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Liaw, Marianne Su-Ling. "Shear-induced structures in a commercial surfactant-based system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615697.
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Theron, Lee. "The use of corporate structures and tax avoidance." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16729.
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Includes bibliographical referencesSouth Africa has seen many developments in both the areas of corporate law and tax legislation. The legislation in question has developed from an apartheid or pre-democratic era to that of the current democratic South Africa, in which individuals have the freedom to become entrepreneurs, and have the opportunity to start up small to medium and larger enterprises, in order to firstly make a profit but also to ensure that they enjoy the benefits which the separate legal personality of Corporate Structures are entitled to. The focus of the research was to carefully study Corporate Structures created by directors and other entities and to show how these personalities make use of various arrangements to reduce tax liability, both by lawful and unlawful methods. In addition to this, the research involved a close analysis a of how a Corporate Structure is formed, from the date of incorporation of the entity, to the rights, and duties of the entity, the rights and duties of the role-players such as directors and shareholders, who control the entity and make the necessary decisions relating to the entity. The thesis focuses on the tests used by the courts to examine the true commercial substance of Corporate Structures and the arrangements put in place by these entities or individuals mentioned above. The above approach was applied by analysing the principle of Piercing the Corporate Veil both at common law and statutory level, the principles of Substance over Form, General Anti-Avoidance provisions and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 provisions, in light of the Anti-Avoidance provisions. It is trite law that taxpayers are allowed to arrange their affairs or commercial activities in a manner in which they may gain a tax advantage provided they do so, within the ambit of the law. The effect of the taxpayer having such freedoms is that many of the contracting parties or taxpayers abuse the legislative provisions and enter into transactions and commercial activities which circumvent the legal provisions. The framework of the analysis was to look at the Companies Act 71 of 2008, Income Tax 58 of 1962 and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 Acts respectively. The result of the research has shown that the tests put forward by the courts assist in ensuring that the principle of separate legal personality is upheld, taxpayers such as entities are free to arrange their affairs in a manner that allows a certain tax advantage provided it is within the ambit of the law. The study has shown that the doctrine of separate legal personality is upheld within our current legal system. There are many tax and legal benefits to natural persons establishing an entity; however these benefits should not lead to abuse by entities. Lastly, the courts will carefully scrutinise the commercial substance of a transaction and test whether the parties to the transaction have acted in accordance with the true principles of the transactions, the conclusion herein is therefore that the law should not interpret the modern commercial world with a closed minded approach and legislate strictly, without considering all the circumstances of a matter in light of the necessary law and policy considerations and in so doing, rather adopt a modern commercial minded approach. As a growing South African economy, entities should be permitted to arrange their commercial transactions and affairs in the best possible way to obtain a legal tax benefit and make profits which will ultimately ensure that we have a sustainable economy and strong Corporate Structures in place, in order to be placed in a stronger position in terms of an African perspective and compete more competitively at an International level.
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Kershoff, Marko Daniel. "The triangular merger structures: the use of the forward and reverse triangular merger structures to circumvent the voting and appraisal rights of minority shareholders and potential shareholder remedies." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12900.
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Includes bibliographical references.The triangular merger structures provide an innovative and effective method for avoiding the voting and concomitant appraisal rights of a holding company’s shareholders. This is because, by incorporating and making use of a wholly owned subsidiary company to effect the proposed transaction, the holding company is deemed not to be a party to the amalgamation or merger agreement; even though the transaction is instigated and financed by it. Importantly, and as a result of the fact that the holding company is able to distance itself from the transaction, its shareholders are deprived of their voting and appraisal rights, thereby allowing said company to effectively avoid the usual cash drain resulting from the exercise of shareholder appraisal rights. It is argued that companies must not be allowed to make use of and exploit the separate legal personality of a shell subsidiary company solely to circumvent the rights of their shareholders. Failing specific legislative intervention to curtail this potential abuse, shareholders of the holding company ought to be able to successfully challenge the implementation of a triangular merger by (i) applying to court in terms of s 20(9) of the Act (the theory behind this being that the triangular merger structures propose the use of a separate legal entity as a device or stratagem to defeat their rights); and/or (ii) filing a complaint with the relevant statutory body citing the provisions of s 115(4) of the Act. In either case, and as an alternative submission, shareholders can also argue that such conduct falls within the parameters of the statutory oppression remedy.
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Phillips, Trent J. "Modeling Progressive Collapse of Steel Composite Structures Using Commercial Software." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1624917997417947.
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Bartolucci, Stefano 1976. "Commercial application of aluminum honeycomb and foam in load bearing tubular structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28868.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
Small dimension engineering tubular structures subjected to a complex load system are designed like hollow circular shells. For minimum weight design, the ratio between the shell radius and the thickness has to be as large as possible, but its maximum value is limited by the onset of local buckling. Tubular natural structures subjected to a complex load system have often an outer shell of solid material supported by a low density, compliant core, which makes them more resistant to local buckling. Biomimicking of natural constructions offer the potential to improve the design of small diameter tubular engineering structures. Here, the fabrication technology of biomimicked engineering tubular structures integrating aluminum foam or honeycomb as core material is discussed. A viability analysis is presented including technical performance, cost, utility, and risk assessments. Aluminum compliant core shells have potential for substituting CFRP and aluminum tubular structures in aerospace and high-level sport applications. The case of sailboat masts was considered in detail. Results of our analysis proved that use of honeycomb as core material can lead to a significant reduction of the mast weight. Business opportunities based on this application are discussed.
by Stefano Bartolucci.
M.Eng.
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Ibrahim, Fathima Shaida. "Fabrication and characterization of sub-micron and nanoscale structures in commercial polymers." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7019.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Chemistry
Takashi Ito
This dissertation describes the fabrication and characterization of nanoscale structures in commercially available polymers via multiphoton ablation and bottom-up self assembly techniques. High-resolution surface imaging techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and chemical force microscopy (CFM) were used to characterize the physical features and chemical properties, respectively, of these nanoscale structures. Fabrication using both top-down and bottom-up methods affords flexibility in that top-down allows random, user-defined patterning whereas bottom-up self assembly produces truly nanoscale (1-100nm) uniform features. Multiphoton induced laser ablation, a top-down method, was used to produce random sub-micron scale features in films of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), poly(butylmethacrylate) (PBMA) and poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethyloxy-4-butylsulfonate] (PTEBS). Features with 120-nm lateral resolution were obtained in a PMMA film which was concluded to be the best polymer for use with this method. It was also found that etching resolution was highest for polymers having high glass transition temperatures, low molecular weights and no visible absorption. Bottom-up self assembly of polystyrene-poly (methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymer and UV/acetic acid treatment produced nanoscale cylindrical domains supported by a substrate. AFM imaging at the free surface showed metastable vertical PMMA domain orientation on gold substrates. In contrast, horizontal orientation was obtained on oxide-coated silicon regardless of surface roughness and annealing conditions. The horizontal domain orientation on silicon substrates was ideal to probe simultaneously the difference in surface charge and hydrophilicity of the two distinct nanoscale domains of UV/AcOH treated PS-b-PMMA films. CFM on UV/acetic acid etched PS-b-PMMA revealed the presence of –COO- groups which were found to be more abundant inside the etched trenches than on the unetched PS matrix as shown by ferritin adsorption onto etched PS-b-PMMA. Lastly, the PS-b-PMMA was cast as a free-standing monolith at the end of a quartz micropipette. AFM revealed circular PMMA dots at the free surface, indicating alignment parallel to the long axis of capillary. Ion conductance within nanochannels indicated surface –charge governed ion transport at low KCl concentrations and flux of negatively-charged sulphorhodamine dye demonstrated the permselective nature of nanochannels.
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Grott, Steven, David Lecko, Ryan Parker, and Nathan Price. "Telemetry System for Remote Monitoring of Utility Usage in Commercial and Residential Structures." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581677.
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ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaThe system described in this paper can monitor utility usage in commercial and residential structures, and send an alert message over conventional cell phone networks when it detects an anomalous condition. Such a condition could indicate a utility outage, structure failure, HVAC system failure, water leak, etc. The microcontroller-based system can measure electrical current, carbon monoxide, methane, liquid propane, temperature, barometric pressure, and altitude using a wired and wireless sensor network. The microcontroller displays the measurements on local and external graphical user interface, and sends SMS alert messages when necessary. The system may be retrofitted into existing structures.
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Hsu, Sophia Lisbeth. "Life cycle assessment of materials and construction in commercial structures : variability and limitations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60767.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-50).
Life cycle assessment has become an important tool for determining the environmental impact of materials and products. It is also useful in analyzing the impact a structure has over the course of its life cycle. The International Organization of Standardization's 14040 series specifies how to perform a formal life cycle assessment in which the materials, construction, use, and demolition of a building are quantified into embodied energy and carbon dioxide equivalents, along with representation of resource consumption and released emissions. These results are useful to architects, structural engineers, contractors, and owners interested in predicting environmental impacts throughout a structure's life. Although many life cycle assessments have already been performed on various types of structures, most have occurred outside the United States. The life cycles of American buildings must be better understood before their environmental impact can be reduced. Regional variations also must be taken into account. Most existing studies have a variety of focuses, which makes them difficult to compare to one another, and they do not examine a wide enough range of buildings. This thesis quantifies the variability of building life cycle assessments by examining existing studies' differences and comparing them to a new study conducted using GaBi software. The new model assesses the carbon dioxide equivalents of one ton of structural steel, in three different forms, and one ton of reinforced concrete, in three different mixes. Impact assessment is performed using two widely accepted methods. The results from this thesis can be used to standardize and improve the study of typical commercial structures across different regions of the United States.
by Sophia Lisbeth Hsu.
M.Eng.
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Mejtoft, Thomas. "Institutional arrangements and competitive posture : effects of company structures in the commercial printing industry." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Medieteknik och grafisk produktion, Media, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9392.
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The research objective of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of institutional arrangements, with respect to vertical integration and cooperation, on competitive advantages within the commercial printing industry, with specific focus on digital printing. This dissertation comprises six research papers, based on four qualitative case studies and a quantitative survey study, all carried out in Sweden in the years 2004-2008.The results show that vertical integration is a way to achieve competitive advantages in the commercial printing industry and is a widely used strategy in Sweden. Being able to contract full service companies is appreciated by customers to printing houses, especially direct customers, due to their need for a supplier of complete solutions for printed matters. Consequently, a vertically integrated company can provide value added services which makes it possible for customers to minimize their organization regarding production and purchasing of printed matters. Other reasons for vertical integration are the need to ensure fast deliveries to customers and having a steady supply of appropriate jobs. Despite the believed strategic importance by the industry, the results show that the level of vertical integration has no significant impact on profitability. Vertical integration is strategically important for digital printing houses in order to develop their business because digital printing allows for fast deliveries, on-demand printing and variable data printing. Despite the commoditization of printed matter, the findings indicate that the industry, in general, focuses on providing a high service level even though it means having to set higher prices. Furthermore, the results point toward that this strategic positioning is beneficial for digital printing houses because they experience a lower degree of competition and a lower price pressure.Vertical integration can, however create inflexibility due to ownership and employment. The findings suggest that cooperation can be used to achieve fast access to valuable resources, such as production equipment and knowledge, and, hence, increase printing houses’ resource flexibility. Even though internal control of resources is regarded as important to be able to satisfy customers’ needs and produce customers’ orders on time, cooperation with partners can create similar strategic effects. Furthermore, cooperation can give cost and flexibility advantages compared to vertical integration by reducing internal need for production capacity and allowing access to complementary resources. Nevertheless, it is common to combine vertical integration with cooperation to create competitive advantages and make a company more flexible and dynamic toward market changes.QC 20100827
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Kedia, Sunny. "Optical Communication Using Hybrid Micro Electro Mechanical Structures (MEMS) and Commercial Corner Cube Retroreflector (CCR)." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5969.
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This dissertation presents a free-space, long-range, passive optical communication system that uses electrostatically modulated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structures coupled with a glass total internal reflection (TIR)-type corner cube retroreflector (CCR) as a non-emitting data transmitter. A CCR consists of three mirrors orthogonal to each other, so that the incident beam is reflected back to the incident beam, source. The operational concept is to have a MEMS modulator fusion with TIR CCR, such that the modulators are working periodically to disrupt the evanescent waves at the air interface of one of the three back glass faces of a TIR CCR. The MEMS chip has two primary components: (1) an array of movable light scattering silicon structures with nano roughness and (2) a glass lid with a transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) film. The MEMS structures are bonded to a glass lid using flip-chip bonding. Once bonded, the MEMS structures can be modulated either toward or away from the glass lid, thus disrupting evanescent energy delivered from a probing laser beam. The MEMS structure is precisely bonded to the TIR CCR with an accuracy of 10-30 arc-seconds using a Michelson interferometry feedback system. This is a novel step by which an existing passive commercial CCR can be converted into a modulating active CCR. This CCR-MEMS unit acts as the key element of the transmitter. To illustrate the concept of a low-power, unattended, sensor-monitoring system, we developed a sensor board containing temperature, humidity, and magnetic sensors along with a microprocessor and other electronics. The sensor board and CCR board are packed together and act as the transmitter unit. We developed a benchtop system and an improved portable receiver system. The receiver system contains the laser (as source), a collimating lens (to collect retroreflected signal), an optical, narrow band pass filter, and a detector. The detector signal was amplified and filtered and sent either to the oscilloscope, a lock-in-amplifier, or a laptop to display the sensor data. Using the receiver system, a sensor-CCR-based transmitter unit, and receiver with 635 nm as source, we achieved retroreflective communication over a distance of 300 m.
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Galbraith, Michael B. "The commercial architecture of A.M. Strauss in Fort Wayne, Indiana." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1348351.
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This creative project presents an overview of the architectural styles and history of the surviving commercial architecture of A.M. Strauss in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was the best known architect working in Fort Wayne during the period covered by this creative project, and his work is an excellent example of how national architectural trends affected architecture in Fort Wayne. His commercial architecture represents his best known and most significant work. He did far too many buildings to cover in a single thesis, and so his residential and institutional architecture in Fort Wayne remains for another study, as do his many works outside of Fort Wayne. This project also brings together in one treatment as much photographic, historical and architectural documentation of these buildings as possible — documentation now scattered across east central and northeast Indiana. It traces Strauss's stylistic changes from Spanish Eclecticism through Art Deco and Art Moderne to Modernism. The surviving buildings represent each of these styles and shifts in historical context.Department of Architecture
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Nguyen, Quan H. "The social structures of contracts : a case study of the Vietnamese market /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/0002265.
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Rinn, Ryan. "Opportunities and Challenges of Citywide Main Street Programs: Examining the Urban Environment, Coordinating Structures and Political Realities in the Application of the Four Point Approach." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2728.
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The Main Street Four Point Approach to commercial revitalization has been applied successfully in thousands of communities across the U.S. Starting in 1995, citywide coordinated programs began applying the balanced points of organization, design, economic restructuring and promotion to urban environments. This thesis focuses on the opportunities and challenges present in five citywide Main Street programs in Boston, Baltimore, Washington D.C., Orlando and Portland through quantitative inquiry and interviews with program administrators. This thesis discusses density, capacity, volunteerism, vernacular culture, and politics as emergent themes of the urban application of the Main Street Approach and recommends expanding the breadth of definition and flexibility of each of the Four Points as to be more applicable and successful in the citywide context.
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Warden, Tara S. "The cost of dreaming : identifying the underlying social and cultural structures which push/pull victims into human traffic and commercial sexual exploitation in Central America." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/18521.
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This investigation explores the international perspectives of causality of human traffic, specifically, traffic into commercial sexual exploitation. Current Western approaches to combat trafficking centre around law and order, immigration issues, and victim protection programs. While these are important for a holistic effort to deter traffic, these foci overlook prevention endeavors, thereby acting as a band-aid on a bullet wound, addressing the symptoms, but not the foundation of trafficking. Western perspectives toward prevention concentrate on economic aspects of supply and demand while crediting the root cause to be poverty. Using social exclusion theory, this thesis demonstrates that the current paradigm of viewing human trafficking in purely economic terms is an oversimplification. This project proposes to widen the focus of prevention efforts those cultural and social structures which push and pull victims into trafficking. The research is a response to an international call for further initiatives to prevent human trafficking, the recent rise of human traffic in Guatemala, Central America and the lack of research which focuses on the social links with trafficking and mainstream society. Research conducted in Guatemala, included a thirteen-month ethnography and involved one-hundred and thirteen qualitative interviews conducted in nine Guatemalan cities strategically located along trafficking routes. The target research population included women sex workers and former traffic victims from Central America and included insights from non-governmental organizations workers. Twenty-three interviewees were Central American migrants which provided insight in the wider regional structures of traffic and commercial sexual exploitation. The interviews aimed at understanding the lived experiences of exploitation in order to determine whether social exclusion affects human traffic within commercial sexual exploitation. The findings revealed the underlying social and cultural structures which reinforce human trafficking. Empirical data collected provides real-time data on trafficking networks, commercial sexual exploitation and reveals the geo-political significance of Guatemala as a hot-spot for traffic. Analysis of interviews illustrates variations in the experience of human traffic and commercial sexual exploitation which challenges current western stereotypical ideas on traffic victims. Conceptually, macro-structures—political, economic, social, and violence—are presented as a back drop for the formation of wider networks of exploitation. The exploration of violence as a push factor challenges international forced repatriation policies. Micro-structures—gender roles, family, violence, and coping strategies—are examined in the ways they perpetuate social systems of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. Theoretically, the thesis argues against the current paradigm which narrowly focuses on economics, but calls for the incorporation of social exclusion theory to understand the multi-dimensionality of human traffic and its wider links to society in order to open up new dialogue for prevention between the West and the majority world.
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Toshach, Mary Olds. "Automobile showrooms, the development of a building type." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/421596.
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This thesis has explored the development of the automobile showroom as a twentieth century building type. The showrooms of Indianapolis, Indiana were used as the primary source of physical evidence. Buildings erected specifically for sales and service of automobiles between 1900 and 1955 chosen. The development was traced in regards to size and layout of the departments. The involvement of manufacturers, dealers and architects was also traced.Department of Architecture
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Villain, Julien. "Appareil commercial et diffusion des biens de consommation au XVIIIe siècle : aires et structures du commerce des commodités en Lorraine centrale et méridionale, années 1690-1791." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010705.
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Quelle fut l’ampleur de l’extension de la consommation marchande des commodités au XVIIIe siècle ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons choisi d’étudier l’évolution du nombre de commerçants et des pratiques commerciales en Lorraine, région que son histoire démographique, économique et sociale rend assez représentative des mutations que connaît l’Europe de l’ouest entre 1700 et 1790. Notre étude montre que la présence des boutiques sur le territoire s’est renforcée au fil du temps, tant en valeur absolue que par rapport à la population. Les boutiquiers s’appuyaient pour constituer leurs stocks sur une étroite élite de marchands-grossistes importateurs, dont le niveau des affaires croît au cours du siècle. C’est là le signe d’une extension géographique et sociale de la consommation marchande, dans les villes comme les campagnes. A la vieille de la Révolution, la clientèle populaire était ainsi majoritaire chez les marchands de commodités. L’extension de la consommation marchande est également passée par les catégories les plus aisées de la population, séduites par la démultiplication des types de produits et des qualités largement promue par les boutiquiers. Le XVIIIe siècle n’a cependant pas connu de bouleversement dans le recours à la boutique ou dans les pratiques commerciales. Le semis des boutiques sur le territoire était ainsi important dès 1700 : c’est le signe que la consommation marchande était largement pratiquée par des segments importants de la population, aussi bien à la ville qu’à la campagne – y compris donc parmi les classes populaires. Par ailleurs, les modalités de distribution des biens n’ont pas connu de grandes transformations au fil du siècle : le mouvement de spécialisation commerciale n’a guère débordé hors des principales villes, de même que la diffusion des pratiques marchandes les plus innovantes – recours à la publicité, jeu sur l’attractivité des boutiques ou vente à prix fixeTo what extent did merchant consumption of commodities grow in the 18th century ? To answer this question, we determinded to study the evolution of the traders number and the mutation of their business practices in Lorraine. Due to its demographic, economic and social characteritics, this region is in fact quite representative of the transformations Europe experienced from 1700 to 1790. Our study shows an increase in the number of shopekeepers in the region during the century, not only in absolue value, but also compared with population. To supply themselves, shopkeepers had to rely on a small elite of wholesalers involved in importation trade, whose business activities are on the rise during the century. All these elements suggest a georgraphical and social extension of merchant consumption in towns and in the country. As a matter of fact, on the eve of the Revolution, lower-class consumers made in majority of shopkeeper’s consumer base. The rise of merchant consumption was also caused by upper-class consumers’ enthusiasm for the broadening range of new items the shopkeepers offred. However, there was no revolution in merchant consumption or in business practices in the 18th century. The amount of shops in the religion was already important in the 1700’. This fact suggests that merchant consumption was already widespread in the population, in town as in the country – and even in the lower classes. On top of that, trade practices did not experience grat changes in the century. Trends towards specialization and innovative commercial practices – such as advertising, shop design or fixed-price sales – were not significant outside main towns
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Toumi, Kaouther. "Structure de capital, profitabilité et risques des banques islamiques." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10064.
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L'objectif de notre thèse est d'étudier les différences qui existent entre les banques islamiques et les banques conventionnelles en termes de structure de capital, de profitabilité et de profil de risque. Les principes qui régissent un système financier islamique sont différents de l'esprit de la finance conventionnelle. Si en finance conventionnelle, la norme qui préside les décisions d'un agent économique est l'optimisation du couple rendement-risque, cette norme n'est pas l'unique ni le principal critère de décision dans l'univers de la finance islamique. L'interdiction des taux d'intérêt et l'exigence d'une certaine éthique dans les transactions financières islamiques (exigence de transparence, partage équitable des profits, interdiction de la spéculation et prise de risque excessive, etc.) représentent les principes fondamentaux de la finance islamique. Nous avons fait émerger un cadre conceptuel nous permettant de comprendre la structure de capital et la profitabilité des banques islamique islamiques grâce à une revue de littérature théorique et empirique. Les théories mobilisées sont liées, d'une part aux théories de structure de capital notamment la théorie de tarde off, la théorie de Pecking Order et la théorie d'agence, d'autres part les théories liées à la profitabilité, notamment les théories de marché et de portefeuille. Les modèles économétriques (la régression logistique binaire, l'analyse discriminante et les modèles de régression sur données de panel) montrent l'existence des différences au niveau de structure du capital et de profitabilité entre les banques islamiques et les banques conventionnelles. Ces différences sont expliquées par les déterminants classiques révélés par la littérature financière. En plus, elles sont déterminées par les caractéristiques propres aux banques islamiques. Notre thèse avait pour objectif également d'identifier un nouveau risque propre aux banques islamiques, le risque commercial déplacé. Ce risque résulte de la gestion des comptes de nature unique, les comptes d'investissement participatifs. Il se manifeste lorsqu'une banque islamique n'assure pas une rentabilité suffisante aux détenteurs de ces comptes. Le modèle interne que nous avons proposé pour la quantification de ce risque, est basé sur la mesure VaR. Il repose sur les pratiques de la banque islamique en termes de rétention de réserves et de partage de profits avec les titulaires des comptes d'investissement. Notre modèle représente une alternatif à la mesure du risque commercial déplacé, à caractère arbitraire et forfaitaire proposé par l'IFSB (2005)The objective of this thesis is to study differences between Islamic and conventional banks. The principles governing an islamic financial system are different from the spirit of conventional finance. If in conventional finance, the standard that preside decisions is the optimization of the risk-return couple, this standard is neither the only nor the main decision criterion in the world of Islamic finance. The fundamental principles of Islamic finance are the prohibition of interest and the requirement of a certain ethic (transparency, fair distribution of profits, prohibition of speculation and excessive risk taking, etc.) in financial transactions. These features impact significantly the capital structure, profitability and risk profile of Islamic banks. We made the emergence of a conceptual framework that allows us to understand the capital structure and profitability of Islamic banks, with a review of theoretical and empirical literature. Theories mobilized are related, first to the theories of capital structure including the theory of trade off, the Pecking Order theory and agency theory, and second on the other theories related to profitability, including the theories of market portofolio. Econometric models (binary logistic regression, discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression) show that there are differences in capital structure and profitability between Islamic banks and conventional. These differences are explained by traditional determinants of capital structure and profitability. In addition, they are explained by the specific characteristics of Islamic banks such as the new agency relationships that are created in an Islamic bank. Islamic banks are exposed to displaced commercial risk, a specific risk in these institutions. This risk results from the Profit sharing investment accounts PSIA and occurs when Islamic bank does not provide sufficient returns to PSIA holders. The internal model proposed to quantify this risk is based on the VaR measure. The proposed measure of risk depends on the practices of Islamic banking in terms of retention of reserves and profit sharing with PSIA holders
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Wenzel, Martina. "Glass house." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53362.
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Hulsewé, D. (Daphne). "Moving out to sea : international legal implications of building an offshore airport outside territorial waters." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30306.
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This thesis deals with the plan of the Dutch government to build an offshore airport outside its territorial waters. Because the airport will be outside territorial waters several problems may arise. Under the Law of the Sea the question is whether such an airport can lawfully be built and what the different conditions are under which it is possible. The Convention on International Civil Aviation is older then the new Law of the Sea Convention and therefore not up to date with the new zones in the sea that have emerged. Air law therefore needs to be interpreted in the light of those new developments.The first chapter deals with the reasons behind the plan to build such an airport. Thereafter, subsequent chapters discuss the law of the sea, air law, European law and the law of other organizations, which will have an influence on an offshore airport outside the territorial sea. The final chapter deals with plans and examples of other uses of artificial islands, including offshore airports.
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Oliveira-Martins, Joaquim. "Spécialisation commerciale et structures de marché : un recueil d'articles en économie appliquée." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140536.
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Ce recueil d'articles s'articule autour de deux thèmes centraux. Le premier thème porte sur la différenciation des produits, sur les problèmes méthodologiques que pose l'estimation des fonctions de demande du commerce extérieur et leurs implications pour l'analyse de la concurrence internationale. L'évaluation des élasticités prix du commerce extérieur fournit ainsi la motivation d'une première série de travaux. Le deuxième thème porte sur l'hétérogénéité des structures de marché, les modalités de la concurrence qui s'y exercent et les conséquences au niveau des salaire relatifs, taux de marge et spécialisations commerciales. L'introduction d' une taxonomie de structures de marché permet-elle de mieux comprendre la nature de ces spécialisations et d'expliquer les variations sectorielles des salaires relatifs et des taux de marge? Une autre série de travaux cherche à répondre à ces questions. Chacune de ces deux parties est précédée d'un résumé de l'état de la littérature. L'apport des travaux présentés et les méthodes utilisées sont ensuite analysés.
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Stasiulionis, Andrius. "Komercinės paskirties objektų statybos projektų daugiatikslis vertinimas investicijų efektyvumo aspektu." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2004. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2004~D_20041019_160756-88508.
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The article provides the analysis of market development of commercial property constructions, trends, regularities, optimal site locations, characteristics of constructive choosing of combinations, of the main financial investment indices after change of political, economical and social relationships in the East Europe. The overview of the main modern investment requirements important for construction of commercial objects in order to get the maximum profit for exploitation thereof is provided. The models of choosing such indices as market research, site location, constructive combinations, financing of commercial objects are provided. It is emphasized that multiple criteria decision methods are most suitable and particularly ELECTRE III for research and valuation of investment project alternatives of commercial objects is singled out.
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Brigman, Nicholas (Nicholas Allen). "Structural health monitoring in commercial aviation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73846.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90).
The number of aging commercial aircraft in service is steadily increasing as airlines continue to extend the life of their aircraft. Aging aircraft are more susceptible to fatigue and corrosion and require more frequent and intensive inspections and maintenance, which is a financial drain on operators. One way to improve the economics and safety of commercial aircraft is through implementation of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. An ideal SHM would be able to give be capable of indicating damage type, location, severity, and estimate the remaining life of the structure while the structure is in use. This paper is an overview of how SHM can be applied in commercial aviation including discussion of requirements, implementation, challenges, and introducing several possible SHM systems. The SHM systems introduced in this paper are: vibration based monitoring, fiber optic sensors, and high frequency wave propagation techniques including acoustic emission, ultrasonic, Lamb waves, piezoelectric and MEMS actuator/sensors. The limitations and challenges inhibiting introduction of SHM to industry and recommendations for the future are also discussed.
by Nicholas Brigman.
M.Eng.
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Koch, Daniel. "Structuring Fashion : Department Stores as Situating Spatial Practice." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4321.
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This dissertation investigates department stores as complex spatial and cultural buildings, in which values and ideas are expressed, negotiated, and produced. Situated in a cultural context commonly referred to as a society of consumption, where identity and social structures are worked out through consumption rather than production, the query turns to a specific act of consumption: that of shopping. More precisely, it investigates the role of space and spatial distribution in shopping. How space is distributed, arranged, or ordered allows for different possibilities in constructing categories from which the shoppers are to make a selection, and for how these categories can be related to one another, which informs the shoppers what belongs together, what is to be held apart, what is important, what is private, what is public, and what is of higher or lower status. It further supports, prevents, and promotes different routes and choices, giving different patterns of presence, publicity, privacy, purpose, etc. that not only affects the atmosphere of the spaces, but makes suggestions of what is found in them. These questions are investigated through a series of conceptual laboratories, each addressing the problem from different standpoints and focusing on different parts of the question: from how categories are constructed and given character, to how they form systems of values, how shoppers are trained in aesthetics of fashion, how relative degrees of presences are made use of, and how they appear influenced by spatial distribution. In this, the work shifts between qualitative and quantitative methods, each completing and evolving the other. It shows that to a remarkable degree, much of the emergent values and ideas can be understood through the filter of spatial configurations, and especially when treated as two systems: one of exposure and one of availability. As similar operations also affect patterns of movement and being, which enables them to also be related to publicity, privacy, and other social characters, the department stores can be understood as not only commercial spaces but as sites of negotiation of public culture. As such, both the analytic model and the more specific findings have important implications for architectural theory in general.QC 20100803
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Svalstedt, Mats, and Sofia Swedberg. "Commercial Aircraft Wing Structure : - Design of a Carbon Fiber Composite Structure." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276702.
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This project explores the classical wing structure of an commercial aircraft for an all carbon fiber reinforced polymer unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV). It is part of a collaborative work consisting of several groups researching different parts of the aircraft. The objective of this report is to present the design of the inner wing structure for a greener, more efficient scaled 2:1 version of the Skywalker X8. In order to make the aircraft as efficient as possible, the structure needs to be lightweight. The loads were first approximated using XFLR5 and a first design made. The design was then tested using finite element analysis (FEA) in the programme Ansys Static Structural. The material that was tested was carbon fiber/epoxy prepreg. The final design of the wing weighs 3.815 kg, and consists of one spar and a skin thickness of 1 mm. The weight of the whole aircraft, including the propulsion system and a sharklet at both wingtips researched by other groups, is 20.262 kg. The lift-to-drag ratio was also calculated, and the most efficient angle of attack was concluded to be around 2-3°.Detta projekt utforskar den klassiska vingstrukturen av ett kommersiellt flygplan för en obemannad luftfarkost gjord helt i kolfiberarmerad polymer. Det är en del av ett samarbete som består av flera projektgrupper som forskar på olika delar av flygplanet. Målet med projektet är att designa den inre vingstrukturen för en miljövänligare, mer effektiv uppskalad 2:1 version av drönaren Skywalker X8. För att göra flygplanet så effektiv som möjligt så behöver den vara lättviktig. Lasterna var först uppskattade via XFLR5 och en första design gjordes. Designen testades sedan med finita elementmetoden (FEM) i programmet Ansys Static Structural. Materialet som testades var kolfiber/epoxi prepreg. Den slutgiltiga vingdesignen väger 3.815 kg, och består av en bom och en tjocklek på 1 mm av vingskalet. Totala vikten av flygplanet, inklusive framdrivningssystemet samt virveldämpare på båda vingspetsarna som är framtagna av andra grupper, är 20.262 kg. Glidtalet beräknades även, och är som mest effektiv runt 2-3°.
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McManus, Joseph F. "Unbuilding architecture: a non-normative exploration." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52137.
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On the following pages are images of an architecture which pushes the limits of design. Conceived as an amalgamation of semiautonomous fragments, the thesis project strives to decompose into complete disarray. At the verge of structural (compositional) collapse, the building asks the question 'where does structure break down, and chaos begin?'. A table I have designed and built is an experiment in spontaneity, and questions the validity of traditional ways of building furniture. Building analysis drawings I have included at the end of the book are compositional exercises and have, from a graphic perspective, some of the density and formal complexity of the images of the thesis.
While I have relied upon Deconstructionist terminology to describe the building represented, I must admit that the building is not truly Deconstructed. It is fragmented. Some visual continuity between design elements remains. If I were to produce a deconstructed building, I would have to go beyond playing formal games and question what forms signify. Then, perhaps, I could find alternative significations; I might also be able to make a new link between the signifier and the signified. I think I would be searching for a new conception of form, one free of convention, of precondition.Master of Architecture
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Reineck, Juan-Pierre. "A private equity structure to facilitate the effective post-commencement financing of business rescue." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15191.
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Business rescue is a process through which a financially distressed company can be rehabilitated by providing for the temporary supervision of the company, the management of its affairs, business and property. Focused research indicates that one of the main reasons that business rescues in South Africa have failed is due to the lack of post-commencement rescue finance. This dissertation puts forward a researched and suggested financial structure solution that combines two comparatively new concepts in South African corporate law, being business rescue from the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the financing of venture capital companies in the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. The outcome of the suggested post-commencement finance structure is that the investors investing in this structured solution would receive an immediate benefit in the form of a tax deduction and a reduction in the financial risk exposure of the investment. In turn, the company in business rescue receiving the investment funds from this finance structure would also benefit from fewer cost burdens associated with traditional debt financing (i.e. servicing of the debt) and thereby increase the probability of a successful business rescue, concomitantly resulting in the improvement in economic activity and importantly, the retention of jobs in South Africa that it so desperately needs.
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Cerasi, Vittoria. "Banking competition and the internal organization of a commercial bank." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244504.
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Delannay, Anne-France. "Crédit interentreprises, structure financière et position concurrentielle des entreprises." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR30010.
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La thèse se focalise le rôle joué par le crédit interentreprises dans la concurrence stratégique entre firmes. La littérature, présentée dans le premier chapitre, a montré que les décisions financières des entreprises ont des implications sur leur comportement sur le marché des biens. Le second chapitre illustre ce lien entre structure financière et performance des entreprises, par une étude statistique et économétrique. La performance est mesurée par des indicateurs synthétiques, les scores d'efficience. L'analyse prouve qu'utilisation de crédit fournisseur et performance sont corrélées. L'objet des travaux théoriques, exposés dans le chapitre 3, est de comprendre comment le financement par le crédit interentreprises peut influencer la position concurrentielle des firmes. L'approche retenue est celle d'un conflit entre créanciers-fournisseurs et clients-actionnaires. Les décisions de crédit sont analysées dans le cadre de la concurrence verticale entre fournisseurs et distributeurs. Le résultat principal est de montrer que l'endettement commercial possède un effet disciplinant : les distributeurs sont incités à modérer l'intensité de la concurrence qu'ils se livrent sur le marché des biens, à leur bénéfice mutuel. Le chapitre 4 approfondit cette analyse en présentant une approche de bargaining, où les délais de paiement font l'objet d'une négociation entre producteurs et distributeurs. Le chapitre 5 met en évidence la validité empirique de ce motif stratégique d'utilisation du crédit interentreprises. Pour cela, un modèle d'explication de l'offre de crédit client est conçu. La base de données utilisée comprend 40000 couples de clients et fournisseurs. Les résultats qui découlent de l'analyse économétrique des décisions de crédit des entreprises confirment la pertinence du motif d'endettement stratégique, mais aussi des facteurs financiers et commerciaux de distribution de créditThe thesis focuses on the strategie role of trade credit in product market competition. The literature presented in chapter 1 shows that firms' financial decisions affect their competitive behaviour in the product market. The second chapter illustrates this link between financial structure and firm performance by an econometric study. A global indicator, efficiency scores, measures performance. Results tend to prove that trade credit use and performance are related. The aim of the theoretical model in chapter 3 is to understand how trade credit financing may influence the competitive position of firms. We consider the conflict of interests between debt holders - producers and shareholders - clients. The trade credit decision is analysed in a vertical competition structure implying producers and retailers. The main result is that trade credit indebtedness has a moderating effect : retailers are induced to smooth competition in product market to their mutual benefit. Chapter 4 extends the analysis by presenting a bargaining approach, in which trade credit is negotiated by suppliers and clients according to their relative power. Chapter 5 tests the empirical validity of this strategie motive of trade credit use. We build an econometric model of trade credit offer The original database includes 40000 pairs of suppliers and clients. This econometric analysis of trade credit decisions confirms the pertinence of the strategie motive of trade credit use, as well as financial and commercial motives
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Lutz, Marietjie. "Structure/property relationships of commercial propylene/1-pentene random copolymers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1329.
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Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Propylene/1-pentene random copolymers are a relatively new family of random copolymers being prepared by Sasol Polymers and reveals high impact strength, good tensile properties, excellent optical properties, good rheological properties and a large pool of processing possibilities. These commercial copolymers are being prepared with stereospecific heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalytic systems containing multiple active sites and therefore producing copolymers with a varying degree of stereoregularity. Two different groups of propylene/1-pentene random copolymers were received by Sasol Polymers and investigated in this project. The first group (Group 1, Polymers A - F) consisted of six totally different batches of commercial propylene/1-pentene copolymers which were produced by different catalyst systems. All had different melt flow indices (MFIs) and different 1-pentene contents and all of the copolymers, except for one, were nucleated. The second group (Group 2, Polymers G - J) were produced by the same catalyst, but with varying donor:catalyst ratios and also differing in their 1-pentene content. Investigation of the Group 1 copolymers was used in order to construct a “molecular toolbox” which was then used to study the Group 2 copolymers. The original commercial copolymers were all studied by various analytical techniques: high-temperature carbon thirteen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR), high-temperature gel permeation chromatoghraphy (HT-GPC), crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The random copolymers were all fractionated by preparative TREF and the fractions analyzed utilizing the following analytical techniques: 13C-NMR, HT-GPC, CRYSTAF and DSC. The results of these analyses were used to investigate inter alia the distribution of 1-pentene in the copolymers. In order to investigate the low molecular weight material of the copolymers, which were part of the room temperature fraction during TREF, solvent extractions were carried out using different solvents and different extraction techniques. A complete structural analysis study was carried out on the extracts. The percentages of xylene-solubles were also determined during the quantitative xylene extraction study of the copolymers. Characterization of the xylene non-soluble material was carried out using 13C-NMR, HT-GPC, CRYSTAF, DSC and WAXD in order to compare the properties of the unextracted copolymers with the material after removal of the xylene soluble fraction. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was used as an alternative investigation method for the Group 1 copolymers and their XNS fractions in order to determine what type of information this novel analytical method could generate and how the results compared with those of previous PALS studies on poly-olefins. A new fractionation technique, preparative solution fractionation (SF), was developed and evaluated. The commercial propylene/1-pentene copolymers were fractionated using this novel technique, the fractions were analyzed by 13C-NMR, HT-GPC, CRYSTAF and DSC and the results were compared with previously existing fractionation methods, namely TREF and CRYSTAF. A final study was done on the random copolymers by blending one of the commercial Ziegler-Natta catalyzed propylene/1-pentene copolymers with a tailored, low 1-pentene content, metallocene propylene/1-pentene copolymer in different ratios. The blends were analyzed by molecular weight, thermal and crystal phase analysis in order to investigate the effect of the tailored, highly isotactic propylene/1-pentene copolymer on the properties the commercial random copolymers. Throughout the project the influence of the 1-pentene as well as the donor:catalyst ratio on the copolymers was investigated. This study, in its entirety, therefore allow a better understanding of the effects that the commercial, heterogeneous, transition metal catalysts have on the make up of the copolymers and, by extension, the ultimate properties of the materials.
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McKeown, Sharon Anne. "The structure and rheology of a commercial surfactant-based system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621162.
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Nanyemba, Tangeni Ndafapawa. "The structure of the social and ethics committee in South Africa and the protection of non-shareholder constituencies." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32935.
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In South African company law, shareholders remain to be the only stakeholders to hold a privileged position in the governance of companies because they are the exclusive beneficiaries of the director's fiduciary duties. However, the requirement for certain companies to appoint a Social and Ethics Committee in terms of section 72(4) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 read with Regulation 43 of the Companies Regulations, 2011, arguably disrupts the traditional focus on exclusive shareholder protection by purporting to offer non-shareholder constituencies' legal recognition. These provisions require certain companies to report on how the operations of a company impact a broad range of non-shareholder constituencies including employees, the environment, consumers, suppliers, and communities. In this regard, the committee presents as an ideal conduit through which it can sensitize the board of directors of companies to issues of national priority in South Africa such as job creation, adequate housing, anti-corruption, climate change, and access to health care. However, the ability of the committee to deliver on its mandate and to address the concomitant issues of national priority is curtailed by a plethora of shortcomings and ambiguities. The Companies Act and Regulations contain many contradictions as they refer to generic terms of reference regarding the committee's role and they do not provide clarity regarding its powers, functions, objectives, and purpose. Furthermore, there is much uncertainty regarding the committee's appointment by either the board of directors or the shareholders of the company. This dissertation examines the philosophical foundation of the committee to determine whether it is conducive for protecting non-shareholder constituencies. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the committee's legal status and structure. This will entail an analysis of its duties, capacities, and incapacities to determine whether section 72(4) of the Companies Act read with Regulation 43 of the Companies Regulations is a viable mechanism that can be enforced to protect non-shareholder constituencies. This analysis is also conducted to identify gaps in the committee's statutory formulation to develop and recommend a tailormade stakeholder protection model for South Africa. Furthermore, a comparative overview of stakeholder protection in the United States and the United Kingdom is undertaken to determine how these countries protect non-shareholder constituencies and to establish whether there are lessons to be drawn that may influence corporate law reform in South Africa.
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Alveman, Filip, and Gustav Karlsson. "Empirical Study on the Term Structure for Stockholm Commercial Property Leases." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254734.
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Over recent years, the economic climate on the Swedish office market has been advantageous, and, as a result, both property prices and market rents have been on a constant rise for almost a decade. Moreover, an increased demand for flexibility in lease terms has been seen on the market, which begs the question; how would changing preferences in length of tenure affect rent levels? There exist several convincing theoretical cases that leases should yield different pricing dependent on its maturity and expectation about future market conditions. The conceptual framework developed by Grenadier (1995, 2005) has been used for the valuation of general leasing contracts and lease terms - applying an option-pricing approach. In total, three papers have analysed the effect length of tenure has on office equilibrium lease rates. However, the empirical evidence, to this date, has been inconclusive in its result when trying to isolate the effects. The purpose of this report is to investigate the relationship between rent and lease maturity. A hedonic pricing model will be developed, which allows for different shapes of the term structure curve, building on the model created by Gunnelin and Soderberg (2003), while controlling for price-relevant characteristics omitted in previous research – such as, building quality, quality of office premise, location, and tenant industry. The model will be used in an empirical study applied to commercial office contracts in Stockholm, Sweden, concluded between 2012 and 2019. The data used in the regression comprise of 1 508 office leases, contracted on the Stockholm market during the investigated period. The result showed a significant term structure for 4 out of 8 years for the full sample, and 5 out of 8 years for the subsample only including leases signed in the CBD. Concludingly, giving further evidence to the reasoning that the market adjusts the rents after lease length, according to future market expectations.
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Hatkoff, Daniel. "Production cost structure and commercial success in the new film industry." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1355255118.
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Bakhouche, Zine. "Structures commerciales et dynamique urbaine : Cas de Biskra (Algérie)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10061.
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La ville de Biskra, porte du désert, carrefour entre le Nord et le sud algérien avec 176 000 habitants, présente les éléments essentiels pour l'étude de la relation entre les structures commerciales et la dynamique urbaine. Elle se développe à la tête d'une vaste région, dotée d'énormes potentialités agricoles d'une importante production de dattes et d'une culture maraîchère précoce. Sa dynamique commerciale et ancienne a pris de l'ampleur ces dernières années ; grand souk d'échanges, pôle d'attraction pour les investisseurs, elle jouit aussi d'un rayonnement régional grâce à l'implantation de plusieurs équipements (université, aéroport, stations thermale). Tous ces facteurs conduisent à cerner cette ville comme lieu d'investigation et d'observation. Le poids du commerce dans l'armature urbaine se mesure à partir de ces structures commerciales, de leur répartition, de leurs caractéristiques et de leur fonctionnement dans la ville. La recherche de l'impact des structures commerciales, sur la dynamique interne de Biskra, permet de suivre l'évolution de son centre urbain, et commercial, et de découvrir son originalité propre. Ce qui nous amène à l'analyse détaillée de l'aspect commercial et des équipements des quartiers. Pour démontrer enfin l'impact des structures commerciales sur la dynamique externe, ainsi se mesure la place de Biskra, son rayonnement à l'échelle locale, Wilaylale, régionale, voir même nationale. Cela engage à répondre à une série de questions : en quoi le commerce donne-t-il à Biskra un ancrage régional ? Est-elle une ville spécifiquement commerciale ? Quel rôle joue ses structures commerciales dans l'espace régional du sud ?
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Oliveira, Martins Joaquim. "Spécialisation commerciale et structures de marchéUn recueil d'articles en économie appliquée." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140536.
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Ce recueil d'articles s'articule autour de deux thèmes centraux. Le premier porte sur la différenciation des produits, sur les problèmes méthodologiques que pose l'estimation des fonctions de demande du commerce extérieur et leurs implications pour l'analyse de la concurrence internationales. L'évolution des élasticités prix du commerce extérieur fournit ainsi la motivation d'une première série de travaux. Le deuxième thème porte sur l'hétérogénéité des structures de marché, les modalités de la concurrence qui s'y exercent et les conséquences au niveau des salaires relatifs, taux de marge et spécialisations commerciales. L'introduction d'une taxonomie de structures de marché permet-elle de mieux comprendre la nature de ces spécialisations et d'expliquer les variations sectorielles des salaires relatifs et des taux de marge ? Une autre série de travaux cherche à répondre à ces questions. Chacune de ces deux parties est précédée d'un résumé de l'état de la littérature. L'apport des travaux présentés et les méthodes utilisées sont ensuite analysés.
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Vézina, Sylvain. "Politique commerciale et structure tarifaire, un essai de tarification endogène." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25758.pdf.
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Broom, Darren Paul. "A structural study of a commercial metal hydride battery electrode material." Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272622.
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Meddahi, Farid. "Recherche sur les structures commerciales d'Ech-Chefiff (ex El-Asnam)." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040256.
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Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons de montrer et d'analyser la situation actuelle du commerce alimentaire. La refonte des structures et des circuits de commercialisation à travers la restructuration s'était avérée en 1984, indispensable et urgente. Une réorganisation des structures commerciales qui repose sur une décentralisation territoriale des entreprises nationales de distribution comportait de nombreuses contradictions du fait même du caractère métissé (secteur étatique privé) de la restructuration du commerce alimentaire. Bien que ces nouvelles structures étatiques (sociétés, entreprises et offices) prévalent, elles n'ont pas encore exprimé un esprit de solidarité et de coopération avec leurs différents partenaires du secteur privé (producteurs négociants consommateurs). Après trois années de fonctionnement, la nouvelle organisation de la commercialisation qui concerne les produits alimentaires (les fruits et légumes) a été fortement concurrencée par le marché privé qui a su s'imposer par son expérience et son grand nombre de commerces de détail.
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Revillion, Stéphanie. "Structure d'une entreprise de produits cosmétiques : l'exemple de Shiseido." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA114076.
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Luff, Stefan. "NMR studies of the motion of molecules related in structure to commercial lubricants." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308721.
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Williams-Sieg, Kelly A. "Avian Community Composition and Foraging Behavior in Response to Commercial Thinning and Habitat Structure." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1212765381.
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Roberts, Samuel Charles. "An investigation of the feasibility of a spacecraft multifunctional structure using commercial electrochemical cells." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67387/.
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Multifunctional structures offer the potential for large savings in the mass and cost of spacecraft missions. By combining the functions of one or more subsystems with the primary structure, mass is reduced and internal volume freed up for additional payload, or removed to reduce structural mass. Lithium batteries, increasingly preferred to other power storage solutions, can be employed to produce such structures by incorporating prismatic batteries into structural sandwich panels. Such “powerstructures” can reduce the mass and volume of the power storage subsystem. After reviewing the current work in the field of multifunctional structures, this thesis describes the objective of the research, to examine the usefulness and feasibility of a multifunctional structure based on commercial lithium cells and sandwich structures. The next section presents a study that quantifies the benefits of this technology, showing maximum savings of up to 2% of total mass, and 0.5-1% for common spacecraft designs. The next section describes experimental investigations into the mechanical suitability of commercial PLI cells for use in the multifunctional structure. Firstly, the effect of launch vibration was considered: 15 and 25 grms tests showed no measurable loss in electrical performance. Then, the structural attributes of the cells were measured using a dynamic shear test. The shear modulus of the cells was found to be rather lower than that of an aluminium honeycomb core material. Consideration is then given to the practical implications of a multifunctional structure. The feasibility of manufacturing is assessed through the construction of a trial panel, showing that the cells lose some capacity and suffer an increase in internal resistance in a high-temperature adhesive cure and that a cold-bonding process may thus be preferable. The resultant panel was then vibrated on an electrodynamic shaker to both assess the resilience of the cells and test the reliability of finite element models. These finite element models are then used for a simple optimisation, showing that a welldesigned powerstructure can have structural performance comparable to a conventional design. The final section weighs the benefits of using a multifunctional structure against the potential disadvantages in terms of cost, design time and flexibility, as well as assessing the validity of assumptions made in the work. The conclusion is that a multifunctional structure of this type, whilst not worthwhile for all mission types, could potentially increase the feasibility of short-term spacecraft missions using small satellites (of the order of 100 kg) with large energy storage requirements.
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Ganter, Sylvain. "Modelling the Grand Banks commercial fishing fleet: Fleet structure, fishing performance and economic viability." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28165.
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The Grand Banks commercial fishing industry has been faced with several crises in the past decades. These crises have included the major financial crunch and inflation of the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the resources collapse of the Northern cod stock and other groundfish stocks in the 1990s followed by the foreign fishing disputes of the mid 1990s. The thesis examines the evolution of the fishing industry in Atlantic Canada during these critical years with focus on the fisheries of the Grand Banks. A linear programming model of the configuration of the Grand Banks commercial fishing fleet is formulated to describe the post 2000 period. The model is driven using the results of an extensive analysis of historical records for this recent period. The model results are validated by comparing them with historical average annual data over the period 2000-2005. The linear programming model is run under several scenarios emulating changes in government policy and economic conditions affecting the harvesting sector. Based on the results, alternative fishing fleet configurations for the Grand Banks fishery are defined to improve the economic viability of the fishing fleet. The model pointed to changes in fleet configuration including a rationalization of the shrimp and crab fleets and a shift to longline vessels with higher-valued product for groundfish harvesting. Once implemented, these suggestions would advance the goals of the new "Oceans to Plate" approach to fisheries management recently announced by Fisheries and Oceans, Canada.
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Albornoz, Facundo. "Essais sur la politique commerciale et son lien avec la structure industrielle." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0095.
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Nous étudions plusieurs dimensions de la relation entre la politique commerciale et la structure productive. Notre objectif a été de développer des cadres théoriques sensibles aux différentes évolutions des capacités productives, à la divergence technologique, à la dimension collective de l'apprentissage des entreprises, aux types d'accords et de politiques d'intégration économiques, aux caractéristiques des consommateurs et aux différentes structures de propriété de la firme. Les travaux empiriques sur le cas de l'industrie argentine mettent en évidence la difficulté de trouver un lien simple entre la politique commerciale et la performance productive; l'existence d'un effet d'apprentissage qui découle du réseau industriel local; le rôle des biens intermédiaires importés; l'hétérogénéité des firmes; et un effet global des changements micro-économiques conditionnel à la distribution initiale des caractéristiques des firmesWe study different aspects of the relationship between trade policy and industrial development. Our theoretical framework allows for understanding how such relationship depends on different evolution of production capabilities, technological disparities, learning regional agreements, consumer's characteristics and firm ownership. Our empirical work on the case of Argentina industry finds no clear link between trade policy and industrial performance. We also show that learning from the local industrial network matters; the role played by imports of inputs; the relevance of firm heterogeneity and how the global effect of microeconomic change relies on the initial distribution of firm characteristics
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Sine, Veigne Jean-Roger. "Le droit à la clientèle dans les nouvelles structures juridiques de la distribution commerciale." Orléans, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ORLE0003.
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Les fabricants ont de plus en plus recours aux distributions intègres pour la représentation de leurs produits. Fonction qui était, jusqu'alors l'exclusivité des v. R. P. Et agents commerciaux, bénéficiant d'un régime favorable qui consiste en l'octroi d’une indemnité de clientèle en fin de contrat. Cette fusion des acteurs de la représentation a conduit à s'interroger sur la possibilité d'étendre cette protection aux distributeurs intègres qui exercent, en réalité, une fonction de représentant et subissent, à l'instar des intermédiaires de commerce traditionnels, une situation de dépendance, même si elle est plutôt économique. Une analyse des statuts de ces intermédiaires de commerce permet d'y déceler des limitations au niveau des conditions d'application de ces statuts et du fondement des indemnités accordées. D’où ce sentiment d'exclusion et d'inadaptation de ces statuts : exclusion car les conditions auxquelles sont subordonnées le bénéfice de cette indemnité excluent plusieurs représentants de cette protection; inadaptation en ce que cette indemnité n'est nullement perçue comme une contrepartie financière d'un droit à la clientèle qui leur serait reconnue. Cependant, on assiste, grâce aux textes communautaires et nationaux à l'émergence de nouveaux aspects du droit à la clientèle. Notamment le souci de la prolongation de la relation contractuelleThe manufacturers called more and more for integred distributors for their products's representation. Function which was till now the exclusivity of the v. R. P. And commercial agents. Having the benefit of a favorable organization which consists of granting them of a clientele's indemnity at the end of their contract. This representatives’ widening prevail on us to wonder about the possibility to extend that protection to the integrated distributors who, in fact, exercise this function, and are, as other representatives, under the dependence of the manufacturers, even if it is rather economic. An analysis of these representatives’s organizations let us to detect restrictions, as much in the application's conditions as in the allowed indemnity's foundations, from which, this sensation of exclusion and maladjustment : exclusion because the conditions in which depend the benefit of this indemnity leave up many representatives of the protection. Maladjustment, because this indemnity is not perceived as the financial compensation of the right to the clientele assigned to them. Meanwhile, we assist at the emergence of news aspects of the right to the clientele. Especially the care to extend the contractual relation
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Denysyuk, Vitaliy Duchêne Gérard. "Les effets économiques de l'intégration de l'Ukraine aux structures européenes." Créteil : [Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2004. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0226480.pdf.
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Edgar, David A. "Commercial short holiday breaks in Scotland : an analysis of market structure, supplier strategies and performance." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1997. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/5728.
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Hospitality and tourism environments are widely regarded as complex and dynamic in nature. This combined with the need for commercial organisations to improve performance places considerable emphasis on the need for approaches to understanding market and organisation dynamics. This research proposes an approach to analysing and understanding the dimensions of markets and the interface with organisations to allow optimum performance. It uses the commercial short holiday break (CSHB) market in Scotland as a contextual base, and reflects an industrial economics approach which encompasses identification of market structure, competitive strategies and company performance, to explore activity in the area and propose approaches to analysing dynamic and complex markets. Commercial short holiday breaks (CSHB) are widely recognised as a growth market for hotels. What is often not documented is that such growth is at the expense of other market sectors, fuelling mature market conditions and requiring increasingly sophisticated marketing strategies to gain and sustain market share and thus improve performance. To date, little has been published on how hotel companies compete in CSHB markets or what performance differences result as a consequence of different strategies and market conditions. Therefore through an extensive literature review (of the limited data available) and the construction of a database of hotel groups containing the 30 largest hotel groups operating in Scotland, an indication of the market structure was formed. To confirm initial findings and provide more detailed data on strategies adopted in the market, structured telephone interviews were conducted with key suppliers. The interviews revealed strategic groups with two main categories of strategy : predator strategies for gaining market share and secondly defender strategies for protecting market share. To establish how strategy affects corporate performance, further interviews were conducted at the corporate level and then in recognition of the multi-site nature of hotel operations, interviews were also conducted at unit level for six key short break providing companies. The findings indicate that there are bilateral "associations" between the market structure, the strategy adopted and the resulting performance. Having constructed a model based upon the findings, it appears to be the case that results hold true between both the corporate (industry) relationships and the unit (market) level relationships, making the model a significant contribution to knowledge.
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Leno, Ngaundje Doris. "The development of a commercial law structure in the SADC with specific reference to OHADA." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52731.
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In a region where there is diversity of laws, the author maintains that law reform is a catalyst for investment and development. This thesis aims at demonstrating that OHADA provides practical lessons for the development of a uniform commercial law structure in the SADC. This is following OHADA’s success in developing uniform commercial rules that are directly applicable in the contracting states. To achieve this, the thesis uses a “structured focused comparison” methodology that allows for two separate, but structurally linked accounts of the structures of both organisations. In exploring the structures of both organisations, the thesis endeavours to: determine whether there is the need for the development of a commercial law structure in the SADC; whether such a structure can be developed within the current SADC structure and whether OHADA can serve as a possible model for the SADC.
The findings show that no part of the African continent has witnessed regional legal reform on the scale of that initiated by OHADA. It equally reveals the absence of a uniform commercial law structure in the SADC and the lack of supranational structures to adopt full panoply of business laws and to preserve the uniformity of laws in the member states. The findings from this thesis provide evidence that there is the need forthe development of a commercial law structure in the SADC and improvement of the current SADC structure. There is no doubt that thi swould do away with legal uncertainty in cross-border commercial transactions among SADC states.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Mercantile Law
LLD
Unrestricted
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Daly, Lamia. "Structure, stratégies et efficience bancaire : le cas des banques commerciales tunisiennes." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0021.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective de caractérisation non figée de la médiation entre la structure, les stratégies et les risques et efficiences du système bancaire tunisien. Dans un premier chapitre, la caractérisation de la structure du système bancaire tunisien fût montrée qu’une concurrence monopolistique s’impose due aux barrières à l’entrée liées à la présence de l’agrément unique. A chaque forme de contrôle correspondrait une stratégie, la banque tunisienne doit opter pour le bon choix stratégique ce qui est l’objet du second chapitre. Le chapitre trois mis en évidence les différents types de risque inhérent à l’activité des établissements de crédits, les développements mentionnés dans ce chapitre dévoilent la multiplicité de ces risques et leur caractère multidimensionnel. Le dernier chapitre vise à déterminer les scores d’efficience ainsi que l’étude de l’impact de certaines variables sur ces derniers, au sein du système bancaire tunisien. Ce qui prouve un déclin des scores de ladite efficience dû aux résultats des réformes bancaires initiées en 1987 qui n’ont pas eu d’effet sur l’efficience des banques commerciales tunisiennesThis thesis joins in a prospect of not motionless characterization of the mediation between the structure, the strategies and the risks and the efficiencies of the Tunisian banking system. In a first chapter, the characterization of the structure of the Tunisian banking system is shown that a monopolistic competition is imperative due to barriers in the entrance connected to the presence of the only approval. In every shape of control would correspond a strategy, the Tunisian bank has to opt for the good strategic choice what is the object of the second chapter. The chapter three put in evidence the various types(chaps) of risk inherent to the activity of credit institutions, the developments mentioned in this chapter reveal the multiplicity of these risks and their multidimensional character. The last chapter aims at determining the scores of efficiency as well as the study of the impact of certain variables on these last ones, within the Tunisian banking system. Il proves a decline of the scores of the aforementioned efficiency due to the results of the banking reforms introduced in 1987 which had no effect on the efficiency of the Tunisian commercial banks
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Joly, Pierre. "Etude des effets de mélanges d'herbicides employés sur le maïs, sur les communautés microbiennes édaphiques : approche en microcosmes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020037.
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Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans une problématique actuelle de compréhension des effets, encore peu connus, des mélanges de pesticides dans le sol. Les formulations d'herbicides S-métolachlore (Dual Gold Safeneur®), mésotrione (Callisto®) et nicosulfuron (Milagro®) ont été appliquées en mélanges et à la dose agronomique recommandée. Les molécules formulées sont plus toxiques que les molécules actives seules (Microtox®) et aucun effet synergique ou antagoniste des mélanges n'a été observé. Cependant, ces mélanges impactent transitoirement et à court terme les communautés microbiennes du sol de Limagne, sans modifier les paramètres généraux de structure et d'abondance. Toutefois, des effets ont été mis en évidence sur des communautés sensibles telles que les phototrophes ou celles impliquées dans les processus de nitrification et de dénitrification. De plus, une comparaison des effets des mélanges sur les communautés phototrophes de deux sols souligne l'importante toxicité du Dual Gold Safeneur® et remet en cause son utilisation d'un point de vue écotoxicologique.