Relevant bibliographies by topics / Committee of Three

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Committee of Three'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Committee of Three"

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Uddin Bhuiyan, Md Borhan, and Ahsan Habib. "Determinants of nomination committee: New Zealand evidence." Corporate Board role duties and composition 7, no. 2 (2011): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv7i2c1art5.

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A sizable volume of corporate governance literature documents that an independent and competent board of directors matter for organizational success. In order to function effectively, board comprises of different sub-committees and the three most common sub-committees are audit committees, compensation committees and nomination committees. Surprisingly, there is a paucity of research in understanding the determinants of nomination committee notwithstanding the importance of an independent nomination committee in board selection process. We contribute to the nomination committee literature by investigating the factors associated with the determination of nomination committees in New Zealand. We find that cross-sectional variation in the firm-specific characteristics affect the existence of nomination committees. This finding casts doubt on the „one-size-fits all‟ approach of corporate governance. Our logistic regression of the nomination committee determinants indicates that firm size, governance regulation and busy directors are positively associated with the existence of nomination committees, whereas firm leverage, controlling shareholders, and director independence are negatively related to the formation of nomination committees.
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Raghunandan, K., Dasaratha V. Rama, and William J. Read. "Audit Committee Composition, “Gray Directors,” and Interaction with Internal Auditing." Accounting Horizons 15, no. 2 (2001): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2001.15.2.105.

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The functioning of corporate audit committees was criticized in recent years by the Treadway Commission, the Public Oversight Board, the Kirk Panel, and the SEC Chairman. In response, the NYSE and NASD sponsored the Blue Ribbon Committee (BRC) on Improving the Effectiveness of Corporate Audit Committees. The BRC Report includes recommendations aimed at strengthening director independence and qualifications, and highlights the role of internal auditors in assisting audit committees in the corporate governance process. Moreover, the first three recommendations of the BRC relate to audit committee composition: absence of inside or “gray” directors, and presence of a member with financial expertise. This study examines the association between audit committee composition and the committee's interaction with internal auditing. Our results, based on responses from chief internal auditors of 114 public companies, indicate that committees comprised solely of independent directors and with at least one member having an accounting or finance background are more likely to (1) have longer meetings with the chief internal auditor; (2) provide private access to the chief internal auditor; and (3) review internal audit proposals and results of internal auditing. These findings provide empirical support for the BRC's recommendations related to audit committee composition.
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Kibbee, Priscilla, and Neil Senior. "A Three-Component Committee System." Hospital Topics 64, no. 2 (1986): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1986.9952423.

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Oberthür, Sebastian, and Eliza Northrop. "Towards an Effective Mechanism to Facilitate Implementation and Promote Compliance under the Paris Agreement." Climate Law 8, no. 1-2 (2018): 39–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00801002.

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The article explores key aspects of the modalities and procedures of the Committee to facilitate implementation and promote compliance under Article 15 of the Paris Agreement. It focuses on five main issues under discussion in the international negotiations: overarching guidance to the Committee; the Committee’s functions; the scope of its mandate; the way in which matters may be referred to the Committee and proceedings initiated; and the outputs and measures available to the Committee. While recognizing the particular context and unique features of the Paris Agreement, our analysis draws on the experience available from several existing committees under other meas. In identifying design options for ensuring the Committee’s effective operation, we emphasize the importance of a balance of three main elements: the inclusion of an administrative non-party referral option based on information generated through the transparency framework under Article 13 of the Agreement or collected by the Secretariat; a full-range portfolio of facilitative measures; and several elements of overarching operational guidance to provide boundaries to the Committee’s discretion. 1
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Carcello, Joseph V., Dana R. Hermanson, and Terry L. Neal. "Disclosures in Audit Committee Charters and Reports." Accounting Horizons 16, no. 4 (2002): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2002.16.4.291.

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In response to recent criticisms of audit committee performance, new SEC and stock exchange rules require companies to prepare an audit committee charter and to publish the charter in their proxy statement at least once every three years. Audit committees also must disclose how they discharged their responsibilities during the year. We study the disclosures in audit committee charters and reports by examining a random sample of 150 proxy statements filed in Spring 2001. The primary purposes of this analysis are to understand audit committee activities and to identify possible areas for further audit committee reform. We find that what audit committees say they are doing in their reports differs from what their charters say the committee should be doing. There is a generally high level of compliance with mandated audit committee disclosures, such as disclosures related to reviewing and discussing the financial statements with management. However, voluntary disclosure of audit committee activities was more common for depository institutions, larger companies, NYSE-listed companies, and companies with more independent audit committees. These results indicate either more active audit committees in such companies, or a greater commitment to audit committee disclosure in such companies. In addition, some of the disclosure levels suggest the need for additional reforms regarding audit committee oversight of interim reports, number of audit committee meetings, and audit committee oversight of internal audit. We also suggest directions for future research.
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Miller, Mark C. "Courts, Agencies, and Congressional Committees: A Neo-Institutional Perspective." Review of Politics 55, no. 3 (1993): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500017630.

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Based on over 75 personal interviews with members of Congress and their staffs, this article examines how three House authorization committees differ in their reactions to federal court decisions versus their reactions to federal agency decisions. In general, Congress holds the courts in higher esteem than it does the agencies. The courts are generally seen as less political than the agencies, and committee reactions to court decisions are seen as much more unusual than reactions to agency decisions. The attitudes of the three committees toward decisions of the other institutions vary in ways consonant with their institutional roles, the committees' political cultures, and the primary goals of the committee members. The domination of lawyer members on the policy oriented Judiciary Committee results in that committee being the most deferential to the courts. The constituency focused Interior Committee is oriented to local interests and members' reelection goals, and it responds to the courts or to agencies only when constituency pressures force it to do so. The power oriented Energy and Commerce Committee treats the courts and the agencies just like any other political actors.
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Lane, J. Athene, Carrol Gamble, William J. Cragg, Doreen Tembo, and Matthew R. Sydes. "A third trial oversight committee: Functions, benefits and issues." Clinical Trials 17, no. 1 (2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774519881619.

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Background/aims: Clinical trial oversight is central to the safety of participants and production of robust data. The United Kingdom Medical Research Council originally set out an oversight structure comprising three committees in 1998. The first committee, led by the trial team, is hands-on with trial conduct/operations (‘Trial Management Group’) and essential. The second committee (Data Monitoring Committee), usually completely independent of the trial, reviews accumulating trial evidence and is used by most later phase trials. The Independent Data Monitoring Committee makes recommendations to the third oversight committee. The third committee, (‘Trial Steering Committee’), facilitates in-depth interactions of independent and non-independent trial members and gives broader oversight (blinded to comparative analysis). We investigated the roles and functioning of the third oversight committee with multiple research methods. We reflect upon these findings to standardise the committee’s remit and operation and to potentially increase its usage. Methods: We utilised findings from our recent published suite of research on the third oversight committee to inform guideline revision. In brief, we conducted a survey of 38 United Kingdom–registered Clinical Trials Units, reviewed a cohort of 264 published trials, observed 8 third oversight committee meetings and interviewed 52 trialists. We convened an expert panel to discuss third oversight committees. Subsequently, we interviewed nine patient/lay third committee members and eight committee Chairs. Results: In the survey, most Clinical Trials Units required a third committee for all their trials (27/38, 71%) with independent members (ranging from 1 to 6). In the survey and interviews, the independence of the third committee was valued to make unbiased consideration of Independent Data Monitoring Committee recommendations and to advise on trial progress, protocol changes and recruitment issues in conjunction with the trial leadership. The third committee also advised funders and sponsors about trial continuation and represented patients and the public by including lay members. Of the cohort of 264 published trials, 144 reported a ‘steering’ committee (55%), but the independence of these members was not described so these may have been internal Trial Management Groups. Around two thirds of papers (60%) reported having an Independent Data Monitoring Committee and 26.9% neither a steering nor an Independent Data Monitoring Committee. However, before revising the third committee charter (Terms of Reference), greater standardisation is needed around defining member independence, composition, primacy of decision-making, interactions with other committees and the lifespan. Conclusion: A third oversight committee has benefits for trial oversight and conduct, and a revised charter will facilitate greater standardisation and wider adoption.
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Mak, Vincent, Darryl A. Seale, Amnon Rapoport, and Eyran J. Gisches. "Voting Rules in Sequential Search by Committees: Theory and Experiments." Management Science 65, no. 9 (2019): 4349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3146.

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We propose a committee extension of the individual sequential search model called the “secretary problem,” where collective decisions on when to stop the search are reached via a prespecified voting rule. We offer a game-theoretic analysis of our model and then report two experiments on three-person committees with either uncorrelated or perfectly correlated preferences under three different voting rules followed by a third experiment on single decision makers. Relative to equilibrium predictions, committees with uncorrelated preferences oversearched under minority and majority voting rules but, otherwise, undersearched or approximated equilibrium play. Individually, committee members were often less strategic when their preferences were uncorrelated than when they were perfectly correlated. Collectively, committees’ decisions were more strategic than single decision makers’ only under the unanimity rule, although still not significantly better in terms of the decision makers’ welfare. Finally, across our experiments that involved committee search, the unanimity rule always optimized committee welfare. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics.
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Dogo, Harun, David Sklar, and Chris Tausanovitch. "A Troika of Fellows." PS: Political Science & Politics 45, no. 04 (2012): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096512001084.

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This year was an unusual one for the APSA Congressional Fellowship Program—three fellows were placed with the same congressional office. The fact that three fellows, each with very different backgrounds, were drawn to the Senate Finance Committee, says something about the unique role that the committee plays in congressional policymaking. As one of the “A”s of the four “Super-A” committees, along with Appropriations, Armed Services, and Foreign Relations, the Senate Finance Com-mittee is one of the committee assignments most sought after by Senators. Its vast policy jurisdiction enables members to affect many different parts of the economy, society, and government. In addition to Chairman Baucus, the majority membership of the committee includes chairs of six other committees: Senators John Kerry of Foreign Relations; Jeff Bingaman of Energy and Natural Resources; John D. Rockefeller of Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Debbie Stabenow of Agriculture and Forestry; Kent Conrad of Budget; and Chuck Schumer who serves both as chairman of the Rules Committee and the Democratic Policy and Communications Center. On the minority side, in addition to the ranking member, Senator Orrin Hatch, the panel includes three ranking members of other committees: Senators Chuck Grassley of Judiciary, Olympia Snowe of Small Business, and Mike Enzi of Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. They serve alongside with the Republican Whip Senator Jon Kyl, the Republican Conference Chair John Thune, and the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee Chairman John Cornyn of Texas. This concentration of senatorial experience testifies to the importance of the work undertaken by the Finance Committee.
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Naiker, Vic, Divesh S. Sharma, and Vineeta D. Sharma. "Do Former Audit Firm Partners on Audit Committees Procure Greater Nonaudit Services from the Auditor?" Accounting Review 88, no. 1 (2012): 297–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50271.

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ABSTRACT: To address potential threats to auditor independence, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requires the audit committee to pre-approve nonaudit services (NAS) procured from the auditor. However, the presence of a former audit firm partner (FAP) affiliated with the current auditor on the audit committee could undermine the audit committee's due diligence over the NAS pre-approval process. To alleviate such concerns, the Securities and Exchange Commission approved a three-year “cooling-off” period for appointing audit firm alumni as independent directors. Our analyses show that the presence of both affiliated and unaffiliated FAPs on audit committees does not lead to greater NAS procured from the auditor; rather, FAPs reduce NAS procured from the auditor. Moreover, NAS decline significantly following the appointment of FAPs to the audit committee. Further tests suggest the three-year cooling-off period may not be warranted and deserves further investigation. Our study raises important implications for regulators, policy makers, corporate boards, and future research. Data Availability: Data are publicly available from sources identified in the text.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Committee of Three"

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Phillips, Jillian. "THREE STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE LEGAL LIABILITY IMPLICATIONS OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2251.

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This dissertation examines the litigation and legal liability exposure of auditors related to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). Three separate studies were conducted to examine how auditor s litigation exposure is evaluated by potential litigants (lawyers), and how auditor liability is evaluated by jurors, following the bankruptcy of a client. The first study examines whether the auditor s SOX Section 404 reporting decisions influence lawyers assessments of their litigation exposure. The second study investigates whether voluntary disclosures of significant deficiencies in internal controls within the SOX Section 404 report, and the subjectivity of the internal control judgments made by the auditor, influence jurors perceptions of auditor liability for negligence. The third study examines how the requirements of SOX Section 302 related to audit committee independence and audit committee expertise influence jurors perceptions of auditor independence and auditor liability for negligence. Overall, these three studies provide insights on how different provisions of SOX, specifically the Section 404 report and audit committee requirements, influence the likelihood that auditors will be sued and the likelihood that they will be held liable by a jury.
Ph.D.
Kenneth G. Dixon School of Accounting
Business Administration
Business Administration PhD
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Rickling, Maria F. "Three Essays on Corporate Governance and Meeting-Beating or Missing Analyst Forecasts." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/438.

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The beginning of the 21st century was plagued with unprecedented instances of corporate fraud. In an attempt to address apparent non-existent or “broken” corporate governance policies, sweeping measures of financial reporting reform ensued, having specific requirements relating to the composition of audit committees, the interaction between audit committees and external auditors, and procedures concerning auditors’ assessment of client risk. The purpose of my dissertation is to advance knowledge about “good” corporate governance by examining the association between meeting-or-beating analyst forecasts and audit fees, audit committee compensation, and audit committee tenure and “busyness”. Using regression analysis, I found the following: 1) the frequency of meeting-or-just beating (just missing) analyst forecasts is negatively (positively) associated with audit fees, 2) the extent by which a firm exceeds analysts’ forecasts is positively (negatively) associated with audit committee compensation that is predominately equity-based (cash-based), and 3) the likelihood of repeatedly meeting-or-just beating analyst forecasts is positively associated with audit committee tenure and “busyness”. These results suggest that auditors consider clients who frequently meet-or-just beat forecasts as being less “risky”, and clients that frequently just miss as being more “risky”. The results also imply that cash-based director compensation is more successful in preserving the effectiveness of the audit committee’s financial reporting oversight role, that equity-based compensation motivates independent audit committee directors to focus on short-term performance thereby aligning their interests with management, and that audit committee director tenure and the degree of director “busyness” can affect an audit committee member’s effectiveness in providing financial reporting oversight. Collectively, my dissertation provides additional insights regarding corporate governance practices and informs policy-makers for future relevant decisions.
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Spence, James Michael. "A Comparison of Major Factors that Affect Hospital Formulary Decision-Making by Three Groups of Prescribers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157518/.

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The exponential growth in medical pharmaceuticals and related clinical trials have created a need to better understand the decision-making factors in the processes for developing hospital medication formularies. The purpose of the study was to identify, rank, and compare major factors impacting hospital formulary decision-making among three prescriber groups serving on a hospital's pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee. Prescribers were selected from the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center which is a large, multi-facility, academic oncology hospital. Specifically, the prescriber groups studied were comprised of physicians, midlevel providers, and pharmacists. A self-administered online survey was disseminated to participants. Seven major hospital formulary decision-making factors were identified in the scientific literature. Study participants were asked to respond to questions about each of the hospital formulary decision-making factors and to rank the various formulary decision-making factors from the factor deemed most important to the factor deemed least important. There are five major conclusions drawn from the study including three similarities and two significant differences among the prescriber groups and factors. Similarities include: (1) the factor "pharmacy staff's evaluation of medical evidence including formulary recommendations" was ranked highest for all three prescriber groups; (2) "evaluation of medications by expert physicians" was ranked second for physicians and midlevel providers while pharmacists ranked it third; and (3) the factor, "financial impact of the treatment to the patient" was fifth in terms of hospital formulary decision-making statement and ranking by all three prescriber groups. Two significant differences include: (1) for the hospital-formulary decision making statement, "I consider the number of patients affected by adding, removing, or modifying a drug on the formulary when making hospital medication formulary decisions," midlevel providers considered this factor of significantly greater importance than did physicians; and (2) for the ranked hospital formulary decision-making factor, "financial impact of treatment to the institution," pharmacists ranked this factor significantly higher than did physicians. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the three prescriber groups serving on a P&T committee. Also, the study contributes to the body of literature regarding decision-making processes in medicine and specifically factors impacting hospital formulary decision-making. Furthermore, this study has the potential to impact the operational guidelines for the P&T committee at the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center as well as other hospitals.
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Lutz, Mary Laura. "An exploration of the relationship between failed senior pastor appointments in three large United Methodist churches and seminary preparation, professional identity, and person-environment." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196185082.

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Williams, Joseph Russell. "Three Essays on Congressional Elections and Representation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10859.

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Democracy depends upon the competition between candidates or ideas. However, practices or procedures sometimes preclude the consideration of the full range of options. Can campaign spending predict who wins elections? What explains why incumbent electoral security is only rarely threatened? Can committees or individuals in Congress stifle the will of a legislative majority? Essay #1. Politicians spend vast sums of money in order to win or retain a seat in Congress; does it predict who will win? In this essay I present a forecast model for elections to the US House of Representatives that specifically includes a measure of campaign spending.The advantages of the new model are that it relies on publicly available data, its results are easy to interpret, and the forecasts are comparable to other models.Essay #2. For a variety of reasons, incumbents expect to win reelection. There are few explanations for why that advantage occasionally seems to disappear. In this essay, I synthesize the literature on incumbency advantage, congressional redistricting, and voter behavior. I present evidence from the 2006-2010 election cycles suggesting that congressional districts drawn with the expectation of consistent partisan loyalty rates left incumbents susceptible to national tides brought about by temporary asymmetric departures from partisan voting norms. Essay #3. Although there is a large literature devoted to analyses of legislative committee gate keeping, Crombez, Groseclose, and Krehbiel (2006) argued that formal gate keeping is explicitly ruled out in most deliberative bodies. In this essay, I examine the historical development of rules and procedures in the US House of Representatives which explain the lack of formal gate keeping rules. I present evidence of non-majoritarian outcomes in the House despite it being a majoritarian body. I conclude the essay by suggesting a new definition of gate keeping based on the ability to alter the probability of proposal success on the floor instead of the formal ability to kill legislation.
Government
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Padarath, Ashnie Pooran. "The status of clinic committees in primary level clinics in three provinces in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2775.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
In South Africa, governance structures in the form of clinic committees, hospital boards and district health councils are intended to provide expression to the principle of community participation at a local and district level. They are meant to act as a link between communities and health services and to provide a conduit for the health needs and aspirations of the community to be represented at various local, districts, provincial and national levels. This study aimed to assess the functioning of health governance structures in the form of clinic committees. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain the number of clinic committees associated with public health facilities in three provinces in South Africa namely the Eastern Cape, Free State and KwaZulu Natal and to identify the factors that are perceived by clinic committee members to either facilitate or impede the effective functioning of clinic committees.
South Africa
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Ashraf, Sumaira. "Three essays on financial distress." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30150.

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Large corporate failures and scandals in recent years indicate the shortcomings of current risk assessment tools and highlight the need for more extensive research on predicting financial distress (FD). The main objective of this thesis, comprised of three independent essays, is to provide empirical evidence on the factors affecting financial distress of firms. The first essay compares the accuracy of traditional distress prediction models at predicting the early warning signs of financial distress. The results reveal that the prediction accuracy of models declines for both early and more progressed financially distressed firms, when applied to an emerging market, Pakistan. The study results suggest that the researchers and practitioners should periodically revise the distress prediction models to adjust them with the dynamic changes in the business environment. The second essay for the first time investigates the benefit of combining accounting, market-based and financial reporting quality (FRQ) measures to predict financial distress of the developed and emerging market firms, UK and Pakistan, respectively. The resulting model shows good prediction accuracy for firms in the developed and emerging market, showing that the FRQ plays a significant role in the financial distress of firms. The findings of the study suggest that the researchers should use this hidden information of financial reports to predict financial distress of firms. The third essay explores the importance of board committee independence for firms operating in a developed market, the UK, and an emerging market, China. Our overall results support current best practice for corporate governance, which recommends more independent board members in compensation and nomination committees to ensure the unbiased selection and evaluation of corporate leadership; Três Ensaios sobre Empresas em Dificuldades Financeiras Resumo: Nos últimos anos observou-se a falência de grandes empresas, bem como vários escândalos financeiros, o que se tornou indicativo da existência de falhas ao nível das actuais ferramentas de avaliação de riscos, bem como da necessidade de estudos relacionados com a previsão da existência de empresas em dificuldades financeiras (FD). O principal objetivo desta tese, composta de três ensaios independentes, é fornecer evidências empíricas sobre os fatores que afetam as empresas em FD. O primeiro ensaio compara a exatidão dos modelos tradicionais de previsão de stress em prever os primeiros sinais de alerta de FD nas empresas. Os resultados revelaram que a exactidão da previsão dos modelos diminui no caso das empresas em fase inicial ou mais avançada de FD, quando aplicados ao mercado emergente Paquistão. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que tanto investigadores como profissionais devem periodicamente rever os modelos de previsão de FD por forma a os ajustar às mudanças dinâmicas do ambiente de negócios. O segundo ensaio investiga, pela primeira vez, o benefício da combinação de medidas contabilísticas, baseadas no mercado e na qualidade dos relatórios financeiros (FRQ), para prever se as empresas dos mercados desenvolvido e emergente, Reino Unido e Paquistão, respectivamente, se encontram em FD. O modelo final resultante mostra uma boa precisão de previsão para as empresas dos mercados desenvolvidos e emergentes, mostrando que a FRQ desempenha um papel significativo no FD das empresas. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que os investigadores devem usar essa informação, oculta dos relatórios financeiros, para prever o nível de FD das empresas. O terceiro ensaio explora a importância da independência do conselho do quadro de directores para as empresas que operam quer num mercado desenvolvido, Reino Unido, quer num mercado emergente, China. Os resultados globais fundamentam a prática da melhor governança empresarial, o que conduz à recomendação de um quadro de directores mais independente, ao nível dos comités de remuneração e nomeação, como forma de garantir uma selecção e avaliação da liderança empresarial não enviesadas.
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Govender, Rookumani. "The role of the school library committee in governance : case studies of three public schools in Kwazulu-Natal." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/860.

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Su, Re-Hwa, and 蘇瑞華. "The political and religiosity of national committee of three-self patriotic movement of the protestant churches in China and China Christian Council." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pj8ckz.

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Padarath, Ashnie Pooran. "The Status of Clinic Committees in Primary Level Clinics in Three Provinces in South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9859_1272845056.

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In South Africa, governance structures in the form of clinic committees, hospital boards and district health councils are intended to provide expression to the principle of community participation at a local and district level. They are meant to act as a link between communities and health services and to provide a conduit for the health needs and aspirations of the community to be represented at various local, districts, provincial and national levels. This study aimed to assess the functioning of health governance structures in the form of clinic committees. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain the number of clinic committees associated with public health facilities in three provinces in South Africa namely the Eastern Cape, Free State and KwaZulu Natal and to identify the factors that are perceived by clinic committee members to either facilitate or impede the effective functioning of clinic committees.

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Books on the topic "Committee of Three"

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Tasmania. Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Integrity. Three year review - final report. Parliament of Tasmania, 2015.

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Reeves, Andrée E. Congressional committee chairmen: Three who made an evolution. University Press of Kentucky, 1993.

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Three threats: An analytical framework for the CFIUS process. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009.

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Morales, Edson G. Gandarillas. Appraisal of the Local Agricultural Research Committee (CIAL) Methodology in three communities in Bolivia. University of Wolverhampton, 1999.

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Ex-member. An autocratic ex-president, or, Three months' experience in connection with a ladies' committee. [s.n.], 1985.

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Office, General Accounting. Biennial budgeting: Three states' experiences : report to the Chairman, Committee on Rules, House of Representatives. The Office, 2000.

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The rise of 3D printing: Opportunities for entrepreneurs : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, hearing held March 12, 2014. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. In the matter of appeals by the Niagara Escarpment Commission from three decisions of the Regional Municipality of Halton Land Division Committee whereby the Committee granted three applications by Cyril Zovko to sever three parcels on lands comprised of part of Lot 3, Concession 3 in the Town of Milton. s.n, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Interstate banking: Experiences in three western states : report to the Chairman, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate. The Office, 1994.

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Connecticut. Office of Policy & Management. Total lifetime health insurance limits and the Birth to Three Program: Submitted to the Education Committee of the Connecticut General Assembly. The Office, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Committee of Three"

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Dodson, Michael S. "Three mosques and a committee." In Bureaucracy, Belonging, and the City in North India. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003017233-13.

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McLean, Iain, Alistair McMillan, and Burt L. Monroe. "Appendix: Text of Dodgson’s Three Pamphlets and of ‘the Cyclostyled Sheet’." In The Theory of Committees and Elections by Duncan Black and Committee Decisions with Complementary Valuation by Duncan Black and R.A. Newing. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4860-3_21.

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McLean, Iain, Alistair McMillan, and Burt L. Monroe. "The Circumstances in which Rev. C. L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) Wrote His Three Pamphlets." In The Theory of Committees and Elections by Duncan Black and Committee Decisions with Complementary Valuation by Duncan Black and R.A. Newing. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4860-3_20.

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Sarić, M. R., N. Diklić, and O. Vasić. "Committee for Exploration of the Flora and Vegetation of Serbia-Three Decades of Work." In Progress in Botanical Research. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5274-7_33.

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Jenkins, Michael G., and Jonathan A. Salem. "ASTM Committee C28: International Standards for Properties and Performance of Advanced Ceramics-Three Decades of High-Quality, Technically-Rigorous Normalization." In Ceramic Transactions Series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119423829.ch6.

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Janus, Heiner, and Lixia Tang. "Conceptualising Ideational Convergence of China and OECD Donors: Coalition Magnets in Development Cooperation." In The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_10.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses the development discourse on foreign aid to explore areas of convergence between the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors and Chinese development cooperation. We apply the concept of “coalition magnets”—the capacity of an idea to appeal to a diverse set of individuals and groups, and to be used strategically by policy entrepreneurs to frame interests, mobilise support, and build coalitions. Three coalition magnets are identified: mutual benefit, development results, and the 2030 Agenda. The chapter finds that coalition magnets can be used to influence political change and concludes that applying a discursive approach provides a new conceptual opportunity for fostering closer engagement between OECD-DAC and Chinese development cooperation actors.
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Avdiushchenko, Anna. "Circular Economy in Poland: Main Achievements and Future Prospects." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_10.

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AbstractCircular economy (CE) is a new development strategy adopted by the European Union (EU) authorities in 2014, aiming to boost global competitiveness, foster sustainable economic growth, and generate new jobs. The CE approach maintains the added value in products for as long as possible and eliminates waste; moreover, it implies totally systemic change and innovation not only in technologies, but also in organization, society, finance methods, and policies. Such an approach leads to a new model of production and consumption and a new relationship between stakeholders at the local, regional, national, and EU levels. The first consideration of CE priorities in Poland started in 2016 when the Inter-ministerial Committee for Circular Economy was established. Representatives from nine ministries became committee members, and the chief document they prepared was the Roadmap for Circular Economy Transition. The document proposed an action plan for CE implementation and focused on increasing resource efficiency and waste reduction in Poland. Prepared with the active involvement of all possible stakeholders—businesses, NGOs, the academic and research community, and local and regional authorities—the Roadmap can be seen as a quick and effective guide. In addition to national government initiatives, there were numerous attempts to implement CE principles at the local and regional levels. The main goal of the current research was to examine the effectiveness of such national, regional, local, and business CE projects for influencing Poland’s CE transition during the past three years. This study reviews the main policy documents, reports, and expertise of national, international, regional, and local organizations and NGOs involved with CE in Poland. The research is also supported by a review of the relevant academic literature. As a result, it was possible to estimate the current level of achievement, as well as future prospects for CE in Poland. Moreover, this research identifies potential opportunities for updating existing planning policies and tools related to CE-based development in Poland.
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Fowler, Linda L. "Committee Motivations for Oversight." In Watchdogs on the Hill. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151618.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the conditions that motivate legislators to ask questions regarding the country's foreign policy. The Vietnam War represents the nadir of congressional influence over foreign policy in the eyes of many political observers. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee became the locus of congressional pressure for winding down the war, while the Senate Armed Services Committee provided a platform for hawks seeking to ramp up the use of force. The chapter develops theoretical expectations, which address three different committee phenomena relevant to oversight of national security: sources of change in the total frequency of public hearings, biases within committees regarding the frequency and venues of oversight hearings as a result of external stimuli, and influences on the content of routine and event-driven review.
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"Concerns about political freedom: the UN Human Rights Committee, July 1995." In The Three Pillars of Liberty. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203423110-25.

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Alen, André, Johan Vande Lanotte, Eugeen Verhellen, Fiona Ang, Eva Berghmans, and Mieke Verheyde. "Chapter Three. The Structure of the Crc Committee." In A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Articles 43-45: The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. Brill | Nijhoff, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004147317.i-50.9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Committee of Three"

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Helfrich, Cory A., and Ron W. Carlson. "Using three-winding transformers to save money and improve reliability and performance." In 2015 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee Conference (PCIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcicon.2015.7435101.

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Ho¨vel, Albert, and Peter Hecker. "Standardization Related to the Pressure Equipment Directive With a Focus on Bolted Joints." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1880.

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Standardization related to the European Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC (PED) is of considerable importance. European Member States must permit the placing on the market of pressure equipment and assemblies at the date of application of this Directive since 29 May 2002, and permit such equipment and assemblies to be put into service since this date. The economic significance of the pressure equipment sector for the common European market is made clear by the fact, that approximately every tenth subject presently dealt with by the European Standardization Committee (CEN) is directly or indirectly linked to the PED. On a European level, a total of 19 Technical Committees in CEN and 9 Technical Committees in ECISS (European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardization) are involved in standardization relating to the Directive 97/23/EC. Three committees are dealing with flanges, gaskets, bolts and valves. On a international level two technical committees standardize flanges and bolts.
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Nambi, Shankar, Jerzy Kazmiercza, Terry Tadlock, and Peter Parsan. "Application, Selection And Design Of Three-Winding Transformers In LNG And Petrochemical Facilities." In 2019 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee Conference (PCIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcic30934.2019.9074494.

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Li, Shiwei, Zhaoba Wang, Jason Yang, Zhibin Wang, and Feihong Wang. "The acquisition of land cover information using three indexes and TM Image." In Selected Proceedings of the Photoelectronic Technology Committee Conferences held July-December 2013, edited by Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda, Shensheng Han, Ping Jia, et al. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2054030.

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Yamamoto, Mamoru, Gopi Seemala, Chia-Hung Chen, and Akinori Saito. "Three-dimensional ionosphere tomography with GPS-TEC from GEONET in Japan." In 2014 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2014.6928065.

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Forati, E., and G. W. Hanson. "The interaction of electromagnetic waves and three-dimensional nonisotropic (uniaxial) wire medium metamaterials based on a transport model." In 2013 US National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2013.6525097.

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Kaburcuk, Fatih, Veysel Demir, Atef Z. Elsherbeni, and Ercument Arvas. "Integration of the FDTD method into the iterative multi-region technique for scattering from multiple three dimensional objects." In 2014 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2014.6927961.

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Hutchison, Bruce L. "ISSC Technical Committee I.1 Environment." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29770.

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This paper presents highlights of the report of the 16th International Ship and Offshore Structure Congress (ISSC) I.1 Environment Committee presented in August 2006 in Southampton, UK. Subjects addressed include notable accomplishments in the study of the marine environment pertinent to the design and operation of ships and offshore structures. These include advances in the past three years with respect to sensing, modeling and analysis of environmental data, discussion of rogue waves, climate change and parametric roll, and recommendations for further research.
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Chen, Ao, Hintat Cheung, Yuchen Li, and Liqun Gao. "Three-year-old children's production of native mandarin Chinese lexical tones." In 2019 22nd Conference of the Oriental COCOSDA International Committee for the Co-ordination and Standardisation of Speech Databases and Assessment Techniques (O-COCOSDA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/o-cocosda46868.2019.9060851.

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Do, Virginie, Jamal Atif, Jérôme Lang, and Nicolas Usunier. "Online Selection of Diverse Committees." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/22.

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Citizens' assemblies need to represent subpopulations according to their proportions in the general population. These large committees are often constructed in an online fashion by contacting people, asking for the demographic features of the volunteers, and deciding to include them or not. This raises a trade-off between the number of people contacted (and the incurring cost) and the representativeness of the committee. We study three methods, theoretically and experimentally: a greedy algorithm that includes volunteers as long as proportionality is not violated; a non-adaptive method that includes a volunteer with a probability depending only on their features, assuming that the joint feature distribution in the volunteer pool is known; and a reinforcement learning based approach when this distribution is not known a priori but learnt online.
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Reports on the topic "Committee of Three"

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Richards, Robin. The Effect of Non-partisan Elections and Decentralisation on Local Government Performance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.014.

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This rapid review focusses on whether there is international evidence on the role of non-partisan elections as a form of decentralised local government that improves performance of local government. The review provides examples of this from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. There are two reported examples in Sub-Saharan Africa of non-partisan elections that delink candidates from political parties during election campaigns. The use of non-partisan elections to improve performance and democratic accountability at the level of government is not common, for example, in southern Africa all local elections at the sub-national sphere follow the partisan model. Whilst there were no examples found where countries shifted from partisan to non-partisan elections at the local government level, the literature notes that decentralisation policies have the effect of democratising and transferring power and therefore few central governments implement it fully. In Africa decentralisation is favoured because it is often used as a cover for central control. Many post-colonial leaders in Africa continue to favour centralised government under the guise of decentralisation. These preferences emanated from their experiences under colonisation where power was maintained by colonial administrations through institutions such as traditional leadership. A review of the literature on non-partisan elections at the local government level came across three examples where this occurred. These countries were: Ghana, Uganda and Bangladesh. Although South Africa holds partisan elections at the sub-national sphere, the election of ward committee members and ward councillors, is on a non-partisan basis and therefore, the ward committee system in South Africa is included as an example of a non-partisan election process in the review.
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Teräs, Jukka, Anna Berlina, and Mari Wøien Meijer. The Nordic Thematic Group for Innovative and Resilient Regions 2017–2020 - final report. Nordregio, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2021:3.1403-2503.

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The Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions 2017–2020 (TG2) was established by the Nordic Council of Ministers and is a part of the Nordic Co-operation Programme for Regional Development and Planning 2017–2020. Three Nordicthematic groups were established for the four-year period: Innovative and resilient regions, Sustainable rural development, and Sustainable cities and urban development. The thematic groups have been organised under the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Committee of Civil Servants for Regional Affairs, and Nordregio has acted as the secretariat for the thematic groups. This report summarises the work and results of the Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions (TG2) in 2017–2020. The thematic group has not only produced high-quality research on innovative and resilient regions in the Nordic countries but also contributed to public policy with the latest knowledge on the creation and development of innovative and resilient regions across the nordic countries, with focus on smart specialisation, digitalisation, regional resilience, and skills policies. TG2 has also contributed to research on innovative and resilient regions in the Nordic cross-border context.
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Chambers, Katherine, Joshua Murphy, and Kathryn McIntosh. 2017 hurricane season : recommendations for a resilient path forward for the Marine Transportation System. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41285.

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In October 2017, the Coordinating Board of the US Committee on the Marine Transportation System tasked the MTS Resilience Integrated Action Team to identify the impacts, best practices, and lessons learned by federal agencies during the 2017 hurricane season. The RIAT studied the resiliency of the MTS by targeting its ability to prepare, respond, recover, and adapt to and from disruptions by turning to the collective knowledge of its members. Utilizing interagency data calls and a targeted workshop, the RIAT gauged the disruptive effect of the 2017 hurricane season and how Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria affected the operating status of at least 45 US ports across three major regions. This report identifies recommendations to better understand how the MTS can prepare for future storms and identifies activities by federal agencies that are contributing towards resilience. Such actions include hosting early pre-storm preparedness meetings, prioritizing communication between agencies and information distribution, and maintaining or updating existing response plans. Recommendations also target challenges experienced such as telecommunication and prioritization assistance to ports and critical infrastructure. Finally, the report offers opportunities to minimize the impacts experienced from storms and other disruptions to enhance the resilience of the MTS and supporting infrastructure.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Is there a role for agricultural committees and stakeholder panels in improving information and accountability in extension service provision: Evidence from Malawi. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/1037800847.

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Cabrita, Maria Teresa, Ana David, and Gonçalo Vieira. Portuguese Polar Program Annual Report 2020. Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Universidade de Lisboa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33787/ceg20210001.

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The Portuguese Polar Program - PROPOLAR is funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ( based at Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território ( of the University of Lisbon ( The coordination of PROPOLAR is led by the Centro de Estudos Geográficos from Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território University of Lisbon (CEG/IGOT ULISBOA), under a Coordinating Committee that includes members from 4 other research centres, namely the Centro de Ciências do Mar University of Algarve (CCMAR UALG), the Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente University of Coimbra (MARE UC), the Centro de Química Estrutural from Instituto Superior Técnico University of Lisboa (CQE/IST ULISBOA), and the Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental University of Oporto (CIIMAR U PORTO) Gonçalo Vieira (CEG/IGOT ULISBOA) is the Head of the program The remarkable effort and commitment of the Portuguese Polar scientists, within the framework of the International Polar Year ( 2007 08 were key to promote awareness of the importance of Polar science and research for Portugal A strategic plan encompassing three main objectives was then set out to i creating a Portuguese Polar Program focused on polar research and innovation and supporting the young generation of Polar scientists,scientists,( signing the Antarctic Treaty, and ( implementing a national Polar education and outreach program With the support of the FCT, PROPOLAR started in 2007 Portugal ratified the Antarctic Treaty in 2010 and the Madrid Protocol in 2014 and has established liaisons with major international Polar scientific and management organisations and networks PROPOLAR in close connection with the FCT, has ensured consolidation and sustainability of the development of Portuguese Polar science
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Hopkins, Anna, Sarah Foxen, Kathryn Oliver, and Gavin Costigan. Science Advice in the UK. Foundation for Science and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53289/gutw3567.

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This report examines the science advisory system in the UK, how it has changed and how it may develop further in the future. It looks at structure and functions within the UK Government (including the Government Chief Scientific Advisor, the Government Office for Science, government departments, scientific advisory committees - including SAGE - and the Science and Engineering Profession). It also describes science advice in the UK Parliament. The report looks at the role of public research funders, particularly UK Research and Innovation and its research councils, and it discusses how universities are responding to incentives to improve the supply of evidence and expertise. There are brief sections discussing the role of other actors (such as national academies, charities and industry) and discussion of some cross-cutting themes.
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Kassim Nishtar, Aisling Reidy, Sara Darehshori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/pb-f/2021/2.

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Based on the proposal by the European Council, more than 25 heads of state and the World Health Organization (WHO) support development of an international treaty on pandemics, that planned to be negotiated under the auspices of WHO, will be presented to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. Given that the treaty alone is not enough to ensure compliance, triggers for a high-level political response is required. To this end, to inform the design of a support system, we explored institutional mechanismsi with a mandate to review compliance with key international agreements in their signatory countries and conduct independent country investigations in a manner that manages sovereign considerations. Based on our review, there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right. There is, however, potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms to support a strong, enforceable treaty. These aspects include: • Periodic review - based on the model of human rights treaties, with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body to ensure the independence. If made obligatory, the review could support compliance with the treaty. • On-site investigations - based on the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture according to which visits cannot be blocked by state parties. • Non-negotiable design principles - including accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. • Technical support - WHO can provide countries with technical assistance, tools, monitoring, and assessment to enhance emergency preparedness and response.
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Carty, Tracy, Jan Kowalzig, and Bertram Zagema. Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020: Assessing progress towards the $100 billion commitment. Oxfam, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6621.

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International climate finance is vital to global cooperation on climate change. As many developing countries reel from the effects of coronavirus, the prospect of climate-induced extreme weather risks compounding crises and poverty. Climate change could undo decades of progress in development and dramatically increase global inequalities. There is an urgent need for climate finance to help countries cope and adapt. Over a decade ago, developed countries committed to mobilize $100bn per year by 2020 to support developing countries to adapt and reduce their emissions. The goal is a critical part of the Paris Agreement. As 2020 draws to a close, Oxfam’s Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020 offers an assessment of progress towards the $100bn goal. The third in a series, this report looks at the latest donor figures for 2017–18, with a strong focus on public finance. It considers how climate finance is being counted and spent; where it is going; how close we are to the $100bn goal; and what lessons need to be learned for climate finance post-2020.
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Deal, Jennifer, Kristin Cullen, Sarah Stawiski, William Gentry, and Marian Ruderman. World Leadership Survey Biannual Report on Employee Commitment and Engagement 2013–2014. Center for Creative Leadership, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2015.2048.

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" From the Executive Summary: ""The purpose of the World Leadership Survey (WLS) is to provide a window into how professionals, managers, and executives view their life within the organization. This view of the employee experience will help leaders of organizations understand what employees experience, and what the organization can do to improve commitment and reduce turnover. The good news for organizations in the United States and Canada (the sample for this report) is that respondents are mostly committed to their organizations, satisfied with their jobs and their pay, work more than the typical 40-hour workweek, and do not currently intend to leave their jobs. The professionals, managers, and executives surveyed feel supported by their organization and by their direct supervisor, and think that their organizations are economically stable. Unfortunately they also feel overloaded, with their work disproportionately interfering with the rest of life, and that there is a high level of political behavior within their organization. Both overload and overt political behavior can reduce individual and organizational effectiveness. This report describes the current employee experience, and what organizations can focus on to maintain and improve commitment and engagement."
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.
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