Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Commission de vérité'
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Issa, Fehima. "Les Commissions Vérité et Réconciliation comme mécanisme de justice transitionnelle : La question de la justice, de la vérité et de la réconciliation dans les sociétés en transition démocratique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA111012.
Full textThe issue of justice in societies in transition is systematically raised after a conflict, a repressive period or an authoritarian period. Gross violations of international human rights law and grave breaches of international humanitarian law perpetrated under previous regimes cannot let the choice of inaction concerning the past to the new political institutions.Truth and reconciliation commissions constitute one of the mechanisms of transitional justice, which place the victim at the middle of its concerns especially because the criminalization of perpetrators is not the only goal of justice and, as noted by Hannah Arendt, “men are unable to forgive what they cannot punish and are unable to punish what turns out to be unforgivable”. Sometimes presented as an alternative mean to criminal justice, these commissions aim to establish the misdeeds committed by former regimes. The possible choice between truth commissions and international or internal criminal Justice is avoided in this study, which aims to highlight the important role of the complementarity of truth and reconciliation commissions with other transitional justice mechanisms, notably legal prosecutions against the perpetrators of crimes against international law and reparations for victims. In this regard, the aim of this study is not to analyze these commissions in an isolated manner, but to notice that international standards as well as situations in each country restrict the options available for dealing with the past. This research is based on a comparative approach presenting a case study on different countries for demonstrate the legitimacy of truth and reconciliation commissions and their functioning in period of transition
Lollini, Andrea. "Le rôle (pré)constituant de la Commission vérité et réconciliation : le renouvellement du constitutionnalisme en Afrique du Sud." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0048.
Full textThis thesis explores the experience of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and its relationship with the post-arpatheid constituent process. The confession, constituting one of the basis of the Commission's procedure have been analysed from an historical, legal and theological perspective, trying to shape the influences of the Commission's activity, first on the process of codification on the new democratic Constitution, then on the fabrication of the unity of a new democratic political body. The structure of the thesis is composed of three parts : 1) the renewing of the South African constitutionalism; 2) the analyse of the historical morphology of the confession and qualification of the confession in the Truth Commission procedure; 3) analyse of the configuration of the South African democratic sovereignty in post-apartheid era
Schettini, Andrea. "Comissões de verdade e o processo de “acerto de contas” com o passado violento : um olhar genealógico, jurídico-institucional e crítico." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100056.
Full textThe present study aims to understand the legal and political contours of truth commissions, in order to examine the promises, the potentialities and the limits of this mechanism of transitional justice. The broadest goal of this work is to situate truth commissions within contemporary relationships stablished between truth, law and memory. It seeks to critically reflect about the ways in which these new mechanisms of justice affect our way of naming and understanding forms of violence (especially state-sponsored violence). The central hypothesis holds that the regime of truth-making within truth commissions — in its complex, contradictory and ambiguous relationship with law, history, and memory — maintains an inseparable link with the process of official writing of violence (its outlines, gaps and silences). Indeed, far from constituting a neutral or finished solution for the legacies of grave human rights violations, truth commissions are, above all, a space of conflict between different memories and a space of dispute of the meanings granted to the past of violence. The experience of the Brazilian National Truth Commission is finally addressed as a reference for the study of truth commissions (and more broadly for the study of transitional justice), capable of bringing relevant contributions to the analysis of these mechanisms of justice
O presente estudo busca analisar os contornos jurídicos e políticos das comissões de verdade, a fim de apontar as promessas, as potencialidades e os limites desse mecanismo da justiça de transição. O objetivo mais amplo deste trabalho consiste em situar as comissões de verdade no interior das relações, contemporaneamente reconfiguradas, entre a verdade, o direito e a memória. Trata-se de refletir criticamente sobre a maneira em que, no interior de tais mecanismos, a violência (sobretudo no que diz respeito à violência política e à violência de Estado) é compreendida, investigada e nomeada. A hipótese central desta pesquisa sustenta que o regime de construção de verdades no interior das comissões de verdade — em sua relação complexa, contraditória e ambígua com os direitos humanos, a história e a memória — mantém um vínculo indissociável com o processo de escrita oficial (seus contornos, lacunas e silêncios) da violência. Longe de constituírem uma solução neutra ou acabada para os problemas decorrentes dos legados de graves violações de direitos humanos, comissões de verdade são, acima de tudo, um espaço de conflito entre diferentes memórias e de disputas pelos significados e sentidos do passado violento. A experiência da Comissão Nacional da Verdade do Brasil é abordada, ao final, como caso referência para o estudo das comissões de verdade (e mais amplamente para o estudo da justiça de transição), capaz de trazer relevantes aportes à análise destes mecanismos de justiça
Guematcha, Emmanuel. "Les commissions vérité et les violations droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100202.
Full textIn time of transition or in post conflict situations, many truth Commissions have been increasingly created within many States to deal with a past caracterised by many human rights and international humanitarian law violations. Because they are dedicated to investigate violations of established rules of international law, the question emerge on their relationships with international law. Their formal characteristics and their flexibility, their use of international law and the focus and attention they give to the victims of these violations, make them appear to be an innovative mean allowing specific review of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. However, because there are non-judicial bodies and taking into consideration the developments of international law, they raise questions about responsibility for these violations and international obligations of the State in this regard, and lead to the requirement of prosecution and the implementation of criminal liability for the serious violations they reported
Colombani, Anouk. "L'après-violence : (ré)conciliations (im)possibles ?" Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080019/document.
Full textMore than fifty thousand processes of national reconciliation have been organised since the end of the eighties. Yet the outcome is still uncertain: is reconciliation possible? The instances of extreme violence which emerged in the twentieth century seem to have created an insoluble paradox. On the one hand, we must accept reconciliation to avoid new massacres. (Doesn't violence generate more violence?) On the other, it seems more incongruous than ever to call for reconciliation. Who has the right to order a victim of genocide to agree to r conciliation? The underlying assumption in this work is that reconciliation never really works because liberal theory cannot conceive of violence, and, more generally, social sciences are unable to deal with violence. As a result, we have to understand the scientific storytelling produced by liberal philosophy and transitional justice. We can then oppose the storytelling to a "philosophy of the concrete" and a philosophy of detail, which draw on anthropology and history in order to grasp what we almost incidentally call violence
Leclair, Flavie Maxence. "Natasha Kanapé Fontaine : Une Parole de Réconciliation?" Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38610.
Full textAkakpo, Kokouvi Dodzi Luc. "Les enfants accusés de crimes internationaux : d’une justice hétérogène à une homogénéité des théories et des pratiques." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23683.
Full textLefranc, Sandrine. "Politique du pardon : amnistie et transitions démocratiques : une approche comparative." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000IEPP0033.
Full textHan, Jae Yeong. "Division et guerre dans la mémoire coréenne depuis 1945." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010624.
Full textThis thesis discusses the construct of the collective Korean memory, with emphasis on its evolution from 1945 to the present day. We posit that the resultant contemporary memory hinges on the search for Korean unity dating from the foundation of Korea, as well as concern for opposition and division in memory. In the process of the construction of the collective memory, the memory of the Korean War (1950-1953) has played an important role: it has been used in South Korea to create a historical base bearing a political undercurrent, and promoting one facet of memory over against the other possible facets and risking their oblivion. The need for acknowledgement of this plural memory in South Korea led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2005 which aimed to heal the wounds of the war-memory. Here, we will consider how, today, South Korea is trying to liberate itself from the memory of the war by creating a post-war reconstruction. In the process, we will also reflect on the existing links between past and present, as well as the possibility of an eventual reconciliation of memory between the two Koreas
Kamugisha, Yvonne. "L’influence américaine et la fonction du religieux dans les mécanismes de réconciliation et de prévention contre le génocide : quel modèle de réconciliation pour le cas du Burundi ?" Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30021.
Full textAs Burundi begins a key phase in national reconciliation, the vast work of collective memory initiated by the Arusha Peace Accords in August 2000 offers an opportunity to the US to penetrate and strategically position them in the Great Lakes’ Region Peacebuilding. A mistake would be to see such U.S. involvement in the East Africa Community as a recent phenomenon. Since the postcolonial era until the current phase of reconciliation mechanisms and genocide prevention, the American visibility in African politics goes back in time as its missionary activities prove it. Many studies explored the question on geopolitical relations between former colonial countries and colonial powers in sub-Sahara Africa. Yet, few pointed out the relevance or the deep religious relationships and their influence in sociopolitical events in East African countries such as Burundi or Rwanda. To explain the U.S. Foreign Policy linking it to its religious investment in the Great Lake prevents a misleading simplification of U.S. interests. Our study of the role of American missions and their complex relations with Christian missions of former colonial powers offers us a new look at the U.S. political dynamics in the Great Lakes’ Region in East Africa. The challenge of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission provides a unique political and religious space for a study of these different religious actors. The use of the transitional justice in Burundi underlines not only the confrontation of processes of justice and forgiveness in post-conflict periods, but it underlines the difficult negotiation of collective memories along with geopolitical interests
Collignon, Bénédicte. "D'invisibles à protagonistes de l'histoire en devenir : les figures victimaires dans l'espace discursif des commissions de vérité guatémaltèques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28101.
Full textEn donnant voix aux victimes, les commissions de vérité jouent un rôle important lors des transitions politiques et des consolidations démocratiques. Elles contribuent, de la sorte, à revisiter l’histoire et à construire la mémoire collective, missions essentielles afin de dépasser les clivages ayant divisé une société donnée. Cependant, cette mise en scène des récits victimaires s’accompagne également d’une construction de sens de la notion même de victimes. En effet, les commissions de vérité en viennent à définir et qualifier ce qu’est, ou doit être, une victime, créant des cadres de références à partir desquels les individus victimisés peuvent se positionner. Les mobilisations sociales qui s’ensuivent font l’objet de plusieurs études, tout comme des enjeux qui posent les catégories de victimes établies par les commissions lorsque leur mandat s’achève. Néanmoins, peu d’études s’attardent sur les processus en amont, ainsi que sur les offres statutaires et identitaires proposées aux victimes par ces institutions. Aussi, ce mémoire s’intéresse aux représentations de la figure de victime véhiculées par les commissions de vérité. Prenant comme cas d’étude les commissions de vérité guatémaltèques, nous avons procédé à une analyse de cadres (frame analysis) dans le but d’identifier, à travers les constructions discursives de ces commissions, les processus de cadrage de la notion de victime et les figures victimaires qui en résultent. L’analyse de discours démontre que si différentes figures de victimes coexistent dans les discours des commissions guatémaltèques, toutes s’articulent autour des paradigmes des droits de l’homme et de la justice réparatrice. Davantage, les résultats illustrent les difficultés posées par la montée en généralisation permettant la constitution d’une catégorie de victimes par les commissions de vérité, tandis qu’elles souhaitent également individualiser et humaniser ces individus dans le but de transformer l’image des populations victimes du conflit.
By giving a voice to the victims, truth commissions play an important role during political transitions and democratic consolidations. As such, they contribute in revisiting history and in building collective memory and thus permit a given society to overcome social cleavage. These scenarios of victimhood, however, are accompanied by the very framework defining the notion of victims. Indeed, truth commissions establish and qualify what is, or what must be, a victim creating references by which individuals can then position themselves by. The ensuing social mobilizations are the subject of many studies, as are the issues categorizing victims once the commission’s mandate comes to term. Nevertheless, few studies offer insight as to the upstream processes and the statutory and identity-forming applications offered to victims by those institutions. Also, this memoir focuses on the characterization of victims perpetuated by truth commissions. Taking as a study case the Guatemalan truth commissions, we have proceeded in a frame analysis, to identify through the discourse strategies of these commissions, the processes and framework defining victims and the resulting stereotypes of victimhood. The discourse analysis demonstrates that, if the different stereotypes of victims coexist in the Guatemalan commissions, they are indeed articulated by the paradigms of human rights and restorative justice. Furthermore, the results illustrate the difficulties generated by the insurgence of generalization permitting the construction of a category of victims by the truth commissions, while also demonstrating the desire to individualize and humanize those individuals in the ends of transforming the image of populations victimized by the conflict.
Las comisiones de la verdad juegan un papel de suma importancia en momentos de transición política y de la consolidación de la democracia, otorgándoles a las víctimas de conflicto un medio en el cual exprimirse. Estas comisiones contribuyen a dos actividades esenciales a la reconstrucción de una sociedad dividida: revivir la historia y construir la memoria colectiva. Esta escenificación de los relatos de las víctimas es acompañado de una construcción del sentido de la noción misma de la palabra víctima, definiendo y calificando lo que es o lo que debería de ser una víctima. Las comisiones de la verdad crean un marco de referencia a partir del cual las víctimas se pueden posicionar. Las movilizaciones sociales que resultan han sido el objeto de varios estudios, al igual que los problemas que resultan de las diferentes categorías de victimas que han sido establecidas por las comisiones una vez que el mandato de estas ha terminado. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han concentrado en los procesos preliminares, ni en las ofertas estatutarias e identitarias que estas instituciones proponen a las víctimas. Esta tesis se enfoca en las diferentes representaciones de victimas que las comisiones de la verdad fomentan, tomando como caso de estudiado el de las comisiones de la verdad de Guatemala. Se efectuara un análisis de marco (frame analysis) con el objetico de identificar no solamente el proceso utilizado a lo largo de los construcciones discursivas de estas comisiones para definir la noción de víctima, sino que también los tipos de victimas que resultan de estas definiciones. El análisis de los discursos demuestra que aunque existen diferentes tipos de victimas que coexisten en los discursos de las comisiones guatemaltecas, todas se articulan alrededor de las nociones de los derechos del hombre y de la justicia restaurativa. Los resultados ilustran las dificultades que resultan del hecho de generalizar y agrupar a todas las victimas bajo una sola categoría por las comisiones, mientras que también quieren individualizar y humanizar a estos individuos con el fin de transformar la imagen de las poblaciones víctimas del conflicto.
Naftali, Patricia. "La construction du "droit à la vérité" en droit international: une ressource ambivalente à la croisée de plusieurs mobilisations." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209506.
Full textComment une notion aussi floue a-t-elle pu être consacrée si rapidement auprès de ces institutions, alors qu’elle n’est reprise dans aucun catalogue des droits fondamentaux ?Quelle est la portée de ce nouvel objet en droit international, et quels en sont les usages ?Mis à part son appellation, le « droit à la vérité » aurait-il réellement un contenu propre qui se distinguerait du catalogue des droits existants ?Sa reconnaissance offre-t-elle une illustration de la « rhétorique des droits » ou traduit-elle la cristallisation d’un nouveau droit justiciable?
Alors même que le « droit à la vérité » est aujourd’hui convoqué de manière croissante par la communauté internationale pour légitimer la mise en place de nouvelles politiques de pacification internationales, à l’instar des « commission de vérité et de réconciliation » préconisées dans des sociétés affectées par des crimes d’ampleur massive (rapports du Secrétariat général et du Haut-Commissariat aux droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, 2004, et de la Banque mondiale, 2011), cet objet d’étude demeure largement inexploré. Palliant cette lacune, ma thèse consiste en une reconstitution généalogique du « droit à la vérité » dans une perspective chronologique, des luttes sociales concrètes pour sa reconnaissance à ses développements juridiques contemporains, afin de déterminer les enjeux sociaux, politiques et juridiques de sa reconnaissance.
À travers une méthode interdisciplinaire qui articule l’approche critique du droit à la sociologie politique du droit, mes recherches apportent ainsi des connaissances originales sur deux plans :sur le plan juridique, d’une part, il s’agit de la première étude exhaustive des textes et décisions juridiques sur le « droit à la vérité » qui analyse de manière systématique sa nature, ses bénéficiaires, son contenu et ses contours en droit international; sur le plan de la sociologie du droit, d’autre part, elle offre une cartographie inédite des mobilisations sociales et professionnelles du « droit à la vérité » et propose une analyse des motivations qui les animent, susceptible d’enrichir les débats en sociologie du droit et de la justice sur la création et la diffusion empirique de nouvelles normes en droit international.
L’hypothèse de travail mise à l’épreuve tout au long de l’étude est la suivante :la reconnaissance d’un « droit à la vérité », notion à contenu variable par excellence, permettrait à une multitude d’entrepreneurs de normes de défendre, derrière la formalisation de ce droit, d’autres causes controversées en droit international. La thèse montre ainsi comment les mobilisations du « droit à la vérité » tentent d’orienter dans des sens particuliers certains débats qui demeurent ouverts en droit international et qui sont liés à des enjeux de justice contemporains :les victimes d’atrocités ont-elles un droit à la punition des responsables ?Les amnisties sont-elles licites en droit international, et le cas échéant, à quelles conditions ?Peut-on restreindre le privilège du secret d’État et contraindre les autorités à communiquer des informations aux victimes lorsqu’elles sont soupçonnées de couvrir des crimes internationaux ?Quelle est l’étendue et la nature de l’obligation des États d’enquêter et de poursuivre les auteurs de crimes de masse ?En cas de circonstances exceptionnelles, comme la menace d’un coup d’État ou l’insuffisance de ressources financières, les gouvernements ont-ils une marge de discrétion sur ces questions ?Emblème des dilemmes de la justice transitionnelle, le « droit à la vérité » est ainsi revendiqué dans des directions opposées.
En particulier, la thèse révèle la diversité irréductible des mobilisations du « droit à la vérité » en explorant la polysémie de ses usages, les jeux de compétition entre ses promoteurs et les tensions qui jalonnent sa formalisation en droit international. Cette analyse empirique permet de comprendre pourquoi ce droit fonde aujourd’hui des politiques contradictoires, à savoir tant des politiques de répression des violations graves des droits de l’homme, axées sur la condamnation pénale des responsables, que des politiques mémorielles axées sur la « réconciliation » des sociétés à travers des amnisties au bénéfice des auteurs de crimes, ainsi que des mesures de réparation matérielles et symboliques au bénéfice des victimes. Droit à une vérité judiciaire des victimes, et droit à une vérité « historique » et collective des peuples sur les causes de conflits passés coexistent ainsi au sein du même droit pour justifier un déploiement de la justice pénale international(isé)e ou à l’inverse, pour la paralyser au nom d’impératifs de démocratisation et de concorde civile.
Ma thèse démontre ainsi l’ambivalence du « droit à la vérité », qui agit tantôt comme ressource, et tantôt comme contrainte pour ses promoteurs :au final, il n’offre qu’une ressource limitée à ses promoteurs en raison de la compétition qui continue à se jouer au sujet de sa définition, sa nature et ses titulaires.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Masuemi, Hervé Nora. "Le droit international et les enfants soldats." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G021.
Full textChild soldiers represent most of the main concern of the international community. In that respect, humanitarian, human rights and criminal branches of international law regulate their state and protection. Still, an asymmetrical protection in international humanitarian law is observed as well as a lack of specific status and consideration of girls child soldiers victims of sexual violence. Regarding international human rights law, its rules contain a stronger legal regime against child soldiers recruitment and participation in hostilities and it has an international control system to ensure compliance with its provisions. However, difficulties appear in the plurality of terms used as well as in effective exercise of individual mechanisms and normative protection of criminal child soldiers asylum-seekers or child soldiers victims of sexual violence. With regard to international criminal law, the main goal of that branch is the protection of a particular social order by punishing perpetrators of unsustainable crimes. But, in the meantime, indictment of child soldiers responsible for crimes under international law or violations of international humanitarian law in the international order, is not an option. Thus, the criminal branch criminalize conscription, enlistment and use of children under the age of fifteen to participate actively in hostilities and prioritize child soldiers victim status. It is therefore up to each State to prosecute child soldiers perpetrators within the domestic legal order through their justice system or, to establish truth and reconciliation commissions that child soldiers participate in
Barcat, Charlotte. "Bloody Sunday et l'enquête Saville : vérité, justice et mémoire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA122.
Full textOn January 30th, 1972, in the Northern Irish city of Derry/Londonderry, thirteen people who had been taking part in a civil rights demonstration were shot dead by British soldiers. This ‘Bloody Sunday’ immediately sparked controversy: the soldiers claimed they had fired in retaliation, which civilian witnesses categorically denied. In 1972, the conclusion of the first public inquiry that the soldiers had acted within the rules was rejected by the victims’ families, who launched a campaign demanding a new inquiry in 1992. In 1998, as the peace process was under way, the British government granted a second public inquiry, to be chaired by Lord Saville. This inquiry faced a major challenge: how could they rewrite the official memory of such a symbolic event, which had already been integrated into deeply entrenched, antagonistic collective memories? Three main concepts were used to study the Saville inquiry in this work: truth, justice and memory. Finding the truth was announced as one of the inquiries’ main objectives. Justice is also highly relevant, for even though the inquiry is not a trial, it does serve justice by restoring confidence in the rule of law and providing official recognition for the victims. Finally, the importance of memory is paramount, as any attempt to rewrite the official narrative of an event was bound to clash with existing collective memories: the collective memories of the nationalist and unionist communities, but also the official memory of the British state. Truth, justice and memory thus appear to be closely linked, but may also collide, making it difficult for the inquiry to reach the objective of bringing about reconciliation
Ramognino, Antoine. "Le génocide culturel dans le Droit international pénal : un concept en marge." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67325.
Full textCe mémoire a pour objet de proposer une réflexion juridique et contemporaine sur le concept ancien mais pleinement d’actualité qu’est le génocide culturel. Le génocide culturel, qui décrit le phénomène de destruction culturelle d’un groupe d’êtres humains, avait été pensé dès la naissance du terme comme une composante intrinsèque du génocide. Pourtant lors de la criminalisation du génocide , le génocide culturel a été exclu du champ d’application du texte d’incrimination. Cette exclusion historique, pour un certain nombre de raisons qui seront étudiées, a eu des incidences majeures, puisqu’il sera démontré que le phénomène de génocide culturel n’est pas pris en compte de manière parfaitement satisfaisante par le droit et plus particulièrement par le droit international pénal. Dès lors, cela invite à proposer de nouvelles réflexions sur les instruments juridiques qui pourraient permettre d’appréhender de manière cohérente, réaliste et efficace un tel processus de destruction, et en particulier la reconnaissance d’une infraction spécifique de génocide culturel. Cette réflexion s’appuiera sur l’analyse du traitement historique des peuples autochtones au Canada et en particulier les politiques de pensionnats qui illustrent parfaitement les enjeux et les contours d’un tel débat.
Turgis, Noémie. "La justice transitionnelle en droit international." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010315.
Full textSalcedo, Cécile. "La transition démocratique sud-africaine : essai sur l'émergence d'un droit public de la reconstruction de l'Etat." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32050.
Full textIn 1994, South Africa knew its first democratic elections. Sixteen years later, and four general elections, the country seems to have made a success of its bet of a democratic South Africa. The strong tensions which remained at the end of the apartheid regime let not at all augur a democratic and peaceful transition. The will of the negotiating parties to reach an optimal compromise and confidence in the rule of law guided the country in its choices. South Africa chose to supervise the slightest details of its transformation by the law. The Republic of South Africa demonstrated the importance that the law can take on the reconstruction of the State, by appealing to characteristic elements of the democratic transitions, such as constitutionalism, more specific instruments, such as a Truth Commission and egalitarian policies. This last one is mainly registered in two constitutions, "temporary" and "definitive". These not only allowed the passage of the apartheid regime towards a democratic one, but they also registered the bases of a new transitional justice, through a Truth and reconciliation commission of a new kind. They also began a reparation policy, with egalitarian aims, and registered in a global project of State building. Choices made by South Africa in transition and in State building can be source of inspiration for number of States in transition
Samarbakhsh-Liberge, Lydia. "Un turbulent silence : récits, mémoires et représentations du massacre de Shaperville, Afrique du Sud, 21 mars 1960." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0132.
Full textThe Sharpeville massacre (March 21, 1960), where the police shot down 69 South Africans and wounded almost 200, is regarded, both in history and politics, as a major historical turning point. From the very beginning, two (apparently) antagonistic interpretations of the event were developed : the first one sees it as a failed attempt to overcome the appartheid regime, and the second one as an obvious evidence of the violent and barbaric nature of apartheid. A shadow of mystery on the very circumstances of the tragedy, as well as the crisis that followed, have influenced, for forty years historical analyses, transmissions of the memory of the event, and the nature of its commemorations. From 1960 up to 1976, a wall of silence has surrounded the country and favoured the legendary and symbolic dimension of the event often to the detriment of historical knowledge. This study based on the comperative critics of primary and secondary sources, draws on the complicated building process of the narratives and evocations of the massacre, along forty years, and their use in politics. Instead of simply disqualifying the symbolistic scope as such, this work describes and explains that dimension, on the ground of historical investigations and in the eyes of the evolutions of the South African society in the mists and the fall of apartheid
Kassi, Brou Olivier Saint-Omer. "Francophonie et justice : contribution de l'organisation internationale de la francophonie à la construction de l'état de droit." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0327/document.
Full textJustice is a fundamental attribute of modern States. In a democratic society, itguarantees the safeguard of the standard-setting framework as well as the protection ofrights. An independent and effective justice is a symbol of the rule of law. It illustrates theseparation of powers and establishes the primacy of law. But the efficiency of any judicialsystem depends on the nature and the extent of the resources at its disposal. Yet, inmany Francophone countries, the judicial system faces many weaknesses, sometimesrelated to the avatars of democratic stabilisation processes, sometimes to more fragilepost-crisis situations. So the question of the capacity development of the judicialinstitutions arises. For thirty years, the International Organization of La Francophonie(OIF) has entered the legal and judicial cooperation field on this basis. By including thepromotion of democracy at the heart of its political action, the OIF has indeed made strongcommitments and developed programs aimed at accompanying its member States in thecapacity development of their justice systems, thanks to its institutional networks. Thiscommitment can be seen in several statements of the Organization. It demonstrates thewill of the Francophone States to anchor their relationships in a cooperation framework,dedicated to the protection of fundamental rights and the regulation of majorities’ powers.Today, justice is consequently established as a priority in Francophone concerns. It isentered in both national and international level and in its transitional dimension
Rousseau, Audrey. "Mémoires et identités blessées en contexte postcolonial : la commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4355/1/M12232.pdf.
Full textCorbu, Michelle Mei Lee. "Les implications de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada pour l'État de droit et la justice transitionnelle : étude comparée avec l'Afrique du Sud." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18629.
Full textTobbia, Mariangela. "La mémoire collective aux temps de la justice transitionnelle." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18479.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the role of collective memory in transition countries. We aim to provide a clear understanding of the construction of collective memory and its specific function towards national identity in transition countries (especially Tunisia, Libya and South Africa). The construction of collective memory seems to result in a more efficient and sustainable political, social and economic transition. More specifically, our research focuses on the benefits of collective memory in the context of transitional justice (TJ). For many countries, TJ was the answer to ensure the transition from an internal conflict or a dictatorship towards a new democracy, that is to say, a system based on respect of human rights and the rule of law. TJ is therefore a complex process, which consists of several phases and mechanisms of action. From a broad perspective, TJ aims to build or rebuild a society and institutions that are just enough to ensure stability and stable enough to ensure justice. Two general approaches are possible to establish TJ while gauging its many challenges: the holistic approach (De Grieff) and an approach that we will call, for lack of a better term, "atomistic" (Elster). In general, those who support the atomistic conception of TJ see in the various mechanisms of TJ distinct and independent elements, which can lead to prioritize certain mechanisms over others and sometimes reject those who seem less important. Since the different aspects of transition are in relationship with each other, we intend to defend that it is better to think about the how to combine the elements, rather than how to isolate them. Hence, we present collective memory as the way by which the different components of TJ can effectively be related and integrated to one another. The question of collective memory therefore has a dual role in this project: at first we will describe it as one of the elements of TJ, but it will also turn out to be the sphere where the different mechanisms of TJ interact. Our question therefore is: how can collective memory help a society to come to terms with its past? Two alternatives are presented in the literature on this question: the strategy of "forgive and forget", which consists in forgetting the past and starting from scratch as if nothing happened, and that of "revealing is healing," which consists in determining all past responsibilities iv (individual and collective), recognizing the role of everyone (victims, perpetrators, opportunists, etc.) and work on a past that is still present.
Bolduc, Karine. "Les enfants-soldats et la justice transitionnelle : les impératifs d'imputabilité face à l'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3966/1/M11981.pdf.
Full textOtis, Louis. "Chronique, enquête et silence : autopsie de la présentation du conflit interne par la presse de Lima jusqu’au massacre d’Uchuraccay, 1960-1983." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6172.
Full textIn 2003, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Peru published a report on the internal war and violence that tore the country apart from 1980 to 2000. The report studied those two decades in order to shed light on the events, investigating the involvement of different sectors of society, so that Peruvians would be able to come to peace with their recent history. In its report, the TRC had a section on the media – including the written press. The report underscored the “important” role the media had played, but also stated that their coverage of the war might not have helped bring peace and may have even at times worsened the situation. This thesis aims to study the coverage of the internal war by the three daily newspapers with the largest circulation, Expreso, El Comercio and La República. It focuses on the period between the start of the war on May 17, 1980 and the massacre of eight journalists in the Andean village of Uchuraccay on January 26, 1983. It also considers the evolution of Peruvian journalism since the 1960s, when a democratic government was elected and a military junta subsequently took power and held it for 12 years. Beyond the ideological differences that characterize the three papers studied, this rocky period accounts for, at least partially, the initial lack of interest shown by the newspapers towards the first guerilla actions of the Shining Path and its popular war.