to photograph taken from SEM show major adhesive wear.
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Kovács, Tünde. "Nano-Mechanical and Surface Morphological Properties of TiN Coating Produced by PVD on Tool Steel." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.191.
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Thin films are increasingly used to improve the wear resistance of structural materials. The increased number and diversity of thin film coatings applied in industry arises an increased demand for practical and reliable characterization of surface coatings itself. A variety of tribological and mechanical testing procedures have been developed and used to evaluate different aspects of film quality. This work shows the test results of surface modified HS 6-5-2C tool steel substrates coated by physical vapor deposited (PVD) TiN layer. Two different commercially available PVD technologies were used for producing the test samples. The aim of this work was to analyze and evaluate the correlations between the surface morphology, plasticity, hardness and wear properties (during dry friction) of the coatings. Atomic force microscopy was used for characterizing the roughness of the surfaces, a dry friction ball-cratering test equipment for the wear tests and microhardness tests and nanoindentation for characterize the mechanical properties of the samples produced by different technologies.
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Dahan, Nathaniel, Nick Donaldson, Stephen Taylor, and Nuno Sereno. "Prolonging the Lifetime of PEEK Packages for Implantable Electronic Devices Using Commercially Available Vacuum Thin Film Coatings." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.417.
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For short term applications (less than three years), it may be possible to replace traditional long term packaging materials such as titanium with a biocompatible polymer such as PEEK. This paper investigates the use of commercially available thin films to decrease the water vapor permeation rate through the walls of a PEEK package. It was found that most physical vapor deposition (PVD) and plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PaCVD) coatings tested did not provide a significant improvement in lifetime, due to the porosity of the films produced. This is mostly linked to the morphology of the films (i.e., growth in columns which are poorly bonded together, creating a porous structure) and is exacerbated by the high surface roughness of the machined substrates. Applying a lacquer before coating reduces this effect significantly, and we found that the time constant of our coated packages was improved by a factor of 2.3. Based on the findings of our group's previous work and this paper, the maximum achievable lifetime of PEEK packages with a thin film coating and desiccant is presented. As an example, a coated cylindrical PEEK package (using atomic layer deposition, ALD) with a uniform wall thickness of 2 mm, an internal cavity size of 1.5 cm3, filled with 20% of desiccant, has a lifetime of 18.8 mo (27.2 mo with 30% of desiccant). This would be sufficient for a range of applications and provide a cheaper and more versatile packaging alternative to traditional packages.
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White, David E., Jim Bartley, Christopher Whittington, Lorenzo Garcia, Kaushik Chand, and Celine Turangi. "Pilot study: Post-surgical infections could be related with lack of sharpness in surgical tools." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): e0261322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261322.
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Despite rigorous sterilization protocols placed in surgical procedures, there is demonstrated evidence that show patients contract infections while hospitalized. This study aims to investigate the presence of biological materials in osteotome surgical tools after sterilization processes, determine the relationship between lack of sharpness and cross-contamination, and evaluate the influence of materials surface coating as a potential contamination preventive. Three commercially available osteotomes with different surface coatings were studied and submitted to a procedure of bone-cutting cycles. After use, each was sterilized and examined under SEM and EDS. Bone contaminants were detected in each osteotome although the PVD coated osteotome demonstrated significantly less contamination than either the as-supplied or electroless nickel coated one. According to the results, there is an association between blade sharpness and post-sterilization bone contamination. These findings suggest either disposable osteotomes should be used in surgical procedures, or an effective sharpen process should both be established and monitored to minimise post-operative infections.
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Costa, Manuel F. M., and V. Teixeira. "Rugometric and Microtopographic Inspection of Cr–Cr2O3Cermet Solar Absorbers." International Journal of Photoenergy 2007 (2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/82327.
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The development of new efficient and cost effective solar energy collectors and converters either quantum or thermal attracts great attention and effort in a number of research laboratories all over the world. Cr–Cr2O3cermet PVD coatings can be successfully employed in thermal converters. Their energy conversion efficiency depends on their chemical and physical structural characteristics and related optical properties like reflectance, emittance, solar light absorption, or absorptance and transmittance. Parameters such as roughness and topographic characteristics of the produced coatings will greatly influence their relevant optical properties. A careful evaluation of the coatings' roughness and their microtopographic inspection is fundamental. The Cr–Cr2O3cermet coatings sputter deposited on cooper and aluminium shows similar absorption (92%) but the first ones present a better emittance and higher waviness (over30%) with similar roughness. In comparison with commercially available solar panels with a slightly better absorption but worse emittance our coatings have a much lower waviness (∼150%) and roughly50%higher roughness.
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Santecchia, Eleonora, Marcello Cabibbo, Abdel Hamouda, Farayi Musharavati, Anton Popelka, and Stefano Spigarelli. "Investigation of the Temperature-Related Wear Performance of Hard Nanostructured Coatings Deposited on a S600 High Speed Steel." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030332.
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Thin hard coatings are widely known as key elements in many industrial fields, from equipment for metal machining to dental implants and orthopedic prosthesis. When it comes to machining and cutting tools, thin hard coatings are crucial for decreasing the coefficient of friction (COF) and for protecting tools against oxidation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the tribological performance of two commercially available thin hard coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on a high speed tool steel (S600) under extreme working conditions. For this purpose, pin-on-disc wear tests were carried out either at room temperature (293 K) or at high temperature (873 K) against alumina (Al2O3) balls. Two thin hard nitrogen-rich coatings were considered: a multilayer AlTiCrN and a superlattice (nanolayered) CrN/NbN. The surface and microstructure characterization were performed by optical profilometry, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
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Darwish, Abdalla M., Sergey S. Sarkisov, Simeon Wilson, Jamaya Wilson, Eboni Collins, Darayas N. Patel, Kyu Cho, et al. "Polymer nanocomposite sunlight spectrum down-converters made by open-air PLD." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 1044–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0079.
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AbstractWe report, for the first time to our knowledge, on the polymer nanocomposite sunlight spectrum down-converters made by the concurrent multi-beam multi-target pulsed laser deposition (CMBMT-PLD) of phosphor and polymer in ambient air. Phosphor PLD targets were made of down-converting rare-earth (RE)-doped fluorides NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+, and NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ with a Stokes shift of 620 nm (from 360 to 980 nm), minimizing the effect of re-absorption. The phosphors were synthesized by the wet method. Polymer target was made of poly (methyl methacrylate) known as PMMA. Target ablation was conducted with 1,064 nm beams from an Nd:YAG Q-switched laser. Beam intensity was 2.8 × 1016 W/cm2 for both targets. The substrate was a microscope glass slide. Phosphor nanoparticles with a size ranging from 10 to 50 nm were evenly distributed in the polymer matrix during deposition. The nanoparticles retained the crystalline structure and the fluorescent properties of the phosphor target. There was no noticeable chemical decomposition of the deposited polymer. The products of laser-induced reaction of the polymer target with atmospheric gases did not reach the substrate during PLD. Post-heating of the substrate at ∼90°C led to fusion of separate polymer droplets into uniform coating. Quantum yield of the down-conversion polymer nanocomposite film was estimated to be not less than ∼5%. The proposed deposition method can find its application in making commercial-size down-converter coatings for photo-voltaic solar power applications.
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Lu, Yafei, Choong-Fong Tang, and Maurice A. Wright. "Optimization of a commercial brake pad formulation." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 84, no. 13 (April 16, 2002): 2498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10606.
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Breidenstein, Bernd, Christoph Gey, and Berend Denkena. "Residual Stress Development in Laser Machined PVD-Coated Carbide Cutting Tools." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.391.
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Abstract. There is growing interest in laser machining as an alternative to abrasive processes for creating cutting tool micro geometries. This technology is also suitable for creating micro geometries on cutting edges of superhard cutting tools. The pulsed nanosecond lasers, which are commonly used for this type of application, induce a high thermal load in the tool. This heat is believed to result in tensile residual stresses at the cutting edge surface, which are generally unfavorable for cutting tool performance because of the tendency to crack formation and propagation. Different levels of compressive residual stress exist after each step (sintering, grinding, shot peening, etching and PVD-coating). From investigations of commercial processes for manufacturing PVD-coated carbide cutting tools it is known that the final residual stress state of the carbide subsurface is a result of superposition of the stress states resulting from the individual process steps. In contrast to that, a laser machining process is expected to produce tensile residual stress due to the heat input. The present work describes the influence of a process chain alteration for PVD-coated carbide cutting tools by a laser machining process on the residual stress state in the finished tools.
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Gence, Loïk, Franck Quero, Miguel Escalona, Robert Wheatley, Birger Seifert, Donovan Diaz-Droguett, María José Retamal, Sascha Wallentowitz, Ulrich Georg Volkmann, and Heman Bhuyan. "Wrinkled TiNAgNW Nanocomposites for High-Performance Flexible Electrodes on TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocellulose." Nanomaterials 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2024): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14141178.
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In this study, we present a novel method for fabricating semi-transparent electrodes by combining silver nanowires (AgNW) with titanium nitride (TiN) layers, resulting in conductive nanocomposite coatings with exceptional electromechanical properties. These nanocomposites were deposited on cellulose nanopaper (CNP) using a plasma-enhanced pulsed laser deposition (PE-PLD) technique at low temperatures (below 200 ∘C). Repetitive bending tests demonstrate that incorporating AgNW into TiN coatings significantly enhances the microstructure, increasing the electrode’s electromechanical robustness by up to four orders of magnitude compared to commercial PET/ITO substrates. Furthermore, the optical and electrical conductivities can be optimized by adjusting the AgNW network density and TiN synthesis temperature. Our results also indicate that the nanocomposite electrodes exhibit improved stability in air and superior adhesion compared to bare AgNW coatings.
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Tacikowski, Michał, Janusz Kamiński, Krzysztof Rożniatowski, Marcin Pisarek, Rafał Jakieła, Paweł Marchlewski, and Tadeusz Wierzchoń. "Improving the Properties of Composite Titanium Nitride Layers on the AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Using Hydrothermal Treatment." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 5903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195903.
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Coating magnesium alloys with nitride surface layers is a prospective way of improving their intrinsically poor surface properties; in particular, their tribological and corrosion resistance. These layers are usually produced using PVD methods using magnetron sputtering or arc evaporation. Even though the thus-produced layers significantly increase the wear resistance of the alloys, their effects on corrosion resistance are unsatisfactory because of the poor tightness, characteristic of PVD-produced products. Tightness acquires crucial significance when the substrate is a highly-active magnesium alloy, hence our idea to tighten the layers by subjecting them to a post-deposition chemical-hydrothermal-type treatment. This paper presents the results of our experiments with a new hybrid surface engineering method, using a final tightening pressure hydrothermal gas treatment in overheated steam of the composite titanium nitride layers PVD, produced on AZ91D magnesium alloy. The proposed method resulted in an outstanding improvement of the performance properties, in particular resistance to corrosion and wear, yielding values that exceed those exhibited by commercially anodized alloys and austenitic stainless 316L steel. The developed hybrid method produces new, high-performance corrosion and wear resistant, lightweight magnesium base materials, suitable for heavy duty applications.