Academic literature on the topic 'Commission on More Effective Government'
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Journal articles on the topic "Commission on More Effective Government"
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Lee, Maria. "Accountability for Environmental Standards after Brexit." Environmental Law Review 19, no. 2 (June 2017): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452917713124.
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This Opinion emphasises the importance of paying attention to how government will be held to account for implementing environmental standards once the UK has left the EU. It focuses on three, relatively simple, accountability mechanisms that have been taken for granted during our membership of the EU: the big sticks of Commission-plus-Court of Justice enforcement mechanisms and fines, a more subtle architecture of transparency and political accountability, and a series of EU legal principles that render judicial review before domestic courts more effective.
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Hinton, Karen L. "Perceived Training Needs of Volunteers in Government Service." Public Personnel Management 24, no. 4 (December 1995): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609502400410.
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Community boards, committees and commissions are an essential element in linking citizens to local government. Their input and involvement provide a credible citizen voice to impact decisions. Training is often the first step necessary to help ensure that boards, committees and commissions can serve in a strong and effective manner. The information contained in this article is based upon a survey conducted in Fall 1992 by the Family Community Leadership (FCL) Project to ascertain training needs of individuals serving on municipal boards, committees and commissions in Carson City, Nevada. Effective leadership has become a more difficult challenge in the context of the ever increasing complexity of our society. Roles have become a complex set of functions rather than simply holding a position. The ability to envision the future, identify and analyze issues and to utilize a wide array of communication skills has been identified by many studies as critical elements for community leaders in the 90s. In the context of local government, Epstein and Cutchin (1990) identify individual development and improved communications as approaches that have been shown successful in achieving organizational excellence. These approaches tend to become more measurable when they are embraced by the total organization and the top of the organizational structure displays involvement with sponsorship and setting of the program's tone.
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Chun, Soon Ae, and Francisco Artigas. "Sensors and Crowdsourcing for Environmental Awareness and Emergency Planning." International Journal of E-Planning Research 1, no. 1 (January 2012): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2012010106.
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This paper proposes a participatory open environmental planning framework where environmental monitoring, environmental awareness and response planning combine high-tech sensors and “crowdsourcing” (with humans serving as a kind of sensor) to shift environmental planning away from government-centric planning. The authors present a prototype system of an open platform that has been initiated at the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission as a shared service for the regional municipal governments’ environmental emergency planning and response. It includes modules such as ocean surge flood alerting, air quality and water quality alerting, citizen incident reporting, forums and citizens’ volunteer resource sharing. Sending notifications to mobile devices and merging distributed sensor measurements with observations from the field to create a higher level of awareness about the local environment may be the beginning of a more effective way to solve long-term environmental problems.
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Kildea, Paul. "The Constitutional Role of Electoral Management Bodies: The Case of the Australian Electoral Commission." Federal Law Review 48, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x20955097.
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Electoral management bodies are increasingly being recognised as ‘fourth branch’ institutions that have a role to play in safeguarding electoral democracy against government attempts to undermine the fairness of the electoral process. This article explores the extent to which the Australian Electoral Commission (‘AEC’) fulfils that constitutional function by facilitating and protecting electoral democracy. It demonstrates that independence, impartiality and a supportive legislative framework help the AEC to be effective in performing these roles, but that inadequate powers, lack of budgetary autonomy and answerability to political actors operate as constraints. More generally, the analysis presented shows the value of expanding our understanding of the role of fourth branch institutions so that we take account of their activities in both fostering and safeguarding key democratic values.
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Sijapati, Dipendra Bikram. "Local Election of Nepal 2017: An Overview of Gender Inclusion Prospective." Journal of Population and Development 1, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v1i1.33101.
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Gender refers to the socially constituted relations between men and women. It focuses on power relations, roles and challenges along with the existing women's subordination in the society. Gender Inclusiveness is additional diverse activity and process of local governments, local institutions like Ward, Rural Municipality, District Coordination Committee and Municipality with self-reliant local governance and sustainable and effective service providing agencies. This article based on the objective to highlight the existing variation of women's inclusion in local governments among developed and developing countries. It analyses the provisions regarding inclusion addressed in the federal Constitution of Nepal in local elections. This paper widely covers concept, definition, theories, practice, situation, laws, policies and program at all levels. The paper is based on secondary sources of information, data published by Election Commission 2017, in Nepal. The raw data are analysed using the Excel spread program on computer and are calculated in frequency distribution and percentage to make its meaningful analysis. Data are carefully analysed and interpreted for generalization. The gender inclusion in local government is gradually increasing. As in national election 2017, the female elected members in local government are almost 40 percent in the districts of Nepal and the data is more than allocated (33%) by the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and election manifestos of different political parties. All the acts, policies and constitutions also emphasized the gender inclusion in all sector of Nepalese government.
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Darpö, Jan. "The Commission: A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing?" Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 13, no. 3-4 (December 7, 2016): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01303004.
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This article centres on the effectiveness of Article 258 tfeu proceedings for the enforcement of eu environmental law. Employing as an example the case between the Commission and Sweden on the licensed hunting of wolves – a species enjoying strict protection in accordance with the Habitats Directive – the pros and cons will be discussed of infringement proceedings for the enforcement of the common responsibilities in the environmental area. While these proceedings can be effective in situations where they are used, they suffer unpredictability and a lack of consistency owing to political balancing within the Commission. Furthermore, lack of transparency in communication between the Commission and the governments of the Member States prevent public scrutiny of the system, which contributes to alienation of the eu from the public. Finally, on areas of environmental law – which are highly dependent upon scientific expert knowledge and thus dominated by ‘soft guidelines’ – infringement proceedings are an important complement to references from national courts to cjeu for preliminary rulings on controversial issues in order to avoid ‘circular decision-making’. Thus, the Swedish wolf issue can serve as a background for a more general discussion on infringement proceedings as an effective means for the enforcement of environmental law within the Union.
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Butt, Simon. "Freedom of Information Law and Its Application in Indonesia: A Preliminary Assessment." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 8 (2013): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000879.
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AbstractIn 2008, Indonesia introduced its first “freedom of information” statute – Law 14 of 2008 on Disclosure of Public Information (the “FOI Law” or the “Law”) – which became fully operational in 2010. The FOI Law is an important component of the government transparency and accountability mechanisms established after Soeharto and his authoritarian “New Order” government fell in 1998. This article assesses the extent to which the FOI Law has been effective in requiring public bodies to disclose “public” information that they would rather keep within their ranks. More time is needed for these reforms to take hold. However, this article, which provides the first academic analysis of the freedom of information reforms “in practice”, shows that Indonesia’s central Information Commission and the courts have, with two important exceptions, applied the FOI Law in favour of information-seekers, thereby providing some reason for optimism for the future of this reform.
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Agube, Ejeje Igwe, Edwin M. Igbokwe, and Oluwasegun Felix Ojo. "Role of Extension Forest Officers in Forest Conservation in Cross River State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, no. 3 (August 6, 2021): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i3.7.
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This study assessed role of extension forest officers in forest conservation in Cross River State, Nigeria. All the forest officers under the employment of the Cross River State Forestry Commission (CRSFC) formed the population of the study. Systematic sampling technique was employed to select 78 respondents for the study out of a population of 314 forest officers. Data were collected through validated structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed using percentage and mean scores. The major effective extension role of forest officers in forest conservation were creating awareness through environmental enlightenment campaign in forest communities ( x̄= 2.61) and dissemination of information in relation to public participation in forest conservation (x̄ = 2.61). The Major training needs of forest officers in forest conservation were sustainable forest management practices (x̄ = 3.39), forestry extension practices ( x̄= 3.32) and developing group participation. The most serious constraints to effective forestry extension service delivery were inadequate funding ( x̄= 2.97), and lack of vehicles for field staff logistics (x̄ = 2.80). ). Forestry extension service delivery in forest conservation was less effective, owing to a great number of constraints militating against the service delivery. For extension role of forest officers in forest conservation to be more effective in the state, there is need for extension unit to be created by the Cross River State Forestry Commission and specifically saddled with the responsibility of carrying out forestry extension functions along with the readiness of the state government to adequately coordinate and fund forestry extension services.
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Bateman, Severine. "Maintaining Balance: A Comprehensive Look of The Struggle Between Government Protection and Government Overreach in Regard to Mergers and Their Remedies." American Journal of Trade and Policy 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v8i2.535.
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In September of 2020, the Department of Justice made a change to the Merger Remedies Manual, which discusses the correct remedies for mergers that violate the standards in the Heart-Scott-Rodino Act and how to best enforce them. A deeper look at this manual prompts a deeper analysis on current antitrust merger standards and how they balance government power and personal liberties. The Merger Remedies manual and its corresponding document with the Federal Trade Commission, as well as the merger standards in regard to the rise of Private Equity Buyers and Big Tech, promote concern over the balance between constitutional rights and promoting fairness in the marketplace. This article is among the first to analyze how current merger remedies stand in being effective in regard to the technology sector, while also analyzing the constitutionality of those merger regulations.The article contributes to the literature in three primary ways. First, the article deeply analyzes the two manuals for merger remedies from the above mentioned agencies and determines which better balances governmental powers with personal liberties and where both agencies could improve. Second, the article outlines the current concerns with large technology companies and their current rights in regard to merger standards while also acknowledging their monopolizing tendencies, presenting ways in which such issues could more easily and constitutionally be regulated through antitrust merger laws. Third, the article analyzes the current stance from the merger regulating agencies towards private equity firms and how their changing stances and opinions support a less government-regulative stance towards private equity firm involvement.
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Gomez, Mario. "The Right to Information and Transformative Development Outcomes." Law and Development Review 12, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 837–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0046.
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Abstract One of the innovations of the past 30 years has been the creation and subsequent use of the “right to information (RTI)” to deepen democracy, enhance citizen participation and generate transparent systems of governance. Transitional societies and existing democracies alike have embraced legal regimes on the right to information. An RTI law gives a person a right to demand information from a public body (and in some cases from private bodies as well) without having to disclose why the information is being sought. Such a right can enhance transparency in public administration, decrease the level of arbitrary decision-making, and facilitate citizen participation at local, regional and central government levels. It can also reduce corruption and prevent the abuse of public power. UN Sustainable Development Goal 16 commits States to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. More particularly, Target 16.10 aims to “ensure public access to information”. By examining the work of the Sri Lankan RTI Commission over the past 2 years, this Article assesses whether RTI regimes and RTI commissions can be transformative in their impact, including to help realize SDG Goal 16. Can they help generate transparent, participatory and less-corrupt development outcomes, foster a concept of active citizenship, provide genuine public scrutiny of government decision-making, and enable citizens to benefit from an inclusive development process?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commission on More Effective Government"
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Parry, Charles, and Bronwyn Myers. "Beyond the rhetoric : towards a more effective and humane drug policy framework in South Africa." Health and Medical Publishing Group (HMPG), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18783.
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The original publication is available at http://www.samj.org.zaThe March 2011 Anti-Substance Abuse Summit in Durban continued the outdated approach to policy around illicit drugs in South Africa. It missed opportunities for discussing how to impact significantly on the health and social harms associated with problematic drug use and reduce the burden of drug-related cases in the criminal justice system. The government needs to move away from the political rhetoric of a ‘drug-free society’ and start the real work of formulating and implementing an evidence-based drug policy that learns from the experiences of other countries around decriminalising drug use; takes into account differences in the harms resulting from different classes of drugs; adopts a rights-based, public health approach to policy; and identifies a single (accountable) agency that has the authority to oversee policy implementation. In addition, consensus is needed on the short-, medium- and long-term priorities for drug policy implementation. The 17 evidence-based drug policy strategies identified by Babor et al. may serve as a useful starting point for policy development.
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Wilkinson, Kevin James. "More effective federal procurement response to disasters maximizing the extraordinary flexibilities of IDIQ contracting /." View thesis, 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA454285.
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Roopa, Satish. "The structural and systemic changes necessary to make the North West provincial administration more effective and efficient." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52580.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The introduction of provinces in South Africa since 1994 has not only provided for a new level of decision making but also a change dynamic generated by the integration of different government administrations of the second tier of Government. The original integration problems of the different administrations also extended the inquiry to the importance of greater efficiency and effectiveness of the Provincial level of Government. Since the commencement of provinces many questions have been raised such as; why are provinces unable to provide the requisite services expected of them; why are provinces unable to succeed in implementation of their aims and objectives; should provinces empower rather than serve communities; should the public service be driven by mission statements and success! performance criteria rather than bureaucratic rules; should the provincial government be anticipatory i.e. strategically focused, rather than reactive and crisis management driven. Are provincial governments necessary or can the services be provided more cost effectively by privatisation. All the above questions raises the central inquiry of what structural and systemic changes are necessary to make the provincial administration more effective and efficient in delivery of services and what qualities of leadership will be necessary to enable this to happen. The study covers six chapters. In chapter one the theoretical basis is discussed in the provincial context. Chapter two is an Opportunity! Obstruction analysis of the North West Provinces and reaches the conclusion that transformation will not occur automatically and both structural and systematic changes will be required. Chapter four looks at the corporate rules of the Provincial Administration and by white papers, green papers, policy papers and regulations. Chapter five looks at the way forward. The overwhelming conclusions reached by the study is that: • Transformation would require both structural as well as systemic changes. • Leadership would need to be much more focused to succeed with transformation. • Efficiency would require a complete mindset change by civil servants. Effectiveness would require much greater co-ordination between budgeting and planning interfaced at the centre. Chapter six concludes the study by answering the hypothesis and the questions raised in the introductory chapter.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die instelling van nege provinsies in Suid-Afrika sedert 1994 het nie alleen 'n nuwe vlak van politieke besluitneming geskep nie, maar ook 'n nuwe veranderingsdinamika gegenereer met die integrasie van verskillende staatsadministrasies op die tweede vlak van regering. Die aanvanklike probleme met die integrasie van verskillende administrasies het ook die soeklig laat val op die noodsaaklikheid van groter effektiwiteit en doelmatigheid van die vlak van regering. Sedert die provinsies begin funksioneer het, is baie vrae oor hulle voortbestaan gevra soos byvoorbeeld: waarom slaag die provinsies nie in hulle diensleweringsfunksies nie; waarom kan die provinsies nie hulle doelwitte en doelstellings implementeer nie; moet die provinsies gemeenskappe bemagtig of dien; moet die provinsies burokratiese reels volg of uitsetgedrewe wees; moet provinsiale adrninistrasies strategies-antisiperend in hulle benadering wees of reaktiefadministratief en is provinsiale administrasies enigsinds nodig, of kan die meeste dienste meer koste-effektief geprivatiseer word? Al die bogenoemde vrae het dus die sentrale vraag laat ontstaan oor wat die strukturele en sisterniese veranderings is wat nodig sal wees om 'n provinsiale administrasie in staat te stel om te voldoen aan groter effektiwiteit en dienslewering en watter leierskapskwaliteite daaraan gekoppel kan word. Die studie ontplooi in ses hoofstukke. In hoofstuk een word die teoretiese uitgangspunte en die provinsiale konteks bespreek. Hoofstuk twee bevat 'n geleentheid-bedreigingsanalise van die Noordwes Provinsie en het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat verandering nie vanselfsprekend sal plaasvind nie en dat daar sisterniese en strukturele intervensies sal moet plaasvind. Hoofstuk drie fokus op die strukturele aspekte wat die gang van die Noordwes Provinsie bepaal soos dit manifesteer in onder andere alle tersaaklike wetgewing, witskrifte, groenskrifte, beleid en regulasies. Hoofstuk vier bied 'n sisterniese analise van die Noordwes Provinsiale bedeling en hoofstuk vyf beskryf die moontlike weg vorentoe. Ten slotte word daar 'n gevolgtrekking in hoofstuk ses aangebied. Die oorwoë gevolgtrekking waartoe die studie kom is dat die mees ideale pad vorentoe vir provinsiale bedelings langs vier weë gesoek moet word t.w.: • Daar moet meer aandag aan transformasie gegee word en dit sal beide strukturele en sisterniese veranderinge behels. • Daar moet baie meer op leierskap gefokus word ten einde die transformasieproses te laat slaag. • Om groter effektiwiteit te bereik sal daar 'n verskuiwing in die ingesteldheid (mindset) van staatsamptenare gemaak moet word. • Ten einde groter doelmatigheid in die Noordwes Provinsie te bereik sal daar baie beter integrasie tussen beplanningsfunksies en begrotingsfunksies moet plaasvind.
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Ramela, Mmatlou Phinah. "Good governance in state institutions supporting South Africa’s system of multi-level government." University of Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3909.
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Fisher, Geoffrey Griswold. "A Connecticut compromise for Connecticut an analysis of how reforming the state legislature into a true bicameral institution will revive the local citizenry, producing more thoughtful and effective public policy for Connecticut /." Thesis, 2006. http://worldcat.org/oclc/166327338/viewonline.
Full textBooks on the topic "Commission on More Effective Government"
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United States. President's Commission on Privatization. Privatization, toward more effective government: Report of the President's Commission on Privatization. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Commission, 1988.
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United States. President's Commission on Privatization. Privatization: Toward more effective government : report of the President's Commission on Privatization. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear regulation: Preventing problem plants requires more effective NRC action : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Lolojih, Peter K. Making local authorities more effective, transparent, and accountable: Policy recommendations based on an analysis of the opinion poll : radio and television discussions, and the study commissioned by Transparency International--Zambia (TIZ) : (a summary of the report). Lusaka: Transparency International Zambia, 2003.
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Privatization, United States President's Commission on. Privatization: Toward more effective government. [Washington, D.C.] (1825 K. St., N.W., Suite 310, Washington 20006): The Commission, 1988.
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Institute of Policy Studies (Colombo, Sri Lanka), ed. Devolution revisited (towards a more effective devolutionary polity). Colombo, Sri Lanka: Institute of Policy Studies, 2006.
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Stephen, Howes, Lahiri Ashok K, and Stern N. H, eds. State-level reforms in India: Towards more effective government. New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2003.
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Keyuan, Zou, ed. Towards more effective governance: China's politics in 1998. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999.
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Massachusetts. Governor's Executive Commission for Homeless Services Coordination. Housing the homeless: A more effective approach : final report. [Boston?]: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Governor's Executive Commission for Homeless Services Coordination, 2003.
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Texas. Chapter 571, Government Code Texas Ethics Commission: Effective September 1, 2003. Austin, Tex: The Commission, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Commission on More Effective Government"
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Chang, Xin, Hengpeng Zhu, Lei Zhang, and Qi Zhang. "More Powerful Market and More Effective Government in Resource Allocation." In Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4000-4_1.
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Jones, Alistair. "The Drive for More Cost-Effective Local Government." In The Resurgence of Parish Council Powers in England, 13–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45128-8_2.
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Kfir, Aharon. "Enhancing the Capability of O & M to Carry Out More Effective Studies." In Inter and Intra Government Arrangements for Productivity, 179–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2864-4_14.
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Raussen, Thomas, Geoffrey Ebong, and Jimmy Musiime. "6. More effective natural resource management through democratically elected, decentralised government structures in Uganda." In Development and Agroforestry, 70–83. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855986896.006.
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Misnikov, Yuri, Olga Filatova, and Andrei Chugunov. "Converting the Outcomes of Citizens’ Discourses in the Cyberspace into Policy Inputs for More Democratic and Effective Government." In Public Administration and Information Technology, 259–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54142-6_15.
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Łacny, Justyna. "Suspension of EU Funds Paid to Member States Breaching the Rule of Law: Is the Commission’s Proposal Legal?" In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 269–303. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_11.
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AbstractThe existing scale of violations of the rule of law by some Member States, including capturing judicial independence by their governments, is a relatively new phenomenon for the EU; the one for which the EU based on the EU common values (Article 2 TEU) originally was not prepared to effectively deal with. The EU reacts to current rule of law crisis by using different legal methods and instruments: it inter alia applies existing procedures (Article 7 TEU procedure and with more success general infringement procedure under Articles 258-260 TFEU) and struggles to develop new ones. This contribution is focused on the new EU legislative initiative of connecting in the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) 2021–2027 transfers of EU funds to Member States with their observance of the rule of law. Or to put it differently, this legislative initiatives would authorize the EU institutions to suspend regular transfers of EU funds to Member States that systematically breach the rule of law.
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Charalabidis, Yannis, Demetrios Sarantis, and Dimitris Askounis. "Knowledge-Driven Project Management in Government Transformation." In Handbook of Research on ICT-Enabled Transformational Government, 213–39. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-390-6.ch012.
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As implementation projects for transforming e-government mature, the need for successfully tackling project management emerges: without a project management method, those who commission an egovernment project, those who manage it and those who work on it will not have the necessary tools to plan, organise, monitor, and reschedule tasks, responsibilities and milestones. In taking forward both the Government Modernisation and the Civil Service Reform agendas, renewed emphasis is being placed on project management approaches and techniques for achieving policy objectives more effectively and efficiently. The present chapter, after giving an overview of state-of-the-art project management methodologies, goes further in indicating the needs of the e-government domain and proposing a goaldriven way to manage all the aspects of e-government projects. Specifically designed tools support the application in a lighthouse project of the Greek public sector, leading to reusable conclusions on achievements and problems faced.
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Freudlsperger, Christian. "European Union." In Trade Policy in Multilevel Government, 172–217. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856122.003.0006.
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The third case study investigates the case of the European Union. It finds that the EU’s constituent units enjoy an unusually influential role in its council model of subcentral representation. Member states shape EU trade policy at both stages of formal decision-making. In-between these formal veto points, collaborative relations between supranational and national executives are supported by a dense and formalized network of committees as well as a clear-cut division of procedural authorities. Turning to the two theorized intervening factors, the chapter finds that the nexus between European integration and international liberalization has been particularly close in procurement, reinforcing member states’ openness. Politicization of procurement liberalization, in turn, has remained low despite recent years’ contestation against CETA and TTIP. Ultimately, the EU case corroborates the initial expectation that shared rule systems are institutionally and procedurally well-equipped to adapt flexibly to the demands of multilevel trade governance and organize openness more effectively than self-rule models. EU member states have developed strategies to avoid the joint-decision trap’s propensity to decision-making blockades and lowest common denominator outcomes. Among these means rank a clear-cut division of procedural competences with the Commission, a densely institutionalized system of IGR largely secluded from domestic public and party political pressures, and the adoption of legislative proposals by qualified majority. This general institutional and procedural set-up has allowed the Union to act as a ‘market-making polity’ both internally, forging an integrated procurement market, as well as externally, pursuing an offensive agenda in the WTO and in preferential trade agreements.
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Dale, Peter, and John McLaughlin. "Policy Issues in Land Administration." In Land Administration. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233909.003.0014.
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Land administration strategies and processes need to be structured within a broad policy framework, the shape of which will depend on the jurisdiction concerned. A common thread between systems will be the promotion of economic development, social justice and equity, political stability, and environmentally sustainable development. The processes of re-engineering, total quality management, and other management reforms discussed in Chapter 9 were originally designed for use in the private sector so that organizations could respond better to the demands of the market place. More recently, they have increasingly been adopted by public sector administrators who have been forced to respond to the market oriented approach and hence have been required to upgrade land administration systems. In the United States the processes of re-engineering have been packaged under such labels as ‘entrepreneurial government’ and ‘reinventing government’ and were addressed in the National Performance Review (known as the Gore Commission) which had a mandate to ‘re-invent and to reinvigorate the entire national government’. The ideas were picked up by many other governments—from Australia to the UK (Butler 1994), the Netherlands to New Zealand, and Singapore to Sweden-regardless of party or ideology. Although reinventing government means different things to different people, it has generally entailed: 1. restructuring the way government services are organized; 2. developing new strategies and processes for managing government services (for instance, simplifying administrative programmes); 3. empowering the recipients of public services. As with the private sector, a crucial component of reinventing government has been the effective use of information technology (IT). Governments in general have only recently begun to review their national information strategies and to develop new ways in which they deliver services to citizens and businesses. Over the past few years, IT has changed the way that many people live through the creation of new products and services. Examples include the use of credit and debit cards, the ability to withdraw cash from a ‘hole in the wall’ even in a foreign country, the mobile phone and fax machine, and access to information on the Internet. Information technology now makes it possible for citizens and businesses to deal directly with government agencies if they so wish (UK Government 1996).
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Viroli, Maurizio. "Images of the Civil Religion." In As If God Existed, translated by Alberto Nones. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691142357.003.0003.
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This chapter details the spread of republican religion. The concept of civil religion spread within republican cities' culture and customs through the treatises on government. But even more effective were the images that embodied those concepts. Whereas the concepts expounded in the treatises spoke first and foremost to reason, paintings struck the eyes, and from the eyes touched the passions. The rulers of republics were aware of the images' strength, especially when they were accompanied by clear words, written in large, legible characters, preferably in the vernacular. For this reason, rulers commissioned skilled artists to produce a great number of works explaining the principles of republican good government to the magistrates and citizens. The message conveyed by the walls of the city government's most important halls was at once political and religious. That is, their imagery taught people to view civic duties as if they were real religious duties—God's and Christ's commandments, not just human advice.
Conference papers on the topic "Commission on More Effective Government"
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Walker, Rachel E. "U.S. Federal, State, and Local Permitting Requirements and Expectations for Oil Pipeline Repair: Assuring Compliance and Streamlining the Permitting Process." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31151.
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This paper examines regulations for oil pipeline repair and considers some best practices to streamline permitting and assure compliance in the U.S. In the U.S., the federal government does not regulate construction or abandonment for oil pipelines, as it does with natural gas pipelines through the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the FERC). Instead, a number of federal, state, and local authorities have jurisdiction over oil pipelines and may regulate these activities differently. Because oil pipelines cross many jurisdictional boundaries, applicants find it challenging to navigate permitting requirements. For example, determining which permits are required for pipeline repair in U.S. waters can be difficult because, while such waters are defined by federal statute, the application of those rules is not uniform in all jurisdictions. In this paper, we present best practices for assuring compliance and streamlining the permitting process for oil pipeline construction, routine maintenance and repair in the U.S. To the extent possible, best practices mimic the FERC process, promote dialogue between regulators and oil pipeline companies, and foster a more transparent and effective environmental regulatory process. This paper presents the challenges encountered by the oil pipeline industry as a result of multiple agencies regulating the repair of oil pipelines. The paper then presents some discussion of the regulatory process and approaches to addressing challenges associated with this process. Following best practices to meet regulatory requirements is not only efficient and cost effective, but also helps assure long term regulatory compliance which affects the success of both small and larger scale projects.
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Grogan, G. R., and J. L. Borthen. "Performing Detailed Design Reviews of a U.S. Navy Surface Combatant within an Integrated Data Environment." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2009-p06.
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Between November 2006 and March 2009, the U.S. Navy’s first ZUMWALT class Guided Missile Destroyer, DDG 1000, underwent Detailed Design. According to a Government Accountability Office shipbuilding study in 2005, late changes to a ship’s design is recognized as the primary factor contributing to increasing ship construction costs. Therefore a strict Detailed Design review process was implemented for DDG 1000 that included improved Computer Aided Design tools and more efficient communication methods than previous ship Detailed Design efforts. The actual benefit of the design reviews of the ZUMWALT Class will not truly be known until after the Lead Ship has been commissioned, however, the design reviews, along with the unprecedented involvement by stakeholders via an Integrated Data Environment, have already proved to be an effective means for reducing the probability that setbacks will be encountered at the waterfront.
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Koroll, Grant W., Dennis M. Bilinsky, Randall S. Swartz, Jeff W. Harding, Michael J. Rhodes, and Randall W. Ridgway. "Decommissioning of AECL Whiteshell Laboratories." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16311.
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Whiteshell Laboratories (WL) is a Nuclear Research and Test Establishment near Winnipeg, Canada, operated by AECL since the early 1960s and now under decommissioning. WL occupies approximately 4400 hectares of land and employed more than 1000 staff up to the late-1990s, when the closure decision was made. Nuclear facilities at WL included a research reactor, hot cell facilities and radiochemical laboratories. Programs carried out at the WL site included high level nuclear fuel waste management research, reactor safety research, nuclear materials research, accelerator technology, biophysics, and industrial radiation applications. In preparation for decommissioning, a comprehensive environmental assessment was successfully completed [1] and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission issued a six-year decommissioning licence for WL starting in 2003 — the first decommissioning licence issued for a Nuclear Research and Test Establishment in Canada. This paper describes the progress in this first six-year licence period. A significant development in 2006 was the establishment of the Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program (NLLP), by the Government of Canada, to safely and cost effectively reduce, and eventually eliminate the nuclear legacy liabilities and associated risks, using sound waste management and environmental principles. The NLLP endorsed an accelerated approach to WL Decommissioning, which meant advancing the full decommissioning of buildings and facilities that had originally been planned to be decontaminated and prepared for storage-with-surveillance. As well the NLLP endorsed the construction of enabling facilities — facilities that employ modern waste handling and storage technology on a scale needed for full decommissioning of the large radiochemical laboratories and other nuclear facilities. The decommissioning work and the design and construction of enabling facilities are fully underway. Several redundant non-nuclear buildings have been removed and redundant nuclear facilities are being decontaminated and prepared for demolition. Along with decommissioning of redundant structures, site utilities are being decommissioned and reconfigured to reduce site operating costs. New waste handling and waste clearance facilities have been commissioned and a large shielded modular above ground storage (SMAGS) structure is in final design in preparation for construction in 2010. The eventual goal is full decommissioning of all facilities and infrastructure and removal of stored wastes from the site.
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Xiaofeng, Zhang, Zhao Feng, Zhu Rongxu, Yang Zongzhen, and Shangguan Zhihong. "Improving Public Acceptance to Nuclear Power: Policy, Practice and Experience With Public Communication." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66789.
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With the development of public awareness on environmental protection, especially after the Fukushima nuclear accident, the opposition to nuclear power due to NIMBY (not in my back yard) effect begins to hinder the rapid development of Chinese nuclear industry. For example, in recent years several large-scale mass incidents with appealing to stop the siting and construction of nuclear facilities in China have put related projects (including nuclear power plant and nuclear fuel cycle facility) into termination, resulting in certain financial loss and unnecessary social unstabilization, thus causing more and more concern from administrative authority, research institution and nuclear industry. To strengthen public acceptance on nuclear power, related enterprises such as CGN and CNNC have made great efforts in information disclosure to eliminate mysterious feelings towards nuclear power and expect to build new impression as clean energy. Domestic institutions and universities carry out plenty of work on methods to help public correctly perceive nuclear risk and present strategies for effective public communication. Administrative authority also issued detailed guidance on public communication required to be fulfilled during plant’s siting phase, which provided explicit provisions on the responsibility and job content of different entities. Here we will take one public communication practice of one nuclear power project located in south Zhejiang region as an example. In this scenario, we face more difficulty than other projects, such as doubt from local government, complexity of public types, and large amount of stakeholders. In this paper, we will make summary on endeavors to improve public acceptance, such as large amount of NPP visits, comprehensive scientific popularization, direct communication with stakeholders and integration development between local society and nuclear industry. And we will discuss the feasibility of innovative practice, combining several similar tasks needed in different subjects, such as environmental impact assessment and social stabilization assessment, to fulfill at once. To achieve this goal, we design specific questionnaire and use it to survey the opinion of more than 800 people in the fairly large region across different provinces, covering 30km radius area of site, which gains satisfactory results. By comparing outcomes of opinion surveys carried out before and after the practice, we will put forward to the considerable effect of public communication in improving public acceptance to nuclear power, and analysis the pros and cons of this example. Moreover, we also expect the good experience in practice can be promoted to overall processes of nuclear power plant, including siting, construction, commission and life extension, helping nuclear power gain more public acceptance.
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Azhykulova, Asel. "Efficient and Effective Public Spending for Sustainable Economic Growth." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01384.
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Nowadays, governments are more careful with the use of resources and attempt to be efficient and effective to achieve sustainable economic development. This paper contrasts the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending of developed and developing countries in current conditions and their impact on economic growth.
The author analyses efficiency and effectiveness measures of public spending applied by prominent cross-country empirical studies. The critical success factors for the effective performance of government through World Bank indicator of government effectiveness highlights the role of effective public budget policy. In addition, the Public Sector Performance Index and Public Sector Efficiency Index introduced by Vito Tanzi and other measures of Livio di Matteo, Konstantinos Angelopoulos are examined. Based on these approaches the author proposes several suggestions for the current condition of public budget policies of Central Asian countries and ways of improving the effectiveness and efficiency levels of their public sector.
The author argues that the assumption that developing countries are less efficient than developed countries are based on several efficiency variations: the size of government expenditure, a government budget composition, aid dependency, and weak institutions. What is more, findings suggest that countries with relatively small governments that use resources more efficiently tend to achieve higher levels of economic growth that is not always the case for all developed countries. These findings have important implications for assessing the government performance on economic growth.
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Koskinen, Jani, Mikko M. Rantanen, and Sami Hyrynsalmi. "Ethical governance of e-government ecosystem." In Enabling Technology for a Sustainable Society. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.14.
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Digitisation of governmental services has become a common approach to make governing more effective and efficient. The eGovernment services can be built on top of a variety of information systems and supplied to and between individuals and organisations on both national and international levels. This results in a complex organisational and sociotechnical ecosystem containing a vast amount of variables affecting the privacy and safety of citizens. Thus, achieving these better societies relies strongly on common trust between the citizens and governments. This calls for ‘governance of governance’, which can prove to be difficult to manage. Even in this challenging environment, it is crucial that ethical principles are applied to the highest possible degree. Yet, in current research, the citizens are often neglected. In order to develop a better society for all, we should objectively consider the ends and means of eGovernment. In this paper, we study the relation of the citizens and eGovernment systems from an ethical perspective in order to represent which ethical considerations should be made if one wishes to truly aim for a better society.
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Kaplanhan, Fatih, and Cem Korkut. "Distribution of Tax Revenue of Central Government to Local Governments: Glocalization." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01127.
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Main questions of this study are “How much autonomy?” and “Has autonomy take to feudalism?” Although the resolution of issue according to effective, efficient, rational and fair principles about the income distribution between the central administration and the municipalities is a precondition of permanent and efficient services of local governments.This study aims to identify regional goverments tasks and improve services of central governments with taxes (VAT) distirbution method. We also aim to increase taxes that are collected from regional governments with the method of glocalization. In addition, if sharing criteria was different, it would how a change between the years 2003-2011 will be investigated. During the comprehensive analysis of these years with public revenues on the basis of VAT, local government’s expenditure, criteria/data to be applied in the share of public revenues to municipalities whether changing the method financing of municipalities can make local governments more efficient and productive will be explored. In a political structure that municipalities are financed from the center, it is very difficult to find an appropriate combination between equality and justice in the distribution of income. Local governments must have privileges which is proportionate with responsibilities on own mandates and source of income for producing to serve as an effective and efficient local services. The results show that if the central governments give budget to regional government according to taxes that are collected in this region, productivity of taxation increase and regional government can collect taxes easier.
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Noveski, Martin, Nina Mojsova Kjoseva, and Sasho Kjosev. "GOVERNMENT INDEBTEDNESS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0001.
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Government consumption plays an important role for stability of the national economy, especially in periods of economic crisis. However, rapidly growing public debt is a concerning issue nowadays, since it might jeopardize economic growth perspectives. Economic theory suggests that public debt has non-linear impact on economic growth in a form of inverted U-shape. In other words, it is believed that after a certain threshold, public debt will have negative impact on economic growth. Given that such threshold varies significantly across countries, the aim of this paper is to calculate the turning point of the public debt impact in the Republic of North Macedonia. For this purpose, we use non-linear multiple regression model for real GDP growth rate as dependent variable, general government public debt-to-GDP ratio (in nominal and squared terms) as key independent variable, as well as several other controlling variables. Since theory also suggests reverse causality between economic growth and public debt, we use three different estimation techniques (Ordinary Least Squares, Two-Stages Least Squares, and Generalized Method of Moments) to deal with potential endogeneity, as well as to cross-validate the results. Our results show that general government debt in the Republic of North Macedonia positively affects economic growth until it reaches around 30% of GDP, whereas further indebtedness after that turning point will most likely have negative impact. Given that current debt level is slightly above 40% (10 percentage points higher than the turning point), whereby due to the COVID-19 crisis it is expected to grow even more in the upcoming years, the need of urgent fiscal consolidation inevitably arises. In this regards, deeper and more comprehensive analysis is needed in order to identify adequate channels for its efficient and effective implementation.
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Grudinin, Nikita. "Reasons and conditions for the contract killing in Russia at the end of XX and at the beginning of the XXI centuries." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-116-125.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons and conditions for the commission of murders for hire. It is noted that contract killings are becoming a common occurrence in such periods of history, which are characterized by economic or political crises, an insufficiently clear and effective system of government, legal nihilism of citizens, the drain of professional personnel from law enforcement agencies, the fall of moral and ethical foundations in society. The author comes to the conclusion that with all the variety of factors causing contract killings, one of their main reasons is the desire for personal gain and the elimination of competitors.
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K. Lippert, Susan. "Technology Trust: An Inventory of Trust Infrastructures for Government and Commercial Information Systems In Support of Electronic Commerce." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2527.
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Electronic business transactions have exploded in the 21st century. End users rely on Internet security and privacy systems for safeguarding personal information and protection from unauthorized use. While these systems focus on safety, security and privacy, infrastructures supporting predictability, reliability and utilization of technology, classified as technology trust, are underdeveloped. This benchmark review will identify, catalog, and report on existing technology trust structures within commercial and government electronic networks. Increased trust in technology leads to more effective utilization and rapid adoption of electronic commerce. The technology trust elements can have a profound affect on speed and efficiency of technology adoption, use, and acceptance.
Reports on the topic "Commission on More Effective Government"
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Reyes, Angela, Benjamin Roseth, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Research Insights: How Digital Tools Increase Access to Government Services and Social Programs through On-time Renewals of IDs. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003572.
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Sending SMS reminders increased the probability of on-time renewals of IDs by 12 percentage points, while also allowing citizens to renew their IDs online only increased renewals by 8 percentage points. Providing an online option (instead of in-person renewals) was less effective due to a poor user experience with the online procedure. The poorest individuals who received reminders were also more likely to receive transfers from an emergency in-kind transfer delivered through digital vouchers.
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Dime, Roselle, Juzhong Zhuang, and Edimon Ginting. Estimating Fiscal Multipliers in Selected Asian Economies. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210309-2.
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The surge of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has driven countries worldwide to launch substantial stimulus packages to support economic recovery. This paper estimates effects of fiscal measures on output using data from 2000 to 2019 for a panel of nine developing Asian economies and a vector autoregression model. Results show that (i) the 4-quarter and 8-quarter cumulative fiscal multipliers for general government spending range between 0.73 and 0.88 in baselines, in line with recent estimates for developed countries but larger than those for developing countries; (ii) government spending is more effective than tax cuts in boosting the economy; and (iii) an accommodative monetary policy regime can make fiscal measures more effective.
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Reyes, Angela, Benjamin Roseth, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Technology, Identification, and Access to Social Programs: Experimental Evidence from Panama. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003485.
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Access to identification cards (IDs) is often required to claim government benefits. However, it is unclear which policies to increase ID ownership are more effective. We experimentally analyze the effect of two policy interventions to induce the timely renewal of identification cards on access to a government social program in Panama. Sending reminders about expiration dates increased the probability of on-time renewals and of accessing benefits from a social program by 12 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively, relative to a control group. In contrast, allowing individuals to renew their ID online only increased renewals and access to benefits by 8 and 2.9 percentage points, respectively. This result was driven by lower-income individuals. The results suggest that policies to increase ownership of valid identity documentation can reduce inclusion errors in government programs and that simply granting access to digital tools may not be enough to unlock important effects.
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Rachel Beach, and Fariya Mohiuddin. Strengthening Tax-Accountability Links: Fiscal Transparency and Taxpayer Engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.002.
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There is increasingly strong evidence that taxation can contribute to expanded government responsiveness and accountability. However, such positive connections are not guaranteed. Rather, they are shaped by the political and economic context and specific policies adopted by governments and civil society actors. Without an environment that enables tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than forceful extraction. We consider how such enabling environments may be fostered through two mixed methods case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Sierra Leone and Ghana. We highlight two key sets of findings. First, tax transparency is only meaningful if it is accessible and easily understood by taxpayers and relates to their everyday experiences and priorities. In particular, we find that taxpayers do not just want basic information about tax obligations or aggregate revenue collected, but information about how much revenue should have been collected and how revenues were spent. At the same time, taxpayers do not want information to be shared with them through a one-way form of communication, but rather want to have spaces for dialogue and interaction with tax and government officials, including through public meetings and radio call-in programmes. Second, strategies to encourage taxpayer engagement are more likely to be effective where forums for engagement are perceived by taxpayers to be safe, secure, and sincere means through which to engage with government officials. This has been most successful where governments have visibly demonstrated responsiveness to citizen concerns, even on a small scale, while partnering with civil society to foster trust, dialogue and expanded knowledge. These findings have significant implications for how governments design taxpayer education and engagement programmes and how civil society actors and development partners can support more equitable and accountable tax systems. Our findings provide concrete lessons for how governments can ensure that information shared with taxpayers is meaningful and accessible. Moreover, we show that civil society actors can play important roles as translators of tax information, enablers of public forums and dialogues around tax issues, and trainers of taxpayers, supporting greater tax literacy and sustained citizen engagement.
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Gikandi, Levi. COVID-19 and Vulnerable, Hardworking Kenyans: Why it's time for a strong social protection plan. Oxfam, Kenya Red Cross Society, Concern Worldwide, ACTED, IMPACT Initiatives, The Centre for Rights, Education and Awareness (CREAW), Wangu Kanja Foundation, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6591.
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Seven NGOs, the Kenyan government, the European Union and the Danish and German governments are working together to implement a ’Safety Nets’ programme targeting Kenya’s millions of informal workers. With rising food insecurity and sexual and gender-based-violence, mounting job losses, poor access to water and sanitation, and a lack of formal safety nets, the Kenyan informal sector has suffered the brunt of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Safety Nets programme has revealed that cash transfers which support the most vulnerable people, and are implemented safely, transparently and accountably, have the potential to help vulnerable households stave off starvation, infection and eviction. They can also help reduce the vulnerability of survivors and those at risk of sexual and gender-based violence. The results of this programme demonstrate that nascent Kenyan ‘social protection’ programmes should be 1) immediately extended and expanded to the many vulnerable Kenyans currently not enrolled in any social protection programme; and 2) strengthened long-term to make them more effective, sustainable and accountable.
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Revina, Shintia, Rezanti Putri Pramana, Rizki Fillaili, and Daniel Suryadarma. Systemic Constraints Facing Teacher Professional Development in a Middle-Income Country: Indonesia’s Experience Over Four Decades. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/054.
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Despite government efforts to reform teacher professional development (TPD) in the past four decades, Indonesian teacher quality remains low. Why have the improvement efforts failed? In the present study we investigate what caused these reforms to fail from two angles. First, we examine the efficacy of the latest teacher professional development (TPD) initiative in Indonesia, Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan or PKB (Continuing Professional Development), and identify the factors affecting its efficacy. We found that some essential features of effective TPD are missing in PKB. The PKB programme has not targeted teachers based on years of experience, has not followed up teachers with post-training activities, has not incorporated teaching practice through lesson enactment, and has not built upon teacher existing practice. Second, our analysis demonstrates that PKB's weaknesses have existed in Indonesia's previous TPD initiatives as far back as four decades ago. This indicates that the long-term problem of TPD’s ineffectiveness is driven by different elements of the education system beyond the TPD’s technical and operational aspects. Our system-level analysis points out that merely improving the technical aspects of TPD would be insufficient given the Indonesian education system’s lack of coherence surrounding teacher quality. The problems surrounding the provision of effective TPD is more complex than simply a matter of replacing the “old” with the “new” initiative. The change requires a reorientation of the education system to produce high-quality teachers.
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Revina, Shintia, Rezanti Putri Pramana, Rizki Fillaili, and Daniel Suryadarma. Systemic Constraints Facing Teacher Professional Developmentin a Middle-Income Country: Indonesia’s Experience Over Four Decades. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsgrisewp_2020/054.
Full textAbstract:
Despite government efforts to reform teacher professional development (TPD) in the past four decades, Indonesian teacher quality remains low. Why have the improvement efforts failed? In the present study we investigate what caused these reforms to fail from two angles. First, we examine the efficacy of the latest teacher professional development (TPD) initiative in Indonesia, Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan or PKB (Continuing Professional Development), and identify the factors affecting its efficacy. We found that some essential features of effective TPD are missing in PKB. The PKB programme has not targeted teachers based on years of experience, has not followed up teachers with post-training activities, has not incorporated teaching practice through lesson enactment, and has not built upon teacher existing practice. Second, our analysis demonstrates that PKB's weaknesses have existed in Indonesia's previous TPD initiatives as far back as four decades ago. This indicates that the long-term problem of TPD’s ineffectiveness is driven by different elements of the education system beyond the TPD’s technical and operational aspects. Our system-level analysis points out that merely improving the technical aspects of TPD would be insufficient given the Indonesian education system’s lack of coherence surrounding teacher quality. The problems surrounding the provision of effective TPD is more complex than simply a matter of replacing the “old” with the “new” initiative. The change requires a reorientation of the education system to produce high-quality teachers.
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Birch, Izzy. Financial Incentives to Reduce Female Infanticide, Child Marriage and Promote Girl’s Education: Institutional and Monitoring Mechanisms. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.005.
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The focus of this paper is on the complementary mechanisms and interventions likely to increase the effectiveness and impact of conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in South Asia that aim to reduce female infanticide and child marriage and promote girls’ education. The literature on the institutional aspects of these particular schemes is limited, but from this and from the wider literature on CCT programmes in similar contexts, the following institutional mechanisms are likely to enhance success: a strong information and communication strategy that enhances programme reach and coverage and ensures stakeholder awareness; advance agreements with financial institutions; a simple and flexible registration process; appropriate use of technology to strengthen access, disbursement, and oversight; adequate implementation capacity to support processes of outreach, enrolment, and monitoring; monitoring and accountability mechanisms embedded in programme design; coordination mechanisms across government across social protection schemes; an effective management information system; and the provision of quality services in the sectors for which conditions are required. There is a very limited body of evidence that explores these institutional issues as they apply to the specific CCT programmes that are the focus of this report, however, there is more available evidence of the potential impact of ‘cash-plus’ programmes, which complement the transfers with other interventions designed to enhance their results or address the structural barriers to well-being
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Boruchowicz, Cynthia, Florencia López Bóo, Benjamin Roseth, and Luis Tejerina. Default Options: A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002983.
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Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.
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Kim, Changmo, Ghazan Khan, Brent Nguyen, and Emily L. Hoang. Development of a Statistical Model to Predict Materials’ Unit Prices for Future Maintenance and Rehabilitation in Highway Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1806.
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The main objectives of this study are to investigate the trends in primary pavement materials’ unit price over time and to develop statistical models and guidelines for using predictive unit prices of pavement materials instead of uniform unit prices in life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for future maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) projects. Various socio-economic data were collected for the past 20 years (1997–2018) in California, including oil price, population, government expenditure in transportation, vehicle registration, and other key variables, in order to identify factors affecting pavement materials’ unit price. Additionally, the unit price records of the popular pavement materials were categorized by project size (small, medium, large, and extra-large). The critical variables were chosen after identifying their correlations, and the future values of each variable were predicted through time-series analysis. Multiple regression models using selected socio-economic variables were developed to predict the future values of pavement materials’ unit price. A case study was used to compare the results between the uniform unit prices in the current LCCA procedures and the unit prices predicted in this study. In LCCA, long-term prediction involves uncertainties due to unexpected economic trends and industrial demand and supply conditions. Economic recessions and a global pandemic are examples of unexpected events which can have a significant influence on variations in material unit prices and project costs. Nevertheless, the data-driven scientific approach as described in this research reduces risk caused by such uncertainties and enables reasonable predictions for the future. The statistical models developed to predict the future unit prices of the pavement materials through this research can be implemented to enhance the current LCCA procedure and predict more realistic unit prices and project costs for the future M&R activities, thus promoting the most cost-effective alternative in LCCA.