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Agwu, N.M., C.I. Anyanwu, and E.I. Mendie. "Socio-Economic Determinants of Commercialization among Small Holder Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 8 (2012): 392–97. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2012.8.110112200.
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The general objective of the study is to analyse the socio- economic determinants of commercialization among smallholder farmers in Abia state, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to: (i) examine the level of commercialization among the farmers (ii) estimate the determinants of commercialization among the smallholder farmers in the study area; and make recommendations based on the findings. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for this study. First, two local government areas were selected from each of the three agricultural zones. From these local government areas, three communities were chosen. Finally, a random selection of twenty farmers was selected each from the three communities, bringing a total of one hundred and eighty (180) farmers / respondents. Primary source of data was used for the study. This was actualized with questionnaire administered to the already selected respondents. Enumerator who had already been trained assisted in the distribution and collection of data. Objective (i) employed household commercialization index (HCI), while objective (ii) was realized using multiple regression. The result of the commercialization index showed that among all the crops studied none attained a ratio above 30% . Cassava had the highest ratio of 29.58% . This was followed by maize having a ratio of 24.02% . Sweet potatoes came third with the ratio of 19.06% , while cocoyam and water yam was fourth and fifth respectively with 13.79% and 13.55% . This implies that there is a low level of orientation towards cassava commercialization in the study area. The coefficient of household size, income, farming experience, farm size, distance to market, membership of society and access to credits, were all significant at various probability levels and with different signs influencing commercialization in the study area. It is therefore recommended that markets should be created where none exist. Support to facilities in storage, business management capacity building, packing and processing should be provided. Furthermore, interlocked transaction institutional arrangement model is recommended.
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SC, Udah, Nmerengwa JK, Osondu CK, and Onuabuchi FO. "Effects of commercialization on food security status of cassava producing households in Abia state, Nigeria." Journal of Management and Science 14, no. 2 (2024): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.14.19.
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The study examined effects of commercialization on food security status of cassava producers in Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the cassava producers; examined the level of cassava commercialization; estimated mean per capita monthly food expenditure of cassava producing households; assessed the food security status of the cassava producing households; ascertained effect of commercialization on the food security status of the respondents and identified the constrained to commercialization. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 96 respondents needed for the study. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential tools such as mean, frequencies, percentage, percentage household commercialization index and food security index. Results showed that the mean age of cassava producing household head was 35.3years. Cumulatively, 93.3% of cassava producing household head had formal education ranging from primary school to secondary with mean household size of 7 persons. Dominant number of the cassava farmers indicated access to credit (75.6%) with mean farm size of 1.9ha and mean farming experience of 9.9years. The result also showed a mean commercialization index of 0.646970. The study area could be regarded as food insecure given that only 35.00% of the households were food secure. The result further indicated that there was a positive relationship between commercialization level and food security in the area. However, instability in government policy (86.67%) and lack of collateral required securing loan (72.22 were major constraints to cassava commercialization in the study area. The study concluded that the proportion of food insecure households is more than the food secure households. Therefore, agricultural policies that promote access of farmers to land and other farm inputs that can lead to increased farm household productivity and income should be implemented.
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Onomu, Achoja Roland. "Determinants of Indigenous Floral Foods’ Commercialization among Rural Households: The Outcome of Double and Triple Hurdles in Amathole District Rural Community." Sustainability 16, no. 19 (2024): 8392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198392.
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Indigenous foods are used to prepare delicious delicacies (Imefino) in South Africa, and are consumed for their medicinal, food security, and nutritional value. Many of them are rich in macro- and micronutrients and contribute to improving the households’ income. However, the commercialization of many indigenous foods remains problematic with poor market penetration. This study investigates the commercialization status and determinants of indigenous floral food (IFF) commercialization using descriptive statistics, and the double- and triple-hurdle analysis. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect cross-sectional data from 240 rural households in Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The result shows that most (60%) of the rural households rely solely on agriculture and agricultural-related activities as their source of employment. Ironically, among the rural household heads who are solely engaged in agriculture, most (83%) do not sell IFFs despite being involved solely in agriculture. More so, there is poor commercialization of IFF with the evidence of a low-commercialization index and low-income generation from IFF. However, IFF consumed for medicinal value has a higher commercialization index. Indigenous foods show potential for commercialization if well harnessed. The results also show that if the rural householder is a male and adds value to indigenous floral foods, he is more likely to make a decision that entails him being involved in the commercialization of indigenous floral foods. The result further proves that the influence of households’ willingness to pay for the improved seed of IFFs will not necessarily affect the intensity of IFF commercialization. Household size is among the determinants of IFF commercialization. Commercialization indicators reveal that rural household heads are committing to IFF commercialization. Based on the study’s overall findings, factors such as seasonality, price, demand fluctuation, and other identified challenges in this study affect IFF commercialization. Programs addressing value addition and the domestication of indigenous floral foods, application of marketing philosophy, and marketing mix, among others, are recommended.
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H. C., Harshitha, V. R. Kiresur, M. Y. Teggi, J. A. Hosmath, and Sarojani J. Karakannavar. "Commercialization and Agricultural Diversity: Insights from North Karnataka, India." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 8 (2024): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82254.
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Aim: Agriculture has been the foundation of India's economy for centuries, providing livelihoods for a significant portion of the population. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of agricultural commercialization on diversity of agriculture. Specifically, it assessed the degree of commercialization and determined the diversification index for the study area. Specific Objective of the Study: To study the effect of commercialization on the diversity of agriculture in the study area. Place and Duration of the Study: The present study was conducted in Dharwad, Gadag, Belagavi and Bagalkote districts of North Karnataka based on the gross irrigated area. The study was conducted for agricultural year 2022-23. Methodology: The study utilized primary data gathered through personal interview method with 240 farm households from 24 villages across eight talukas in four districts of North Karnataka. It employed descriptive statistics and calculated the Household Crop Commercialization Index (CCI) to measure the extent of agricultural commercialization, along with the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to assess diversification. The Regression Adjustment (RA) method was employed to analyze how commercialization influences agricultural diversity. Results and Discussion: In regions considered less progressive, the CCI was lower at 89.54 per cent compared to more progressive areas where it reached 96.02 per cent, indicating a disparity in the degree of crop commercialization. Similarly, the HHI was lower in less progressive areas (0.45) compared to more progressive areas (0.66), indicating a less concentrated market structure. In areas characterized by higher progressiveness, farmers predominantly cultivated sugarcane, a crop with strong commercial value, which limited agricultural diversification. A notable gender difference was observed at a significance level of 10 per cent. Households with higher levels of commercialization exhibited significantly greater agricultural assets and slightly larger land holdings, indicating improved access to markets and higher agricultural productivity. The RA model in the analysis indicated a substantial ATET coefficient of 0.44, suggesting that increased commercialization strongly promotes agricultural diversity. Conversely, less commercialized households showed a POM coefficient of 0.07, confirming some degree of diversification. Significance of the Study: The study highlighted the dual role of agricultural commercialization in improving economic stability and promoting sustainable livelihoods, while also revealing critical gender disparities that necessitated inclusive policies. These insights have important implications for policymakers aiming to foster equitable agricultural development and strengthen community cohesion through enhanced economic and social support structures.
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Sohn, So Young, and Tae Hee Moon. "Structural equation model for predicting technology commercialization success index (TCSI)." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 70, no. 9 (2003): 885–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(03)00004-0.
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Endalew, Birara, Mezegebu Aynalem, Fenta Assefa, and Zemen Ayalew. "Determinants of Wheat Commercialization among Smallholder Farmers in Debre Elias Woreda, Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2020 (August 6, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2195823.
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Even though wheat commercialization has got great emphasis, smallholder farmers face challenges to participate in the wheat market. As a result, understanding the intensity of smallholder farmers’ wheat commercialization and factors affecting wheat commercialization has vital importance to tackle the problem. Consequently, this study was undertaken in northwestern Ethiopia to measure smallholder farmers’ wheat commercialization and analyze factors that hamper wheat commercialization in the study area. For this purpose, a systematic sampling technique has been employed to select a total of 154 smallholder wheat producer household heads. A semistructured questionnaire has been used as a principal primary data collection method. Similarly, the output commercialization index and the beta regression model have been employed for data analysis. The result of the study showed that 23.4%, 51.9%, and 24.7% of smallholder farmers were subsistence, semicommercialized, and commercialized, respectively. The result indicated that the majority of smallholder farmers are semicommercial wheat producers. Moreover, the beta regression result indicated that educational status, number of oxen, land size allocated to wheat production, farming experience in wheat production, extension service, and market distance are major factors for smallholder farmer’s wheat commercialization. Therefore, an attempt to increase smallholder farmers’ wheat commercialization should give special priority for significant explanatory variables.
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Orlova, Dariya. "Natalya Ryabinska. Ukraine’s Post-Communist Mass Media: Between Capture and Commercialization." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 5, no. 2 (2018): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus424.
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Book review of Natalya Ryabinska. Ukraine’s Post-Communist Mass Media: Between Capture and Commercialization. Foreword by Marta Dyczok, ibidem-Verlag, 2017. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 162, edited by Andreas Umland. 186 pp. Tables. Bibliography. Name Index. Subject Index. €29.90, paper.
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OTEKUNRIN, Olutosin Ademola. "Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development in rural Southwestern Nigeria: evidence from smallholder cassava farmers." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 118, no. 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2022.118.4.2338.
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<p class="042abstractstekst">This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. The mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.</p>
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Otekunrin, Olutosin Ademola, Idris Akanbi Ayinde, Rahman Akintayo Sanusi, and Oluwaseun Aramide Otekunrin. "Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges confronting cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria." Journal of Socioeconomics and Development 5, no. 1 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v5i1.3483.
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This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.JEL Classification D13; M31; Q19
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Tilahun, Assefa, Jema Haji, Lemma Zemedu, and Dawit Alemu. "Commercialization of Smallholder Pulse Producers in East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 4 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n4p84.
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This study examines pulse producers&rsquo; commercialization using a cross-sectional data obtained from 385 randomly and proportionately selected sampled households from East Gojjam zone, Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric model to characterize sample households and identify factors affecting pulse output commercialization. The mean commercial index for the sample households was 0.345 which indicates that on average a household sold 34.5% of his/her total pulse produce. As a result, farm households&rsquo; output commercialization levels fall in semi-commercial farming system. Two limit Tobit model result indicated that farm households&rsquo; crop output commercialization was positively and significantly influenced by access to improved seed, cooperative membership, land size, access to market information and pulse yield and was negatively and significantly influenced by family size and livestock owned. Based on the findings, improved seed/new varieties should be released and accessed to smallholder farmers, deliver market information timely, land owned allocation should be intensified so that smallholder producers can increase their crop output commercialization, strengthening the existing farmers&rsquo; cooperatives and finally cut and carry livestock feeding system should be practiced in order to manage farm land properly.
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Lyanga, Timothy M. "Determinants of Rice Commercialization among Smallholder Farmers for Rice Production at Wembere Basin in Iramba District, Tanzania." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 25, no. 4 (2025): 279–98. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2025/v25i41749.
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The agricultural sector in Tanzania is contributing 30% of GDP and 65% of employment. The rice production of Tanzania accounts approximately 17% of total grain production, and the country has nearly achieved self-sufficiency in rice. Rice production is the most important sub-sector in Tanzania since it plays a crucial role in the creation of jobs, income generation, especially from rice exports, food security and poverty reduction. This paper examined the determinants of rice commercialization among smallholder farmers for rice production in Wembere basin in Iramba district, which guided by double hurdle model and Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). The research design was cross-sectional data collected in 2023 and 2024 from 117 sample sizes of rice farmer households selected through a simple random sampling technique and analysable to obtain Household Commercialization Index (HCI), coefficients and descriptive statistics. The finding results of this paper show that the level of rice commercialization level had (HCI=95.13%) in 2023 and (HCI=94.79%) in 2024 of rice production. While the multiple regression analysis for sex, age of household, education level, family size, market distance, price of rice purchased, bank loan use and use of improved seeds had a significant at 5% level (p<0.05). This indicates that parameters influence rice production participation and a high degree of commercialization and production. Furthermore, the results reveal that households participating in agricultural commercialization would experience improved food security through increased crop diversity. This paper concluded that demographic, economic and institutional factors had a positive impact on commercialization and determined the level of agricultural commercialization for smallholder farmers so as to increase the notion of rice farming. The study recommends that there is a need for the government to support agricultural commercialization for facilitating bank loans and improved seed toward rice production.
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Altuntas, Serkan, and Turkay Dereli. "An evaluation index system for prediction of technology commercialization of investment projects." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 23, no. 6 (2012): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ifs-2012-0524.
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Obianefo, Chukwujekwu A., Chinwe A. Isibor, Cecilia A. Nwigwe, Uzochukwu V. Uchemba, and Chijindu E. Nwankwo. "Analysis of Sustainable Market Conditions and Determinants Influencing Farmers' Involvement in the Commercialization of Cocoyam in Anambra State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, no. 9 (2024): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i92544.
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This study on the analysis of sustainable market conditions and determinants influencing farmers' involvement in the commercialization of cocoyam in Anambra State, Nigeria focused on six specific objectives that ascertained the market conditions for cocoyam marketing, identified the commercialization index of the commodity, described the determinants of farmers' participation in the commercialization of the commodity, estimated the profitability of smallholder’s cocoyam production/marketing, and its determinants, and identified the challenges to cocoyam production/marketing in the area. A multistage sampling technique involving purposive and simple random sampling was employed to collect data from 368 cocoyam farmers. The study used a combination of analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, the Lorenz curve, marketing margin analysis, and ordinary least square regression achieved from the SPPS version 25 and Microsoft Excel. The study revealed the farmers’ average age and production/marketing experience as 19 years. The Gini coefficient value of 0.236 closer to zero shows a near-perfect condition in the area, with a 68.0% commercialization index. Gender (11.48)***, marital status (8.98)***, and cooperative membership (4.81)** are the positive factors influencing market participation. The farmers realized a profitability ratio of 0.74 and a return on investment of 1.85. This profitability ratios are positively determined by sex (16.45)***, farming experience (4.58)***, and number of extension contacts (6.48)***. The farmers face the following challenges; inadequate capital, limited access to improved cultivars, and bad road networks among others. However, policymakers should therefore prioritize intervention to address the identified bottlenecks hindering market participation, profitability, and scalability of cocoyam production and marketing.
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Yang, Yaliu, Yuan Wang, Cui Wang, Yingyan Zhang, and Cuixia Zhang. "Temporal and Spatial Evolution of the Science and Technology Innovative Efficiency of Regional Industrial Enterprises: A Data-Driven Perspective." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (2022): 10721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710721.
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This study develops a data-driven, comprehensive evaluation method to improve the science and technology innovative efficiency of industrial enterprises above designated size (hereinafter “industrial enterprises”). Based on an innovation value chain perspective, a two-stage evaluation index system is constructed. Thereafter, the Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to analyze correlations in the constructed index system. A two-stage network data envelopment analysis model with additional intermediate input was constructed to measure and evaluate industrial enterprises’ science and technology innovative efficiency from three aspects—research and development (R&D), commercialization, and comprehensive efficiencies—to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method was verified using the statistical data of industrial enterprises in 16 cities in Anhui Province, China, from 2011 to 2020. The results show that the comprehensive efficiency of the scientific and technological innovation of industrial enterprises in these cities is at a medium level, and the efficiency development of the two stages is uncoordinated; the two-stage efficiency distribution tends to be “high R&D–high commercialization” and “low R&D–low commercialization”, and targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proffered. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of industrial enterprises in relevant regions.
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Sitenko, Diana. "Commercialization of University Developments: Case of Kazakhstan." Journal of Educational and Social Research 15, no. 2 (2025): 174. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2025-0051.
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The article discusses the main problems and opportunities for commercialization and transfer of university developments to industry in the modern legal field in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work is to study the commercialization process at the present stage, as well as to identify opportunities for developing university-industry interaction in Kazakhstan. The necessity of interaction between science, business and industry for the commercial implementation of university scientific research is substantiated. Changes in recent years in the organizational and legal framework for commercialization, facilitating the implementation of scientific research results were observed. The mechanisms and results of the main government programs to support the commercialization of scientific developments, including joint ones with foreign development institutions, are considered. The indicators of R&D expenditures and share of innovative products in GDP as well as patent activity of applicants from Kazakhstan was assessed. The dynamics of Kazakhstan's position in the Global Innovation Index by pillars of Innovation inputs and Innovation outputs were determined. Using a SWOT analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of the commercialization process, as well as opportunities and threats, were identified. Based on the research, the article proposes an organizational and financial mechanism for interaction between a university and industrial enterprises with the participation of a venture fund and the redistribution of financial resources from subsoil users to increase the commercialization of university projects. Despite the proposed mechanisms of “university-business” interaction”, further research is needed into the factors influencing all participants in the innovation process, as well as the possibilities of universities in the context of obtaining autonomy and organizing their own small innovative enterprises. Received: 21 September 2024 / Accepted: 4 February 2025 / Published: 06 March 2025
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Shevchenko, K., L. Saher, and A. Shymoshenko. "COMMERCIALIZATION OF INNOVATIONS IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATUS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, no. 4 (2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.4-01.
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Commercialization of innovations is a fundamental condition for the development of both micro- and macroeconomic aspects in the context of their impact on the creation of competitive advantages and economic development. Moreover, the commercialization of innovation is perhaps the most important challenge that all companies face. innovation goes beyond science or technology; it is something that is able to create value through the commercialization process. Commercialization acts as an important "intermediary" between scientific and technical development and the object of purchase and sale and is an effective lever thanks to which the newly created innovative development brings profit. The topic of commercialization of innovations has obviously received increased attention recently, but this subject of research is quite fragmented and distributed among different fields of research and disciplines. As a result, a variety of theoretical and empirical findings need to be explored, organized, and aggregated. The purpose of the article is to study the level of commercialization of innovations in Ukraine compared to world trends and to identify the problems of reducing the number of innovators-enterprises. Commercialization is a basic condition for the successful implementation of the results of innovative activities of high-tech enterprises in any country, therefore the article examines the rating of Ukraine according to the Global Innovation Index and identifies world leaders. The dynamics of the introduction of innovations at industrial enterprises of Ukraine in 2014-2020 were formed. The rating of the Top 5 most innovative companies of Ukraine in 2021 was analyzed. The result of the study was the identification of problems that significantly weaken the place of innovators-companies of Ukraine among world leaders. The article will be useful for specialists and scientists in the field of innovative marketing, management, logistics, teachers and students of higher educational institutions. For those who are interested in deepening their knowledge in the field of innovative development of Ukrainian enterprises in the context of product commercialization.
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Oyeyode, Obalola Tohib, Obayelu Abiodun Elijah, Coster Adeleke Sabitu, and Alarima Cornelius Idowu. "Rice Farmers Aversion to Risk: The Role of Agricultural Commercialization to Farmers Attitude to Risk in Northwestern Nigeria." Journal of Developing Areas 59, no. 1 (2025): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2025.a952653.
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ABSTRACT: In order to grow smallholder farmers in Nigeria, commercialization promotion is a crucial step because it is a reality in many developing nations where it tends to boost income and farmers' aversion to risk. The study examined risk and household commercialization of rice farmers. 370 rice farming households were selected using a four stage selection technique, and information were gathered from them using a semi-structured questionnaire. The information obtained from the farmers includes their assets, income, and socioeconomic characteristics in addition to their output metrics. Pre-testing the questionnaire increased its reliability which allowed for the addition of more relevant questions. Household commercialization index, risk aversion coefficient, ordered probit, and probit regression model were the analytical methods used. According to the study, commercialization among rice farmers was very high, which was found to be influenced by factors such as household size, farming experience, quantity of rice produced, and the size of the farm. It determined both risk-averse and risk-preferred attitudes, which are two mutually exclusive ways that farmers view risk. Additionally, the attitude of the rice farmers toward risk was highly influenced by agricultural commercialization and other socioeconomic factors of the farmers. Farmers' willingness to take risk in their farming activities decreases as agricultural commercialization, household size, and distance to market increases; that is, their risk aversion level decreases except for farm size, where it increases. Based on the study, it is recommended to enhance initiatives that support rice commercialization. This can be achieved by increasing the frequency of extension officer visits, educating farmers on the latest agricultural technologies, and promoting the expansion of cultivated farmland. These measures will improve farmers' livelihoods, reduce risk aversion, and contribute to overall agricultural development. Additionally, providing access to better resources and market opportunities will further support farmers in this endeavor.
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Namdarian, Leila, and Sadigh Ali Naimi. "Towards an understanding of the commercialization drivers of research findings in Iran." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 10, no. 4 (2018): 389–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1463644.
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Taking a look at the performance of Iranian universities and research centers, one might notice that despite their Research and Development (R&D) capacities, most have fallen short in research commercialization, leaving them dependent on government funding.‎ Hence, certain mechanisms should be designed for facilitating successful research commercialization in Iran, beginning with the identification of its drivers.‎ Existing commercialization models for developed countries are not necessarily applicable to a developing country such as Iran, which imports technologies and has little in the way of private sector investment in R&D.‎ As a result, the current study seeks to extract research commercialization drivers from the perspective of Iranian researchers and develop a model based on institutional and local contexts specific to Iran.‎ The study used an interpretive-qualitative approach based on three stages: documentary research, interviews and grounded theory.‎ First, an extensive review of the existing literature was conducted to identify the research commercialization drivers noted in previous studies.‎ From there, a theoretical saturation index was used and a total of 30 researchers who were familiar with the concepts of commercialization were selected and interviewed through a purposive sampling procedure.‎ The list of drivers compiled from the extant literature was then supplemented with their comments.‎ In the third stage, grounded theory was used to analyze the drivers and develop the conceptual model.‎ The results of the study revealed that the most important drivers of research commercialization in Iran are designing managerial mechanisms;‎ creating strategic alliances;‎ modifying the educational system;‎ improving the research structure;‎ modifying contextual factors;‎ creating supportive infrastructure;‎ and strengthening researchers’ positive characteristics.‎
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Chukhray, Nataliya, Oleksandra Mrykhina, and Ivan Izonin. "Holistic Approach to R&D Products’ Evaluation for Commercialization under Open Innovations." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 1 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010009.
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A holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization under open innovations is developed. The approach is tested on the example of the device of the interferometric determination of the refractive index of crystalline materials in the optical range. The proposed approach will allow setting a price that will satisfy all the parties of a transfer agreement with a higher level of accuracy and will meet market requirements. Unlike popular methods of evaluating the R&D product, a holistic approach will, on the one hand, be based on the actual costs and the break-even level of a R&D product and, on the other hand, will determine how much the consumer is receptive to a R&D product, and, then again, will show how the added value of the product will develop under the influence of market effects. It is noted that the application of a holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization should be supplemented by assessing the willingness of potential customers to purchase this R&D product at a specific price. It is proved that the proposed holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization is multifunctional. The approach can be applied to different types of economic activity, R&D products, and types of markets. The obtained prices based on the application of a holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization and the results of marketing research of the interferometry market testified to potential prospects of the commercialization of a R&D product of the interferometric determination of the refractive index of crystalline materials in the optical range and its long-term competitiveness. Based on the results, the key provisions of the concept of providing competitive benefits for the period of implementation of the analyzed R&D product are identified. Taking into account fundamental elements of the open innovation paradigm underpins the authors’ holistic approach.
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Ukwuaba, Ikenna, Chukwuemeka Arene, and Benjamin Okpukpara. "Smallholder commercialization: What drives the household welfare of smallholder rice farmers?" Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 61, no. 4 (2024): 413–24. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1435516.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the socio-economic and institutional determinants of smallholder rice farmers’ household welfare in Nigeria, one of the countries with extreme cases of multidimensional poverty in the world. Material and Methods: Multistage sampling techniques were used in the selection of 288 smallholder rice farmers. Primary data was collected from the respondents with a semi-structured questionnaire. The market participation index and ordinary least square regression were the models used to realize the objectives. Results: It was revealed that the smallholder rice farmers were semi-commercialized with a market participation index of 0.73. The educational level of the household head, household size, access to fertilizer, rice output, the quantity of rice sold, cooperative membership and distance to an established market were identified as the key drivers of smallholder rice farmers’ welfare. Conclusion: Engagement in the output market impacted positively on the farm income and per capita consumption expenditure, especially among educated smallholder rice farmers who had access to fertilizer and belonged to cooperatives.
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Sujadmiko, Bayu, HS Tisnanta, and Orima Melati Davey. "Local Certification: Genetically Modified Organisms and Commercialization." Kertha Patrika 43, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/kp.2021.v43.i01.p01.
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Local government requires a regulatory framework as a base of Genetically Modified Organisms’ (GMO) development and expansion in order to support food sovereignty. In regions of Indonesia, GMO products could be strengthened through local certification. The involvement of the government is vital in supporting the economical activities of entrepreneurs in certain regions. Researchers are interested in further discussion on, “Local Certification: Genetically Modified Organisms’ Commercialization”. The studies focus on the urgency for local certification in GMO products and the commercialization of local certification towards GMO Products of region in Indonesia. This is normative research through a statute approach, which concerns legal basis for local government authority regarding agricultural products’ affairs. The research suggested that urgency for local certification in every region is very much needed to bolster food production with GMO technology base as part of the geographical index product. In the implementation amongst society, the product could be supervised and developed to enhance local and national economic activities by paying attention to the quality of genetically modified products and its food safety. GMO commercialization is still constrained by permit on feed, food and environmental safety. Therefore, the Indonesian Government’s protection on GMO product commercialization is required, both from national and local governments through a local certification. The practice upon food local certification is implemented in several regions of Indonesia, such as West Sumatra by establishing an institution; Kebumen Regency by forming a food certification related regulation and Palembang City also by applying food certification.
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Perosa, Bruno Benzaquen, Ramon Felipe Bicudo da Silva, and Mateus Batistella. "Market Access and Agricultural Diversification: An Analysis of Brazilian Municipalities." Land 13, no. 1 (2024): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13010061.
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Market access has a deep impact on farmers’ decisions, influencing their choice of crops and technology adoption. Crop diversification depends on the availability of markets to trade the agricultural portfolio. This study explored how market access impacted the level of diversification in 5565 Brazilian municipalities from 2013 to 2021. We developed a regression model considering how variables related to market access and commercialization (storage, roads, distribution centers, commercialization credit, among others) affected a local (municipality level) diversification index. After environmental variables were controlled, the results indicated that most of the market access variables have a significant impact on diversification. We also used map analysis to analyze the regional patterns of specialization in Brazilian agriculture, concluding that logistics and commercialization infrastructure have strong influence on the level of diversification in Brazil, a major agricultural powerhouse in the world. The results indicate that market access variables affect diversification and should be considered by policy makers aiming to increase sustainability in agriculture and livestock.
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Pryadko, Svetlana Nikolaevna, Alina Evgenievna Vinnik, and Nikolay Ivanovich Dolinskiy. "Benchmarking of the university intellectual products commercialization: experience of innovation-oriented countries." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2023, no. 3 (2023): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2023-3-97-107.
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The article presents brief results of intellectual products of the university commercialization benchmarking at national and regional (local) markets. As the concept of intellectual product of the university we used a generalized indicator that includes all the innovative developments of the university scientists that have the potential to protect intellectual property rights and further commercialization. The objects of benchmarking were the models of commercialization of intellectual products of innovation-oriented countries universities, which are in high positions of the Global Innovation Index: the USA and China. The sources of information for the analysis were secondary information on the research problem, multifunctional search platform for scientific publications Google Scholar, websites of the universities of the countries-leaders of innovative development universities selected as objects of benchmarking. As a result of the studies carried out at the national level the model of China᾿s innovation ecosystem was chosen as a reference sample for further analysis. Indicators for comparative analysis that characterize the process of commercialization of intellectual products at the national market level are the presence of an institutional innovation environment, the presence of a high-tech knowledge-intensive market, innovation spending and the value of companies᾿ intangible assets. At the local level, a multi-company network model for the intellectual products of US universities commercialization was chosen as a reference sample for further analysis. Indicators for comparative analysis are the innovative infrastructure of the university, publication activity of university scientists, indicators of
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Fikadu, Zelalem, Amsalu Mitiku, and Guta Regasa Megerssa. "Commercialization of teff growers and determinants in west Ethiopia: Double hurdle model analysis." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 117, no. 1 (2023): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-12297.
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Promoting commercialization of agricultural production is a cornerstone of the rural development strategies of Ethiopia and commercialization of smallholder farming is not yet adequate enough to enable farmers be profitable. This study was designed to analyze the smallholder farmers’ teff commercialization in Guduru District, Western Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. Double Hurdle Model was used to identify the key factors that influence farmers’ teff commercialization. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The model result indicated that education of household head, family size, land holding size, land allocated to teff, farm output, participation in off/non-farm activities, lagged teff market price, access to market information and cooperative membership were found to significantly influence the probability of participation in teff output market. Intensity of participation in the teff output market was significantly determined by sex of household head, age of household head, family size, family labor and distance to the nearest market. Based on the findings, the study recommends that government should give emphasize on rural education system, family planning program, productivity improving measures, access to communication facilities and institutional services, enhance the female headed households and improving rural roads.
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Roba, Belay, Mekonnen Sime, and Berhanu Nega. "Transforming Subsistence Farming: Determinants of Sorghum Output Commercialization: The Case of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology 16, no. 4 (2024): 72–86. https://doi.org/10.56557/jogae/2024/v16i48974.
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In developing countries, including Ethiopia, the change from subsistence-oriented production system to the market-oriented production system as a means of raising smallholder income, and alleviating poverty has been at the center of policy spotlight. This study analysis the level and factors determining smallholder sorghum commercialization in Gololcha and Shene Kolu Districts. A three-stage random sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 121 smallholder sorghum producers. Primary and quantitative data were collected using a structured survey questionnaire. Secondary data were collected from different secondary sources. Descriptive statistics, household commercialization index (HCI) and Heckman second stages ordinary least square regression estimation (OLS) was used for data analysis. Accordingly, the results of HCI indicated that 48.46% of farmers are fully subsistent,16.92% less commercialized, 21.54% are medium commercialized, 8.46% are highly commercialized and 4.6% are very highly commercialized. The result from OLS regression indicated that household family size, household access to credit and sorghum current market price influenced the level of sorghum commercialization positively and significantly, while household sorghum consumption and non-farm income were affected negatively and significantly. Therefore, government authority and concerned bodies should take into consideration demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional factors to improve the performance of sorghum commercialization in area.
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Ndanitsa, M. A., Umar, I. S., Alhassan, H. A., Ndako, N., and Dauda, M. "EFFECTS OF NIGER STATE RICE INVESTMENT CONSORTIUM PROJECT ON COMMERCIALIZATION LEVELS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 3, no. 4 (2020): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v3i4.173.
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The study assessed the effects of Niger State Rice Investment Consortium (NSRIC) project on commercialization levels of smallholder rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. A total sample size of 234; made up of 117 participants and 117 non-participants drawn from 12 localities in three (3) Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected from primary source using well-structured questionnaire administered by the researcher and with the assistance of well-trained enumerators from the Niger State Bureau of Statistics (NSBS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, household commercialization index (HCI), Tobit regression model and Henry Garrett technique. The result showed that the respondents were in their productive age with mean age of 39 and 44 years of participants and non-participants, respectively; and also, the participants (80.34%) and non-participants (81.22%) were married. The result further revealed the mean farm size of 2.0ha and 1.84ha for participants and non-participants, respectively. The result of HCI revealed the mean household commercialization indices of 67.25%, 31.57% and 49.41% for participant, non-participant and pooled sample, respectively. The Tobic regression analysis disclosed that the coefficients of household size and extension contact were negative but however, significantly influenced smallholder level of rice commercialization. The coefficient of gender, farm size, quantity of rice produced, NSRIC project participant, access to market information, unit price of product, irrigation, access to tractorization and training were positive and significantly influenced smallholder rice commercialization. The costs and returns analysis revealed that the farmers earned N123,684.08 and N46,872.14 for participants and non-participants, respectively. It was recommended that governments at all levels should develop appropriate policies and strategies to promote the commercialization of smallholder Agriculture in the State and farmers themselves should form and maintain effective farmer groups to take advantage of better market prices for their products through their collective bargaining power.
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Alemu, Minyahil, and Amsalu Dachito. "Rural infrastructure and smallholders commercialization: analysis of crop input market from Jimma Zone, South-West Ethiopia." International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management 2, no. 3 (2020): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v2i3.202.
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Purpose: This study is aimed to examine the effect of rural infrastructure on smallholders’ crop input market participation with reference to Jimma zone. Research methodology: Censored Tobit approach was employed to model relationships between the degree of household market participation from input side and rural infrastructures. Results: Distance to the nearest all-weather-road from the farm area was found important. Moreover, provision of rural credit, communication and rural market services was found to significantly foster smallholder commercialization. Unfortunately, we estimated trivial coefficient for agricultural extension. Limitation: This study is limited to a year data, where we are unable to estimate the long term impact of rural infrastructural service on rural commercialization. Contribution: Various inadequacies in the provision of services may likely be involved. The right approach for the future should consider efficiency as well as the adequacy of the services being provided. It would be better to provide smallholders with the necessary infrastructures to ensure growth as well as the transformational targets. Besides, interventions intensifying rural access to information are vital. Keywords: Censored Tobit, Commercialization, Crop input Market index, Infrastructure, Smallholder
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CARSON, SCOTT ALAN, and PAUL E. HODGES. "BLACK AND WHITE BODY MASS INDEX VALUES IN NINETEENTH CENTURY DEVELOPING PHILADELPHIA COUNTY." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 3 (2011): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201100054x.
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SummaryThis paper demonstrates that although modern BMIs in the US have increased, 19th century BMIs in Philadelphia were lower than elsewhere within Pennsylvania, indicating that urbanization and agricultural commercialization were associated with lower BMIs. After controlling for stature, blacks consistently had greater BMI values than mulattos and whites; therefore, there is no evidence of a 19th century mulatto BMI advantage in the industrializing North. Farmers' BMIs were consistently heavier than those of non-farmers.
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Akinsola, Grace Oluwabukunmi, Emmanuel Egbodo Boheje ODUM, and Oluyomi Olumide Oyedapo. "Effects of cuniculture commercialization on household poverty status in south western Nigeria." Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 27, no. 1 (2021): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.202127126-42.
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This study evaluated the effect of Cuniculture commercialization on household poverty in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency counts, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Household Commercialization Index (HCI) and Tobit Regression was used to analyze data collected from 120 respondents randomly selected from the register of Rabbit Farmers and Breeders Association of Nigeria (RFABAN) of Ife/Ijesha Agricultural development Project (ADP). The results of the study show that Cuniculture is a male dominated enterprise. The modal age of respondents was 18-60 with 87.5% of respondents educated. Majority of respondents earned between NGN20000 - NGN100000 monthly from Cuniculture. The study found that 16% of respondents were poor and living below the poverty line. The HCI of Cuniculture indicates that 54.2% of production was done mainly for household consumption. Access to credit and unavailability of markets were the major constraints with Household size and access to credit influencing the commercialization of Cuniculture. The study recommends that more people be encouraged to go into Cuniculture to serve as additional income to household; rabbit farmers become more market oriented beyond their present level; they organize themselves into cooperative for access to credits and market creation and that appropriate solutions be sought for the challenges encountered.
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Sung, Sanghyun, and Taeyoung Kim. "Application of the Commercialization Index Model for Korea Government-Funded Science and Technology Research Institutes." Journal of Internet Electronic Commerce Resarch 23, no. 3 (2023): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37272/jiecr.2023.06.23.3.249.
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Shah, Mohammad Asif. "Agricultural Commercialization and Diversification in Jammu and Kashmir: Causes and Impacts." Kardan Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 4 (2018): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.31841/KJEMS.2021.69.
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The paper has examined trends and patterns in crop diversification in Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir for the period 2007-08 to 2013-14 using Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) and estimated the determinants of crop diversification by using multiple regression analysis. The cropping pattern for whole of the State, and Kulgam district in particular has been discussed and it has been found that traditional system of the subsistence farming without any surplus is being practiced in the region. The study has revealed that the farmers are steadily shifting towards the cultivation of cash crops, by replacing the food crops, either via specialization or diversification for reaping the higher benefits from the horticulture sector. The use of regression analysis has brought out the importance of gender, family type, and education as the important determinants of crop diversification towards the high-value crops in the region. The study will help in converting the opportunities into benefits and to prevent the economy from the bad consequences of the move which can be a future threat to the State economy.
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Maltseva, Anna, Natalya Barsukova, Elena Klyushnikova, Aleksandra Gridchina, Irina Kogotkova, and Irina Brikoshina. "How to improve researchers' communication, collaboration and commercialization of R&D in regions?" Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 28 (2020): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.28.04.41.
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The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the Russian Federation’s regions in terms of the created conditions for cooperation between research teams and the commercialization of scientists’ results of intellectual activity. The authors made an analysis of the estimated indicators, as well as the calculation of the integral index characterizing the given indicators. Case studies of the most developed regions are presented. The resulting conclusions can be the basis for the development of a regional environment that promotes scientific activity.
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Nugraha, Luthfan Meilana, Lukmanul Hakim, Oekan Soekotjo Abdoellah, Arief Darmawan, and Bondan Winarno. "Socio-Ecological Effect of Transition Landscape Dynamics from Agroforests to Monoculture Plantation in Upper Citarum Watershed." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 12, no. 2 (2024): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v12i2.813.
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Agroforests in many tropical countries have long been acknowledged as substantially necessary to contribute to biodiversity conservation and community livelihood. The importance of agroforest biodiversification is now overlooked and replaced by a simplified structure due to the impact of agricultural commercialization. Land use changes have occurred in the Upper Citarum Watershed over time, converting traditional agroforests into monoculture plantations at the expense of their socio-ecological function. This paper aimed to analyze land use change dynamics and the effect of biodiversity loss on the socio-economy aspect of the rural agricultural landscape in the Upper Citarum Watershed. We conducted a survey of 95 respondents of community farmers in the agricultural landscape in Sukapura and Resmi Tingal Village using questionnaire guidelines and direct interviews to gather information. There was a significant decrease in plant diversity in some plot agroforests, which, in the previous study, was dominant to be reduced even to local extinctions. The results also show that the farmer poverty index according to BPS criteria is 12.63% of respondents who are below the poverty line. Our results imply that preserving mixed-garden (talun) patches in a landscape dominated by cash-crop gardens is one of the strategies that could conserve landscape biodiversity and increasingly a sustainable livelihood. Keywords: agriculture commercialization, agroforestry, land use change, poverty index, rural development
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Oh, Dong Kyo, Nara Jeon, Jong G. Ok, and Junsuk Rho. "Analysis of Nanoparticle-Embedded-Resin Printing Conditions for High-Aspect-Ratio Metasurfaces." Journal of Flexible and Printed Electronics 2, no. 1 (2023): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.56767/jfpe.2023.2.1.97.
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Metasurfaces, composed of periodic nanostructures, have been attractive because of their extraordinary modulation of light propagation. However, conventional electron-beam lithography to fabricate metasurfaces is time-consuming and costly, which prevents commercialization of functional metasurfaces. We investigate nanoimprint lithography-based technique for single-step fabrication of metasurfaces. A high-refractive-index material is granulated and mixed with nanoimprint resin. This mixture results in higher effective refractive index, and thus can be utilized to directly fabricate metasurfaces. Besides, diverse processing conditions are investigated such as swelling effect for the successful replication of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures. Finally, we verify the optimized nanoparticle-embedded resin printing process through the replication of metasurfaces with various dimensions and an optimal design.
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KHAUSTOV, Volodymyr. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS THE POTENTIAL FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 1 (2021): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.01.069.
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Socio-economic development of Ukraine in the medium and long term is impossible without a radical reform of intellectual property as a basis for intensifying innovation processes. The generalization of tendencies and experience of the leading countries of the world concerning creation, protection and commercialization of objects of the intellectual property right revealed the strong and weak positions of Ukraine. Thus, Ukraine is in the group of leading countries in the generalized indicator of activity for filing applications for industrial property by country of origin, has a high position of the relevant indicators of the Global Innovation Index for 2020. Domestic inventors retain the potential to create objects of intellectual property rights mainly for protection in the domestic market: the number of applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty system does not exceed 200, which is 320 times less than the inventors of China. However, the gross expenditure on R&D in GDP is 6-10 times lower than in the leading countries of the world. The low level of the national system of intellectual property protection is evidenced by the fact that Ukraine is under the supervision of the Office of the US Trade Representative and in the EU Priority Watch List, which includes countries with the most serious problems in the field of intellectual property protection. The experience of the EU and the USA in the context of reforming the system of protection of intellectual property rights in the domestic and foreign markets, including counterfeiting, falsification, piracy and plagiarism, is important for Ukraine. The potential for the commercialization of intellectual property is evidenced by the high position of the relevant indicators of the Global Innovation Index, in particular on the export and import of intellectual property rights. The basis of Ukraine's innovation policy should be formed using a modern methodological approach based on demand, in particular, on public procurement, updating the regulatory environment, supporting private demand and more. This approach will facilitate the commercialization of R&D results and objects of intellectual property rights.
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Tinitana, Fani, Sonia Lorena Arellano Guerrón, and Andrea Carolina Rivera Meza. "Usos etnobotánicos de Capsicum chinense Jacq “Ají panca”." Revista de Gastronomía y Cocina 4, no. 1 (2025): 040104. https://doi.org/10.70221/rgc.v4i1.78.
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Capsicum chinense Jacq “Ají panca” is a chili pepper species with a long culinary tradition in Latin America, valued for its high content of vitamins A and C, as well as its applications in the production of pesticides and natural dyes. This study aims to characterize the ethnobotanical knowledge and uses of ají panca in Quito's markets, analyzing its commercialization methods, gastronomic applications, and cultural significance. To achieve this, 55 markets were visited, applying semi-structured interviews under free and informed consent. Ethnobotanical analyses such as the Friedman index and cultural index were used to determine its importance within the local context. The results indicate that the primary form of commercialization is in powder (61.21%), followed by a combined sale of fruit and powder (29.09%), and to a lesser extent, fruit only (9.70%). Ají panca is mainly used as a seasoning in the preparation of soups, sauces, and dressings, establishing itself as an essential ingredient in Ecuadorian cuisine. Its distribution occurs mainly through internal trade among merchants (69.09%), with a smaller percentage supplied from wholesale markets. The América, San Roque, Tumbaco, Santa Clara, and Carapungo markets concentrate the largest number of vendors selling this species. The Fidelity Level (FL=88%) analysis revealed a high consensus on the denomination of "ají panca", indicating cultural stability in its name and use. Additionally, the Cultural Importance Index (IC=2.93) confirms its deep-rooted presence in Quito's culinary tradition. In this regard, popular markets not only serve a commercial function but also act as centers for the preservation and transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge, reinforcing the importance of maintaining these dynamics for the conservation of local gastronomic and medicinal heritage.
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Stipniece-Jekimova, Alise Anna, Erika Teirumnieka, and Dagnija Blumberga. "When Reed Application is Sustainable." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (2022): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0053.
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Abstract Reed biomass is a widespread resource available in large quantities all over the world, it is fast growing, there is no need for cultivation, harvesting and use des not compete with any other industries. Despite all this, reed is still not widely used and many potential use alternatives have not been researched. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate reed biomass use alternatives for sustainable resource management. A combination of multicriteria analysis methods was used to achieve the goal, which includes assessment of different, mutually incomparable factors, also considering the importance of each of them. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to verify the results. Complex index was developed to evaluate the commercialization potential of each alternative. The best alternatives for reed biomass use are in energy and construction sector, however some innovative products also have promising results. Biorefinery concept is most promising for commercialization of reed biomass in Latvia, however further studies should be carried out to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of reed biomass as a resource for bioeconomy and sustainable development in Latvia.
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David Nizharadze, David Nizharadze. "Development Trends of Technological Innovations in Georgia." Economics 105, no. 11-12 (2024): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/11-12/2023-21.
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The modern business landscape is hard to imagine without developing technological innovations and creating new products through it. The mentioned process acquires special importance related to the activities of innovative start-ups, which have recently become synonymous with entrepreneurship and constantly achievement-oriented strategy, bringing their own, positive impulses to the economic progress of the country. Therefore, developing countries should facilitate the stimulation of high-tech innovations, by establishing creative firms, and commercialization of their products. According to international practice, in Georgia as well, state initiatives to stimulate technological innovations are mainly carried out at the national level. These initiatives, along with the financial support of startups, include participation of creation technology parks, innovation and information centers, innovation laboratories, accelerators, and business incubators, supporting their development. The aim of the present study is to reveal the general trends in the development of technological innovations in Georgia and to evaluate results. Qualitative and quantitative research, induction, deduction, and synthesis methods are used in the research process. Keywords: Technological Innovation, Innovation Policy, Innovative Startup, Commercialization, Startup Ecosystem, Global Innovation Index.
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Liu, Qi-Jia, and Yeong-Gil Kim. "A Tripartite Game Strategy to Promote the Commercialization of Research Results: A Synergistic Development Path Between Universities, Government, and Enterprises." Korea International Trade Research Institute 20, no. 1 (2024): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.20.1.202402.105.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the tripartite relationship between the government, universities, and enterprises in the process of improving China’s innovation index. We hope to gain an in-depth understanding of the dynamic game process among these three, and how various factors affect the way they cooperate in this process. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on evolutionary game theory as a research tool, we constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of universities, government, and commercial institutions, and analyzed the stability of each party's strategic choices and the relationship between the influence of each element. Findings – By simulating strategy combinations and the evolution process in different contexts, we derived the conditions for the occurrence of stable strategy combinations among universities, governments, and business organizations. Through the above study, we found that stable strategy combinations among government, universities, and enterprises are crucial in promoting the development of China’s innovation index. Research Implications – This study has important theoretical significance for understanding the dynamic relationship among government, universities, and firms, and also provides practical guidance for policy makers. Through this study, policy makers can have a clearer understanding of the needs and interests of each party, so that they can formulate more effective policies to promote the development of innovation activities.
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Kim, Min-Seung, Chan-Ho Lee, Ji-Hye Choi, et al. "A Study on Intelligent Technology Valuation System: Introduction of KIBO Patent Appraisal System II." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (2021): 12666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212666.
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Technology finance, which has attracted worldwide attention for the successful business development of small-and-medium enterprises (SMEs) or start-ups, has advanced an innovation or stagnation way-out resolution strategy for companies in line with the low-growth economic trends. Although the development of new technologies and the establishment of active R&D and commercialization strategies are essential factors in a company’s management sustainability, the activation of the technology market in practice is still in progress for its golden age. In this study, to promote a technology transfer-based company’s growth and to run technology-based various financial support activities, we develop and propose a new intelligent, deep learning-based technology valuation system that enables technology holders to estimate the economic values of their innovative technologies and further to establish a firm’s commercialization strategy. For the last years, the KIBO Patent Appraisal System (KPAS-II) herein proposed has been advanced by KIBO as a web-based, artificial intelligence (AI) and evaluation data applications valuation system that automatically calculates and estimates a technology’s feasible economic value by utilizing both the intrinsic and extrinsic index information of a patent and the commercialization entity’s business capabilities, and by applying to the discounted cash flow (DCF) method in valuation theory, and finally integrating with deep learning results based on the in-advance previously established patent DB and the financial DB. The KPAS-II proposed in this study can be said to have dramatically overcome the long-term preparation period and high levels of R&D and commercialization costs in terms of the limitations that the existing technology valuation method possesses by enhancing the reliability of approximate economic values from the deep learning results based on financial data and completed valuation data. In addition, it is expected that technology marketing coordinators, researchers, and non-specialty business agents, not limited to valuation experts, can easily estimate the economic values of their patents or technologies, and they can be actively utilized in a technology-based company’s decision-making and technologically dependent financial activities.
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Janić, Hajnal, Vojislav Banjac, Bojana Filipčev, et al. "Snack products from whole-grain red sorghum flour with paprika and cocoa powders." Food and Feed Research, no. 00 (2024): 62. https://doi.org/10.5937/ffr0-53726.
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Among the cereals, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a member of the gluten-free cereal family. This crop is widely cultivated in a wide range of geographic locations due to its strong heat and drought resistance and high photosynthetic efficiency. Rich in macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), sorghum also contains phenolic compounds (tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids), which have antioxidant properties. Given its many health benefits, including its ability to suppress the formation of cancer cells and reduce obesity, heart disease, and diabetes, sorghum is used for both human and animal consumption. It can be used for baking, extrusion, and different cereal-based products such as bread, cookies, pasta, expanded snacks, and breakfast cereals. This study aimed to develop four types of snack products based on red sorghum flour (95, 92, 90, and 89%) with the addition of i) a mixture of sweet and hot ground red pepper (5, 8 and 10%); ii) cocoa powder (5, 8 and 10%); and iii) a mixture of cocoa powder (10%) and cinnamon (1%), while a 100% red sorghum snack product served as a control sample. The following extrusion processing parameters were used: feeding rate of 50 kg/h, screw speed of 800, 850, and 900 RPM, and the material moisture content in the extruder barrel ranged from 13 to 14%. The following quality attributes of snacks obtained were determined: expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, water solubility index, colour and texture (hardness, number of fractures, crispiness work, crispiness index). Based on the selected quality indicators, all types of snack products obtained in this study have the potential for commercialization. However, before commercialization, consumer acceptance tests and preference tests need to be conducted.
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Bonkoungou, Tégawendé Odette, Baffour Badu-Apraku, Victor Olawale Adetimirin, Kiswendsida Romaric Nanema, and Idris Ishola Adejumobi. "Performance and Stability Analysis of Extra-Early Maturing Orange Maize Hybrids under Drought Stress and Well-Watered Conditions." Agronomy 14, no. 4 (2024): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040847.
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The consistently low yield turnout of maize on farmers’ fields owing to drought and the nutritional challenges attributable to the consumption of white endosperm maize pose a major threat to food and nutritional security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The objectives of this study were to assess the performance of newly developed extra-early maturing orange hybrids under managed drought and well-watered conditions, compare the outcomes of multiple-trait base index and multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index selection procedures, and identify drought-tolerant hybrids with stable performance across contrasting environments for commercialization in SSA. One hundred and ninety orange hybrids and six checks were evaluated under managed drought and well-watered conditions at Ikenne for two seasons between 2021 and 2023. A 14 × 14-lattice design was used for the field evaluations under both research conditions. Drought stress was achieved by the complete withdrawal of irrigation water 25 days after planting. Results revealed significant differences among the hybrids under drought and well-watered conditions. Grain yield, ears per plant, and plant aspect under managed drought were correlated to the same traits under well-watered conditions, suggesting that the expression of these traits is governed by common genetic factors. Twenty-nine hybrids were identified as top-performing drought-tolerant hybrids by the multiple-trait base index and the multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index. Of the selected outstanding 29 hybrids, 34% were derived from crosses involving the tester TZEEIOR 197, demonstrating the outstanding genetic potential of this inbred line. Further analysis of the 29 selected hybrids revealed TZEEIOR 509 × TZEEIOR 197 as the hybrid that combined the most drought-tolerant adaptive traits. However, the hybrids TZEEIOR 526 × TZEEIOR 97, TZEEIOR 384 × TZEEIOR 30, TZEEIOR 515 × TZEEIOR 249, TZEEIOR 510 × TZEEIOR 197, TZEEIOR 479 × TZEEIOR 197, and TZEEIOR 458 × TZEEIOR 197 were identified as the most stable hybrids across drought and well-watered conditions. These hybrids should be extensively tested in multi-location trials for deployment and commercialization in SSA.
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Yeachin Ali, Mahmuda Nasrin, Md Salman, and Bilkish Banu. "Economic Consequences of Land Fragmentation on Farm Production: Empirical Evidences from Bangladesh." Journal of Innovative Agriculture and Social Development 2, no. 1 (2023): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.57095/jiasd20232145.
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This study examines the impact of land fragmentation on farm productivity in northern Bangladesh. To achieve that objective, primary data were collected from 193 farm households through a direct interview method from Mymensingh and Dinajpur districts. A combination of analytical tools was employed like perception index, fragmentation index, Simpson index and multiple linear regression model. Most of the farm lands in the study area were severely fragmented. The decreasing rate of average farm size was more prevalent for those farmers whose lands were less fragmented. Moreover, farmers, having more fragmented land, incurred more costs in farm production. Regression results revealed that the number of parcels, average plot size and average distance from plots to homestead were found to have significant negative impact on rice production. Policy implications include developing effective land consolidations program by the spread of commercialization of farming by public or private authority and spread of mechanization through machine service providers at the local level and creating employment opportunities to release pressure on the land.
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Chlebowski, Arthur, William Hawkins, Joshua McWilliams, and Stephanie El Tawil. "Cultivating Innovation Capacity of Undergraduates in a Technology Commercialization Academy in Midwest America." Metropolitan Universities 33, no. 1 (2021): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23931.
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The Technology Commercialization Academy (TCA) was launched to promote the identification, assessment, and exploitation of economically viable innovations by undergraduates and retain those graduates in the southwest Indiana region. Further, as part of the I-69 Innovation Corridor initiative, the TCA was part of increasing the regional Innovation Index score 20% by 2025. Through the seven years of implementation, the program has determined that there is a crucial tool set that is necessary for new graduates entering industry, including instilling that innovation is a balance; innovation is agile; innovation must fail, pivot, and focus quickly; and lastly the program must realize its capabilities, be diverse in thought, and recognize that the personnel are key. By instilling these practices in the participants, using available programmatic information and surveys, 100% of job seekers post-graduation were employed within six months, 9% began their own startup from the program, and 64% of these high impact graduates stayed in southwest Indiana. Overall, the TCA program structure has shifted to demand side iterative processes that create long-tail value for the region and made the participants attractive hires who are keenly aware of practices to move from opportunity to execution.
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Moretti, Celso Luiz. "102 Cultivar Evaluation of Sweetpotatoes for Minimal Processing." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 406B—406. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.406b.
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Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) `Brazl,ndia Roxa', `Brazl,ncia Branca', and `Princesa' were minimally processed and evaluated for enzymatic browning during a 5-day storage period. Selected roots were washed and then sliced, sanitized (NaClO, 200 mg·kg–1), and centrifuged inside a cold-room (14 ± 1 °C). After centrifugation, roots were packed inside plastic films (multi-layer nylon), vacuum was added, and bags were stored inside cold-rooms at 3 °C. Daily, sweetpotato roots were evaluated to enzymatic browning according to the following scale of notes: 5 = no browning; 4 = slightly browned; 3 = few browning; 2 = browned; 1 = very browned; 0 - extremely browned. Roots showing notes below 3 were considered unsuitable for commercialization. `Brazl,ndia Roxa' and `Brazl,ndia Branca' were the cultivars that showed less browning, being significantly superior than `Princesa', which showed the highest index of enzymatic browning among the studied cultivars. At the 5th day of storage, `Princesa' showed a pronounced browning, being considered unsuitable for commercialization, according to standards employed in the present work. On the other hand, `Brazl,ndia Roxa' and `Brazl,ndia Branca' could still be commercialized after the 5-day storage period.
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Saparita, Rachmini. "PERKEMBANGAN KOMERSIALISASI PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA DAN PROYEKSINYA 2005-2050." Jurnal AGRISEP 4, no. 2 (2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.4.2.1-16.
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This article identified the growth commercial agriculture through diversification of crops to predict the process of agricultural transformation in Indonesia. The result showed that the growth of commercial agriculture was varied. Some provinces, such as Jakarta, West Java, North and West Sumatera, Riau, Kalimantan, Midle and South Sulawesi, which had low index, commercialization worked well. The economic pattern of their farmer changed from subsistence to commercial. Agricultural development in those provinces entered to the growth and advanced stages of agricultural transformation. However, others provinces, which had high index, commercial agriculture worked poorly. For all provinces outside Java islands, the cause of those high indexes were predicted by several factors, such as lack of infrastructure, remote areas, and other limitations, so that business accesses to outside areas were not run well. For all provinces inside Java islands, the cause was predicted by the excessive of subsistence agriculture, so that commercial agriculture was delayed, while other areas were suited for various food crops type. From that situation it could be concluded that agricultural development was not spread equally for every province in Indonesia. Since agricultural development policies were such as the existing strategies, the growth of commercial agriculture were predicted would not affect the increase of farmer’s income, because the growth was not caused by transformation of agricultural economic pattern from subsistence to commercial, but was caused by agriculture household enlargement. Consequently, the government should apply land reform policy immediately.Key words: agricultural diversification, agricultural commercialization, agricultural transformation, and agricultural development
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Григорян, Л. А. "ON THE SYSTEMATIC FLAWS OF SCIENTOMETRIC RATINGS." Научно-техническая информация. Серия 1: Организация и методика информационной работы, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36535/0548-0019-2023-06-4.
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Выявлен ряд недостатков системы наукометрических рейтингов. Отмечена забюрократизированность методики подсчета результативности научной деятельности ученых, издержками которой стали так называемая «погоня за цитируемостью» и коммерциализация псевдонаучных публикаций. Несовершенство принципов подсчета наукометрических рейтингов, в частности индекса Хирша, проиллюстрировано рядом примеров. A number of flaws of the scientometric ratings system have been identified. The paper notes the bureaucratization of the methodology for evaluating the efficiency of scientific activity, the costs of which were the so-called "hunting for citation" and the commercialization of pseudoscientific publications. The imperfection of the principles of calculating scientometric ratings, in particular the Hirsch index, is illustrated by a number of examples.
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Лавриненко, Я. Б., В. И. Тинякова, and А. Г. Геокчакян. "Topical Issues of Promoting University Innovations: Barriers and Recommendations for Overcoming Them." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 3(140) (June 17, 2022): 1042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2022.140.03.197.
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В статье обсуждаются позиции нашей страны в Глобальном инновационном индексе-2021. Отмечается необходимость усиления инновационной активности российских университетов. Приводятся основные характеристики эффективной инновационной деятельности вуза. Анализируются барьеры, стоящие на пути коммерциализации вузовских инноваций. Предлагаются рекомендации по преодолению этих барьеров. The article discusses the position of our country in the Global Innovation Index-2021. The needto strengthen the innovative activity of Russian universities is noted. The main characteristics of the effective innovative activity of the university are given. The barriers that stand in the way of the commercialization of university innovations are analyzed. Recommendations are offered to overcome these barriers.
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Ouattara, N’Banan, Clékaman Maïmouna Koné, and Xueping Xiong. "Impact of COVID-19 on Cashew Price and Cashew Producers’ Income in Côte d’Ivoire: A Case Study in Five Departments." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 8 (2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p117.
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In C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire, cashew has become an important cash crop. Nevertheless, C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire&rsquo;s cashew relies on the international market, with more than 90% of the production exported as raw nuts. The 2020 commercialization campaign started a few days after the outbreak of COVID-19 in China, which spread worldwide. This work assesses the impact of this pandemic on the cashew price and cashew producers&rsquo; income in C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire. We used the cashew price database over ten weeks in five cashew production areas and an interview-guided to collect the data. We used the Producer Price Index (PPI), descriptive statistic, and theoretical analysis of the income forecasting for data analysis. Results reveal that the lack of funds resulting from the fear of investors has caused a gradual drop in prices since February. This decrease has been more severe when restriction measures have been enforced. The purchase of cashews even stopped in some localities of the study areas. Compared to the first week of the campaign, the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced cashew producer income hugely to 50% in the sixth week and to 37.5% in the ninth and tenth weeks of our observation. Nonetheless, institutional factors such as the lack of control have also contributed to prices decrease. As recommendations, in the short-run, some resilience strategies such as subsidizing the local cashew market should be set up by the authorities. In the mid-term, the country should strengthen the cashew commercialization chain. In long-run, the local cashew transformation should be prioritized instead of raw nuts commercialization.
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Liu, Xinyu, Yibing Guan, Zihan Wu, Lufeng Nie, and Xiang Ji. "Big Data Application in Urban Commercial Center System Evaluation." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (2023): 4205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054205.
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Big data has provided new opportunities, directions, and methods for research on urban commercial center systems. Based on a quantitative assessment of big data and public participation, the “big data + public feedback” evaluation model can objectively and scientifically quantify the scale and structural characteristics of urban commercial center systems. In this paper, socioeconomic and material spatial attributes were considered in the selection of four indexes, including commercial agglomeration centrality, commercial facility service level, commercial industry status, and industry attraction. Specifically, we based our selection on the big data of the point-of-interest network, housing price, and population. ArcGIS, SPSS, and other analytical tools were employed to conduct a comparative analysis, cluster analysis, spatial network analysis, and correlation analysis. Using these data, we constructed an assessment index system, which was then utilized to comprehensively evaluate the current commercial land use in Nanjing’s main urban area and measure the degree of commercialization. The commercial center system in the main urban area of Nanjing was found to be consistent with the spatial structure system of “one main core, five secondary cores, multiple district cores, three horizontal axes, and one vertical axis.” Meanwhile, a public questionnaire was used to evaluate the public’s perception of the commercialization level in Nanjing. Finally, the results obtained were used for comparison with the structure of the commercial center system of Nanjing commercial network planning. We discovered that the results of the public’s perception of the commercialization level in Nanjing were similar to those of the big data analysis, which confirmed the credibility of big data analysis results. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide a basis for developing urban commercial center-level positioning and propose a method for data-assisted planning research.