Journal articles: 'Commission Recommendation'

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Fukushima, T., G. Petit, D. C. Backer, G. Beutler, V. A. Brumberg, H. F. Fliegel, S. M. Leschiutta, et al. "Commission 31: Time: (L’Heure)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 1 (2000): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00002583.

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The CCTF (formerly named CCDS) held its 14th meeting on 20-22 April 1999. Following the discussions, seven Recommendations were adopted and submitted to the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). The list is the following: 1. Recommendation S 1 (1999): Mise-en-pratique of the definition of the second.2. Recommendation S 2 (1999): On stating uncertainty in comparisons involving primary frequency standards.3. Recommendation S 3 (1999): On the comparison of primary frequency standards.4. Recommendation S 4 (1999): On the use of multi-channel and multi-code GPS and GLONASS time receivers.5. Recommendation S 5 (1999): Time and frequency comparisons using GPS phase and code measurements.6. Recommendation S 6 (1999): Future global navigation satellite systems.7. Recommendation S 7 (1999): On Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency TransferAdditionally discussed were the present form of UTC and mostly the interest of preserving the leap second. The advantages and disadvantages of several options regarding the future use of leap seconds were compared. The CCTF, however, felt that it did not have the authority to propose any action. Then CCTF decided to ask the BIPM Director to write to the relating international bodies including IAU so as to draw their attentions to this issue while recommending the usage of TAI in case a time scale without discontinuity is needed. Also it was decided, in order to make more expedite the process, to ask the opinions of the various Commissions of the Scientific Unions.

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McCarthy, D. "Background of Recommendation IX." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600008844.

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Due to weather-related travel delays Dr. McCarthy was unable to present his scheduled paper. In his absence, J.A. Hughes gave a short talk indicating that Recommendation IX had received essentially universal approval at and since the Virginia Beach Colloquium, and that it would undoubtedly be approved by the Joint Commission Meeting as presently written, and then submitted as a Commission Resolution.

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Prananingrum, Dyah Hapsari. "KARAKTERISTIK IMPERATIF DAN REKOMENDATIF PUTUSAN-PUTUSAN KOMISI PENGAWAS PERSAINGAN USAHA." Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2016.v1.i1.p97-116.

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Abstrak Sebagai otoritas persaingan usaha, KPPU memiliki kewenangan memeriksa dan memutus perkara pelanggaran Undang-Undang Persaingan Usaha. Di samping memutus perkara, KPPU juga memiliki tugas memberikan saran/rekomendasi demi perbaikan iklim persaingan usaha. Dalam praktiknya, ada kalanya rekomendasi juga dimuat dalam putusan KPPU yang berkenaan dengan dugaan pelanggaran Undang-Undang Persaingan Usaha. Dengan demikian putusan KPPU bisa mengandung muatan imperatif maupun rekomendatif. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji muatan imperatif dan rekomendatif dalam putusan-putusan KPPU. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa kedua sifat konten putusan KPPU memang diperlukan dalam penegakan hukum yang bersifat komprehensif dan tidak semata-mata menggunakan pendekatan represif. Mengingat sensitivitas dunia usaha terhadap regulasi, konten rekomendatif menjadi salah satu wahana yang juga tepat untuk mendorong ketaatan (compliance) pihak-pihak terkait. Abstract As a business competition organ, the Commission has the authority to examine and decide cases involving violations of Competition Law. Furthermore, the Commission also has the task of providing advice/recommendation for the government and businesses to improve the business competition climate. In practice, there are occassions when the recommendation is also contained in the Commission’s decision with regard to alleged violations of the Business Competition Law. Thus the decision of the Commission may contain imperative verdict well as recommendation. This study aimed to assess the imperatives and recommendation content in the Commission’s decisions. It was revealed that both content is required in a comprehensive law enforcement which was not simply based on repressive approach. Given the sensitivity of the business with regulations, the recommendations contained in the Commission’s decision may be used as an appropriate vehicle to encourage adherence (compliance) to Competition Law by related parties.

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Rubin, P. A. "Federal Communications Commission Advanced Television System Recommendation." IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 39, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/11.249335.

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Šarić, Tatjana. "To be or not to be in culture." Review of Croatian history 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v15i1.9742.

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The League of Communists of Croatia (LCC) Central Committee (CC) Ideological Commission as its task force, was one of the most important creators of cultural policy in the People's Republic of Croatia (PRC) / Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRC). Established in 1956 after 1952 dismantled Agitation and Propaganda Commissions, the Ideological Commission inherited part of the jurisdiction of former Agitprop, but it also took over those of the LCC CC Personnel Commissions, particularly with regard to political schools and membership education. The most important activity of this commission was to monitor and analyze the phenomenon of overall cultural, educational and scientific activity in Croatia, and suggesting to the LCC CC to take positions towards them, according to the given ideological current. This has become the decisive factor in cultural policy without whose approval or recommendation projects could not be realized. This paper will therefore concentrate precisely on this activity of the Ideological Commission and give a brief overview of its activity in the supervision of various forms of cultural activity - art, literature, film and media - press, radio and television, while its work in education and science, because of the broadness of the topic, in this case, will be left out. The Commission's activities surveyed in this paper are limited by the period between 1956 (its founding) and 1965 (the 5th LCC CC Congress) when the Commission was organizationally restructured and divided into several areas.

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Anderson, Anders, Howard Jones, and José Vicente Martinez. "Measuring the Added Value of Stock Recommendations." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 6 (May 23, 2019): 1915–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109019000413.

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Using data from the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE), we study the value added by (as distinct from the abnormal returns to) analysts’ recommendations. Recommending brokers’ clients trade profitably around positive recommendations at the expense of other brokers’ clients. Significant profits come from transactions before recommendation dates. Value added is greatest for upgrades to large caps, and largely insignificant for downgrades and recommendations of small caps, despite high abnormal returns. Brokers making profitable recommendations generate abnormally high commission income, recouping much of their clients’ abnormal profits, and their abnormal commission income varies in line with the abnormal profits for their clients.

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Moch Ikhsan, Oddie, Habib Muhsin Syafingi, and Dyah Adriantini Sintha Dewi. "EFEKTIFITAS PENGAWASAN HAKIM OLEH KOMISI YUDISIAL." Varia Justicia 13, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v13i1.1861.

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Starting from the establishment of a suspect Candidate Former National Police Chief Pol Commissioner General Budi Gunawan then apply prapradilan to the South Jakarta District Court. Because the 77 Criminal Code stated determination of the suspect is not an object pretrial. In those articles which can be handled by pretrial regulated limitative, only for legitimate or not the arrest, detention, discontinuation or termination of the investigation and prosecution of compensation or rehabilitation for a criminal case was stopped at the level of investigation or prosecution. After a single judge South Jakarta District Court partially granted the petition Sarpin Rizaldi prapreadilan BG. In his judgment, Sarpin interprets the determination of the suspect as one of the pre-trial. Judge Sarpin Ats such action under the spotlight of the Judicial Commission for the above decision. The Judicial Commission then recommended to the Supreme Court Judge Sarpin to sanctions, but the Supreme Court rejected the recommendation because they have entered the realm of the judge's decision. The formulation of the problem in this study is How Model Judicial Oversight Committee, Oversight Problems To Know judge by the Judicial Commission, the Judicial Commission How the Implementation Monitoring and Oversight How effective implementation of the functions of the Judicial Commission in supervising judges and its influence on the judicial power. The method used in this research is using normative juridical approach, the specification of the research is descriptive analytical.Based on the findings of the Judicial Commission has the concept of preventive surveillance by the repressive, namely to prevent and then are giving emphasis and contain sanctions. The Judicial Commission has the authority to give the sanction of ethics recommendations to the Supreme Court but the repressive ie without the MA recommendations, the recommendations of the Judicial Commission to be worth sia. Cooperation and there is no obvious surgical realm between the Supreme Court and the Judicial Commission.

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Järvinen, H. "357 speaker EUROPEAN GUIDELINES – 2009 RECOMMENDATION BY EUROPEAN COMMISSION." Radiotherapy and Oncology 99 (May 2011): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70479-0.

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RUBENSTEIN, MICHAEL. "Sexual Harassment European Commission Recommendation and Code of Practice." Industrial Law Journal 21, no. 1 (1992): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/21.1.70.

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Das, Manoj Kumar, and Debabrata Sahoo. "Implications of Finance Commission and State Finance Commissions Recommendation on Local Bodies in Odisha, India." International Journal of Economics and Management Studies 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23939125/ijems-v7i1p117.

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Farahat, Anuscheh. "Regulating Minority Issues through Standard-Setting and Mediation: The Case of the High Commissioner on National Minorities." German Law Journal 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000547.

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On 17 February 2000 the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) submitted a recommendation to the Senate of the Babes-Bolyai University (BBU) in Romania. In this recommendation he formulated inter alia: “It is important for the staff of a University to reflect the University's multi-cultural character […] Therefore, an Equal Opportunity Commission should be established within the university to encourage the hiring of minority and female staff – on the basis of academic credentials – regulate guidelines on the recruitment and promotion of staff in this context and monitor performance against clear and transparent success/failure criteria.”

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Black, William H. "The Activities of the Pathways Commission and the Historical Context for Changes in Accounting Education." Issues in Accounting Education 27, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 601–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-50091.

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ABSTRACT The Pathways Commission examined accounting education in the United States in response to a recommendation from the U.S. Treasury Advisory Committee on the Auditing Profession. This paper summarizes the Pathways activities and process during 2010 and 2011, and sets forth a historical context to help understand the recommendations for change in accounting education over the last several decades.

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Hrabánková, M., and I. Boháčková. "Conditions of sustainable development in the Czech Republic in compliance with the recommendation of the European Commission." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 3 (April 6, 2009): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/587-agricecon.

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The Program Period of the European Union for the years 2007–2013 is focused on the support of standardization of rural development and the creation of a space for its sustainable development. Agriculture is in the structure of production and non-production functions an important factor of social-economic development of countryside and it contributes to the increase of its growth potential. Diversification of activities in the countryside has a significant influence on the stability of settlement, the development of employment in the countryside, and the sustenance of entrepreneurial structures in rural regions.

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Heffernan, Liz, and Mark Coen. "The Reliability of Expert Evidence: Reflections on the Law Commission's Proposals for Reform." Journal of Criminal Law 73, no. 6 (December 2009): 488–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2009.73.6.603.

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The problems associated with the use of expert evidence by the criminal courts have been the subject of ongoing controversy. The Law Commission of England and Wales has recently added its voice to the debate with the publication of a Consultation Paper on the admissibility of expert evidence. This article examines the current law governing the reliability of expert evidence. It analyses the Law Commission's recommendation for the creation of a new statutory rule which would require the trial judge to assess evidentiary reliability as a matter of admissibility. The authors chart the emergence of the US Daubert test, on which the recommendation is based, and consider the lessons to be learned from American experience. While welcoming the recommendation in principle, the authors argue that the crafting and implementation of the proposed admissibility requirement would present formidable challenges.

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Arden, Dame Mary. "Time for an English Commercial Code?" Cambridge Law Journal 56, no. 3 (November 1997): 516–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300098561.

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Parliament has imposed on the Law Commission the duty to review the law of England and Wales “with a view to its systematic development and reform, including in particular the codification of [the] law … and generally the simplification and modernisation of the law”. There are a number of points which flow from this. First, as a body which reviews great swathes of the common law to see if they require to be modernised or simplified, the Law Commission has a unique standpoint from which to view the strengths and weaknesses of the common law method. Second, it has unique experience of law reform and the Parliamentary process. Third, in discharge of its functions, it has an interest in seeing that, if codification is appropriate, a recommendation to that effect is made to the Lord Chancellor. It need not be the Law Commission which carries out the recommendation, and indeed the Law Commission could not carry out a project purely of its own initiative.

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Varela, Justo Corti. "The New Strategy on Coexistence in the 2010 European Commission Recommendation." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 4 (December 2010): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000799.

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Juška, Žygimantas. "The Potential of Antitrust Collective Litigation in 2017." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 4, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00404003.

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The European Commission expected to assess the implementation of the 2013 Recommendation on collective redress by 26 July 2017, yet the Commission missed the deadline. Despite this failure, the Recommendation is still on the eu agenda: a public consultation has been started with the intention to assess how the eu member states responded to the 2013 proposal. On the one hand, it should be welcomed that the Commission remains ambitious regarding an eu-wide collective redress mechanism. On the other hand, it should be highlighted that the Commission is concentrating too much on the American system, which significantly differs in terms of rationale, design, and stated goals. Indeed, utilising one or another American element does not inevitably lead to the perceived issue of “blackmail settlement”. This is further qualified by positive experiences in pro-active eu member states, which have experimented with us-oriented tools in order to facilitate collective actions in their jurisdictions. This article explores how insights from the eu countries and the us should influence the debate on eu-style collective antitrust redress, if and when the time arises to take another step in the field.

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Angelini, Corrado, Guido Giardini, and Marika Falla. "Travel to altitude with neurological disorders — recommendation of the UIAA Medical Commission." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0506.

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The present review examines several neurological conditions and the problems posed by travelling to high altitude, and in particular whether the underlying disease is likely to worsen. The neurological conditions include migraine and other types of headaches, transient ischemia of the brain, occlusive cerebral artery diseases, intracranial haemorrhage and vascular malformations, intracranial space occupying mass, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathies, neuromuscular disorders, epileptic seizures, dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Attempts will be made to classify the risk posed by each condition and to provide recommendations regarding medical evaluation, advice for or against travelling to altitude and effective prophylactic measures. Some individual cases should only be advised after careful examination and risk evaluation either in an outpatient mountain medicine service or by a physician with knowledge of travelling and high altitude risks. Recent developments in diagnostic methods and treatment of neurological conditions are also mentioned.

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Field, John K., Javier Zulueta, Giulia Veronesi, Matthijs Oudkerk, David R. Baldwin, Jesper Holst Pedersen, Eugenio Paci, Denis Horgan, and Harry J. de Koning. "EU Policy on Lung Cancer CT Screening 2017." Biomedicine Hub 2, Suppl. 1 (November 21, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479810.

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Background: Lung cancer kills more Europeans than any other cancer. In 2013, 269,000 citizens of the EU-28 died from this disease. Lung cancer CT screening has the potential to detect lung cancer at an early stage and improve mortality. All of the randomised controlled trials and cohort low-dose CT (LDCT) screening trials across the world have identified very early stage disease (∼70%); the majority of these LDCT trial patients were suitable for surgical interventions and had a good clinical outcome. The 10-year survival in CT screen-detected cancer was shown to be even higher than the 5-year survival for early stage disease in clinical practice at 88%. Methods: Setting up of an EU Commission expert group can be done under Article 168(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, to develop policy and recommendation for Lung cancer CT screening. The Expert Group would undertake: (a) assist the Commission in the drawing up policy documents, including guidelines and recommendations; (b) advise the Commission in the implementation of Union actions on screening and suggest improvements to the measures taken; (c) advise the Commission in the monitoring, evaluation and dissemination of the results of measures taken at Union and national level. Results: This EU Expert Group on lung cancer screening should be set up by the EU Commission to support the implementation and suggest recommendations for the lung cancer screening policy by 2019/2020. Conclusion: Reduce lung cancer in Europe by undertaking a well-organised lung cancer CT screening programme.

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Lecloux, André J., Rambabu Atluri, Yury V. Kolen'ko, and Francis Leonard Deepak. "Discussion about the use of the volume specific surface area (VSSA) as a criterion to identify nanomaterials according to the EU definition. Part two: experimental approach." Nanoscale 9, no. 39 (2017): 14952–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02585h.

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The applicability of the volume specific surface area (VSSA) concept to identify nanomaterials according to the European Commission Recommendation is demonstrated on the basis of an experimental study.

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Lester, David. "Suicide and the Shame of Exposure." Psychological Reports 83, no. 1 (August 1998): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.106.

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A recent spate of suicides among those investigated by a Royal Commission in Australia on police corruption leads to the recommendation of mental health resources being provided for such investigations.

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Bryan, Timothy G., and Mark A. McKnight. "IMPLEMENTING THE PATHWAYS COMMISSION RECOMMENDED FIRST ACCOUNTING COURSE: A PROFILE OF EARLY ADOPTERS." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 6, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v6i1.998.

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The primary purpose of the current research is to explore the extent to which schools and colleges of business have adopted Pathways Commission recommendations for a new first accounting course. This paper explores the extent to which schools of business and accounting programs have implemented curriculum revisions made by the Pathways Commission, as well as provide a profile of the early adopters of one of these recommendations. This study investigated common traits and characteristics of colleges and schools that had adopted the curricular changes. Specifically, the research focuses on the fourth recommendation from this list, which calls for a new first accounting course to be integrated into business and accounting programs. For the study, 68 faculty members from a cross-section of universities and programs answered questions about their institutions and the Pathways Commission recommended a new first course in accounting. Results indicate some ambivalence toward the curricular changes but also allowed for a profile of the early adopters of this specific change. Thus, the secondary purpose of the research is to identify environments in which the changes have been implemented and to provide a foundation for further research into best practices for implementing these types of curricular revisions. JEL Classification Codes: M40, M41, M49, I20.

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Hrabánková, M., and I. Boháčková. "Conditions of sustainable development in the Czech Republic in compliance with the recommendation of the European Commission − Scientific Information." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 6 (January 7, 2008): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/980-agricecon.

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The Program Period of the European Union for the years 2007–2013 is focused on supports of the rural development standardization and creation of the space for its sustainable development. Agriculture in the structure of production and non-production functions is an important factor of social-economic development of countryside and contributes to the increase of its growth potential. Diversification of activities in the countryside has a significant influence on the stability of settlement, the development of employment in the countryside, and sustenance of the entrepreneurial structures in rural regions.

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Ellis, R. H. "What the public want from agriculture: Introduction." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013880.

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The overall title for these sessions is “Reconnecting the food chain linking farmers scientists and consumers”. Reconnecting the food supply chain was probably the strongest single message to come from the UK Government’s Policy Commission on the Future of Food and Farming (Anon., 2002). Progress on the Policy Commission’s recommendation to establish a Food Chain Centre will no doubt be reported by Dr Segal from DEFRA. The real task of linking farmers, scientists and consumers, however, cannot be accomplished by Government. It is not sensible to expect Government to take on such a role: have we not all got voices?

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YAMADA, Chusei. "International Manaement of Transboundary Aquifers Recommendation from the United Nations International Law Commission." Journal of Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences 40, no. 3 (2010): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4145/jahs.40.71.

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Bronzwaer, S., A. Lönnroth, and R. Haigh. "The European Community Strategy Against Antimicrobial Resistance." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.01.00441-en.

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In 2001 the European Commission presented a 'Community strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance'. In previous years, the problem was addressed through an increasing number of isolated measures, but in this strategy the Commission outlined a comprehensive European Community approach across all sectors. The strategy consists of fifteen actions in four key areas: surveillance, prevention, research and product development, and international cooperation. An important part of this strategy is the 'Council Recommendation on the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in human medicine'. The Recommendation provides a detailed set of public health actions to contain antimicrobial resistance. This paper presents the eleven points of action of the strategy that are directly related to human medicine, and discusses related European Community activities. Under the new public health programme as well as under the research programme of the European Union, antimicrobial resistance is a key priority.

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MULHERON, Rachael. "A Channel Apart: Why the United Kingdom has Departed from the European Commission’s Recommendation on Class Actions." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 17 (May 29, 2015): 36–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2015.1.

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AbstractOver the course of 2013–15, there have been significant developments in the reform of class actions in Europe. The European Commission published its Recommendation of common principles concerning collective redress in June 2013, whilst the Consumer Rights Act 2015 – which was introduced into the United Kingdom Parliament in January 2014 and obtained Royal Assent on 26 March 2015 – contains a class action for competition law infringements. Although there is some ‘common ground’ between these legislative instruments, their divergences are far more legally significant, and comprise the focus of analysis in this article. Regarding the two topics of standing to sue, and the opt-in versus opt-out approach to forming the class, the approaches of the European Commission and the UK Parliament differ markedly, reflecting the deep policy, political and judicial divisions which have manifested in this area of reform for over a decade. The legislators have also ultimately chosen different scopes of application, with the European Commission preferring a ‘horizontal’ approach to reform, whilst the UK Parliament has pursued a sector-specific reform agenda. In respect of standing to sue and the opt-in versus opt-out debate, there are numerous sound legal and political reasons that manifestly support the UK law-makers’ decision to depart from the 2013 Recommendation. However, in respect of the horizontal-versus-sectoral debate, the topsy-turvy history of reform at both European and domestic levels has resulted, ironically, in both the Commission and UK policy-makers reversing the views which each had initially adopted within the past decade. Undoubtedly, as these reform measures demonstrate, the collective redress landscape is both evolving and controversial.

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Matsakis, Demetrios, Pascale Defraigne, M. Hosokawa, S. Leschiutta, G. Petit, and Z. C. Zhai. "Commission 31: Time." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 1, T26A (December 2005): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306004327.

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The most intensely discussed and controversial issue in time keeping has been the proposal before the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to redefine Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) so as to replace leap seconds by leap hours. Should this proposal be adopted, the practice of inserting leap seconds would cease after a specific date. Should the Earth's rotation continue to de-accelerate at its historical rate, the next discontinuity in UTC would be an hour inserted several centuries from now. Advocates of this proposal cite the need to synchronize satellite and other systems, such as GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS, which did not exist and were not envisioned when the current system was adopted. They note that leap second insertions can be and have been incorrectly implemented or accounted for. Such errors have to date had localized impact, but they could cause serious mishaps involving loss of life. For example, some GPS receivers have been known to fail simply because there was no leap second after a long enough interval, other GPS receivers failed because the leap second information was broadcast more than three months in advance, and some commercial software used for internet time-transfer Network Time Protocol (NTP) could either discard all data received after a leap second or interpret it as a frequency change. The ambiguity associated with the extra second could also disrupt financial accounting and certain forms of encryption. Those opposed to the proposal question the need for a change, and also point out the costs of adjusting to the proposed change and its inconvenience to amateur astronomers and others who rely upon astronomical calculations published in advance. Reports have been circulated that the cost of checking and correcting software to accommodate the new definition of UTC would be many millions of dollars for some systems. In October 2005 American Astronomical Society asked the ITU for a year's time to study the issue. This commission has supported the efforts of the IAU's Committee on the Leap Second to make an informed recommendation, and anticipates considerable discussion at the IAU's 26th General Assembly in 2006.

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Rosenstock, Robert. "The Forty-Seventh Session Of The International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (January 1996): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203758.

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The International Law Commission of the United Nations held its forty-seventh session from May 2 to July 20, 1995, under the chairmanship of Pemmaraju S. Rao of India. The Commission continued its work on existing topics and considered aspects of the Draft Code of Crimes against die Peace and Security of Mankind, state responsibility, and liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law. The Commission began work on the two new topics of “state succession and its impact on the nationality of natural and legal persons” (“nationality“) and “the law and practice relating to reservations to treaties” (“reservations“) and made a recommendation as to two additional topics for its future agenda.

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Giorgi Rossi, Paolo, Annette Lebeau, Carlos Canelo-Aybar, Zuleika Saz-Parkinson, Cecily Quinn, Miranda Langendam, Helen Mcgarrigle, et al. "Recommendations from the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer for multigene testing to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer, hormone receptor positive, HER-2 negative." British Journal of Cancer 124, no. 9 (February 18, 2021): 1503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01247-z.

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Abstract Background Predicting the risk of recurrence and response to chemotherapy in women with early breast cancer is crucial to optimise adjuvant treatment. Despite the common practice of using multigene tests to predict recurrence, existing recommendations are inconsistent. Our aim was to formulate healthcare recommendations for the question “Should multigene tests be used in women who have early invasive breast cancer, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy?” Methods The European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC) Guidelines Development Group (GDG), a multidisciplinary guideline panel including experts and three patients, developed recommendations informed by systematic reviews of the evidence. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence to Decision frameworks were used. Four multigene tests were evaluated: the 21-gene recurrence score (21-RS), the 70-gene signature (70-GS), the PAM50 risk of recurrence score (PAM50-RORS), and the 12-gene molecular score (12-MS). Results Five studies (2 marker-based design RCTs, two treatment interaction design RCTs and 1 pooled individual data analysis from observational studies) were included; no eligible studies on PAM50-RORS or 12-MS were identified and the GDG did not formulate recommendations for these tests. Conclusions The ECIBC GDG suggests the use of the 21-RS for lymph node-negative women (conditional recommendation, very low certainty of evidence), recognising that benefits are probably larger in women at high risk of recurrence based on clinical characteristics. The ECIBC GDG suggests the use of the 70-GS for women at high clinical risk (conditional recommendation, low certainty of evidence), and recommends not using 70-GS in women at low clinical risk (strong recommendation, low certainty of evidence).

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Li, BoHao (Steven). "There is no Such Thing as a Sham Trust." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 44, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v44i1.5007.

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The Court of Appeal decision in Official Assignee v Wilson is the leading New Zealand case on "sham trusts". Obiter, O'Regan and Robertson JJ held that for a sham trust to exist, the settlor and trustee must have a common intention to not create a trust. Post-Wilson, debate continues over the precise elements that render a trust a sham. The Law Commission suggested that the sham doctrine, as a means of analysing the validity of an express trust, may not be the best approach. A better starting point would be a return to the certainty of intention requirement. In arguing that the Law Commission's recommendation is correct, this article will discuss three legal issues: whether an express trust is a unilateral or bilateral transaction; whether the excluded evidence has always been part of the objective intention requirement; and whether the legislative and policy factors have made foreign trust law distinct from New Zealand trust law. Finally, this article will expand on the test proposed by the Law Commission.

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Parsons, Laila. "The Secret Testimony of the Peel Commission (Part II): Partition." Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 2 (2020): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.2.8.

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This is the second installment of a two-part article on the recently released secret testimony to the Peel Commission. Part I (JPS 49, no. 1) showed how the secret testimony deepens our understanding of the structural exclusion of the Palestinians from the Mandate state. Part II now focuses on what the secret testimony reveals about the Peel Commission's eventual decision to recommend partition. It turns out that Zionist leaders were less central to this decision than scholars have previously assumed, and that second-tier British colonial officials played a key role in the commissioners' partition recommendation. British decision-making over the partition of Palestine was shaped not only by a broad ambition to put into practice global-imperial theories about representative government and the protection of minorities; it also stemmed from a cold-eyed self-interest in rehabilitating the British reputation for efficient colonial governance—by terminating, in as deliberate a manner as possible, a slack and compromised Mandatory administration.

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Winthrop, Rob. "The Real World Sleep, Risk, and Culture." Practicing Anthropology 22, no. 4 (September 1, 2000): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.22.4.l35227h71013jq68.

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In September 1999 Ann Brown, chair of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), called a press conference to announce new findings on the dangers of infants sleeping with parents. From a sample of 515 infant deaths occurring in adult beds, the agency concluded that 121 died as a result of overlying by a parent or sibling, and 394 as a result of entrapment in the bed. The CPSC's recommendation was unequivocal. Said Commissioner Brown: "Don't sleep with your baby or put the baby down to sleep in an adult bed…. The only safe place for babies to sleep is a crib that meets current safety standards and has a tight-fitting-mattress" (Chicago Tribune, October 17, 1999).

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34

NOWICKI, JACEK, DOROTA GODYŃ, MARTYNA MAŁOPOLSKA, MARIOLA PABIAŃCZYK, TOMASZ SCHWARZ, and RYSZARD TUZ. "Environmental enrichment for pigs - practical solutions according to the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016/336." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW - Animal Science 57, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aas.2018.57.4.37.

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35

McCaffrey, Stephen C. "The Forty-First Session of the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 4 (October 1989): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203386.

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The International Law Commission of the United Nations held its 41st session from May 2 to July 21, 1989, under the Chairmanship of Professor Bernhard Graefrath. The most noteworthy achievement of the session was the completion of work on the status of the diplomatic courier and the diplomatic bag not accompanied by diplomatic courier. The Commission referred this draft to the General Assembly with the recommendation that the Assembly convoke a diplomatic conference for the purpose of concluding a convention on the basis of the articles. Also at the 41st session, the Commission adopted three articles of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind and discussed reports on state responsibility, international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, jurisdictional immunities of states and their property, and the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. A report on relations between states and international organizations was presented to the Commission but was not discussed for lack of time. Finally, the Commission once again devoted a number of meetings to reviewing its procedures and methods of work.

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36

Pathak, Professor Bishnu. "A Comparative Study of World’s Truth Commissions —From Madness to Hope." World Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 3 (June 29, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v4n3p192.

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The objective of this paper is to explore the initiatives and practices of different countries in truth seeking. Many countries during the post-conflict, colonial, slavery, anarchical and cultural genocide periods establish the Truth Commissions to respond to the past human wrongdoings: crimes and crimes against humanity. Enforced Disappearances (ED), killings, rapes and inhumane tortures are wrongdoings. Truth Commission applies the method of recovering silences from the victims for structured testimonies. The paper is prepared based on the victim-centric approach. The purpose reveals the piecemeal fact-findings to heal the past, reconcile the present and protect the future. The study covers more than 50 Commissions in a chronological order: beginning from Uganda in 1974 and concluding to Nepal in February 2015. Two Commissions in Uruguay were formed to find-out enforced disappearances. Colombian and Rwandan Commissions have established permanent bodies. The Liberian TRC threatened the government to submit its findings to the ICC if the government failed to establish an international tribunal. The Commissions of Bolivia, Ecuador, Haiti, former Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe were disbanded, and consequently, their reports could not be produced. No public hearings were conducted in Argentina and former Yugoslavia. It is noted that only 8 public hearings in Ghana, 8 national hearings in East-Timor and 15 in Brazil were conducted. Moroccan Commission held public hearings after signing the bond paper for not to disclose the names of the perpetrators whereas Guatemala did not include the perpetrators’ names in the report. The Shining Path’s activists are serving sentences based on civil-anti-terrorist court, but Alberto Fujimori is convicted for 25 years. Chadian Commission worked even against illicit narcotics trafficking. The UN established its Commissions in Sierra Leon, El Salvador and East-Timor, but failed to restore normalcy in Kosovo. Haiti prosecuted 50 perpetrators whereas Guatemala prosecuted its former military dictator. The Philippines’ Commission had limited investigation jurisdiction over army, but treated the insurgents differently. In El Salvador, the State security forces were responsible for 85 percent and the non-state actors for 15 percent similar to CIEDP, Nepal. The TRCs of Argentina, East-Timor, Guatemala, Morocco, Peru and South Africa partially succeeded. Large numbers of victims have failed to register the complaints fearing of possible actions. All perpetrators were controversially granted amnesty despite the TRC recommendation in South Africa. The victims and people still blamed Mandela that he sold out black people’s struggle. Ironically, the perpetrators have received justice, but the victims are further victimized. As perpetrator-centric Government prioritizes cronyism, most of the Commissioners defend their respective institution and individuals. Besides, perpetrators influence Governments on the formation of Truth Commission for ‘forgetting the victims to forgive the perpetrators’. A commission is a Court-liked judicial and non-judicial processes body, but without binding authority except Sierra Leone. Transitional Justice body exists with a five-pillar policy: truth, justice, healing, prosecution and reparation. It has a long neglected history owing to anarchical roles of the perpetrators and weak-poor nature of the victims. Almost all TRCs worked in low budget, lack of officials, inadequate laws and regulations, insufficient infrastructures and constraints of moral supports including Liberia, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Uganda and Nepal. The perpetrators controlled Governments ordered to destroy documents, evidences and testimonies in their chain of command that could have proven guilty to them.

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&NA;. "ANA Applauds Efforts of Pepper Commission, Urges Further Decision-Making to Move the Recommendation Forward." Plastic Surgical Nursing 10, no. 2 (1990): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006527-199010020-00012.

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Parsons, Laila. "The Secret Testimony of the Peel Commission (Part I): Underbelly of Empire." Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 1 (2019): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.49.1.7.

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The Peel Commission (1936–37) was the first British commission of inquiry to recommend the partition of Palestine into two states. The commissioners made their recommendation after listening to several weeks of testimony, delivered in both public and secret sessions. The transcripts of the public testimony were published soon afterward, but the secret testimony transcripts were only released by the United Kingdom's National Archives in March 2017. Divided into two parts, this article closely examines the secret testimony. Part I discusses how the secret testimony deepens our understanding of key themes in Mandate history, including: the structural exclusion of the Palestinians from the Mandate state, the place of development projects in that structural exclusion, the different roles played by British anti-Semitism and anti-Arab racism, and the importance of the procedural aspects of committee work for understanding the mechanics of British governance. Part II extends this analysis by focusing on what the secret testimony reveals about how the Peel Commission came to recommend partition.

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Hamuľáková, Klára, and Jana Petrov Křiváčková. "Alternative Methods of Collective Disputes Resolution in the Czech Republic." Baltic Journal of European Studies 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0014.

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Abstract On 11 June 2013, the Commission issued the Recommendation on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning the violations of rights granted under Union law. The main areas where private enforcement of rights granted under Union law in the form of collective redress is of value are consumer protection, competition, environment protection, protection of personal data, financial services legislation and protection of investments. Point 13 of the Recommendation concurrently emphasises that the principles it puts forward relate both to judicial and out-of-court collective redress. The Member States should ensure that judicial collective redress mechanisms are accompanied by appropriate means of collective alternative dispute resolution available to the parties before and throughout the litigation. Point 25 et seq. of the Recommendation then contains special regulations concerning collective alternative dispute resolution and settlements. The purpose of this article is to evaluate if the current legislation on alternative dispute resolution in the Czech Republic meets the principles encompassed in the Recommendation or if radical legal changes need to be adopted.

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40

Christodouleas, John P., Nathan Anderson, Peter Gabriel, Rick Greene, Carol Hahn, Susanne Kessler, Charles S. Mayo, et al. "A Multidisciplinary Consensus Recommendation on a Synoptic Radiation Treatment Summary: A Commission on Cancer Workgroup Report." Practical Radiation Oncology 10, no. 6 (November 2020): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prro.2020.01.002.

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41

Somit, Albert, and Steven A. Peterson. "Born to Rebel: The Science of Birth Order." Politics and the Life Sciences 19, no. 2 (September 2000): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400014799.

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In accordance with the principle of full disclosure, we believe we should inform the reader about several matters. First, as associate book review editors of the Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, we recommended for publication (but did not commission) a review by Frederic Townsend of Born to Rebel (Townsend, 1997). That recommendation was accepted, and the review appeared in the journal's Volume 2, Issue 2 in 1997.

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42

CORREDERA, LOURDES, SUSANA BAYARRI, CONSUELO PÉREZ-ARQUILLUÉ, REGINA LÁZARO, FRANCISCO MOLINO, and ANTONIO HERRERA. "Multiresidue Determination of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Honey by Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-140.

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An analytical procedure based on solid-phase extraction, using ethyl acetate as the elution solvent, and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode array detection was developed for the identification and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in honey. The method has been optimized and validated in accordance with Commission Regulation 333/2007 and Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This method allows the identification of the 15 PAHs that should be monitored in food matrices, as proposed in 2002 by the Scientific Committee on Food and later by the European Union in the Commission Recommendation 2005/108/EC, because of their genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. The results of the validation study were in agreement with quality criteria described in European legislation in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and ruggedness, and the method was applied to the analysis of 42 honey samples (21 from Spain and 21 from other regions). The honey samples were not contaminated by PAHs at detectable levels and thus could be marketed without health risk.

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43

Mubtadi, Novendi Arkham. "ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ACCOUNTABILITY AND ISLAMIC GOVERNANCE IN ZAKAT INSTITUTION." Hasanuddin Economics and Business Review 3, no. 1 (June 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26487/hebr.v3i1.1544.

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Islamic accounting considers that accountability is perceived as a unity that can not be separated from one another. It makes a big difference to the basic goals of conventional accounting. Performance measurement is needed to ensure the company's operations in achieving its goals with the result that the need for Islamic governance in zakat institutions which is a good way of strength to run the process of managing an organization. The purpose of this study is to explain about Islamic governance and accountability of Islam in zakat institutions in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative method or conceptual study with descriptive-comparative study-analytical approach. The guidelines used in this study refers to the sharia enterprise theory in the conception of Islamic accountability's understanding as well as the zakat core principles to examine about Islamic governance. The result of this research is the concept of Islamic accountability listed in sharia enterprise theory (hablumminallah, hablumminannas, and hablumminal'alam) can be seen from the presentation of financial statements in accordance with applicable accounting standards, the utilization of technology in financial reporting is by uploading financial statements on the regular website. While the concept of Islamic governance can be done by considering the number of supervisory commissions, the number of professionals in the supervisory commission, and the frequency of meetings with the supervisory commission. Recommendation for the next researcher is to conduct an empirical study on zakat institution related to Islamic accountability and Islamic governance.

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44

Simpson, E. L., and A. O. House. "User and carer involvement in mental health services: From rhetoric to science." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 2 (August 2003): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.2.89.

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The Department of Health has emphasised the need for a patient-centred National Health Service (NHS), and the involvement of users and carers in mental health services is often a policy recommendation (Mental Health Task Force User Group, 1995; NHS Health Advisory Service, 1997; Department of Health, 1999a,b, 2001). The Patients' Forum and Consumers in NHS Research are established national bodies concerned with stakeholder involvement. The Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health was established in 2003.

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Lomazzi, Lisiane, and Ghislaine Chartron. "The implementation of the European Commission recommendation on open access to scientific information: Comparison of national policies." Information Services & Use 34, no. 3-4 (December 18, 2014): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/isu-140743.

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46

Ward, John W., Stefan Z. Wiktor, and Graham S. Cooke. "Launch of the Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination: a recommendation of the Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission." Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5, no. 1 (January 2020): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30319-x.

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47

Simson, Raimo, Kirsten Engelund Thomsen, Kim Bjarne Wittchen, and Jarek Kurnitski. "A Comparative Analysis of NZEB Energy Performance Requirements for Residential Buildings in Denmark, Estonia and Finland." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124614001.

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Direct comparison of building energy performance levels between countries is usually not possible due to differences in climatic conditions, calculation methods, primary energy (PE) weighing factors and input data. This paper aims to analyse performance requirements and calculation methodology for residential Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) in Oceanic and Nordic climate zone countries according to European Commission (EC) recommended values, focusing on Denmark, Estonia, and Finland. Performance levels for each country are compared with European Commission (EC) recommended values (EU 2016/1318) using normalization and benchmarking through detailed computer simulations. The study is based on two representative buildings: a Danish single-family house and an Estonian apartment building, both designed to meet national NZEB requirements. The buildings were modelled using national and standardized (EN 16798–1:2019) methodologies, including country-specific climate and input data. The simulated performances were compared with EC threshold values, modified, and re-calculated to meet the NZEB PE targets of each country. To match the recommended energy performance, on-site renewable energy production using photovoltaic panels was increased or decreased accordingly. Results show that Estonian requirements for NZEB fulfil the EC NZEB recommendation. In the warmer, Oceanic climate zone it was however impossible to fulfil EC NZEB even with Estonian NZEB. This indicates that PE recommendations are too strict for colder Oceanic locations, represented in this paper by the Copenhagen climate.

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Bakirci, Kadriye. "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in Relation to EC Legislation." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 3, no. 1 (March 1998): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919800300102.

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The first part of the article is an outline of the nature of sexual harassment, its extent and the growing awareness of it. The second part considers why there was a need for a community initiative and looks at the extent of sexual harassment in the Member States, the consequences of sexual harassment, legal remedies and the impact it has on the community's principles, including health and safety at the workplace and the competitiveness of undertakings. The third part describes various legal instruments in the EC. The fourth part analyses the European Commission Recommendation and Code of Practice on Sexual Harassment. This section also looks at the status of the Code and why some kinds of sexual harassment are excluded from legal remedy by having sexual harassment related to the Equal Treatment Directive. Some comparisons are made between UK and US case law in this context. The fifth part concerns recommendations.

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Bartolini, Giulio. "A universal treaty for disasters? Remarks on the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters." International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 906 (December 2017): 1103–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383119000067.

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AbstractThis article analyzes the Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters adopted by the International Law Commission in 2016 in light of the recommendation made by the Commission to elaborate a convention on the basis of this project. While the latter proposal is still under evaluation by the United Nations General Assembly, which has recently decided to postpone its decision until 2020, such a potential outcome would represent a significant novelty in the area of disaster law, currently characterized by a fragmented legal framework and the lack of a universal flagship treaty. The Draft Articles thus aim to provide a systematization of the main legal issues relevant in the so-called disaster cycle, with solutions that accommodate the different interests of actors involved in a disaster scenario – namely, the affected State, external assisting actors and disaster victims – using a complex “checks and balances” approach.

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Lancaster, Judith. "Who benefits from the equalising of age of consent provisions?: A critical analysis of the Wood Royal Commission Paedophile Inquiry recommendation for a lower minimum age of consent." Children Australia 26, no. 1 (2001): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010087.

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When the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service released its final Report on the Paedophile Inquiry in August 1997, its recommendation to remove the distinction between heterosexual and female homosexual sex and male homosexual sex by lowering the age currently set for the latter category surprised many citizens. There was concern, firstly, about the fact that the lack of satisfactory protective mechanisms in the prevailing laws would escape investigation and, secondly, that acts previously understood to be paedophilia and pederasty would be de-criminalised, thereby increasing the vulnerability of young Australians to sexual predators.The Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences) Bill, introduced into the New South Wales Parliament in October 1997, and reintroduced in 1999, suggests a firm determination to implement the Royal Commission recommendation on consent, notwithstanding the fact that such change would be implemented in the absence of community debate and without addressing the implications of de-criminalisation. Although the Bill was rejected in the Upper House on both occasions, it is believed that further attempts will be made in the near future and, again, it will be in the absence of broad community debate. It is also widely believed that, should a change of this nature be implemented in New South Wales, it will have implications for children in other states across Australia.This paper explores the implications of equalising at a lower rather than higher minimum age of consent.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Commission Recommendation'

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