Academic literature on the topic 'Commissioning parent'
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Journal articles on the topic "Commissioning parent"
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Botes, Anri, and Laetitia Fourie. "Werknemers as Lasgewende Ouers in Surrogasie-Aangeleenthede: Die Geboorte van nuwe Verlof-behoeftes in Suid-Afrika." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (May 4, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1373.
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Commissioning parents in terms of a surrogacy agreement have the same parental obligations as traditional parents towards their child. However, since the legitimising of surrogacy in terms of the Children’s Act in 2005, no provision has been made to accommodate the need for leave from work for commissioning parents in order to fulfil their obligations in this regard. The only form of recourse available to commissioning parents may be found in section 27 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) which provides for family responsibility leave of three days. It is submitted that this is insufficient. In the matter of MIA v State Information Technology Agency, it was mentioned in passing that amendments to current labour legislation are necessary to address the lacunae in this respect. As was seen in this matter, the absence of legislative provisions regarding relevant leave will likely give rise to claims of discrimination based on various grounds. The Labour Laws Amendment Bill 2015 has since proposed amendments to the BCEA regarding, amongst others, leave for surrogacy matters. It currently proposes ten weeks commissioning parental leave to be available to one commissioning parent and ten days ordinary parental leave to the other, to be taken from the date of birth. Although the Bill is welcomed, various concerns pertaining to the duration and management of the various types of leave can be identified that need urgent address, particularly as far as the best interests of the child is concerned. The latest developments in the United Kingdom in relation to the above matter provides that its legal system serves as a worthy comparator to provide guidance as to how the Bill may be improved in order to protect all the relevant parties to a surrogacy agreement, as well as the child born in terms thereof.
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Ghráinne, Bríd Ní, and Aisling McMahon. "A Public International Law approach to safeguard nationality for surrogate-born children." Legal Studies 37, no. 2 (2017): 324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12146.
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International surrogacy agreements involve a child born to a surrogate mother who is of a different nationality to the commissioning parent(s) in a state other than that of which the commissioning parent(s) are nationals or reside. Many of these arrangements lead to children being born stateless, which deprives that child of many rights that are directly linked to one's nationality as well as causing significant practical problems, such as difficulty in obtaining a passport. In undertaking the first Public International Law analysis of nationality and international surrogacy agreements, we map out how various provisions can be used to guarantee protections against statelessness. Accordingly, we argue that the drafting of a proposed new convention is not the ideal solution in this respect, and should not be to the detriment of the ratification and implementation of the relevant conventions that we identify; in particular, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. We argue that these protections offer the most meaningful protection in the short term and should be used to inform any future protections under the proposed Convention. We conclude by encouraging the advancement of Public International Law arguments when petitioning in a domestic context on behalf of stateless international surrogate children.
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Gore, C., R. Griffin, T. Rothenberg, et al. "New patient-reported experience measure for children with allergic disease: development, validation and results from integrated care." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 10 (2016): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309598.
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ObjectivesTo develop and validate a new allergy-specific patient-reported experience measure (PREM) for children and their parents, and to collect feedback in an integrated care setting.DesignTwo allergy-specific PREMs were produced using focus groups, cognitive testing, two prospective validation studies (collaboration: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Picker Institute Europe, Imperial College/London): ‘Your Allergy Care’, for children aged 8–16 years; ‘Your Child's Allergy Care’, for parents of children aged 0–7 years.SettingCommunity event, primary/secondary/tertiary allergy care settings.Main outcome measuresPerformance of PREMs in validation study; reported experience of allergy care.Participants687 children with allergic conditions and their parents/carers.ResultsIn total, 687 questionnaires were completed; 503/687 (253 child; 250 parent) for the final survey. In both surveys, demographic variations were not associated with differences in results. Although 71% of patients reported one or more allergic conditions (food allergy/eczema/hay fever/asthma), 62% required multiple visits before receiving final diagnosis. Overall, patient experience was good for communication with patient/parent, competence and confidence in ability, and 73% felt looked after ‘very well’ and 23% ‘quite well’. Areas for improvement included communication with nurseries/schools, more information on side effects, allergic conditions and allergen/irritant avoidance. Allergy care in primary/emergency care settings was associated with higher problem-scores (worse experience) than in specialist clinics.ConclusionsThese new PREMs will allow allergy-specific patient experience reporting for children and parents and help identification of priority areas for improvement and commissioning of care. Efforts towards better allergy care provision must be targeted at primary and emergency care settings and underpinned by improving communication between healthcare providers and the community.
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Duk, Viacheslav. "The RICH detector of the NA62 experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 44 (January 2016): 1660230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516602301.
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The NA62 experiment at CERN is aimed at measuring the ultra-rare decay K[Formula: see text] with 10% accuracy. One of the detectors that is crucial for the rejection of background events is the RICH detector: a gas based detector aimed at [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] separation in the 15–35 GeV/c momentum range with an inefficiency of less than 1%. The RICH must also provide a very precise time measurement (with the time resolution ∼100 ps) to correctly associate the [Formula: see text] with the parent K[Formula: see text] particle measured by an upstream detector. This paper contains the detailed description of the RICH detector, its readout, and the results of the commissioning run at CERN in 2014.
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Hotez, Peter. "Preventing the next pandemic and tackling antiscience: an interview with Peter Hotez." Future Microbiology 16, no. 8 (2021): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0088.
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This interview was conducted by Atiya Henry, Commissioning Editor of Future Microbiology. Peter J Hotez, MD, PhD is Dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine and Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine. He is an internationally recognized physician–scientist in neglected tropical diseases and vaccine development. As head of the Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, he leads a team and product development partnership for developing new vaccines for hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and SARS/MERS/SARS-2 coronavirus. Dr Hotez has authored more than 500 original papers and is the author of four single-author books. Most recently as both a vaccine scientist and autism parent, he has led national efforts to defend vaccines and to serve as an ardent champion of vaccines going up against a growing national ‘antivax’ threat.
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Jones, Glenys, and Elaine Hack. "Chapter 3. Parent/carer involvement in the commissioning of services for children and young people with autism spectrum disorder in the East Midlands." Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 8, no. 3 (2008): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2008.00112_3.x.
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Irwin, Jonathan, David Charbonneau, Philip Nutzman, and Emilio Falco. "The MEarth project: searching for transiting habitable super-Earths around nearby M dwarfs." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S253 (2008): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308026215.
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AbstractDue to their small radii, M dwarfs are very promising targets to search for transiting super-Earths, with a planet of 2 Earth radii orbiting an M5 dwarf in the habitable zone giving rise to a 0.5% photometric signal, with a period of two weeks. This can be detected from the ground using modest-aperture telescopes by targeting samples of nearby M dwarfs. Such planets would be very amenable to follow-up studies due to the brightness of the parent stars, and the favourable planet-star flux ratio. MEarth is such a transit survey of ~2000 nearby M dwarfs. Since the targets are distributed over the entire (Northern) sky, it is necessary to observe them individually, which will be done by using 8 independent 0.4m robotic telescopes, two of which have been in operation since December 2007 at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) located on Mount Hopkins, Arizona. We discuss the survey design and hardware, and report on the current status of the survey, and preliminary results obtained from the commissioning data.
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Chorro-Mari, Veronica, and Nanna Christiansen. "SETTING UP OF A HOMECARE SYSTEM FOR HIGH COST NEBULISERS IN A PAEDIATRIC CYSTIC FIBROSIS CENTRE." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 9 (2016): e2.57-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311535.60.
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AimDue to national changes to the commissioning process of high cost nebulisers (HCN) for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, CF centres have to repatriate the prescribing of the HCN to the tertiary care centres.1 The following nebulisers will no longer be prescribed by primary care: Cayston® (Aztreonam); Colomycin®, Pomixin®, Clobreathe® (Colistimethate); Pulmozyme® (Dornase alfa); Tobi®, Tobi Podhaler ®, Bramitob® (Tobramycin).This abstract explains how the Royal London Hospital (RLH) Paediatric Pharmacy recruited over 100 paediatric (CF) patients smoothly within a period of 4 months and set up a homecare system to avoid patients and families having to travel large distances to obtain their medication.MethodsA number of homecare companies were evaluated initially. Parameters looked at were reports of customer satisfaction, delivery cost, turn-around time once the prescription was received and availability of same day delivery service.In order to capture existing patients we met with CF Specialist Nurses to establish the total number of patients on HCN, what nebulised treatment they were on and their respective doses. We prioritised patients that had known problems with GP prescribing and anybody newly starting on HCN.To communicate the change to parents, a letter was sent to all parents explaining the changeover to homecare delivery and tertiary prescribing. In addition a section in the parent bulletin was dedicated to the topic as well. Following this we contacted parents via phone and in clinic to request consent and explain the process.Up to 10 patients were contacted weekly (average of 7); the consent form and registration form were then faxed to the Homecare company for patient registration. In parallel to this prescriptions were requested for the patients that had been set up in the previous week, ensuring that prescribing was spread out over time to avoid having peak times for repeat prescriptions.In addition to the letter to parents GP surgeries were also informed in writing about the changes in commissioning and planned repatriation of HCN. This information was also included on discharge prescriptions for patients on any of the HCNs as part of the pharmacy screening process.A system for follow up prescriptions as repeat was set up between the team so we would not have unexpected urgent requests and we could avoid missed doses, urgent delivery charge or stress in the team. In order to manage the prescriptions and ease communication across the team a database was developed.ResultsFrom March to July 2014 (16 weeks) one hundred and four patients were successfully repatriated to tertiary care.ConclusionA planned method and agreed standard operation procedure was key to effectively capture and repatriate all patients while at the same time keeping the increase on workload for the pharmacy team to a minimum. The fact of having a strong pharmacy presence as part of the multidisciplinary team attending CF clinics and ward rounds was vital in making this work.
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Modha, Jiten. "P35 Paediatric rheumatology virtual biologic clinic (VBC)." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 9 (2020): e24.2-e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-nppg.44.
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AimTo improve the overall process for the prescribing of biologics within the paediatric rheumatology service. The VBC would help achieve the following:Successful implementation within the service.Streamlined process for cost effective prescribing of biologics in line with national guidance.Ensuring all patients receive the appropriate pre–biologic checks and documentation of core set criteria (where possible) to ensure safe prescribing.Ascertaining other funding mechanisms for patients who do not meet national guidance or commissioning criteria.MethodsThe VBC was modelled on the adult service and the process comprises of the following:Patients starting or switching biologic therapy are highlighted in clinic.Patients who require continuation in therapy are highlighted by the pharmacy homecare team.For new patients, pre–biologic checks are ordered and routine bloods are requested for those continuing therapy.VBC comprises of a 2 hour multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting between a consultant paediatric rheumatologist or senior fellow, specialist nurse and pharmacist.Patients referred to VBC are reviewed against our biologics clerking sheet. Ensuring pre–biologic checks have been completed, routine bloods have been checked, core set criteria has been recorded, patient is compliant with national guidance and that the appropriate Blueteq form has been completed.A homecare registration (if required) and prescription form are completed.A telephone consultation with the parent/patients is provided by the pharmacist explaining the homecare process and answering any clinical questions.The specialist nurse completes output documentation for GP and arranges next follow up.A real–time biologics database records core quality data for auditing purposes.VBC list is sent to the service manager for reimbursement.Patients who do not meet national guidance are referred to the weekly MDT.ResultsThe service has 120 patients being treated on biologics. Since November 2018, 112 patients of these patients have been reviewed. 1.7% have been non-compliant with national guidance and 5% did not have Blueteq numbers.The VBC has enabled the MDT to assess response to biologic therapies by ensuring core set criteria is being recorded. A snapshot audit showed that documentation had increased from 25% to 50%.Prescription turnaround time has reduced from 7 days to 3 days preventing treatment delay.DiscussionVBC has enabled the majority of patients to be reviewed, whilst showing we are compliant with national guidance. Routine and pre-biologic bloods had been requested for all patients and the recording of core set criteria had shown some improvement. Although not achieving the required level of documentation. Telephone consults have been perceived well by patients/parents. Having a pharmacist prescriber has had a positive outcome within the MDT and both the workflow and workload has improved.ConclusionThe VBC has been pivotal in improving patient care within the service. The MDT have collaboratively been able to ensure cost-effective prescribing, improve data collection, and reduce treatment delay whilst enhancing the pharmacist’s role. The process has highlighted the documentation of core set criteria is still low and requires further improvement. Ensuring compliance with NHS England commissioning criteria, Blueteq forms should be completed prior to prescriptions being written.
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Manthorpe, Jill, Jo Moriarty, and Michelle Cornes. "Parent? Carer? Mid-lifer? Older person? Similarities and diversities across different experiences of caring and their implications for practice." Working with Older People 19, no. 2 (2015): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-10-2014-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the experiences of carers caring for an adult child, particularly as they affect the transition from midlife into older age. It explores aspects affecting the vast majority of carers, such as accessing information and services, but focuses on the specific concerns of those caring for a child with a life-long disability or a child who acquires a long-term health problem in adolescence or adulthood. In the context of the introduction of the Care Act (2014) in England, the paper highlights ways in which support for carers could be improved. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on interview data which consisted of 86 face-to-face interviews with purposefully selected participants based in four local authorities. At the end of the study in 2014 the authors held a series of five focus groups for practitioners and carers to explore how the emerging findings chimed with their experiences and to refine the study’s messages for practice. The data from interviews are set in the context of policy and practice developments in social care in England. Findings – The paper draws attention to the need for practitioners to find ways of involving carers in decision making without compromising the rights to autonomy and choice on the part of the person cared for. Both those commissioning services and practitioners need to acknowledge that parent carers need assurances about the long-term viability and quality of the plans that are developed for the person they support. Research limitations/implications – This paper is drawn on interviews with carers and practitioners in four areas of England; most of the carers interviewed were white British and female. The implications of planning research and conducting research with family carers are explored and their similarities with practice encounters identified. Practical implications – The key practice point in this paper highlights the necessity of talking about the future with parent carers, making plans for possible and highly likely events, addressing mortality, and being aware of the potential for a deeply held sense of pessimism and unspoken distress among carers. Some participants seemed to feel that practitioners conveyed a sense that they were inadequate or unwilling to discuss these matters and practitioners who suspect this may apply to them or their team could usefully consider seeking skills development to improve their practice. Originality/value – This paper is the first to consider practice perspectives in the context of the Care Act (2014) and personal budgets in England relating to parent carers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commissioning parent"
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Dyers, Bianca. "Does the involvement of third parties in surrogacy agreements raise the risk of exploitation of prospective surrogates and prospective parent(s)?" University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7578.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>Surrogacy on many occasions is referred to a million-dollar industry. Just like many countries, South Africa has prohibited commercial surrogacy, thus South Africa only permits altruistic surrogacy. The prohibition has consequences for third parties such as surrogacy agencies and surrogacy facilitators, as their right to occupation freedom which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, is limited. No right is absolute, any right can be limited if it can be proved that it is in the best interest of the public. The prohibition on commercial surrogacy is argued to be in the best interest of the public as it can lead to the exploitation of women and the commodification of children.
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Lewis, Samantha Vanessa. "The constitutional and contractual implications of the application of chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4530_1319010066.
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In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.
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Zanzi, Ferrando Diana. "Surrogatmodern och den mänskliga värdigheten : En diskursanalys av den statliga utredningen om surrogatmoderskap, ur ett kritiskt postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390148.
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Uppsatsen undersöker hur ”SOU 2016:11 Olika vägar till föräldraskap” formulerar problemet med surrogatmoderskap, vilka subjektspositioner som kan urskiljas i utredningen och analyserar den ut ett kritiskt postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv. Utredningen utgår ifrån mänsklig värdighet, autonomi och barnets bästa vilket uppsatsen belyser får konsekvenser för hur problemet med surrogatarrangemang porträtteras olika beroende på om surrogatmodern och barnet är från det globala syd eller det globala nord. Utgångspunkterna är centrala när surrogatmodern och barnet från det globala nord lyfts men får inte samma roll gällande surrogatmodern och det barn hon föder. Vidare undersöks hur subjektspositioner formuleras utifrån emotionell/icke-emotionell, sårbar/icke-sårbar, skyddsvärd/icke-skyddsvärd och blottlägger hur den svenska surrogatmodern och det inrikesfödda barnet konstrueras som emotionella, sårbara och skyddsvärda vilket skiljer sig från hur den utländska surrogatmodern och det utrikesfödda barnet konstrueras. Dessa omges att tystnad vilket får konsekvenser för hur de porträtteras och för vilka åtgärder som föreslås. Uppsatsen bidrar till en utveckling av tidigare forskning med ett tillägg av nyckelordet skyddsvärd för att undersöka konstrueringen av surrogatmödrar. Uppsatsen visar att begreppet är relevant genom att materialet visat på delvis konstuering av emotionell och sårbar men inte skyddsvärd och att detta påverkat resultat och åtgärder. Vidare stärker uppsatsen tidigare forskning som menar att utgångspunkten mänsklig värdighet verkar för en avhumanisering av surrogatmödrar från det globala syd samt att synen på biologi varierar beroende på var ett barn föds. Uppsatsen bygger vidare på tidigare forskning som menar att uttryckt rationalitet och brist på emotion resulterar i en avhumanisering, genom att blottlägga hur det kan räcka med att subjektspositionerna möts av tysthet för att uppnå samma resultat. Detta arbete belyser hur olika subjektspositioner framställs olika i den statliga utredningen och hur koloniala idéer hänger kvar och påverkar underlag till svensk lagstiftning, samt blottlägger vilka konkreta konsekvenser detta kan få för lagförslag och för surrogatmödrar i det globala syd samt de barn de föder.
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Maré, Louis. "The feasibility of compensated surrogacy in South Africa: a comparative legal study." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22244.
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The following is a study and comparison of the various types of surrogacy currently
being implemented locally and internationally and the laws surrounding it. I discuss the
current South African legal framework on surrogacy and summarise the relevant
legislative provisions whilst also further discussing the provisions prohibiting commercial
surrogacy and the reasons behind them. Thereafter an investigation follows into other
counties in respect of their individual laws regulating surrogacy and more specifically,
commercial surrogacy. I discuss how these countries attempted to regulate commercial
surrogacy and which regulations were a success and which weren‘t. The various
international laws and regulations surrounding surrogacy as well as commercial
surrogacy is then compared and discussed in a South African context. A discussion on
the intertwined constitutional rights of the surrogate mother, commissioning parents and
child follows and in conclusion I offer some recommendations on how to go about
legalising commercial surrogacy safely and successfully implementing it free from
exploitation.<br>Private Law<br>LL.M. (Specialisation in Private Law)
Books on the topic "Commissioning parent"
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Great Britain. Department of Health. Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Teenage parents: Who cares? : a guide to commissioning and delivering maternity servicies for young parents. The Stationery Office, 2004.
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Majumdar, Anindita. Mothers and Fathers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474363.003.0002.
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What drives the desire to be part of the commercial surrogacy arrangement in India? This chapter seeks to answer this question by looking at an important aspect of transnational commercial surrogacy: informed consent from the commissioning couple and the surrogate mother. A ‘declaration of intent’ by both participants is a mandatory document within the surrogacy contract. What does intention mean? It is not merely a willingness to participate and agree with the modalities of the commercial surrogacy contract, but also to ‘choose’ to be part of it. Within this ‘choice’ and the use of the nomenclature of the ‘intended parent’ and the ‘fertile’ surrogate are the processes of screening eligibility to be part of the arrangement. Thus, in the examination of the notion of ‘intention’, the ‘contract’, couple/individual and the surrogate mother ‘speak’ of their choice of surrogacy. In this way motherhood and fatherhood are explored in relation to ideas regarding kinship, genes, and nurturance.
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Rudrappa, Sharmila. Reconsiderations of Race. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0012.
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This chapter explores transnational surrogacy in South Asia. India has become the prime destination for surrogacy for Western couples. It is a quicker and easier legal process than adoption, and it allows the Western parents to raise a child who is genetically similar to one of them. The babies' birth certificates have the commissioning parents' names, with no sign whatsoever of the surrogate mothers' role in the development and birth. In order to take the baby to their home country, the new parents must prove that the child is legally theirs through paternal gene testing. Some parents celebrate their children's Indian roots by way of nicknames or clothing, while others ignore the role of Indian mothers. Although users of transnational surrogacy services are moral pioneers, there is no place for egg donors or surrogate mothers in the nuclear Western family.
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Scott, Juliette R. Legal Translation Outsourced. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190900014.001.0001.
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This highly interdisciplinary practitioner research explores the outsourced legal translation environment, with a view to optimizing fundamental aspects of procurement—commissioning and performance. The results of a global survey are analysed: participants comprised 84 principals, for the most part from leading law firms and corporations, and 303 legal translation practitioners (41 countries, 6 continents). Concepts from corporate agency theory are used to shed light on market dysfunctions, such as a tortuous chain of supply, while perspectives from genre theory, comparative law, and functionalist translation studies are applied to offer a multidimensional model for legal translation performance, and to foreground its risks and constraints. Fitness-for-purpose is examined as a workable quality criterion associated with translation briefs supplied. Professionalization and empowerment are raised as key factors with potential to significantly improve target text quality. Extensive fieldwork has brought to light ‘hot spots’ for risk, such as severely impeded information flows, insufficient interaction between market actors, and deficient translation briefs. The groundwork for dissemination to practice has already been laid, for example using a briefing template specifically developed for the outsourcing of legal translation, set to benefit commissioning clients by increasing the fitness-for-purpose of translated texts. The types of legal texts outsourced have proved in many instances to be highly sensitive, which further emphasizes the gravity of the problem and the need to take action.
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Choudhury, Cyra Akila. Transnational Commercial Surrogacy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.38.
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With the emergence of assisted reproductive technologies, particularly in vitro fertilization, gestational surrogacy in which an woman can be hired to gestate the child of commissioning parents has grown into a multimillion dollar industry. While many countries prohibit surrogacy, others permit and some even allow women to charge for the service of gestation on a commercial basis. This article addresses the regulation of transnational surrogacy and the related legal conflicts that arise in cross-border agreements particularly in commercial contracts It starts with a brief exploration of the surrogacy industry and growth. It then goes on to describe and analyze some of the legal frameworks that affect surrogacy contracts. The article proceeds to discuss some of the most prominent cross-border controversies to highlight that these conflicts tend to arise from a lack of international or transnational regulation on parentage and citizenship. Finally, the article explores the proposals for international regulation and the prospects of solving some of the more difficult legal problems that have arisen from transnational surrogacy.
Book chapters on the topic "Commissioning parent"
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van den Akker, Olga B. A. "Commissioning Parents." In Surrogate Motherhood Families. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60453-4_5.
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"Commissioning Parent." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_300360.
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Deomampo, Daisy. "Making Kinship, Othering Women." In Transnational Reproduction. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804214.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 examines how commissioning parents create and make sense of their relations with surrogates, egg donors, and the children born through surrogacy. This chapter asks: How do intended parents narrate their family’s origin stories? Within these narratives, what kinds of racial ideologies do they rely on? The chapter argues that commissioning parents construct boundaries that position the surrogate as racially Other to themselves and their families, in ways that allow them to focus on Indian women alternately as objects of rescue or as shrewd actors involved in economic transactions. The chapter shows how these narratives serve to naturalize inequities between commissioning parents and surrogates in order to justify their participation in unequal economic arrangements.
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Deomampo, Daisy. "Physician Racism and the Commodification of Intimacy." In Transnational Reproduction. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804214.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 offers an in-depth analysis of the key role that doctors play in organizing and facilitating surrogates’ relationships with commissioning parents. By examining how doctors influence the ways in which surrogates themselves understand and negotiate their relationships with commissioning clients, the chapter argues that Indian doctors racialize surrogates in ways that justify their unequal position in surrogacy arrangements. The chapter first addresses the ways in which doctors articulate their own role in transnational surrogacy arrangements, demonstrating how they structure relationships and facilitate communication between clients and surrogates. The chapter then examines surrogates’ narratives regarding their relationships with intended parents, demonstrating how physicians’ practices powerfully shape how surrogates view their own relationships with commissioning clients and fetuses. This chapter shows how physician racism and a racialized labor market shape surrogates’ views of commissioning parents as actors in an economic transaction, rather than as co-collaborators in the creation of babies. Yet while doctors develop racial reproductive imaginaries through which they justify their treatment of surrogates, surrogates simultaneously describe this treatment as problematic and disrespectful, and perceive their inability to communicate directly with clients as a mark of disrespect.
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Sin, Julie. "Introduction." In Commissioning and a Population Approach to Health Services Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840732.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sets out the book’s practical purpose to be a useful and salient guide in the real life arena of commissioning and health services decision-making for better population health outcomes. The book is grounded in the experience of health services in England where the intention is to provide a comprehensive range of services on a whole population basis. The reader will be taken through the book using the main anchoring point of commissioning, the process of securing services for populations within finite resources. The book is structured in two parts. The first half (Part I) contains core topics to help build confidence about commissioning for health gain. It covers the purpose of commissioning, its health service context, and offers concepts that tangibly link commissioning actions with a population approach. Part II builds on that to cover more applied topics that commissioners will need to navigate in practice.
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Sin, Julie. "Public Health." In Commissioning and a Population Approach to Health Services Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840732.003.0005.
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This chapter is about the terminology and practice of the public health specialty to assist insight into its connections with health services for populations. Public health practice is about considering health at a population level. For orientation, the semantics of the term public health are also discussed as part of aiming for effectiveness of dialogue in this area of health service practice. In the public health specialty there are three core domains of public health practice, and healthcare systems will interact with all three. One of these domains, Healthcare Public Health (HCPH) is particularly relevant to the commissioning of health services. This is concerned with improving health outcomes through health services quality and effectiveness. Its work is an integral part of the commissioning function for health services. All three domains are described for the commissioner’s orientation, namely the work of health improvement, health protection, and healthcare public health.
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Salet, Willem, and Daniël Bossuyt. "Contested governance of housing for low-and middle-income groups in European city-regions: the pivotal role of commissioning." In The Self-Build Experience. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348429.003.0003.
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Comparing the housing situation of European city-regions is complicated by the large differences between social-economic and institutional conditions. In the first part of the chapter, a global indication is given of the different tenures, the differences of accessibility, and the recent tendencies of housing conditions. Social and private rent appear to be the most common arrangements for low- and middle-income groups; these are provided by different public and private sector agencies. The second part of the chapter discusses recent experiences of articulating the commissioning role of tenants vis à vis the public sector, the market and the established developers in a number of significant cases.
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Burnett, Simon, and Caroline Gatrell. "Teleconference focus groups with fathers: ‘You’re on the line with …’." In Fathers, Families and Relationships. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331476.003.0007.
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This chapter analyses methodological issues experienced in the employment of audio teleconference focus groups in fatherhood research. It cites a research project entitled ‘Work Life Balance: Working for Fathers?’, which explores how men with dependent children combine work and family commitments. As part of this research, when recruiting fathers for face-to-face interviews and focus groups proved difficult, scholars utilised the medium of recordable teleconferencing technology. In the context of research on fatherhood, the chapter evaluates the emergent complexities integral to the entire process of running ‘teleconference’ (telecon) focus groups. The first part of the chapter describes the technological and procedural challenges in the commissioning of telecon focus groups, while the second reflects on fathers' confession-like admissions.
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Daly, Blánaid, Paul Batchelor, Elizabeth Treasure, and Richard Watt. "Planning dental services." In Essential Dental Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679379.003.0028.
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Planning is an integral part of dental care provision that can operate at many different levels. At a national level, government NHS policy impacts upon dental services in different ways. For example, in the General Dental Service, patient charge bands in England are currently set by the government. In the future, at the national level, the National Health Service Commissioning Board (NHSCB) will determine national policy and national delivery requirements. The NHSCB will be responsible for commissioning primary dental services and contractual arrangements with dentists. At the Health and Wellbeing Board (HWB) level in England, planners (in conjunction with general medical practioner (GMP) consortia/clinical care commissioning groups (CCGs)) will make decisions over the priorities for local services, and the types and range of services offered locally. Within a dental practice, dental practitioners and their team members may develop a range of practice policies aimed at improving the services provided. Finally, every day clinicians develop treatment plans for individual patient care based upon their oral health needs. All these activities are planning in action. This chapter will examine the basic principles of planning, and review the different steps in the planning process. At the most basic level, planning aims to guide choices so that decisions are made in the best manner to reach the desired outcomes. Planning provides a guide and structure to the process of decision-making to maximize results within the limited resources available. Is planning really necessary when there are so many other demands on practitioners’ time? Planning can be justified for the following reasons: . . . ● It provides an opportunity to be proactive in decision-making rather than constantly reacting to pressures and demands. . . . . . . ● It enables priorities to be set. . . . . . . ● It identifies where resources can be directed to have the greatest impact. . . . Various planning models have been proposed to act as a guide to the different steps in the planning process. The rational planning model provides a basic guide to the process (McCarthy 1982), and involves the following steps: . . . 1 Assessment of need: e.g. identification of the oral health problems and concerns of the population. . . . . . . 2 Identifying priorities: agreeing the target areas for action. . . .
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Wilkinson, Leanne. "Using Social Marketing Strategies to Enhance Program Reach." In The Power of Positive Parenting, edited by Matthew R. Sanders and Trevor G. Mazzucchelli. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190629069.003.0035.
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This chapter examines the role of social marketing in the implementation of a population-level system of parenting programs, Triple P. In particular, the chapter considers the range of factors and circumstances affecting uptake of parenting interventions, including the role of commissioning bodies, the readiness of implementing and supporting organizations, and the many complicating factors surrounding parental behavior change. A nuts-and-bolts, real-world example of a public health population approach to parenting interventions is presented that both explains and highlights the interdependence of a program implementation framework and a well-resourced social marketing strategy in ensuring successful program outreach. The chapter also discusses the implications of cultural models of parenting and culturally based community norms in terms of gaps in understanding, relevance, and resistance to the concept of seeking parenting “help.”
Conference papers on the topic "Commissioning parent"
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Hoshizaki, A. James. "Operating Experience of the First Solar® Taurus 70S Mechanical Drive Installation." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-354.
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In October 1995, NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) commissioned the first mechanical drive application of Solar Turbines’ Taurus™ 70S gas turbine. The unit was installed as a part of a turbine/compressor package at a compressor station on NGTL’s natural gas pipeline system. As this first installation was a part of a development test program by Solar Turbines, field evaluation was conducted subsequent to the original commissioning and related testing. This paper presents NGTL’s experiences in commissioning, startup and operation. Field performance test results for the gas turbine are presented and focus on output power, thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. Some of the findings and observations from the field evaluation tests performed by Solar are also discussed. In addition, a description of the facility in which the turbine/compressor package is installed is provided.
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Cosham, Andrew, Robert J. Eiber, Robert Owen, and Jan Spiekhout. "A Historical Review of Pre-Commissioning Hydrotest Failures." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10333.
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The concept of proof testing engineering structures has its origins in antiquity. The pre-commissioning hydrostatic test (also known as the pre-service pressure test) has been an important part of the process of commissioning a newly constructed pipeline for over 50 years, since its beginnings in the 1950s in the USA. The purpose of the hydrotest is several-fold: to prove the leak tightness of the pipeline system at a pressure above the design pressure, as a strength (proof) test to identify (fail) defects and sub-standard pipe, and to prove a safety margin above the pipeline design pressure. Historical data, from PARLOC (Pipeline and Riser Loss of Containment), the OPS (Office of Pipeline Safety) 30 day Incident Reports, and the published literature on the number and causes of pre-commissioning hydrotest failures has been reviewed. The historical data covers onshore gas transmission pipelines in the USA and the UK, and gas and liquid pipelines in the North Sea. The data covers the period from 1952 to 2005, although there are significant gaps in the data (e.g. the OPS data for the USA does not report test failures after 1984). In this paper, the historical data is summarised over this period, by year, in terms of the number of failures per km, and trends in the frequency and type of failures are identified. Comparison of USA and UK experience, or onshore and offshore experience, is contentious because of the influences of different design codes, and local custom and practice. The USA and UK pipeline design code requirements for the hydrotest are summarised in the paper, and it is shown that some of the trends in the failure data may be explained by the differences between the codes. Failures during the hydrotest are rare, but occasionally they do occur. The general consensus is that failures during the precommissioning hydrostatic test are now less common, and that failures due to defective line pipe (rather than due to leaking fittings) are rare. The historical data supports this consensus, but it also highlights that it is largely based on anecdotal evidence rather than data and analysis, because information on test failures is not now routinely gathered and published. The results of the historical review demonstrate that understanding the causes and reasons for hydrotest failures is important for learning from past mistakes, and also for identifying those cases where it may be possible to dispense with a pre-commissioning hydrotest. Reliable historical data on hydrotest failures is necessary to quantify trends over time, and to understand the causes of failures. The pipeline industry as a whole is not coherently recording this data. It should be.
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Deng, Song, and Dan Turner. "Continuous Commissioning of Salt Lake City Community College South City Campus." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76024.
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The State of Utah’s Department of Natural Resources funded two projects in Salt Lake City to demonstrate the feasibility of the Continuous Commissioning® (CC®) process. The two sites selected were a modern state building, the Matheson Courthouse [1], and a very old building, the South City campus of Salt Lake Community College [2]. This paper describes the measures and latest savings results from the CC® process at the Community College. The energy savings amounted to 15% of the annual utility bill. While most of the savings were attributed to CC, part was attributed to the on-site facility operators who implemented measures over and above those recommended by the CC engineers. It was an exciting team effort and a good example of the savings that can be achieved by CC engineers working closely with a good facility operations staff.
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Passmann, Maximilian, and Stefan aus der Wiesche. "Development and Commissioning of a Supersonic Blow Down Wind Tunnel for Educational Purposes." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69196.
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A cost-effective test rig is presented that allows for the experimental investigation of supersonic flows for educational purposes. The individual units for the test rig were designed and built by students as part of their degrees. The test rig allows for operating times up to 10 seconds and features a nozzle test section, that can house different test objects. The divergent part of the de Laval nozzle geometry is designed using the method of characteristics for planar two-dimensional supersonic flow. State of the art 3D printing technology has been utilized to manufacture the nozzle geometry. Both optical and pneumatic measurement techniques have been adopted for the current setup. A z-type schlieren setup with two parabolic mirrors is used to perform flow visualization. The entire run can be recorded with a digital high speed camera. Stagnation pressure and temperature are measured in the pressure reservoir. Measurements are used to demonstrate basic thermodynamic effects such as the depressurization of gas-filled pressure vessels. Schlieren photography is used to graphically derive the Mach number and some aspects of Mach waves, oblique shock waves, and expansion waves are discussed. Finally, some effects of surface roughness on the flow field are addressed in this paper. Initial tests with the untreated nozzle geometry led to a fine pattern of very weak oblique shock waves in the supersonic part of the nozzle, that were caused by the finite layer thickness of the printer.
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Dupuy, Patricia, Gabriel Georgescu, and Quentin Nguyen-Canh. "IRSN Complementary Deterministic and Probabilistic Safety Assessment of EPR Flamanville." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31053.
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At Flamanville, the first generation III reactor in France (EPR) is under the final phase of construction. It is expected that, in the near future, the plant operator (EDF) will send to the Safety Authority the request for the commissioning of this new reactor. Taking into account the difficulties to assess a new evolutionary design in a rather short term, most of the safety related subjects are already under IRSN analysis, in the frame of so called “anticipated examination” of the commissioning request. This “anticipated examination”, which is now in progress, is performed by IRSN by using, both deterministic and probabilistic approaches in a complementary way. In this context, for the analysis of the systems design, IRSN developed a specific analysis guide which allows a comprehensive and systematic analysis of all aspects related to the role of the plats systems in achieving a high level of safety. The paper presents the IRSN approach, as well as the main insights, related to the analysis of the plant systems design as part of the overall plant safety level assessment.
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Pham, Kinh D., Kai Looijenga, Gene Wallis, Thomas Heilig, and Xavier Ramirez. "TriMet MAX Energy Storage Substation: Updates on Commissioning, Optimization and Operating Experience." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6260.
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This paper provides an update to the 2015 paper titled “A New Energy Storage Substation for the Portland to Milwaukie Light Rail (PMLR) Extension” [4] presented at the 2015 JRC in San Jose. The energy storage substation (ESS) with super-capacitor technology manufactured by Siemens was installed in place of a utility-connected substation at the Tacoma substation location to capture the energy generated by braking light rail vehicles and store it in the ESS energy savings mode and feed it back to the traction power supply during vehicle acceleration. In voltage stabilization mode, the ESS will enable the rail system to maintain voltage system stability by ensuring the system voltage to remain within the required voltage ranges and prevent system disruptions due to low system voltage conditions. In the Fall 2015, the Tacoma ESS went into service as part of the PMLR Orange Line light rail extension. This paper presents the design concepts for the unit, briefly discusses installation and testing, and focuses on the optimization process, operating experience, energy savings and reliability. TriMet operates a fleet of 145 light rail vehicles on its 60 mile network. Approximately 75% of the energy regenerated during braking is captured and re-used, saving an estimated $1.8 M annually in energy cost. The Tacoma ESS capacity is approximately 2.5 kWh. The unit normally operates in energy savings mode, maximizing recovery and re-use of braking energy while the secondary voltage stabilization mode is available to maintain system operation during outage conditions. After more than two years of revenue service operation, detailed operating data is presented and analyzed, including reliability information and actual energy and cost savings.
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Strand, Torsten. "Operation on Process Off-Gas of a 24MW SGT-600 Gas Turbine on an LNG Plant in China." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90154.
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A privately owned LNG plant was taken into service at the Tuha Oil Fields in western China during 2004. The plant is the first of its kind and will produce Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from associated gas from the oil fields. The LNG is delivered to Central China by trucks. The plant was delivered by Tractebel with Linde AG being responsible for the LNG process design. The compression set of the refrigeration cycle consists of a three-stage Ebara compressor driven by a 24 MW Siemens SGT-600 gas turbine operating on the off-gas from the LNG plant. The operation of the gas turbine integrated in this plant is associated with some special challenges: • the ambient conditions out in the desert; • the fuel, that varies from natural gas to a process gas consisting of methane diluted with up to 28% nitrogen; • the refrigeration medium, which is circulated by the gas turbine driven compressor, changes in composition dependent on load; • the starting procedure with the compressor in the refrigeration loop. A combustion test was performed to verify that the DLE combustion system could accept the variations in gas composition. The control system was modified to handle the variable gas qualities in the fuel and in the refrigeration loop. Since the gas turbine/compressor set is an integrated part of the LNG process the commissioning was a long process governed by the LNG plant commissioning. It included some unexpected events. Now all is working well. It has been shown that a standard SGT-600 DLE unit can start and operate reliably and with low emissions on very much diluted natural gases. The paper contains a brief description of the LNG plant, definition of the special requirements on the gas turbine, a description of the combustion verification test on diluted gas, some events during commissioning and finally the engine verification test.
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Rodri´guez, Norberto Pe´rez, Erik Rosado Tamariz, and Rafael Garci´a Illescas. "Emissions and Noise Pollution Diagnosis of a Turbogas Power Plant During Commissioning Service." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23671.
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This work is focused on the diagnosis of behavior, from the point of view of control emissions and noise level, of a power Turbogas plant during the process of commissioning, to guarantee that its operation complies with national and international standards. The environmental diagnosis of the power plant was developed as part of the performance evaluation of the unit. The conditions of the unit evaluation include operation at base load and partial load, as well as time periods for load changes. The evaluated power plant consists of an aeroderivative gas turbine installed in a simple cycle, operating with a cooling system (chiller) installed in the urban zone of Mexico City. Therefore, it should comply with the legislation and regulations of the city concerning air pollution and allowed noise, besides the international standards established by the manufacturer. The study includes emissions measurements using a Continuous Emissions Monitoring System installed in-situ, previously calibrated and checked during and after the test which was found inside the permissible deviation of 3%. Measurements were recorded at intervals of 5 minutes during test periods of 110 minutes for each load and 45 minutes for load changes. On the other hand, noise pressure evaluation was carried out in near field as well as far field produced by the power plant during operation. Measurements were carried out by using precision instruments installed specifically for it. A temporary system for obtaining data was used to monitoring the environmental conditions every 30 seconds. It was possible to verify that the turbogenerator complies with all noise levels and contaminant emissions requirements and regulations according to the limits established by the manufacturer and national and international standards.
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Arzhaev, Alexey, Sergey Sivakov, Kirill Arzhaev, Sergey Butorin, and Valentin Makhanev. "Application of Structural Integrity Concepts to NPP Piping and Equipment During Design, Commissioning and Operation." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20436.
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Application of Structural Integrity Concepts to RF NPP piping and equipment have started in Russia in the beginning of 1990s from requirements to Leak Before Break (LBB) calculation studies adopted by regulatory body. Results of first practical LBB Concept application to RF NPP piping have been reported at Lyon LBB Conference in year 1995. Experience of LBB Concept practical application in Russia during 1990s formed strong basis for issuing comprehensive guideline RD 95 10547-99 which stated LBB Concept basic principles and requirements applicable to RF NPPs with Light Water Reactors (LWR) at all stages of Life Cycle: design, commissioning and operation. Requirements of RD 95 10547-99 guideline have been in good correspondence to classic LBB principles used in many European countries, USA, Japan and to IAEA Technical Documents as well. RF NPP piping operation experience analysis have revealed necessity of producing more general methodology — Break Preclusion (BP) Concept — to substantiate structural integrity of piping potentially susceptible to active degradation mechanisms like Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC), Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC), etc. BP and LBB Concepts are based on the same major principles: (a) quality of design, manufacturing, assembling, (b) monitoring of degradation and operating conditions, (c) enveloping loading conditions with respect to maximum design loads, (d) calculation and experimental substantiation of failure according to LBB scenario. LBB Concept requires full implementation of principles (a)÷(d) and BP Concept allows to achieve balance in implementation of principles (a) and (b) while principles (c) and (d) should be fully implemented. Memorandum of 8th International Scientific and Technical Conference “Safety of VVER NPPs” in year 2013 stated as a 1st priority goal to substantiate structural integrity of main components for Long-Term Operation (LTO) during 60–80 years. Actual regulatory demands to operating NPPs also produce strong demand to provide structural integrity arguments for safety important piping and equipment as a part of periodic safety justification of NPP Unit needed for license extension. Peculiarities of structural integrity concepts application to safety important piping and equipment at different stages of NPP Unit Life Cycle (design. commissioning and operation) are discussed in paper with emphasis on technical measures providing conditions for effective degradation monitoring and prevention during LTO. Perspectives of regulatory documents improvement are also discussed.
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Mishra, P. K., B. K. Misra, Ajay Dighe, Mustapha Chaker, and Cyrus B. Meher-Homji. "Two Years of Operational Experience With Gas Turbine Inlet Fogging at Reliance Cogeneration Facilities." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38983.
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The design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance experiences of a fogging system for 5 GE Frame 6B gas turbines in cogeneration service are described in this paper. The pilot project was initiated in October 2000 on one GT and based on the encouraging results, fogging based inlet air cooling has been incorporated on an additional 4 gas turbines. The paper provides a description of the cogeneration plant and the underlying need for inlet fogging. The paper also shows how the inlet fogging was instrumental in boosting power and improving heat rate for the cogeneration cycle. Modifications done in the control logic to operate the fogging based inlet-cooling system on part load operation of gas turbines are also provided.
Reports on the topic "Commissioning parent"
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Kvalbein, Astrid. Wood or blood? Norges Musikkhøgskole, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481278.
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Wood or Blood? New scores and new sounds for voice and clarinet Astrid Kvalbein and Gjertrud Pedersen, Norwegian Academy of Music What is this thing called a score, and how do we relate to it as performers, in order to realize a musical work? This is the fundamental question of this exposition. As a duo we have related to scores in a variety of ways over the years: from the traditional reading and interpreting of sheet music of works by distant (some dead) composers, to learning new works in dialogue with living composers and to taking part in the creative processes from the commissioning of a work to its premiere and beyond. This reflective practice has triggered many questions: could the score for instance be conceptualized as a contract, in which some elements are negotiable and others are not? Where two equal parts, the performer(s) and the composer might have qualitatively different assignments on how to realize the music? Finally: might reflecting on such questions influence our interpretative practices? To shed light on these issues, we take as examples three works from our recent repertoire: Ragnhild Berstad’s Vevtråd (Weaving thread, 2010), Jan Martin Smørdal’s The Lesser Nighthawk (2012) and Lene Grenager’s Tre eller blod (Wood or blood, 2005). We will share – attempt to unfold – some of the experiences gained from working with this music, in close collaboration and dialogue with the composers. Observing the processes from a certain temporal distance, we see how our attitudes as a duo has developed over a longer span of time, into a more confident 'we'.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.