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1
Ramadani, Rizki, and Muhammad Ya'rif Arifin. "THE INDEPENDENT STATE COMMISSION IN INDONESIA: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF ITS INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS." Jurnal Al-Dustur 6, no. 2 (2023): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30863/aldustur.v6i2.4942.
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The establishment of the Independent State Commission and other non-structural institutions was one of the alterations in the structure of the Indonesian constitution during the transition era and after the 1945 Constitution was amended. It is not uncommon for these Commissions to face criticism and controversy due to their autonomous authority and independence from the major branches of power. The objective of this research is to examine and describe the primary traits of such an institution in order for it to be recognized as an Independent State Commission by comparing it to the concept and best practices in the United States. As well as to justify the legitimacy of its position within the Indonesian constitutional framework. As a doctrinal legal research, this study uses a conceptual and legal comparative approach to secondary data presented in a descriptive-analytical manner. The findings revealed that the independent State Commission's two key characteristics were its independence from the executive organs and its autonomous-regulatory power. In terms of legal position, the classical trias politica perspectives need be modified as the Independent State Commission is now viewed as a new branch of government under a new separation of powers framework.
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Władysław Domagalski. "Activity of the Special Commission to Fight Corrupt Practices and Activities Detrimental to Socialized Economy (based on materials of the Commission and its Warsaw Branch)." Archives of Criminology, no. XXII (July 5, 1996): 85–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1996c.
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The Special Commission to Fight Corrupt Practices and Activities Detrimental to Socialized Economy operated in 1945-1954. Appointed by a decree of the the Council of Ministers in November 1945, it was to detect and prosecute offenses againts economic or social interests of state. As an institution of the machine of power of Polish stalinism, the Commision has not been studies extensively so far. Also fragmentary is the knowledge on its methods of operation on repression imposed. The sole source of such knowledge are preserved archival materials. The Special Commission operated through its subordinate branches which it appointed nationwide and in Polish diplomatic agencies abroad. Established as an extraordinary agency with special powers, it had very broad competencies and the certainty of cooperation on part of the criminal justice system. From 1950 on, it also took over a part of political cases. Although the range of offenses detected and prosecuted by the Commission had been relatively narrowly designed, the Commission’s actual competencies were very broad indeed. Members of the Special Commission were originally appointed by Presidium of the National People’s Council and then by the Council of State. The Commission’s regional agencies were its branches, submitted to its Executive Office until 1950 and then to its Chairman after the Office had been liquidated. The Branches were established in all of the then existing provinces, in four big industrial regions, and separately in the cities of Lodz and Warsaw. As the need arose, temporary branches were also formed in smaller regions. Obliged to execute the Branches’ decisions were all state and local offices, judicial authorities and prosecutor’s offices, as well as all control agencies. Members of the branches took the oath designed for judges and public prosecutors. The branches’ main task was to detect and prosecute economic offenses, including especially: appropriation and plunder of public property, corruption and bribery, profiteering, and looting of property abandoned through war events, that is actions detrimental to the interests of public life. According to the specific socio-economic nature of their individual spheres of operation, four types of branches emerged: those in the Regained Territories of Western Poland; branches operating in the main industrial regions; those in agricultural regions; and coastal branches whose work was made specific by thc existence of ports. Still another branch that can be distinguished here is the Warsaw one which dealt with the specific problems of the capital city and central offices. The Special Commission controlled its branches through briefings and, first of all, through distributed instructions. The branches were ordered to organize mass meetings with the local population, to promote their achievements in crime control, and to pursue preventive activities. The instructions stressed the need to cooperate with local social organizations and to stay in touch and cooperate with agencies of the Communist Party. Yet the agencies whose part in the work of the branches was the greatest were provincial prosecutor’s offices, courts, and the Civic Militia. The branches attaches great weight to the work of so-called Complaints Office which received both complaints and denunciations. Under the decree that established the Special Commission and a subsequent amendment of that act, cases prosecuted by the Commission were decided bv courts under the then valid law. A representative of the Commission or of its branch appeared as auxiliary prosecutor. In cases not referred to the court, the Commission had its own system of penalties to be imposed upon completion of the investigation. Imposed could be the following penalties: committal to a labor camp for up two years; forfeiture of property acquired through the offense and of objects used in its perpetration; temporary detention for 3 to 6 months; fine and other additional penalties. Until 1950, the branches could only impose fine for violation of the regulations on trade. In 1950, the system of penalties was extended, and so were the branches’ powers to impose those penalties. The accused persons were deprived of the right to be assisted by a defense counsel. Originally dealing with investigation and prosecution only, the Commission and its branches now became extrajudicial adjudicating agencies. In Decmber 1954, the Special Commission and its branches were abolished. Cases formerly examined by he Commission were handed over to courts. The problem of penalties imposed by the Special Commission and its branches was ultimately solved by the 1956 amnesty law which erased all of their decisions. The Warsaw Branch was established at a later date, that is in May 1946; apart from a brief period from 1948 till 1950, it covered Warsaw and the Warsaw province. Its specific feature was the two-sidedness of its work. On the one hand, it would examine local cases; on the other hand, being the Central Branch, it was competent with respect to the entire central state machine. Starting from 1950, the Warsaw Branch no longer conducted inquiries but only decided in cases prepared by the public prosecutor. The Warsaw Branch received information from state and local offices, private persons and social institutions, and also from other branches if the informajtion in question suggested the defendant’s or case’s connections with the central state offices. In the years 1946-1947, the Branch examined over 16 thousand cases – the biggest load of all branches - and this trend was to persist till the end of its operation. Prevailing among tle information received, in the years 1951 - 1952 in particular, were cases of profiteering. Examined most often were cases of illicit alcohol distilling, followed by malfeasance in office: corruption and bribery. In1953, the number of the latter increased twice as compared to the previous year. Among cases examined by the Branch, there were also those of plunder and appropriation of public property, trade in golt and foreign currency, and forgery of tobacco monopoly products. There were also cases of economic sabotage at the workplace. As regards the way the Branch dealt with the cases it examined, convictions prevaild especially in the 1950s. The penalty imposed most often was fine. Also in this respect, the Warsaw Branch led among its other regional counterparts. The second most frequent penalty was committal to a labor camp. Forfeiture of property was imposed just as often. The Special Commission and its branches, the Warsaw Branch included, organized preventive campaigns and special operations. The former aimed at removing circumstances conducive to crime. They were directed against groups of persons causing damage to the economy. Both types of operations often resulted in detection of abuses. Special operations involved searches. From the beginning, the main task of the Special Commission and its branches was to be detection of and fight against offenses in the economic sphere. Restructuring of the economy towards the communist system was closely related to political struggle. From 1950 on, the Commission and its branches became tools of political terror. In labor camps, agencies of the Communist Party and security services would draw up political profiles of persons for economic offenses; many a time, the profile mattered more than the offense itself. The labor camps were advised to organize socio-political education for their inmates. The Commission and its branches treated corrupt practices in state-owned farms as acts of great political importance. Similar treatment was received by offenses committed by private owners of bigger farms. The range of political “offenses” examined by the Special Commission and its branches was very broad. Among them, two groups are most distinct. One of tchem included “offenses” resulting from anti-State activity, such as keeping materials containing “false information” about State, or propagation of “false” anti-State or anti-Communist information. The other group were “offenses” reflecting a person’s attitude to the USSR, as e.g. criticizing Stalin, insulting the effigies of Stalin and Rokossovski, doubts as to the identity of those guilty of the Katyn forest massacre, criticizing kolkhozes and the Polish-Soviet alliance. In the years 1950-1954, in Warsaw and the Warsaw province, 137 severe sentences were passed for anti-State “offenses” and for those reflecting a person’s attitude to the USSR. Prosecuting those “offenses”, the Commission and its Warsaw Branch often resorted to provocation and frequently took over cases in which the Security Office failed to gather sufficient evidence. In the years of operation of the Special Commission and its branches, a person could be punished for staying in touch with his family in the West, for corresponding with embassies of Western States, keeping forbidden books, being Jehovah;s Witness, and for anything that could be classed as hostile propaganda. The Special Commission to Fight Corrupt Practices and Activities Detrimental to Socialized Economy and its Warsaw Branch have made history. They are remember convicted by those agencies were granted pardon by President of the Republic of Poland or, later on, by the Council of State. Yet the activity of the Special Commission and its Warsaw Branch could not prevent the people’s growing discontent which eventually found vent in June 1956.
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Arbani, Tri Suhendra. "ANALISIS YURIDIS CABANG PEMERINTAHAN KEEMPAT DALAM STRUKTUR KETATANEGARAAN DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Wacana Hukum 24, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33061/1.jwh.2018.24.1.2996.
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AbstractThe development of the modern state system is also followed by the establishment of new institutions as a support of the institutions that have been there before. The most significant event in the development and establishment of institutions is the new power branch, which is called by the experts in constitutional as an independent state commission. Independent state commission institution which, if seen from the character and the authority, the agency in some literature in American constitutional law is referred to as the fourth branch of power (The Fourth Branch of Government). Some things that make this institution called the fourth branch of government (The Fourth Branch of Government) is the fact that the agency, or commission or the state body run more than one function of government as well. The existence of a fourth branch of government (The Fourth Branch of Government) with the characteristics of state institutions whose authorities are quasi, combinations, as well as the accumulation of three existing government functions and make this institution to be difficult to identify in thought Trias Politica. The phenomenon of the rise of an institution with a new concept that has influenced the constitutional system in many countries.AbstrakPerkembangan sistem ketatanegaaran modern dikuti pula dengan terbentuknya lembaga-lembaga baru sebagai penunjang dari lembaga yang telah ada sebelumnya. Hal yang paling signifikan dalam perkembangan dan pembentukan institusi domokratis tersebut tidak lain adalah cabang kekuasaan baru yang biasa disebut oleh kalangan ahli tata negara sebagai komisi negara independen. Lembaga komisi negara independen yang jika dilihat dari sifat dan kewengannya, lembaga tersebut dalam beberapa literatur hukum tata negara di Amerika disebut sebagai cabang kekuasaan keempat (The Fourth Branch of Goverment). Beberapa hal yang membuat lembaga negara ini disebut sebagai cabang pemerintahan keempat (The Fourth Branch of Government) adalah fakta bahwa lembaga, atau komisi atau badan negara tersebut menjalankan lebih dari satu bahkan ketiga fungsi pemerintahan sekaligus. Eksistensi cabang pemerintahan keempat (The Fourth Branch of Government) dengan karakteristik lembaga negara yang kewenangannya yang bersifat kuasi, kombinasi, maupun akumulasi dari tiga fungsi pemerintahan yang ada dan menjadikan lembaga ini untuk sulit diidentifikasi dalam pemikiran Trias Politica. Fenomena munculnya sebuah lembaga dengan konsep baru tersebut telah ikut mempengaruhi sistem ketatanegaraan dibanyak negara.
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Bodzek, Jarosław. "Kronika Sekcji Numizmatycznej Komisji Archeologicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Oddział w Krakowie (2019) / The Chronicle of the Numismatic Section of the Commission on Archaeology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Krakow Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences) (2019)." Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, no. 15 (May 17, 2021): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.21.
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Tauda, Gunawan, Ni'matul Huda, and Andy Omara. "THEORETICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ’EXISTENCE OF THE INDONESIAN CORRUPTION ERADICATION COMMISSION AND ITS COMPARISON TO OTHER ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES IN ASIA." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 10, no. 2 (2023): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n2.a2.
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Article 3 of the Indonesian Law Number 19 of 2019 stipulates that the Corruption Eradication Commission is a state institution within the executive power branch, which in carrying out its duties and authorities is independent and free from the influence of any power. The basic arrangement is not without problems, considering the institutional design of the Corruption Eradication Commission was initially stated in the Law Number 30 of 2002 “…a state institution, which in carrying out its duties and authorities is independent…,” becomes “…state institutions within the executive power branch….” The stipulation in Article 3, also the basic article of the law was confirmed by the Constitutional Court in Verdict Number 70/PUU-XVII/2019. This study aims to answer problems of theoretical construction of the commission after the Constitutional Court Verdict Number 70/PUU-XVII/2019. This study used the normative legal research method. The study concluded that, theoretically, there was a shift in the institutional design of the commission, from an independent agency to an independent executive organ, equivalent to the National Police and the Attorney General’s Office of Indonesia. The change is a setback in corruption eradication. Compared to other anti-corruption agencies in Asia, the institutional design is not an ideal condition or best practice. Therefore, legislators should restore the commission as an independent agency.
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Wattel, Peter J. "Stateless Income, State Aid and the (Which?) Arms Length Principle." Intertax 44, Issue 11 (2016): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016071.
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The arm’s length principle has a new function. When used by the European Union (EU) Commission for State aid control purposes, it is aimed at protecting a level playing field for all economic operators in the internal market, i.e. at protecting free competition, rather than at tax base protection or prevention of double taxation. In that function, it is part of competition law, rather than of tax law. It may, therefore, deviate from the traditional Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) understanding of that principle. The case law on which the Commission relies, is not very explicit, and it remains to be seen whether the EU Courts will endorse the Commission’s approach, but from a competition law perspective, that approach makes sense. Both from the Belgian excess profits scheme case and the Apple case, it transpires that the Commission is of the opinion that a company cannot have stateless income. A branch State cannot suffice by saying ‘not in my yard’ if that implies that real income is allocated into a tax void, disappearing for tax purposes into a physically non-existent head office. Whether or not the EU Courts, if they accept the Commission’s approach, will also accept recovery ten years back with interest, will most likely depend on the question of whether, even if the Commission’s approach may be novel, the companies and the Member States involved should anyway have known better.
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Eddyono, Luthfi Widagdo. "Penetapan Anggota Panwaslu oleh Bawaslu: Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 11/Puu-Viii/2010." Jurnal Konstitusi 8, no. 2 (2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk822.
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The Constitutional Court of Indonesia in Decision Number 11/PUU- VIII/2010 stated that the provisions regarding the recruitment of members of the Supervisory Committee for the Election must be nominated by the Provincial/District General Elections Commission is contrary to Article 22E Paragraph (1) and paragraph (5), and Article 28D Paragraphs (1) of the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, to ensure a fair legal certainty and avoid disruption of the elections, the nomination and appointment of members of Supervisory Committee for the Election is conducted by one institution, namely the General Elections Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) or Supervisory Committee for the Election. The decision contains two legal meanings. First, the view that the principle of checks and balances are not only connected with separation of power at the legislative branch, executive branch, and judiciary branch, but also the relationship between “supervisors and the supervised” that based on the proportional rationality inter-state relations. Second, the case number 11/PUU-VIII /2010 actually contain elements of the dispute between the two state institutions, namely the General Elections Commission and Bawaslu because not only related to the interpretation of norms, but also the fate of members of 192 Supervisory Committee Election that not recognized and approved by the General Elections Commission. The problem handled by Constitutional Court using judicial review case against the 1945 Constitution.
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Taroyeva, Vlada. "Electoral branch of power in modern Ukraine." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.23.
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The article introduces that the electoral branch is gradually being formed into an independent branch of state power in Ukraine, in which special state authorities operate. The electoral branch is already a component of the separation of powers in a modern state, and this is an important guarantee of the rule of law and of the condition for the democratic functioning of state power. The electoral branch is becoming an integral component of the separation of powers mechanism. The development of Ukrainian statehood actualizes the need for appropriate scientific support for the institutionalization of power and legal regulation of its realization. The electoral branch as a branch of state power represents the powers to conduct preparing and holding elections and referenda, as well as to ensure, exercise and protect the voting rights and the right of citizens of a certain state to participate in a referendum, as well as the system of electoral bodies of different levels exercising these powers.
 In Ukraine, electoral commissions led by the Central Electoral Commission (CEC) are special electoral authorities. Here we are faced with the problem of determining the nature of electoral commissions, and therefore the institutionalization of the electoral branch in Ukraine. The CEC of Ukraine is a permanent state collegial body vested with the power to organize preparing and holding elections to the public authorities. The main task of the CEC of Ukraine is to ensure the realization and protection of constitutional sovereign rights of citizens to elect authorities, to participate in referenda, as well as to express their will. In order to fulfill its responsibilities, the CEC is endowed with rights and powers allowing the involvement of public authorities of all levels in the electoral campaign process. The CEC is an independent and autonomous body, financed exclusively by the budget.
 In the modern world, electoral branch has been institutionalized through the electoral authorities in many states, and in some of them it has been constitutionalized, that is, it has been enshrined in the legislation and in the constitution.
 Similar processes are taking place in modern Ukraine. The creation of the theoretical foundations of the electoral branch from the viewpoint of general theoretical legal science and constitutional legal science will enable to raise the question of enshrining the electoral branch as a branch of state power in the Constitution of Ukraine.
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Aksar, Muhammad Azrial, and Muhammad Iqbal. "REWARD SYSTEM FOR ACHIEVING MARKETING TARGETS ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC ECONOMIC LAW." JURISTA: Jurnal Hukum dan Keadilan 8, no. 2 (2024): 454–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jurista.v8i2.171.
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The Federal International Finance (Hence called PT.FIF) branch Banda Aceh city is a financing institution that facilitates the people to financing of their needs. This company collaborates with reseller shops and distributors, allowing customers to buy goods using an installment system. Partner stores act as facilitators between PT FIF and customers, helping to market financing products. This research examines the rewards or commissions given by PT FIF to partner stores based on their marketing performance, with a focus on whether they are in line with the ji'alah agreement (marketing achievement commission) from the Islamic Economic Law perspective. Using a normative-sociological approach and descriptive-analytical methods, this research aims to analyze the concept and practice of the ji'alah agreement in sharia financing marketing partnerships. The research results show that the practice of giving commissions by PT FIF to partner shops is generally in line with the principle of the ji'alah agreement. However, several aspects were found that needed adjustment to be more in line with sharia provisions, such as clarity in determining the commission amount and target achievement period. Research also reveals that partner shops' understanding of the ji'alah concept is still limited, so further education is needed to increase awareness of the sharia aspects of this partnership.
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Tsebelis, George, and Geoffrey Garrett. "The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union." International Organization 55, no. 2 (2001): 357–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00208180151140603.
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We present a unified model of the politics of the European Union (EU). We focus on the effects of the EU's changing treaty base (from the Rome to Amsterdam Treaties) on the relations among its three supranational institutions—the Commission of the European Communities, the European Court of Justice, and the European Parliament—and between these actors and the intergovernmental Council of Ministers. We analyze these institutional interactions in terms of the interrelationships among the three core functions of the modern state: to legislate and formulate policy (legislative branch), to administer and implement policy (executive branch), and to interpret policy and adjudicate disputes (judicial branch). Our analysis demonstrates that the evolution of the EU's political system has not always been linear. For example, we explain why the Court's influence was greatest before the passage of the Single European Act and declined in the following decade, and why we expect it to increase again in the aftermath of the Amsterdam Treaty. We also explain why the Commission became a powerful legislative agenda setter after the Single European Act and why its power today stems more from administrative discretion than from influence over legislation.
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Nathan, Daniel A., Lauren Navarro, and Kevin Matta. "Heightened supervision of branch offices." Journal of Investment Compliance 16, no. 2 (2015): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-04-2015-0030.
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Purpose – To explain expectations of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) as to what constitutes successful branch inspection programs for broker-dealers. Design/methodology/approach – Summarizes FINRA’s rules requiring firms to implement branch inspection programs; examines the SEC’s and FINRA’s joint 2011 National Examination Risk Alert, which expanded upon FINRA’s rules, requiring firms to conduct risk-based analyses on each branch office to determine the appropriate frequency, intensity, and focus of inspections; discusses FINRA’s expectation that firms examine their registered representatives’ financial circumstances to reduce the risk of fraud; explains how FINRA’s Comprehensive Automated Risk Data System may impact branch inspections; and recommends several sources that firms should review when implementing a successful branch inspection program. Findings – Regulators have heightened their expectations as to what constitutes successful branch inspection programs for broker-dealers. Practical implications – To avoid regulatory intervention and discipline, firms should continue to review their policies and procedures to ensure that their programs are sufficiently comprehensive. Originality/value – This article will encourage firms with branch offices to review their branch inspection programs, and assist those firms in implementing sufficiently comprehensive policies and procedures.
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Piskunov, Mikhail O. "“Nature Protection” in Siberian Cities of Science: Environmental Ideas in Scientific Institutes and Higher Education in the USSR (1950s–1970s)." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 27, no. 1 (2025): 202–21. https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2025.27.1.013.
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This article outlines the formation of ecological ideas in the late USSR, both in the union centre and in the Siberian periphery. The author focuses on the emergence of nature protection legislation and the activities of special academic commissions on this topic in the Union republics in the late 1950s and early1960s. Relying on the verbatim report of the Third Meeting on Nature Protection in Novosibirsk in 1961, the author reconstructs the agenda of this activity, the organisational measures which the introduction of nature protection in the USSR was associated with and the possible connection of this turn with Khrushchev’s decentralisation reforms in economic management. Since the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences attached a special role to nature protection in its activities, the work of the relevant academic commission of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences is traced in the 1960s, when nature protection gradually ceased to be a priority topic of state policy, and the appeal to it provoked interdepartmental conflicts (the largest one being the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill discussion). It is likely that due to these circumstances, the Academic Commission as an integrating institution disappeared by the early 1970s, and the topic of nature protection remained the interest of either the Presidium of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences or individual enthusiasts. The efforts of the Presidium were embodied in the “Siberia” socio-economic programme, and enthusiasts managed to introduce nature conservation into the curricula of faculties of biology and geography at universities. Additionally, the author considers the activities I. P. Laptev, a Tomsk ichthyologist, who brought up several generations of ecologically sensitive specialists at TSU. The reproduction of such an environment in Soviet universities led to the emergence of a professional movement of nature conservation groups. At the next stage and in the changed political environment of the 1980s–1990s, their members managed to fill the staff and administrative niche of state bodies and numerous non-profit organisations.
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Ferdinan Manuel, Elkristi. "Law Riview Keindependensian Komnas HAM (the fourth branch of the government); Perspektif Pancasila, Konstitusi, dan Budaya." PUSKAPSI Law Review 1, no. 2 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/puskapsi.v1i2.27036.
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 The birth of the National Commission of Human Rights (Komnas HAM) through the Presidential Decree caused pessimism in the community regarding its dependence. In addition, Komnas HAM was also formed at the international insistence to immediately establish a Commission at the national level. This has resulted in a very strong government influence. As the fourth branch of the government, the commission has a central role in the protection and promotion of human rights in Indonesia. The independence of this institution can be seen from the history of Indonesia which has its own characteristics without compromise with the invaders. This can be an example for Komnas HAM in acting and acting where currently, there is a phenomenon where institutions in Indonesia can no longer be said to be independent. In this study, the authors tried to present a different perspective, namely Pancasila, Constituent and Culture, to be able to provide solutions to human rights problems in Indonesia, as well as the attitude and role of Komnas HAM in its independence. To be able to provide solutions to the problem, researchers use legal research that is normative.
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Dinda Putri Sabillah Lubis and Afifa Rangkuti. "Disparity of Constitutional Court Decisions on The Position of the Corruption Eradication Commission From the Fiqh Siyasah Perspective." Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 5, no. 1 (2024): 373–81. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i1.812.
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The Constitutional Court Decision No. 36/PUU-XV/2017 states that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) is a state institution in the executive domain. This decision contradicts 3 (three) previous conclusions which stated otherwise that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) is an independent state institution through its decision no. 012-016-019/PUU-IV/2006, No. 5/PUU-IX/2011, Number 49/PUU-XI/2013. This research aims to determine the Constitutional Court Decision Number 36/PUU-XV/2017 regarding the position of the Corruption Eradication Commission as an Independent State Institution in the Indonesian Constitutional Structure. The research method used is juridical-normative legal research with a statutory approach. The data collection technique was carried out by means of library research (library research). This research also reviews the position of the Corruption Eradication Committee (KPK) in the perspective of siyasah fiqh. The concept of the mazalim institution dates back to the Umayyad era. The mazalim institution is a judicial authority that is higher than the al-qada area and the al-hisbah area, namely resolving cases that cannot be resolved by the two judicial institutions. The results of this research explain that Constitutional Court Decision Number 36/PUU-XV/2017 which places the KPK as a state institution whose position and existence is in the executive branch of power has created problems with the KPK's institutional position and relationships. Therefore, the right to inquiry issued by the DPR against the Corruption Eradication Commission is an implementation of the function of legislative oversight of the executive branch (government).
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D. L, Vitiuk, and Vitiuk R. V. "Problems of creation of the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine in the Conditions of New Judicial Reform." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (2020): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-50.
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Analyzing the provisions of Article 131 of the Constitution of Ukraine, it can be concluded that the constitutional powers to ensure the selection of judges, their professional training and evaluation are within the competence of the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine. At the same time, the legal status of an authority that is vested with constitutional powers to form a judicial branch does not have the legal position of the Constitution of Ukraine, which creates legal uncertainty in the status of such an authority. According to the authors, the authority of the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine and the High Council of Justice to make a submission (recommendation) on the appointment of a judge is duplicate. Such a procedure demonstrates the excessive formalization of the process of appointment to the position of judge and requires the constitutional separation of the functions of the High Council of Justice and the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine, reflecting the respective powers in the relevant legislation (Laws of Ukraine "On the High Judicial Council" and Law of Ukraine "On Judiciary and Status of Judges" ). A special place in the article is given to the procedure of formation of the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine and the imperfection of such procedure, stipulated by the current legislation of Ukraine. In particular, in the opinion of the authors, the formation of state agency whose competence is assigned to constitutional functions is the right to participate in the management of public affairs and, accordingly, is a constitutional right that effectively integrates the political rights of the citizen, guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Such shortcomings threaten the formation of both the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine in particular and the formation of the judicial branch in general. Keywords: High Qualifications Commission of Judges, High Council of Justice, staffing, judicial reform.
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Kildea, Paul. "The Constitutional Role of Electoral Management Bodies: The Case of the Australian Electoral Commission." Federal Law Review 48, no. 4 (2020): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x20955097.
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Electoral management bodies are increasingly being recognised as ‘fourth branch’ institutions that have a role to play in safeguarding electoral democracy against government attempts to undermine the fairness of the electoral process. This article explores the extent to which the Australian Electoral Commission (‘AEC’) fulfils that constitutional function by facilitating and protecting electoral democracy. It demonstrates that independence, impartiality and a supportive legislative framework help the AEC to be effective in performing these roles, but that inadequate powers, lack of budgetary autonomy and answerability to political actors operate as constraints. More generally, the analysis presented shows the value of expanding our understanding of the role of fourth branch institutions so that we take account of their activities in both fostering and safeguarding key democratic values.
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Stamenković, Viktor. "The Republic Electoral Commission as the fourth branch of government: Challenges and perspectives." Socioloski pregled 57, no. 4 (2023): 1376–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg57-46920.
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This paper analyzes the current status of the Republic Electoral Commission (RIK) and emphasizes the need for change so as to transform it from an existing partisan body with weak capacities into a more neutral, stronger, and more independent institution. Based on solutions from comparative practices, several measures that can be taken on this path are proposed. Firstly, it is necessary to change the current method of electing RIK members in order to reduce partisan influence on this body. Additionally, extending the term of office for RIK members is required to ensure greater independence of RIK from the current configuration of political forces and provide the opportunity for fundamental and concrete steps towards improving the electoral process. Activities related to elections, currently carried out by several other bodies in addition to RIK, should be centralized and entrusted to a professional electoral administration in order to eliminate unnecessary communication between RIK and these bodies. This would make the entire process of organizing and monitoring elections more simpler and coherent. Implementing these solutions could lead to RIK becoming a game changer in contexts of weakened institutional capacities and a limited number of external factors that can influence the improvement of the democratic process, contributing to freer and fairer elections.
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Widiharsanti, Franciska Denanda Rika, Mochammad Abdul Kodir, and Embun Duriany Soemarso. "Analisis Pengendalian Internal Terhadap Penyaluran Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) pada PT Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Tengah Kantor Cabang Pembantu Babadan Ungaran." Jurnal Inovasi Akuntansi (JIA) 1, no. 2 (2023): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/jia.v1i2.7414.
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 Internal control in a company is very important. Internal control will be used by the company as a guide in carrying out its operational activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the internal control system in distributing people's business credit (KUR) implemented by PT Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Tengah, Babadan Ungaran Sub-branch Office and to identify whether the internal control applied is in accordance with the control components according to the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of The Treadway Commission (COSO), which includes the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. The data used is qualitative data sourced from primary data and secondary data. Collecting data using interviews, questionnaires, and literature study. The writing method uses a descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the internal control system for the distribution of people's business loans (KUR) at PT Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Tengah, Babadan Ungaran Sub-Branch Office has gone very well and the suitability of internal control components with internal control components according to the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the The Treadway Commission (COSO) has not fully complied with the risk assessment component, there are still bad credit and human error.
 
 
 
 
 Keywords:
 Internal Control System, Distribution of People's Business Credit, Standard Committee of Sponsoring Organization of The Treadway Commission (COSO)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Ginting, Sunardi. "The Effect of Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction on the Formation of OCB in Marketing Staff of Pt Ajmi Pontianak Branch." Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Economy and Management Study 2, no. 4 (2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrems.v2i4.228.
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This research was conducted in Pontianak, involving marketing employees at PT AJMI Pontianak Branch. Respondents of this research consisted of 35 men and 84 women with an age range between 24 s.d. 62 years old, with take home pay based on commission from their sales. This research data processing uses Multivariate Statistical Method, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), WarpPLS6 Approach. Research findings state that organizational climate is a positive and significant builder for job satisfaction and OCB, job satisfaction is also a positive and significant shaper for OCB and job satisfaction is a significant mediation between organizational climate and OCB in marketing employees of PT AJMI Pontianak Branch.
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Royal Commission Fo, Archives of Ontario. "The Writers’ Union Meets the Royal Commission." Papers of The Bibliographical Society of Canada 56, no. 1/2 (2019): 141–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/pbsc.v56i1/2.32928.
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In November 1970, a crisis arose in the Canadian publishing industry: The Ryerson Press, English Canada’s oldest publishing house, was soldto American branch plant McGraw-Hill. In response, the Ontario government mounted a Royal Commission to investigate the businessconditions of publishing in Canada. The commission accepted briefs from anyone who wanted their say and heard hundreds of hours oftestimony. But it wasn’t until Farley Mowat bumped into Richard Rohmer at a party and demanded to know why the commissionwasn’t talking directly to writers—they had actually heard from the few who had sent in briefs—that the date was set for 9 December1971 for a group of writers to give their testimony. Some of those who testified went on to found The Writers’ Union of Canada (TWUC)in 1973. Jack Gray went on to separate the Writers Guild of Canada (WGC) from the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA) in order to get a better deal for scriptwriters. The writers testifying before the commission here include June Callwood, Margaret Atwood, Ian Adams, Hugh Garner, Al Purdy, Farley Mowat, Max Braithwaite, David Helwig, Jack Gray, Graeme Gibson, Fred Bodsworth, and Dennis Lee.
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Bayanullah, Muhammad, Moh Khusaini, Abdul Madjid, Slamet Wahyudi, and Mariyam Jameelah. "From Executive Branch to Independent Commission: The Development of Crime Prosecution and Lessons from Indonesia." Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 13, no. 1 (2025): 75–106. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v13i1.1664.
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This study aims to analyze the impact of political dynamics on institutional independence in criminal prosecution processes, focusing on the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) in post-1998 democratic transition Indonesia. The central issue examined is how constitutional weaknesses are exploited by lawmakers to manipulate institutional design, thereby undermining the capacity of these bodies to function independently. Utilizing a socio-legal methodology that integrates legal analysis with social science perspectives, this interdisciplinary approach explores the interplay between institutional frameworks, regulatory structures, and political dynamics. The findings reveal that the concept of the unitary executive, previously abandoned, has reemerged as a justification for political intervention in institutional design. Consequently, both the KPK and Komnas HAM have experienced a significant erosion of their institutional independence, impairing their effectiveness in addressing corruption and human rights violations. This study contributes to theoretical debates on institutional challenges in emerging democracies and offers practical insights for safeguarding institutional autonomy to ensure the accountability and integrity of governance structures.
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Martin, David A. "Judicial Review and the Military Commissions Act: On Striking the Right Balance." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 2 (2007): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000030116.
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Hamdan v. Rumsfeld seemed a promising example of a special form of judicial role. Abstaining from deploying its ultimate power to judge the constitutionality of an action of a political branch, the United States Supreme Court used statutory construction to give a strong nudge in a direction favorable to human rights. It negated a questionable and controversial policy—President George W. Bush’s unilateral establishment of military commissions to try terrorist suspects by means of reduced procedures—and essentially remanded the matter to Congress. The initial fruits of that remand, the Military Commissions Act (MCA), came as a disappointment. The Act cuts back on judicial review of the treatment of prisoners at Guantánamo and other U.S. detention sites overseas; it limits certain key protections available to the accused in a military commission proceeding, as compared to courts-martial; and it takes a crabbed view of the requirements of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions—at least as applied to the actions of U.S. agents. Nonetheless, further judicial and congressional reconsideration is certainly possible—and highly desirable.
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Park, Hyungkwan. "The Role and Continual Responsibilities of the Korean Sentencing Commission Towards Successful Sentencing Reform." Korean Association of Criminal Procedure Law 14, no. 3 (2022): 135–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34222/kdps.2022.14.3.135.
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Fifteen years after the sentencing guidelines system was first introduced in Korea, sentencing guidelines have been set for most major crimes and the compliance rate has proven to be high. The Korean Sentencing Commission adopted the gradual approach in designing the guidelines and has worked to enhance the objectivity of the sentencing guidelines by way of quality evaluation of the sentencing factors. It appears that at present the sentencing guidelines system has been firmly implemented into the justice system.
 However, for sentencing reform to be successful, the Sentencing Commission must be faithful to meet its perennial responsibilities. These responsibilities include but are not limited to consistently designing and revising the guidelines, more evidence-based monitoring of compliance to and the effects of the guidelines, making public and educating others about the sentencing guidelines, providing access to the disclosure of sentencing information, and establishing sound sentencing policies with an emphasis on very important issues such as pertaining to corrections.
 To that end, the Commission should operate an empirical data based sentencing guidelines system by way of collection and analysis of high quality sentencing data. Abundant and sound data will provide for a better sentencing data base and a sentencing information system which will in turn be pivotal in achieving a higher level of research and education. These tasks will perforce require cooperation between various criminal justice organizations. Unfortunately, the Korean Sentencing Commission’s on-going operations have not reached an optimal level in collecting qualified sentencing data to ensure the implementation and adherence to the guidelines nor effectively researching sentencing policies.
 Contrary to the original intent of the establishment legislation, the Sentencing Commission has operated as a mere branch under the jurisdiction of the Korean Supreme Court and has focused most of its attention to the promulgation of various individual guidelines. The Sentencing Commission must be treated as an independent and specialized entity to ensure successful implementation of its continual responsibilities. The goal of sentencing reform can only be attained by the ongoing efforts of the Commission and its willingness to work towards this common end.
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Aminazahra, Sigat Mohamud, and Peris Wambui Chege. "Effect of Material Control Practices on Financial Performance of the Kenya Meat Commission in Kenya." International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, no. 2 (2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i2.121.
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Effective implementation of material control practices significantly improves the effectiveness of purchasing decisions and thus improved firm performance. To achieve this goal, material control practices must be fair, competitive and must control costs. However, in spite of the immense attention given to procurement practices and financial performance and the relationship that exist between the two constructs many organisations both private and public continue experience mixed performance. Anchored on the resource based theory the study sought to determine the effect of material control on financial performance of the Kenya meat commission. Descriptive Research Design was used. The study population comprised of Kenya Meat Commission headquarters in Athi River, Ladhies branch in Nairobi, Mombasa deport and the user department in Athi River. Since the population was small and of manageable sizes, a census study was done. Semi structured questionnaires was used to collect primary data. The respondent argued that the inventory quantities are very important in ensuring that these effective and efficiency in the operation of Kenya meat commission and ensuring that there is constant supply of meat to the users in Nairobi and its environment. It was evident that material planning control system (mean of 4.75) greatly affected the performance of Kenya meat commission. The finding on distribution material in Kenya meat commission as indicated by a mean of 4.00 presented that it greatly affected the financial performance of Kenya meat commission. The study concluded that the relationship between material control and financial performance of meat commission was positive and significant.
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Rupasov, Aleksandr Ivanovich. "The case of the Petrograd branch of the Estonian Control-Optation Commission. 1921-1922." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 2 (2017): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x-2017-00046.
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Тароєва, В. В. "CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION AS AN INSTITUTION OF THE ELECTORAL BRANCH OF POWER IN UKRAINE." Constitutional State, no. 37 (April 24, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2020.37.201518.
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Feleke, Asfaw Takele. "Assessment of Training and Development Practice the Case of Human Rights Commission Hawassa Branch." International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives 2, no. 1 (2018): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/7.2017.2018.21.38.49.
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Strom, Martin. "European Union Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: July to December 2018." Air and Space Law 44, Issue 2 (2019): 203–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2019014.
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The second half of 2018 highlights that the aviation sector continues to see developments new in competition law. This article summarizes the main developments over the past six months and provides the reader with greater detail of each of these developments. One major development is the July 2018 judgment by the European Court of Justice in the dispute between flyLAL, on the one hand, and Riga Airport and Air Baltic, on the other. The court ruled that flyLAL was entitled to bring an action for damages against Riga Airport and Air Baltic (both Latvian companies) in Lithuania. In doing so, the Court clarified the interpretation of both Articles 5(3) and 5(5) of Regulation 44/2001. In particular, it ruled that loss of earnings caused by predatory pricing can constitute initial damage for the purposes of Article 5(3) and clarified the circumstances in which a tortious claim can be brought in the location of a branch of the defendant under Article 5(5). ASL has launched a claim for damages before the General Court arguing that the European Commission’s (the ‘Commission’) decision to block the proposed acquisition of TNT Express by UPS, on the grounds that the intra-EEA (European Economic Area) express small packages delivery services market would be reduced in a large number of Member States, has caused ASL to incur losses of EUR 263m. The Commission’s decision to block the merger has since been overturned by the General Court, and an appeal brought by the Commission is currently pending before the European Court of Justice. This period has also continued to see a succession of State aid cases heard in the General Court, with no less than five judgments involving Ryanair. Ryanair appealed decisions by the Commission concerning State aid at airports in Nîmes, Angoulême, Altenburg-Nobitz and Pau-Pyrénées (where Transavia also lodged an appeal), but was unsuccessful in each. However, the General Court did annul a Commission decision, insofar as it related to Ryanair and its subsidiary, finding that they had received illegal State aid at Zweibrücken airport in Germany.
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Polikarpova, Irina Vladimirovna, and Olesya Viktorovna Zaitseva. "Preventive law: concept, structure and content." Юридические исследования, no. 8 (August 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.8.34081.
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The subject of this research is the federal and regional legislation that regulate preventive activity of law enforcement agencies, monographic studies of the leading Russian criminologists, as well as scientific publications discussing the concept, structure and content of preventive law. The object of this research is social relations formed in the process of implementation of norms that regulate the activity on crime prevention. The goal consists in examination of the content of preventive law for the explicating the detailed structure of this branch of legislation. This article is first within the national criminology to propose an original perspective on the preventive law as an independent branch of legislation. Based on the analysis of normative sources regulating the activity in the area of prevention of offences, the author determines the criteria for their classification:  1) by legal force, 2) by territorial scope of actions, 3) by subject of legal regulation, 4) depending on the role in legal regulation. The conclusion is substantiated on the need to systematize preventive law in form of a codified normative act – the Code on Prevention of Offenses in the Russian Federation, which should be aimed only at preventive regulation. The structure of this code is offered. In the authors’ opinion, the system of preventive law is a unified legal complex consisting of legislation of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities, as well as normative bylaws that regulate preventive legal relations that emerge prior to commission of offense, and for determination and elimination of the factors that conduce commission of offenses, as well as have educational impact upon persons in order to prevent commission of offenses or antisocial behavior.
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Marques, Rodolfo Ribeiro C. "The International Law Commission and the Development of International Migration Law." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 27, no. 1 (2025): 290–321. https://doi.org/10.1163/18757413_02701012.
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Abstract The International Law Commission (ILC) is often praised for successfully codifying key areas of international law, such as the law of treaties, the law of diplomatic and consular relations, and the law of responsibility. However, its contribution to the development of the law on areas that were not directly within its purview is frequently overlooked. International migration law seems to be a case in point. This article assesses the engagements of the ILC with this branch of international law in three main areas. It starts by discussing the early efforts of the Commission to codify the law of asylum, placing especial emphasis on the reasons behind, and the lessons one may learn from its failure to do so. The article then examines the work of the ILC on the law of nationality, including on the elimination and reduction of statelessness, state succession, and finally diplomatic protection. Lastly, it analyses the Commission’s attempts to systematize the law of admission and sojourn of non-nationals in its 2014 Draft Articles on Expulsion of Aliens. While the ILC has been helping to consolidate and clarify the position of international law on migration, its engagements with the field have laid bare the many political sensitivities evoked by any attempts to curb States’ discretion in this domain. The article thus paints a more complicated picture about the tensions between codification and progressive development in such a contested area of the law.
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Karabash, P. V., and S. M. Perepolkin. "United Nations of the International Law Commission: qualifications and procedure for the election of members." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.64.
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The United Nations of the International Law Commission is one of the most prominent international institutions dealing with the progressive development of international law and its codification. At the same time, the analysis of the latest scientific publications, which disclose various aspects of the activities of the International Law Commission of, has led to the conclusion that representatives of the native science of international law do not pay adequate attention to the study of various aspects of its legal status. Taking this into account, the article reveals the procedure of election of the members of the International Law Commission of and describes the established requirements for their qualification. According to the results of the conducted research it has been established that membership of the International Law Commission is consisted of 34 persons having an acknowledged authority in the branch of international law and representing the most important forms of civilization and the main legal systems of the world. From the first session until today, the membership of the International Law Commission has changed three times, in particular: in 1956; in 1961; and in 1981. Each time the reason for the increase in the membership of the International Law Commission has been the significant increase in the number of States Members of the United Nations. All members of the International Law Commission attend meetings on their own account and not as representatives of member states of the United Nations. As a general rule, the members of the International Law Commission are elected on the basis of equitable geographical distribution in a secret ballot by the General Assembly of the United Nations for a term of five years, with the right of re-election. In the event of a vacancy in its membership at the time of the next election, the International Law Commission shall fill the vacancy independently. The grounds for such an election may be the incumbent member's own wish to cease serving on the International Law Commission, death, serious illness, appointment to a new post, and so forth. Members elected to fill casual vacancies shall serve for the remainder of the term of the current membership of the International Law Commission and shall be eligible for re-election at the next election.
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Vika Aleyda Zahra and Maulidyati Aisyah. "Analisis Sistem Pengendalian Internal Atas Pembayaran Dana Pensiun Pada PT XYZ (Persero) Cabang Yogyakarta." Jurnal Rimba : Riset Ilmu manajemen Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2, no. 2 (2024): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/rimba.v2i2.776.
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This study explores the implementation of internal controls over pension fund payments at PT XYZ (Persero) Branch Yogyakarta using the COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission) 2013 framework. Effective accounting systems are considered crucial in supporting company activities, including pension fund management. Cash disbursement systems are the primary focus in managing company operations, with the aim of improving effectiveness and preventing fraud. Previous studies indicate the necessity of internal controls to detect and prevent fraud, with COSO being a relevant framework in this regard. Qualitative analysis method was employed in this study, with primary data collected through interviews and documentation. The results indicate that PT XYZ (Persero) Branch Yogyakarta has effectively implemented internal controls, in line with the principles outlined in the COSO 2013 framework.
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Aleksandrov, A., and Yu Mel'nikova. "Economic Branch of Eurasian Integration: Obstacles and Ways to Overcome Them." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 5 (2023): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-5-122-127.
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Editorial office publishes the summary of a joint seminar, held by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC), the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and the World Economy and International Relations journal dedicated to economic aspects of Eurasian economic integration. Among the participants were Sergey Afontsev, Deputy Director for Scientific Work, IMEMO, RAS Corresponding Member, Ivan Timofeev, RIAC Director of Programs, Elena Danilova, Deputy Director, Integration Development Department, Eurasian Economic Commission, Alexander Daniltsev, Director, Trade Policy Institute, HSE University, Andrey Tochin, Director, Institute of Integration Processes, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Elena Kuzmina, Head, Section for Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine, Center for Post-Soviet Studies, IMEMO, Aza Migranyan, Leading Research Fellow, Section for the Caucasus, Center for Post-Soviet Studies, IMEMO, Alexander Korolev, Deputy Director, Center for Comprehensive European and International Studies, HSE University.
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Ciesielski, Wojciech. "Branch Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Olsztyn. 1965–1998." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 324, no. 1 (2024): 63–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-172529.
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Artykuł zawiera krótki, syntetyczny opis funkcjonowania w Olsztynie Okręgowej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce (działającej od 1991 r. pod nazwą Komisji Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu). Trwająca trzydzieści trzy lata działalność Komisji w Olsztynie została scharakteryzowana w postaci kalendarium z lat 1965-1999, wykazów śledztw w sprawach dot. zbrodni hitlerowskich oraz zbrodni stalinowskich, spisu członków i pracowników OK w Olsztynie, jak również organizowanych przez nich konferencji i sesji naukowych, a także publikacji członków i pracowników OK w Olsztynie. W artykule nie zabrakło też wykazu wykorzystanych źródeł, co stanowi istotną pomoc dla badaczy tej tematyki.
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Banta, David, Finn Børlum Kristensen, and Egon Jonsson. "A history of health technology assessment at the European level." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (2009): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090448.
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This study summarizes the experience with health technology assessment (HTA) at the European level. Geographically, Europe includes approximately fifty countries with a total of approximately 730 million people. Politically, twenty-seven of these countries (500 million people) have come together in the European Union. The executive branch of the European Union is named the European Commission, which supports several activities, including research, all over Europe and in many other parts of the world. The European Commission has promoted HTA by several policy positions and has funded a series of projects aimed at strengthening HTA in Europe. Around fifteen of the European countries now have formal national programs on HTA and some also have regional public programs. All countries that are members of the European Union and do not have a national approach to HTA have an interest in becoming more involved. The HTA projects sponsored by the European Commission have focused on networking and collaboration among established agencies and institutions for HTA, however, also on capacity building, support, and facilitation in creating mechanisms for HTA in European countries that still do not have any program in the field.
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Piskunov, Mikhail O. "THE BAIKAL COUNTER-VERSION AND SOVIET SCIENCE EXPERTISE: A HISTORY OF ONE SEISMOLOGICAL DISPUTE (1962–1963)." Ural Historical Journal 75, no. 2 (2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-78-87.
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The paper examines some beginning events of the Baikal discussion using the STS approach. The author addresses the disputes about seismicity of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (PP M) and Selenga Paper Mill sites in 1962–1963 to identify the specifics of Soviet expertise and the role of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences as an expert. In February, 1962, the Siberian Branch approached the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the proposal to reject the construction of pulp and paper mills on Baikal because of the increased seismic hazard of the selected sites. The scientists of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences defined the latter as 10 points, after which the State Construction Committee banned further construction of the Baikal PP M until this circumstance was clarified. Finally, the government commission and additional construction experts estimated the sites of both plants at 9 points. The attempt of the Siberian Branch to challenge this conclusion was not successful. The author reconstructs the events of this counter-version and concludes that in the sphere of expertise the political moment of the Baikal discussion manifested itself not in the positions of the parties and not even in their arguments, but in the ability of government institutions to determine when the discussion was possible and when it should have stopped.
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Stoicu, Mihaela Narcisa, Remus Daniel Berlingher, and Daniela Cristina Creţ. "Application of Disciplinary Penalties." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 25, no. 3 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2015-0017.
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Abstract Each branch of law acknowledges a specific form of liability. Therefore there are several forms of liability: disciplinary, civil, criminal, etc. These forms of legal liability are characterized by specific conditions of substance and form (way of establishment, embodiments, etc.). Therefore, the commission of an infringement determines the intervention of legal liability and the application of penalties. The penalty is a means to materialize liability and it will take its shape. In this scientific approach we intend to analyze the application of disciplinary penalties to civil servants.
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Cohen, Dylan. "Temporary Nuclear Waste Siting is a Major Problem But Not a Major Question." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 13.1 (2024): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.13.1.temporary.
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Mitigating global warming requires robust change in the country’s energy policy. One area ripe for such change is nuclear waste storage, which has long confounded the federal government. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) seems to have found a solution. It empowered private industry. But it might have run into a problem: the major questions doctrine. Though the major questions doctrine can indeed operate to constrain overzealous agencies, the NRC has acted within its authority, and private industry—by virtue of its Executive-branch grant of authority—should be allowed to help.
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Soyan, Sh Ch, X. B. Badarchi, and A. Ch Kylgyday. "Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources of Siberian Branch of RAS, Kyzyl, Russian Federation." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 3/2023 (July 1, 2023): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2023-3-88-91.
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The paper describes composition, quality and properties of coals from the Ulug-Khem basin, the most important fuel and energy resource of the Tyva Republic, which includes the Erbek, the Kaa-Khem, the Mezhegeysk and the Elegest deposits. The unified schematic map of the Jurassic deposits of Tuva that was adopted by the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Commission is discussed. The Jurassic deposits are identified, which consist of four series, i.e. the Elegest, the Erbek, the Saldam, and the Bomsk formations. The Ulug formation, which contains 70% of the Ulug-Khem Basin's reserves, is described in detail. Its thickness varies from 0.3 to 19.6 m. The Ulug formation consists of siltstones, carbonaceous siltstones and sometimes sandstones. The thickness of soil layers varies from 0.10 to 0.6 m
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KONDRATIEV, Sergey V. "ARTICLE 29/39 OF THE MAGNA CARTA IN THE PUBLIC CONTROVERSY OF THE LATE 16TH CENTURY." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 4 (2021): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-4-236-246.
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The article is devoted to the reception life of Article 29/39 of the Magna Carta in the political and right-wing controversy of England at the end of the 16th century. It is shown that the Magna Carta, which fell out of use in the late Middle Ages, returned to the political and right-wing space in the Elizabethan era. It was customary to use the Magna Carta in the 1225 edition, otherwise the edition of Henry III, which was confirmed more than 30 times and was perceived as an act of parliament. An analysis of the treatises of common law jurists William Fleetwood and Robert Snape led to the conclusion that the Magna Carta was considered a document that restored the ancient best and just right, trampled by the Norman invasion, and ensured continuity with the beyond the memory of British antiquity. Article 29 was considered the core and quintessence of the liberties and rights of subjects. A study of the controversy between common law lawyers James Maurice, Robert Beale and civilist Richard Coisin around the judicial powers of the High Commission, its ex officio inquisition procedure and specific incidents of persecution of nonconformist priests led to the conclusion that these common law lawyers insisted on the fundamental nature of Article 29, on the unlawfulness of the prosecutions, the inability of the commission to issue criminal sentences and to use the ex officio inquisition oath. They argued that the royal authority did not have the prerogative to create commissions in violation of Article 29. Civilist Richard Coisin objected that ecclesiastical jurisdiction is an independent branch of law and is not subject to Magna Carta.
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Stan, Constantin I. "The Royal Family and the European Commission of the Danube at the End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 5 (December 7, 2006): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2006.07.
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The article presents the official inauguration of the new shipping canal on the Sulina branch, event which took place in a festive atmosphere on May 17th – 18th 1894. King Charles I himself was present at the inauhuration.
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Kumar, Naveen. "Is General Surgery as Specialsed Medical Branch Getting Extinct in Country?" Journal of Medical Research and Surgery 3, no. 3 (2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52916/jmrs224077.
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Today, in India, there are about 12,780 post-graduate seats in Master of Surgery of which there 1600 seats are in General Surgery offered by various Government and private medical colleges in India. There is a matter of grief situation that each year less number of undergraduates opting for the General Surgery branch. The foremost reason of it is that the amount of hardwork and stress which a trainee undergoes is incomparable to any other branch. Practicing General Surgery is not an easy job to have for anyone especially in an overpopulated country like India. Secondly, it is not a terminal branch as super-specialization in various disciplines is being offered after completion of postgraduation in General Surgery. So, again toiling for straight 3 years in General Surgery, a fresh Post Graduate (PG) has to again prepare hard to get into any Super-Specialty (SS) branch of his interest as only about 200 seats are being offered in various surgical super-specialty branches across the country. Finding General Surgery a hard road to walk, most undergraduates opt for less tiring branch which may also happens to be a terminal branch. The higher education in medical field is quite a costly affair owing to a few number of Government colleges offering the PG and SS seats. They may cost up to or more than one crore in many of the private medical colleges. To add to this is the ever increasing caste based reservation policy of the Government which is not doing justice to many according to many of the experts and educationists. All these factors result in many seats remaining vacant in the mentioned branch especially in SS across the country. Though the Government has established a new commission i.e. National Medical Commission (NMC) to look after the lacunae in the country’s medical education system, still there is lot that has to be done in this field. There aren’t sufficient faculty posts in the department of General Surgery and surgical super-specialties bearing burden over the system to look after increasing patient burden. General Surgery is the backbone of every institution and hospital which at present is overstressed thanks to the laid-back approach in policy making. Surgeon also has to face burnt of medico-legal proceedings every now and then in our country. Government is thumping it's back of opening more number of medical colleges in different states across the country but the fact is that nothing is on their agenda to improve the actual quality of medical education whatsoever is there. There is no concept of wet lab in surgery department even in various premium institutes of the country. There has not been any mentioning of arranging cadaveric dissection courses in the curriculum of post graduation. No fruitful research has come out from ages in the said department from so called research medical institutes. System has made the PG students to think each second about finishing off with their mandatory thesis work and pass the final exit examination without giving any attention to improve their clinical skills. And once they pass their examination, they start preparing for the entrance examination to get into SS branch of their choice. If this trend continues to work, time will come that patients will find it really tough to get well qualified surgeons for getting them operated in the country. Those who can afford will fly outside the country to get their ailment treated where better facilities are available as done by various dignitaries and politicians even now, whereas those who cannot afford to do so will ultimately succumb or may fall prey to the quacks. There is urgent need of revamp of the system where some better policies are being formulated to save this branch of medicine in our country. There is a need to ignite the interest among the medical undergraduates towards this branch so that more and more students should take up the General Surgery as their choice in future.
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Habibi, Miftakhur Rokhman. "Implikasi Kedudukan KPK Sebagai Rumpun Kekuasaan Eksekutif Berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2019." Al-Jinayah Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 7, no. 1 (2021): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/aj.2021.7.1.47-71.
Full textAbstract:
The development of modern state administration constitutes new branches of power outside the Legislative, Executive and Judicial power, as well-known in the concept of “trias politica”. This branch of power is an Independent power with the emergence of a number of independent State commissions. In Indonesia, one such institution is the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). However, Law Number 19 of 2019 changed the KPK to become part of the executive power. So that, in this paper will discuss about the position of independent state institutions in a constitutional perspective and the implications of establishing the KPK as an executive body. This research is a normative research with the type of doctrinal research. The approach uses statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results show that independent power does exist in the modern constitutional perspective. However, the establishment of the KPK as an independent institution in the executive clump has several implications, including the transfer of KPK's responsibility to the President, the executive forming the Supervisory Board which regulates the work procedures of the KPK and the KPK becomes the object of the DPR's inquiry rights.
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Vukić, Luka, and Tanja Poletan Jugović. "Planning and valorization of the branch Xa of Corridor X from the aspects of external costs." Pomorstvo 30, no. 2 (2016): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.30.2.8.
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Branch Xa of Pan-European Transport Corridor X has a strategic importance for Croatia since this corridor (Corridor branch) enables linking of Croatia with Slovenia and Austria, which, according to the current data on the structure of trade in goods from countries, is counted among five most important Croatian trading partners. Therefore, the valorization of the branch of Corridor X has unquestionable importance for the Croatian economy and the associated surroundings that gravitate in the transport route. Conditional on the numerous geo-transport and socioeconomic factors, the valorization of transport corridor on the transport market is determined also by the value of transport (traffic) services that are determined by the costs incurred in its production. Accordingly, the underlying problem of the present study is to analyze the external costs of the branch of Corridor X which, although, belong to the category of social costs borne by society, have the intention to become, over various regulatory measures (excise), an integral part of the costs of the conveyor. With the aim of the research in this study, which, generally, supports the need for internalization of the external costs, as the essential factors of valorization of the transport corridors, a comparative analysis of external costs of the branch of Corridor X between the road and rail transport was performed. As input data, the results of in-depth analysis were used, resulting from the studies of the European Commission for the European Union, specifically Studies for Corridor X and Studies on East-Mediterranean transport routes. The research results show that the mean values of external costs of freight rail transport on the branch Xa are almost five times fewer than the average value of external costs of road transport and that, in accordance with the purpose of these investigations, the internalization of external costs is unquestionably required for planning the traffic flows and valorization of the route.
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Roches, Didier. "Les difficiles relations entre recherche et pratique forestières, par-dessus la barrière des langues | The Difficult Correlation Between Forest Research and Forest Practice With a Language Barrier to Cross." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 7 (2000): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0228.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1990, the launching of the WSL branch station Antenne romande has been accompanied by a commission – the Comac– which represents the French speaking cantons and the private forestry offices. In 1993, it conducted an evaluation which gave evidence of the positive impact AR-WSL had among the target groups. However, Comac also pointed out that the task of WSL does not correspond with the expectations of the practitioners. The new concept of WSL offers good chances for innovative collaboration. Yet, while forest services are being reorganised, forest research is still lacking progress in French speaking Switzerland and the expectations of the eighties still remain.
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Simonova, Marina D., and Elvira A. Yarnykh. "REVIEW OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF STATISTICAL AND ANALYTICAL DATA FOR THE ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 2-3 (2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-2-3-07.
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Under modern conditions, decision-making in the field of business and public administration requires reliable information. Comparable statistics on macroeconomic indicators, markets for goods and services, and the activities of international and national companies are based primarily on the standards of international and regional organizations. International statistical standards ensure the comparability of statistics necessary for adequate management decisions at all levels. This is the case with Internet resources and publications of international organizations and their statistical bodies, such as the UN Statistical Division, CIS-STAT, OECD, EU Statistical Commission, etc. Analytical publications of sectoral international organizations, branch agencies, international companies are aimed at specialized applied research.
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Smirnova, Anastasija. "Competition between female sociopolitical organizations in Liepāja and political agency: the case of the Commission for the Promotion of Women’s Welfare in Liepāja of the Latvian Women’s Association (1927–1937) II." Sabiedrība un kultūra: rakstu krājums = Society and Culture: conference proceedings, no. XXIV (March 24, 2023): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sk.2022.24.084.
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The paper aims to analyse the second “block”, mentioned in the statutes of one of the most popular female sociopolitical organisations, the Latvian Women’s Association, with a case of its branch of Liepāja city – Commission for the promotion of women’s welfare in Liepāja – female political agency. The paper continues research published in 2021. In interwar time, female success at the elections in the Parliament of Latvia (Saeima) was related to unifying in the “Common female list”. Predictably, in the second most significant cultural and political centre, Liepāja, massive competition for the members and influence in society of the most significant organisation could be observed, and female organisations were not an exception.
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Metallinos, Pavlos. "The Transit of EU Construction Branch from Craft to Industrial Production Process Using BIM: The Case of Construction Public Works in Greece According to the Orders of EU Directives 2014/24/EU & 2014/25/EU." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 8, no. 1 (2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2020-0018.
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Abstract For years, the European Commission has focused on the production process of the construction industry, because this branch is included in the critical conditions for the European capitalism development. As such, it has focused on implementing modernization policies and increasing the productive capacity of construction companies and optimising the technical outcome for the benefit of its funds and the European society. For this reason, its benchmark has been focused on saving through the BIM practice of the unnecessary expenditure paid by funds that finance the construction of public works to meet more social needs. The author researches the transaction of the EU construction branch from craft to industrial production process using BIM. The subject of the research is approached methodologically through the examination of studies in the field of the construction branch. Announcements and Directives issued by the EU have been taken into account in comparison with national law and practices applied and used by individual Member States, especially by Hellenic public authorities, in order to identify why the EU insists on the use of digital building (3D), schedule management (4D) and cost management (5D) applying the productive process of construction public works. However, it is proven that the necessary incentive to increase BIM application usability does not seem to be perceived, since BIM applicability is not widespread compared to the executed construction volume.
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Yunita, Fenny Tria, Abdul Basith Umami, Ahmad Alveyn Sulthony Ananda, and Reni Putri Anggraeni. "Penguatan Kewenangan Komisi Yudisial di Indonesia: Perspektif Konstitusional dan Kontekstual." Jurnal Kajian Konstitusi 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jkk.v1i1.23822.
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This paper aim to examine issues regarding Komisi Yudisial (KY) as an independent commission with limited authorities over judicial branch. As the Constitutional Court decision, this Commission’s authority in selecting first-level court judges was eliminated. The consequences is that in 2019, from 130 sanctions recommended by KY, only 10 sanctions were enforced by the Supreme Court. This research discuss two issues. First, granting the authority to select the first judge’s appointment to KY. Second, giving the authority to impose sanctions on judges who violate the code of ethics to KY. This study uses a juridical-normative method with a conceptual-comparative approach to analyze the legal materials. The study found that the law has placed KY as an ethical institution as well as a supervisor of judicial power, but practically, many KY authorities cannot be implemented optimally because of the lack of regulation and technical understanding with the Supreme Court as the pinnacle of justice in Indonesia. It is very important to restore KY authority in appointing first-level judges and increase KY authority in imposing ethical sanctions on judges who violate ethics.
 KEYWORDS: Komisi Yudisial, Judges Appointment, Ethical Sanction.
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Ariani, Salma Aulia Farahdina, and Nanik Prasetyoningsih. "Fighting Corruption Post Revision of the Act of the Corruption Eradication Commission." Media of Law and Sharia 3, no. 3 (2022): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/mls.v3i3.13232.
Full textAbstract:
At the end of 2019, Law Number 19 of 2019 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission was passed. The revision of the Corruption Eradication Commission Law (KPK Law) has generated polemics and interesting issues to discuss.The author wants to examine the role of the KPK in enforcing the law to eradicating corruption in Indonesia. The author will examine how the role of the KPK is compared to the position of the Attorney General's Office and the Police, and analyze the role of KPK in the KPK Law before and after the revision. This research is a normative-empirical legal research, with statutory approach. The results of this study show that the Police, the Prosecutor's Office and the Corruption Eradication Commission both play a role in law enforcement to eradicate corruption. The difference, the three law enforcement agencies in eradicating corruption lies in their existence in the 1945 Constitution, their role in investigations, handling based on case values, and coordination of handling corruption. As for the existence of Law Number 19 of 2019 there are several amendments in the KPK, (1) position of the KPK as a law enforcement agency in the executive branch, (2) establishment of the KPK Supervisory Board, (3) implementation of the wiretapping function, (4) mechanism for issuing an Investigation Termination Order (SP3) (5) institutional coordination of the KPK with other law enforcement (6) search and seizure mechanism, and (7) KPK staffing system.