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Smith, Wynet. "From chainsaw to chain store : regulating timber commodity chains in Cameroon." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613965.
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Petridou, Evangelia. "Milk ties : a commodity chain approach to Greek culture." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349871/.
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The thesis explores aspects of contemporary Greek culture as it emerges from the study of production, distribution and consumption of dairy products. Contrary to views of commoditisation as cultural homogenisation, this research is based on the premise that commodity chains constitute a central mechanism for the negotiation of cultural meaning and the construction of social relations in contemporary societies. As part of material culture studies, the research draws on insights provided by a variety of disciplines, such as social anthropology, human geography, cultural studies and marketing. In its totality, the thesis allows for a study of the transition to a highly marketised economy, considering simultaneously multiple levels of meaning formation and identity construction related to food. With particular focus on representations of time and space, the traditional and the modern, a variety of sites are explored, where cultural meaning is produced and negotiated: the marketing department of dairy companies, advertising agencies, small food stores, supermarkets and consumer households, while special reference is made to a rural-urban network of food provisioning established as a result of extensive internal migration. Fieldwork within those contexts is complemented with a consideration of global processes, such as the EU regulation on geographical indications and scientific claims about the Mediterranean model of diet. Dairy products are approached as the link between the various contexts of meaning that emerge through their circulation in society, and as mediators in the construction of social relations.
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Pornnoparat, Dangfun. "Warehouse network design for a commodity chemicals manufacturer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107512.
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Thesis: M. Eng. in Logistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 31).
The choice of the location and number of warehouses is a strategic-level decision that can have a long- lasting impact on a firm's performance. Warehouse locations and their capacities determine how products flow within a firm's supply chain, which directly influences a firm's performance in terms of cost and service level. This research applies a mixed integer linear programming method to evaluate factors that drive existing inefficiencies in a warehouse network belonging to a Thai commodity chemicals manufacturer. The objective is to determine an optimal warehouse network configuration that minimizes the firm's total transportation and warehousing cost. Inventory turns and storage capacity constraints are found to be the key drivers of inefficiencies. The optimal solution suggests that the company should retain fewer warehouses and expand capacities at these locations. As the company continues to grow, the potential benefit from expansion becomes greater.
by Dangfun Pornnoparat.
M. Eng. in Logistics
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Lay, Lisung Liliana L. "Peasant communities, the first link of the commodity chain of vicuña fiber." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Wessels, Nelmarie (Nelmarie Jacolien). "Supply chain management applicable to the South African Army camouflage clothing commodity." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19893.
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Thesis (MMil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT APPLICABLE TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN ARMY CAMOUFLAGE CLOTHING COMMODITY There are many reasons for the popularity of the supply chain or the supply chain management concept. Through globalisation, entities are forced to look for more effective ways to coordinate the flow of goods and material between facilities, into and out of the business. Customers are consistently demanding products that are delivered faster, exactly on time, and with no damage. Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular entity and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purpose of improving the long-term performance of the individual entities and the supply chain as a whole. One key objective of supply chain management is to lower the costs required to provide the necessary level of customer service, in order to gain a competitive advantage within a market segment. To be fully effective in today’s competitive environment, entities must expand their integrated behaviour to incorporate customers and suppliers. Low cost and differentiated service help build a competitive advantage for the supply chain. When entities take up a supply chain management philosophy, they must determine and establish management practices that permit them to operate and behave consistent with this philosophy. Performance measurement provides the necessary assistance for performance improvement in pursuit of supply chain excellence. The efficient and effective management of this supply chain with performance measurement and internal controls establishes a solid base for competitive advantage. The SA Army camouflage clothing logistics reveals elements of improvement, as compared to supply chain management principles. Camouflage clothing forms an important element of the total supplies of a soldier in sustaining military and warfare capabilities. Camouflage clothing logistics in the SA Army is a complex mix of physical entities, processes and rules that is governed by mostly conceptual concepts and principles. The SA Army lacks an integrated supply chain philosophy and clear supply chain management principles. Supply chain management can enhance camouflage clothing logistics in the SA Army, if the principles are properly applied. The SA Army is a military institution with peacekeeping operations as their core function. The manufacturing and distribution of clothing is not a core function of the SA Army and can therefore be outsourced to address most of the concerns raised under the present system. Although it would be difficult and cumbersome to implement an integrated supply chain, with supply chain management philosophy and practices, the principle will enhance efficiency and effectiveness in today’s economic environment. The level of outsourcing and the effectiveness of control will determine the degree of success the SA Army will achieve.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: AANVOERKETTINGBESTUUR VAN TOEPASSING OP DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE LEëR KAMOEFLEERDRAG KOMMODITEIT Daar is verskeie redes vir die populariteit van die aanvoerketting of die aanvoerkettingbestuurskonsep. Globalisasie het entiteite gedwing om ondersoek in te stel na meer effektiewe maniere om die vloei van goedere en materiaal, tussen fasilitieite, asook in en uit die entiteit te koördineer. Kliënte eis gereeld produkte wat vinniger, presies op tyd en met geen skade afgelewer word. Aanvoerkettingbestuur is die sistemiese, strategiese koordinasie van al die tradisionele besigheidsfunksies, asook taktieke oor hierdie besigheidsfunksies, binne ‘n entiteit en oor besighede binne die aanvoerketting, met die doel om die langtermyn prestasie van die individuele entiteite en die aanvoerketting as geheel te verbeter. Een sleuteldoel van aanvoerkettingbestuur is om kostes te verminder. Hierdie kostes word geassosieer met ‘n sekere vlak van kliëntediens, wat voorsien moet word om ‘n kompeterende voordeel in die marksegment te verkry. Om in vandag se kompeterende omgewing ten volle effektief te wees moet entiteite hul geïntegreerde gedrag uitbrei om kliënte en verskaffers in te sluit. Lae koste en gedifferensieërde diens help om kompeterende voordeel binne die aanvoerketting te bou. Sodra entitieite ‘n aanvoerkettingfilosofie aanneem, moet hulle bestuurspraktyke bepaal en vastel hoe om in lyn met dié filosofie op te tree en te funksioneer. Prestasiemeting voorsien die nodige riglyn vir prestasieverbetering in die strewe na aanvoerketting uitnemendheid. Kamoefleerdrag vorm ‘n belangrike element in die uitrusting van die soldaat wanneer militêre- en oorlogsvermoë hanteer moet word. Kamoefleerdraglogistiek in die SA Leër is ‘n komplekse mengsel van fisiese entiteite, prosesse and reëls wat meestal deur konseptuele beginsels geregeer word. Die SA Leër kamoefleerdrag logistiek reflekteer elemente van verbetering, wanneer vergelyk word met aanvoerkettingbestuursbeginsels. Die SA Leër kort ‘n geïntegreerde aanvoerkettingfilosofie, asook duidelike aanvoerkettingbestuursbeginsels. Aanvoerkettingbestuur kan die kamoefleerdrag logistiek in die SA Leër verbeter, as die beginsels reg toegepas word. Die SA Leër is ‘n militêre instelling met vredesoperasies as primêre funksie. Die vervaardiging en verspreiding van klerasie is nie die SA Lëer se primêre funksie nie en kan daarom geprivatiseer word. Dit sal primêr die probleme wat onder die huidige stelsel voorkom, aanspreek. Al word dit voorsien dat dit moeilik en omslagtig sal wees om ‘n geïntegreerde aanvoerkettingfilosofie en -beginsel in die SA Leër te implimenteer, dit die doeltreffendheid en doelmatigheid van die huidige stelsel in vandag se ekonomie sal verbeter.
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Campling, Liam. "The EU-centred commodity chain in canned tuna and upgrading in Seychelles." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15948/.
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Global commodity chain (GCC) and related frameworks have generated a rich empirical literature on production-consumption linkages in the world economy. To date, there are few comprehensive studies on GCCs in fisheries products. This thesis investigates the EU-centred commodity chain in canned tuna, and interrogates three major themes in the literature: chain governance by 'lead' firms, regulatory mechanisms, and 'upgrading'. Part I traces historical and contemporary 'economic' dynamics, namely horizontal and vertical competitive relations among firms in the fishing (Chapter 2) and manufacturing, branding and retail (Chapter 3) nodes. It shows how the environmental conditions of extraction shape the commodity chain; that highly capital intensive fishing firms are not chain 'drivers'; and that chain governance emanates primarily from supermarkets and canned tuna branded-firms. Part II examines the 'political' dimensions of the chain through the mechanisms regulating resource access by EU fishing firms (Chapter 4) and the EU-centred canned tuna trade, especially with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states (Chapter 5). It argues that inter-state and state-firm relations shape the cost structure and economic geography of the EU-centred chain both historically and today. Part III combines the 'economic' and the 'political' through a case study of upgrading in Seychelles, one of the most important tuna transhipment/ landing hubs and sites of canned tuna production. It investigates the strategies of Seychelles governments to upgrade in the fishing and canning nodes of the chain and their developmental effects. Upgrading is explored as a combination of structural, environmental and conjunctural dynamics, including those of domestic Seychelles politics. The thesis concludes that environmental conditions of production, the historical formation of chains, and unequal relations between and within states and firms are important lacunae in GCC and related frameworks.
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Boakye, MK, A. Kotze, DL Dalton, and R. Jansen. "Unravelling the Pangolin Bushmeat Commodity Chain and the Extent of Trade in Ghana." Human Ecology An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2015. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001824.
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Abstract
Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae) are frequently
hunted as a source of bushmeat in Ghana. However, no information
exists with regards to the level of trade of pangolins
outside of major bushmeat market surveys in Ghana. The aim
of this study was to determine the level of trade among other
stakeholders in the bushmeat commodity chain for pangolins
in Ghana. Data were collected from 153 stakeholders using
semi-structured interviews and direct observation between
September 2013 and January 2014. A total of 341 pangolins
were recorded to have been traded in this study period. The
white-bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) represented
82 % and the black-bellied pangolin (Phataginus tetradactyla)
18 % of the observed pangolins traded by the stakeholders.
Chopbar operators accounted for the highest retailer sales to
consumers. The number of pangolins traded was negatively
correlated to the distance between settlements and protected
forest regions. The levels of pangolin trade were previously
underestimated in Ghana as the pangolin bushmeat commodity
chain does not form the supply chain to the major bushmeat markets where most surveys were undertaken. The Wildlife
Conservation Act of 1971 (LI 685) that prohibits the hunting
of pangolins can be regarded as ineffective and not serving as a
deterrent to poaching.
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Shillington, Laura Joan. "Non-timber Forest Products, Gender, and Households in Nicaragua: A Commodity Chain Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33532.
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This thesis focuses on the intersection of gender, households, and the non-timber forest product market. Based around the concept of commodity chain analysis, this research examines each stage in two non-timber forest products', straw brooms and coco baskets, life cycles from extraction to final sale. The first objective of this research is to contribute to the literature on NTFPs, and in general gender roles in Latin America, by examining the gendered division of labor within and among the stages of two specific NTFP commodity chains, and the ways in which this division influences how important these products are to household income and conservation. The second objective is look at how commodity chain analysis can be used to examine the above issues, thereby contributing to both NTFP and commodity chain analysis literature. The research shows that the construction of gender in Nicaragua underlies the different roles that men and women perform throughout the two non-timber forest product chains. The two chains represent varying degrees of participation by women and men, and this difference is explained by the prevalence of certain tasks. In the basket commodity chain there were more tasks that are labeled feminine, and in the broom commodity chain there are more tasks labeled male. In addition, the varying participation of men and women influence how income from these products are viewed within the households as well as where men and women stand as conservation stakeholders. Commodity chain analysis served as a useful tool to examine more closely the relationship of gender and households in non-timber forest products, and could be of great assistance to the various development projects using these products as a tool for sustainable development.Master of Science
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[Verfasser], Orapadee Joochim. "Dynamic multi-commodity capacitated facility location in closed-loop supply chain design / Orapadee Joochim." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028012640/34.
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Balaguer, Antonio. "Learning and growing in organized markets: A commodity chain perspective of petrochemical development in Taiwan." Thesis, Balaguer, Antonio (2000) Learning and growing in organized markets: A commodity chain perspective of petrochemical development in Taiwan. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51216/.
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This thesis focuses on the factors that have contributed to large-scale petrochemical development in a small market without petroleum resources such as Taiwan. The thesis challenges the conception of petrochemicals as a by-product of the oil and gas industry. On the contrary, it conceptualizes petrochemicals as a supplier industry for downstream sectors, or more specifically ‘commodity chains.’ Gereffi’s concept of the Global Commodity Chain is used as a basic framework for understanding how markets are organized and for identifying the factors shaping demand for petrochemical materials. The thesis relies extensively on innovation theory literature and the concept of user-producer relationships as a way of explaining the processes of learning and industrial upgrading which are important explanatory variables of the growth of Taiwanese petrochemicals.
Taiwan has developed an impressive and diversified US $22 billion petrochemical industry and is a world leader of products such as PVC, ABS and polyester fibers. The thesis asks: How was Taiwan -a developing country with a small market and without petroleum resources- able to develop a large and diversified petrochemical industry? It does so through a combination of historical study of the post-war development of the industry, analysis of industry statistics (including input-output data) and two detailed case studies of Taiwan’s largest petrochemical groups, Formosa Plastics Group and Chi Mei.
The thesis suggests that Taiwanese petrochemicals’ success as a supplier of synthetic materials for labor-intensive commodity chains such as apparel, footwear and toys has been made possible by the opportunities that a highly export-oriented economy generated and the specialization of Taiwanese petrochemical groups as large scale manufacturers of petrochemicals and semi finished synthetic materials. The progressive upgrading of Taiwan’s manufacturing sector led by electronics and the emergence of manufacturing networks in mainland China and East Asia since the early 1980s have produced a key “demand-push” effect that not only stimulated demand for petrochemicals materials, but also shaped the mechanisms of learning.
The thesis, however, finds that as petrochemical suppliers aim to enter in highly sophisticated commodity chains such as advanced electronic components, success is more dependent on firms’ own technological capabilities and less on the opportunities that a dynamic environment can offer. Some of the weaknesses of Taiwan’s innovation system, such as low R&D spending, seem to be emerging as important barriers to moving into even higher value-added commodity chains.
Finally, from a theoretical perspective, the thesis tries to integrate the literature on commodity chains and on innovation, while recognizing the importance of the sectoral specificity of the chemical industry. In this way the thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of processes of development in latecomer firms, industries and countries.
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Dowdall, Courtney M. "Small Farmer Market Knowledge and Specialty Coffee Commodity Chains in Western Highlands Guatemala." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/638.
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For producers motivated by their new status as self-employed, landowning, capitalist coffee growers, specialty coffee presents an opportunity to proactively change the way they participate in the international market. Now responsible for determining their own path, many producers have jumped at the chance to enhance the value of their product and participate in the new “fair trade” market. But recent trends in the international coffee price have led many producers to wonder why their efforts to produce a certified Fair Trade and organic product are not generating the price advantage they had anticipated. My study incorporates data collected in eighteen months of fieldwork, including more than 45 interviews with coffee producers and fair trade roasters, 90 surveys of coffee growers, and ongoing participant observation to understand how fair trade certification, as both a market system and development program, meets the expectations of the coffee growers. By comparing three coffee cooperatives that have engaged the Fair Trade system to disparate ends, the results of this investigation are three case studies that demonstrate how global processes of certification, commodity trade, market interaction, and development aid effect social and cultural change within communities. This study frames several lessons learned in terms of 1. socioeconomic impacts of fair trade, 2. characteristics associated with positive development encounters, and 3. potential for commodity producers to capture value further along their global value chain. Commodity chain comparisons indicate the Fair Trade certified cooperative receives the highest per-pound price, though these findings are complicated by costs associate with certification and producers’ perceptions of an “unjust” system. Fair trade-supported projects are demonstrated as more “successful” in the eyes of recipients, though their attention to detail can just as easily result in “failure”. Finally, survey results reveal just how limited is the market knowledge of producers in each cooperative, though fair trade does, in fact, provide a rare opportunity for producers to learn about consumer demand for coffee quality. Though bittersweet, the fair trade experiences described here present a learning opportunity for a wide range of audiences, from the certified to the certifiers to the concerned public and conscientious consumer.
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Farias, Everton da Silveira. "A heuristic approach to supply chain network design in a multi-commodity four-echelon logistics system." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/140332.
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Nesta tese propõe-se um método heurístico para o problema de Projeto de Rede da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Network Design) considerando vários aspectos de relevância prática, tais como: fornecedores e matérias-primas, localização e operação de instalações, atribuição de Centros de Distribuição (CD), e grande número de clientes e produtos. Uma eficiente abordagem heurística de duas fases é proposta para a obtenção de soluções viáveis para os problemas, que inicialmente é modelado como um Programa Linear Inteiro Misto (PLIM) de grande escala. Na fase de construção, uma estratégia de Linear Programming Rounding é aplicada para se obter os valores iniciais para as variáveis de localização inteira do modelo. Simultaneamente, um método Multi-start foi desenvolvido para gerar soluções iniciais diversificadas para cada nova iteração da heurística de Rounding. Na segunda fase, dois procedimentos de Busca Local foram desenvolvidos no sentido de melhorar a solução fornecida pelo método de Rounding. Implementamos duas diferentes abordagens de Busca Local: remoção-inserção e troca. Uma técnica de Busca Tabu para orientar o procedimento de Busca Local para explorar os diferentes espaços de soluções foi desenvolvida. As formulações e algoritmos foram implementados na linguagem C++ utilizando ferramentas de otimização da COIN-OR. O método de solução foi experimentado em instâncias geradas aleatoriamente, com tamanhos diferentes em termos do número de parâmetros, tais como o número de produtos, zonas de clientes, CDs e fábricas considerando um sistema logístico de quatro níveis. As implementações computacionais mostram que o método de solução proposto obteve resultados satisfatórios quando comparados com a literatura. Para validar este método heurístico também foi usado em um caso realista, com base em dados de uma empresa de borracha que está reestruturando sua cadeia de suprimentos devido ao projeto de uma nova uma nova fábrica e produção de novos produtos. A abordagem heurística proposta revelou-se adequada para aplicação prática em um caso real de uma indústria multicommodity em um contexto determinístico.In this thesis we propose a heuristic method for the Supply Chain Network Design (SCND) problem considering several aspects of practical relevance: suppliers and raw materials, location and operation facilities, distribution center (DC) assignments, and large numbers of customers and products. An efficient two-phase heuristic approach is proposed for obtaining feasible solutions to the problems, which is initially modeled as a large-scale Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). In the construction phase, a linear programming rounding strategy is applied to obtain initial values for the integer location variables in the model. Simultaneously, a Multi-start method was developed to generate diversified initial solutions from each new iteration in the rounding heuristic. In the second phase, two Local Search procedures were developed towards to improve the solution provided by the rounding method. We implemented two different Local Search approaches: removal-insertion and exchange. A Tabu Search technique was developed to guide the Local Search procedure to explore the different spaces of solutions. The formulations and algorithms were implemented in C++ code language using the optimization engine COIN-OR. The solution method was experimented in randomly generated instances, with different sizes in terms of the number of parameters, such as number of products, customer zones, DCs, and factories considering a four-echelon logistic system. The computational implementations show that the solution method proposed obtained satisfactory results when compared to the literature review. To validate this heuristic method was also used in a realistic case, based on data from a rubber company that is restructuring its supply chain due to the overture of a new factory, producing new products. The proposed heuristic approach proved appropriate to practical application in a realistic case of a multi commodity industry in a deterministic context.
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Rudnick, Kyla Ruth. "Constraints at the bottom of a global commodity chain the case of shea butter in northern Ghana /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/K_Rudnick_050109.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 28, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-103).
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Whittam, Jennifer, and na. "An Enquiry into the Political Economy of International Heroin Trafficking, with Particular Reference to Southwest Asia." Griffith University. School of Arts, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20100729.112710.
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This thesis locates the global heroin trade within a world-systems theoretical framework. While the thesis identifies some of the factors responsible for the success of the international heroin trade, the primary aim is to focus on one facilitating aspect global financial flows of illegal or hot money. Central to the argument is that international production and trade in illegal heroin are buttressed by cycles of economic contractions within the world economy and by a global financial system that provides the means for the heroin trades profits to be easily laundered and invested in the legal economy. To illustrate the utility of these approaches in terms of a world-systems context, the thesis employs a global commodity chain perspective and elaborates the case study of Hüseyin Baybasin, a highly prominent convicted Kurdish businessman who has sometimes been identified as the worlds leading international heroin trafficker. This particular case study permits us to examine not only the complex web of historical, cultural, social, economic and political interactions within the international heroin trade, but also how the global heroin commodity chain is relevant to the broader debate about secessionist ethnic nationalism and development in the Third World. Focusing on Turkey, the thesis outlines the early historical periods in which different traditional patterns have prevailed for the majority of Kurdish people, and explains the disappearance of these patterns through the process of modernisation and globalisation, and how this relates to the global heroin trade. The argument thus provides an alternative, world-systems perspective to the more familiar accounts of international heroin trafficking that tend to focus on conventional interpretations of supply and demand and the activities of law enforcement agencies in physical interdiction.
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Lundström, Markus. "The winner of the expanding meat industry : A study of the power structures within the production chain of beef meat produced in Brazil and consumed in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1157.
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The overall purpose of this study is to examine what consequences might be connected to Swedish meat consumption. To illustrate this, the production chain of beef meat, produced in Brazil and consumed in Sweden, has been mapped and investigated. The analytical focus of this study has been on power distribution within the chain, aiming to outline its socio-economic consequences in the Brazilian context. The empirical data was collected partly from secondary sources, but also from primary sources through interviews with key informants in the buyer-end of the production chain. The Global Value Chain approach served as a methodology for mapping the production chain and as a theoretical device for analysing the embedded power structures.
The main result, besides an overview of the beef production chain, was an identification of the chain as buyer-driven. Power is particularly concentrated around supermarket chains, which have very specific requirements on production and processing, implemented by the importing firms, thus also having a huge influence. Power concentration was also discovered in the levels of farming and processing, where the number of acting units declines frequently. The Swedish beef consumption thus seems to contribute, however small-scaled, to the process of power concentration along the chain of production, making market entrance a scarce asset. Potential socio-economic consequences of this process, besides unequal access to influence, might be longer travels or changed city of residence for workers, or even employment losses due to inadequate education. Low-income consumers might become vulnerable since cheap low-quality meat becomes inaccessible. Moreover, this thesis has also raised additional questions, suitable for further research, regarding the impacts of Swedish meat consumption.
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Klotz, Ryan J. "Sustainable Rural Development Through Alternative Economic Networks: Redefining Relations in the Commodity Chain For Export Vegetables In Western Guatemala." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/683.
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The current research considers the capacity of a local organic food system for producer and consumer empowerment and sustainable development outcomes in western Guatemala. Many have argued that the forging of local agricultural networks linking farmers, consumers, and supporting institutions is an effective tool for challenging the negative economic, environmental, and sociopolitical impacts associated with industrial models of global food production. But does this work in the context of agrarian development in the developing world? Despite the fact that there is extensive literature concerning local food system formation in the global north, there remains a paucity of research covering how the principles of local food systems are being integrated into agricultural development projects in developing countries. My work critically examines claims to agricultural sustainability and actor empowerment in a local organic food system built around non-traditional agricultural crops in western Guatemala. Employing a mixed methods research design involving twenty months of participant observation, in-depth interviewing, surveying, and a self-administered questionnaire, the project evaluates the sustainability of this NGO-led development initiative and local food movement along several dimensions. Focusing on the unique economic and social networks of actors and institutions at each stage of the commodity chain, this research shows how the growth of an alternative food system continues to be shaped by context specific processes, politics, and structures of conventional food systems. Further, it shows how the specifics of context also produce new relationships of cooperation and power in the development process. Results indicate that structures surrounding agrarian development in the Guatemalan context give rise to a hybrid form of development that at the same time contests and reinforces conventional models of food production and consumption. Therefore, participation entails a host of compromises and tradeoffs that result in mixed successes and setbacks, as actors attempt to refashion conventional commodity chains through local food system formation.
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Hulme, Alison. "The tactics of the trinket : spaces and operations of the £1 commodity chain within the context of contemporary capitalism." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2012. http://research.gold.ac.uk/6499/.
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The Tactics of the Trinket presents a material geography of the £1 commodity, following the trinket's journey from its beginning as raw material on a Chinese rubbish dump, to factories, international trade hubs, state-of-the-art distribution networks, over-flowing high street stores, and finally the homes of the consumer. This trajectory is used to uncover the places and operations of the typical £1 commodity and the ways in which it utilizes and creates a complicated array of tactics. Each of these tactics is explored in turn; from the embedding of a culture of immediacy, to the intrinsic necessity of disposability, to the creation of agglomerative logic, to the over-powering presence of abundance. Immediacy is explored in relation to the consumer and traditional notions of desire and mystification unpicked. Disposability is questioned in the context of the possibilities of entanglement with objects rather than possession of them. Agglomeration is analysed as a practice both contributing to, but in some ways hors de, capitalism, as well as a phenomenon carving out new types of spaces. Abundance is picked apart as one half of a double-edged relationship with scarcity and a way of understanding current rhetoric on fast capitalism. The trinket is considered as part of both micro situations (for example, the solidarity of manufacturers in China's 'commodity city' of Yiwu) and macro geo-political movements (the impact of China's growth on the relationship between China and the EU). Its tactics are considered in the light of current capitalism and some initial principles for a new material manifesto are discussed.
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Osborn, Rachelle R., and John S. Schoonmaker. "Air Force Commodity Councils: a template for future implementation comparing successful and failed approaches." Thesis, Monterey, California, Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38042.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, it may not be copyrighted.
MBA Professional Report
In an effort to align sources with requirements, the Department of Defense has implemented initiatives that mirror industry's strategic sourcing practices. These initiatives include Consolidated Purchasing, Commodity Councils and Regionalization. This project will examine a successful Commodity Council (CC), a failed CC, and one in the early stages of development. We will seek characteristics common to both successful and unsuccessful councils, as well as characteristics that differentiate the outcomes. We will include a brief history of strategic sourcing as a long-term supply-chain management solution in the private sector, the impetus behind AF implementation of strategic sourcing through CCs; associated transactions costs, and finally, the resource management practices necessary to move beyond theory to practical application. The results are illustrated in a case study which will provide a template for successful implementation.
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Lima, Daruichi Pereira de. "Estudo da demanda por serviços portuários para o escoamento de soja no Brasil : abordagem explorando o conceito de “efeito chicote”." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/129442.
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O efeito chicote é um fenômeno que está associado às incertezas na previsão da demanda e pode causar impactos negativos nas cadeias onde ele ocorre. Este trabalho buscou verificar a ocorrência do fenômeno no recorte específico da cadeia Estado produtor – porto exportador do Brasil no período de 2010 a 2012. A metodologia utilizada foi a aplicação do modelo de Fransso e Wouters (2000) para a verificação da ocorrência do efeito. Os resultados apontam para a ocorrência do fenômeno de forma diferente nos três portos, em função da diferente forma de escoar a produção adotada pelos Estados produtores brasileiros; o efeito chicote encontrado apresentou nível de significância baixo para esse recorte da cadeia provavelmente devido a características das cadeias de commodity agrícola.The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon that is associated with the uncertainties in forecasting of demand and may negatively impact chains where it occurs. This study search to verify the occurrence of the phenomenon in the specific focus of the chain producer State -. Exporter port in Brazil in the period 2010-2012. The methodology used was the application of the model Fransso and Wouters (2000) to verify the occurrence of the effect. The results point to the occurrence of the phenomenon differently in the three ports due to the different way of disposing of production adopted by Brazilian States producers, the bullwhip effect found showed low level of significance for this clipping the chain probably due to characteristics of the chains agricultural commodity.
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Farias, Everton da Silveira. "Modelagem para o projeto de rede da cadeia de suprimentos de uma indústria de multi-commodity." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/31776.
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Nesse trabalho apresentamos a modelagem matemática do Projeto de Rede da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Network Design) de uma empresa responsável pela produção e distribuição de commodities. O investimento em uma nova fábrica exige que a empresa tenha seu projeto logístico readequado. O desenvolvimento das formulações matemáticas é baseado no trabalho de Jayaraman e Pirkul (2001). Foram realizadas 3 (três) formulações matemáticas de diferentes abordagens para solução do projeto logístico. As implementações computacionais foram realizadas no CPLEX© Optimization Studio Academic Research versão 12.2. As experiências computacionais foram desenvolvidas através de cenários que buscaram representar problemas de dimensões reais. Ainda na etapa de experimentação foram realizadas análises de sensibilidade dos modelos. Um estudo para identificar as demandas de mercado e os custos de transporte foi realizado, sendo assim, foi possível aplicar os modelos no estudo de caso a partir de dados reais de demanda e custos. Para execução das instâncias reais foram selecionadas 2 (duas) abordagens distintas: Single-source e Arcbased. Diferentes market shares foram definidos para construção de novos cenários e instâncias reais foram executadas dentro de limites computacionais de tempo satisfatórios. Os resultados encontrados para cada cenário foram comparados e analisados em relação à resolução do problema proposto. A dissertação contribui para a área de modelagem da cadeia de suprimentos fornecendo modelos que apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para a tomada de decisão nessa fase do projeto logístico da indústria tema dessa pesquisa.We present a mathematical modeling of the Supply Chain Network Design (SCND) for a company responsible for producing and distributing commodities. Investment in a new plant requires that the company has reconfigured its logistics project. The development of mathematical formulations is based on the work of Jayaraman and Pirkul (2001). Were performed three (3) mathematical formulations for different approaches to solving the logistics project. Computational implementations were done in CPLEX© Optimization Academic Research Studio version 12.2. Computational experiments were developed through scenarios that sought to represent problems of the real dimensions. Still in the experimentation fase were performed sensitivity analysis of models. A study to identify market demands and transportation costs was made, so the models could be applied in the case study data from actual demand and costs. For carrying out the actual instances were selected 2 (two) different approaches: Single-source-based and Arc. Different market shares were set to build new scenarios and actual instances have been implemented within limits satisfactory computational time. The results for each scenario were compared and analyzed for solving the proposed problem. The thesis contributes to modeling area of supply chain models that provide satisfactory results for decision making in this phase of the project's logistics industry theme of this research.
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SILVA, Jearbes Alexandre da. "Análise das estratégias de inserção na cadeia produtiva do mamão adotadas pela empresa Frutas Doce Mel." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4535.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The research seeks to analyze and identify strategies for entering the company's supply chain of papaya and evaluate the coordination and organizational arrangements adopted by the company in the AgroIndustrial System in kind (in natura SAG) in the domestic and international factors in relation to these forms of action. The analysis is focused on coordination strategies adopted by the company that determines how it reacts and is still facing the domestic and international markets. Concepts related to SAG fresh fruit, food, chain, forms of coordination and governance strategies and form the theoretical basis used to study possible to comprehend the strategy of integration in supply chain and form of coordination and organizational arrangements that predominates in SAG fresh company. Was use of interviews and questionnaires to obtain data.The development of the research was based on analysis of case study. The case selection was based on the prominence and positioning of Sweet Honey Fruit Company against the Brazilian and international markets. The analysis of factors determining the form of coordination and governance, as well as organizational arrangements, enabled a better understanding of the strategy adopted by the firm in a dynamic perspective. The performance achieved by the targeting of strategies for the distribution of papaya in the domestic market international guided the analyzed case being cited in the literature
A pesquisa busca analisar e identificar as estratégias de inserção da empresa na cadeia produtiva do mamão e avaliar a coordenação e os arranjos organizacionais adotados pela empresa no Sistema Agroindustrial in natura (SAG in natura) no mercado nacional e internacional em relação aos fatores determinantes dessas formas de atuação. A análise é focada nas estratégias de coordenação adotadas pela empresa que determina como a mesma reage e se mantém frente ao mercado nacional e internacional. Conceitos ligados ao SAG in natura de frutas, agronegócio, cadeia produtiva, formas de coordenação e governança e estratégias formam a base teórica utilizada para o estudo permitindo compreender a estratégia de inserção na cadeia produtiva e a forma de coordenação e os arranjos organizacionais que predomina no SAG in natura da empresa. Fez-se uso de entrevistas e questionários para obtenção dos dados. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa baseou-se na análise de estudo de caso. A seleção do caso pautou-se no destaque e posicionamento da Empresa Frutas Doce Mel frente ao mercado brasileiro e internacional. A análise de fatores determinantes da forma de coordenação e governança, bem como dos arranjos organizacionais, possibilitou uma melhor compreensão da estratégia adotada pela empresa sob uma perspectiva dinâmica. O desempenho obtido mediante o direcionamento de estratégias adotadas para a distribuição do mamão no mercado nacional internacional norteou o caso analisado sendo citado na literatura.
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Estevez, Christopher L. "A Market Study of Organic and Fair Trade Coffee in Bolivia." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2012.
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The purpose of this research is to study the commercialization of Fairtrade and Organic coffee in the Bolivia. Fairtrade and Organic coffee are alternative trade systems designed to promote the equitable and environmentally sustainable production of coffee. However, these alternative trading systems often fail to meet these goals. The producers and environment these systems are intended to protect remain marginalized. These failures are due to a number of local institutions. In order to better understand these institutions, this research conducted interviews of various stakeholders including producers, cooperative leaders, organic/Fair Trade certifiers, government agencies and private buyers. All these stakeholders influence the success of the alternative trade systems. By better understanding how these stakeholders impact the commercialization of coffee in Bolivia; new policies can be develop to improve the outcomes of alternative trade, to benefit both producers and the environment. This is especially critical in Bolivia because of the environmentally sensitive area in which coffee is grown, the potentially damaging impact of coca on the region and, the devastating economic impact to farmers.
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Souza, Paulo Roberto de. "O serviço ao cliente e a estratégia competitiva da empresa: uma abordagem para o mercado de commodities." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/5493.
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Previous issue date: 1997-09-29T00:00:00ZAnalisa o serviço ao cliente como instrumento na elaboração da estratégia das empresas, nos diversos setores e, particularmente, no de commodities e no segmento business-to-business. Discute a estruturação e a administração da 'supply chain' como condição necessária para obter-se um nível de serviço que seja fator de diferenciação e vantagem competitiva. Apresenta os desenvolvimentos recentes no relacionamento fornecedor-cliente, no mercado da commodity açúcar.
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Knoops, Lorinde. "Adoption of a Trackability Tool among Humanitarian Practitioners in Local Units : A Field Study on a Food Assistance Program in Colombia." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264055.
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Worldwide, the need for effective humanitarian aid is growing, and continuous aid such as commodity distribution plays a major role in ensuring sustained wellbeing. In literature, information and communication technology (ICT) has been recognized and suggested to enhance the performance and achieve higher social impact of humanitarian supply chains. Nevertheless, so far there has been little research on implementation practices and difficulties that can arise in the specific context. In pursuit of seizing the full benefits of ICT in humanitarian setting, there is an interest to further study ICT adoption among humanitarian practitioners, above all those in the most decentralized parts of the chain, which are more likely to be overlooked. This thesis aims to investigate what challenges arise when implementing an ICT trackability solution in local units of humanitarian supply chains. In this context, the concept of trackability was introduced to refer to monitoring of the downstream flow of a commodity until its intended beneficiary. Based on a thorough literature review at the intersection of Humanitarian Logistics, Supply Chain Visibility and ICT Adoption research, a substantiated theoretical context was built. Further, a case study on Colombian childcare centers, which serve as local service units of a national Food Aid Program aimed at early childhood, allowed for deep-going insights on the work of educators and the dynamics of such local humanitarian entities. Analysis of the empirical findings demonstrated the presence of numerous, both facilitating and inhibiting, ICT adoption antecedents. Five main challenges were identified: high workload, lack of technological skills, staff’s impact-oriented motivation in contrast to the tool’s broader efficiency goal, trackabilitiy’s monitoring nature as a threat to staff’s aspired autonomy, and deficient infrastructure. The study shows that these challenges can be interpreted as misalignments between the nature of attributes intrinsic to the humanitarian organization and that of the technological tool itself which is often shaped by commercial principles. The identified frictions could either be associated to a difference in operational reality or to diverging strategic goals, which mirror the overall discrepancies between commercial and humanitarian supply chains described in literature. The conclusion was drawn that the elucidated divide or incompatibility asks for bridging efforts in order to overcome implementation difficulties and seize the promising advantages of ICT in humanitarian setting. According to the findings, this should be done by enabling local practitioners rather than monitoring these.Globalt ökar behovet av effektivt humanitärt bistånd, och kontinuerligt stöd såsom råvarudistribution spelar en viktig roll för att säkerställa ett fortsatt välbefinnande. I litteraturen har informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) erkänts och föreslagits förbättra prestationen och höja den sociala påverkan hos humanitära försörjningskedjor. Å andra sidan, finns det hittills ringa forskning på praktisk implementering och utmaningar som kan uppstå i det givna sammanhanget. I strävan att ta vara på samtliga fördelar som IKT kan ha i humanitärt sammanhang finns det intresse att ytterligare studera införande och användning av IKT bland humanitära praktiker, främst i de mest decentraliserade delarna av kedjan, då dessa är mer sannolika att förbises. Examensarbetet syftar till att undersöka vilka utmaningar som uppstår vid implementering av en IKT lösning för spårbarhet i lokala enheter av humanitära försörjningskedjor. Baserat på en grundlig litteraturöversikt vid skärningspunkten för forskning kring humanitär logistik, försörjningskedjor och IKTs införande och användning skapades ett teoretiskt ramverk. Vidare har en fallstudie av colombianska daghem, som utgör de lokala serviceenheter av ett nationellt program för livsmedelsbistånd riktad till tidig barndom, bidragit till djupgående insikter i praktikernas arbete och dynamiken i sådana lokala humanitära enheter. Analysen av det empiriska materialet påvisade många, både underlättande och inhiberande, faktorer för IKT införande och användning. Fem huvudsakliga utmaningar identifierades: hög arbetsbelastning, brist på tekniska färdigheter, personalens motivation baserad i direkt social påverkan i kontrast till IKT lösningens bredare effektivitetsmål, kopplingen mellan spårbarhet och övervakning som ett hot för autonomi, samt bristande infrastruktur. Studien visar att dessa kan tolkas som motsättningar mellan attribut hos den humanitära organisationen och attribut för det tekniska verktyget som oftast är format utifrån kommersiella principer. De identifierade friktionerna kan antingen vara kopplade till en skillnad i operativ verklighet eller i divergerande strategiska mål, vilket speglar de övergripande skillnaderna mellan kommersiella och humanitära försörjningskedjor som beskrivs i litteraturen. Slutsatsen drogs att den uppenbara klyftan eller oförenligheten manar till överbryggande ansträngningar för att övervinna de implementeringssvårigheter som uppstår och för att ta vara på IKT’s lovade fördelar i humanitär miljö. Enligt resultaten bör detta göras med fokus på att stödja lokala utövare istället för att övervaka dessa.
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Barbosa, Gabriela da Rocha 1984. "Tecnologias em combate : tradução e controvérsias na produção de laranja no Estado de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286901.
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Orientador: Leda Maria Caira GitahyTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é entender o processo de transformação na cadeia produtiva da laranja no estado de São Paulo a partir da análise das mudanças tecnológicas introduzidas no setor produtor de laranja ao longo dos anos 2000. O estudo foca as mudanças tecnológicas relativas ao combate de doenças na lavoura citrícola, buscando analisar as controvérsias e as relações de poder presentes no processo de apropriação dessas tecnologias. As negociações em torno das formas de combate à doença da laranja conhecida como Huanglongbing (HLB ou greening) constituem o estudo de caso central na tese. O trabalho combinou a utilização de duas abordagens teóricas distintas: a cadeia global de mercadorias (global commodity chains) e a teoria ator-rede (actor network theory). A investigação também compreendeu a análise de dados empíricos a partir da realização de pesquisa de campo com diferentes estratos de produtores rurais de laranja e representantes institucionais da cadeia. Foi possível verificar que as políticas fitossanitárias de combate ao greening divulgadas pelos órgãos públicos e entidades representantes do setor não conseguiram conter o avanço da doença. Estes falharam em traduzir os interesses dos atores envolvidos na produção da laranja ao reduzir o controle a uma questão técnica desconsiderando o quadro de crise e de ampliação de assimetrias de poder na cadeia produtiva. Apesar da base técnica de controle de doenças adotada no setor apresentar sinais de esgotamento, medidas alternativas de controle esbarram nas exigências competitivas ditadas pelo modelo agrícola do setor e pela estrutura de governança da cadeia produtiva de laranja. Com o avanço do greening pelo estado de São Paulo desencadeia-se um processo de transformação sócio-técnica na cadeia produtiva da laranja cujas características principais são a crescente tecnificação do processo de produção e a ampliação das barreiras à permanência de produtores no setor
Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to understand the current transformation process in the orange production chain in Sao Paulo state on the basis of an analysis of technological changes in the sector over the years 2000. The study focuses on the technologies designed to combat diseases in citrus crops, trying to analyze the controversies and power relations present in the process of adoption of these technologies. Negotiations over the ways to combat the citrus disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB or greening) are the central case study in the thesis. The study combined the use of two distinct theoretical approaches: global commodity chains and actor network theory. The investigation also included the analysis of empirical data gathered through field research conducted with different strata of orange producers and institutional representatives of the productive chain. It was verified that the phytosanitary policies conducted by public entities and institutional representatives to combat the greening failed to contain the spread of the disease. These policies failed to translate the interests of the actors involved in orange production because they limited the combat of the disease to a technical issue ignoring the context of the crisis and the expansion of power asymmetries in the orange production chain. Despite the technical basis of disease control have shown signs of exhaustion, the adoption of alternative methods of control were restricted by the competitive requirements dictated by the "modern" agriculture pattern and the governance structure of the productive chain. With the spread of citrus greening disease in São Paulo state, there is the onset of a socio-technical transformation in the orange production chain, which main features are the increasing technification of the orange production process and the growing barriers to the stability of the current producers in the sector
Doutorado
Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica
Doutora em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Silva, Ricardo Dias. "Plantando casas: estudo da cadeia produtiva para implantação de habitação de interesse social em madeira de Pinus spp no Paraná - Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-05092013-143946/.
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O trabalho tem como objeto de pesquisa a cadeia produtiva da habitação de interesse social em madeira de floresta plantada. O objetivo é verificar a viabilidade da implantação de sistemas construtivos econômicos em Pinus spp no Estado do Paraná - Brasil, considerando a disponibilidade de matéria-prima, o parque tecnológico instalado e as políticas públicas vigentes. O método de pesquisa identifica as variáveis envolvidas com o fenômeno e emprega dados qualitativos e quantitativos para descrever o objeto. A hipótese é que existe um ambiente favorável para o emprego destes sistemas construtivos na região estudada, contribuindo para o aumento do repertório de soluções aplicáveis no combate ao déficit habitacional. A investigação confirma a vocação florestal e o desenvolvimento da indústria madeireira do Paraná. No entanto, verifica problemas estruturais para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva, como o atraso tecnológico e a baixa capacitação da mão-de-obra envolvida no processamento da madeira nas serrarias. Para superar estes obstáculos é necessária a implantação de políticas públicas direcionadas e a aproximação dos agentes dos setores florestal, madeireiro e da construção civil.The thesis subject matter is the commodity chain of social housing made from planted forests wood. The thesis aim is to verify the production feasibility of economic construction methods using Pinus spp in Parana State - Brazil, considering the raw material availability, the research park facilities, and the current public policies. The research methodology identifies the variables involved in the phenomenon, and it employs qualitative and quantitative data in order to describe the object. The hypothesis is that there is a favorable environment for the use of these building construction methods in the studied region, contributing for the solution increase to reduce the housing shortage. This research confirms the vocation for forestry and for the development of the timber industry in Parana State. However, it finds structural problems in the commodity chain development, such as the technological backwardness and the low-skilled workforce involved in the wood processing at sawmills. To overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to implement target public policies and approaching forestry, timber and building construction industry representatives.
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Suwandi, Intan. "Back to Production: Labor-Value Commodity Chains and the Imperialist World Economy." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22713.
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Despite the complexities and decentralization that characterize global supply chains in today’s world economy, imperialist relations of exchange continue to prevail, due to the fact that the differences between wages of North and South is greater than the difference of their productivities. This dissertation examines the global exploitation of labor that mostly occurs in the global South, as a form of such imperialist relations, particularly under the domination of multinational firms emanating primarily from the core of the system.
I start by laying out the theoretical and empirical groundwork for the labor-value commodity chains framework that puts labor, along with the question of control and class, at the center of its formulation. By incorporating a calculation of cross-national variation in unit labor costs in manufacturing—a measurement that combines labor productivity with wage costs in a manner closely related to Marx’s theory of exploitation—the labor-value chains framework is a means to operationalize exploitation within the framework of the labor theory of value. Findings show that the global organization of labor-value chains is a means to extract surplus value through the exploitation of workers in the global South, where not only are wages low, but productivity is also high.
I then show the concrete processes of how global North capital, personified in multinational corporations, captures value from the global South by applying systemic rationalization and flexible systems as mechanisms to exert control over their dependent suppliers in labor-value commodity chains. The burden of such mechanisms is borne by the workers —the direct producers of commodities—employed by these dependent suppliers. Case studies of two Indonesian companies that supply to multinationals are presented to illustrate these phenomena at the point of production. This observation further suggests that labor-value commodity chains are a form of unequal exchange and thus reveal the imperialistic characteristics of the world economy.
This dissertation includes both previously published and coauthored materials.10000-01-01
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Tong, Yee Siong. "Agro-commodity global value chains and upgrading : the case of Malaysian palm oil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/279016.
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This dissertation consists of three closely related essays on upgrading in agro-commodity value chains, which is an important issue for many developing countries that produce and export commodities in mostly unprocessed form. The essays are based on fieldwork in Malaysia and focus on its palm oil, which is the world’s largest oils and fats product by production and export volumes. The first essay examines the suitability of vertical specialisation for participation and upgrading in agro-commodity value chains based on the case of Malaysian palm oil. It uses data from interviews, site visits, and industry and economic statistics to analyse upgrading at the sector and firm levels. The essay suggests that upgrading is prone to sectoral linkage development and vertical integration at local lead firms. The development is driven by production characteristics, sectoral dynamics, eco-historical settings that are unique to agro-commodity value chains, as well as firm motives seeking resources, markets, efficiency gains, and strategic assets. The second essay studies Malaysia’s industrial policy for its palm oil sector through three distinct stages of development. The findings show that resource-based industrialisation (RBI) requires selective state intervention targeting macroeconomic conditions, infrastructure, business climate, and human capital. The Malaysian experience also highlights the importance of local firms in driving RBI investments, contrary to the emphasis in the literature which either overplays the importance of foreign linkages or dismisses nationality of firms as a non-factor for industrialisation. The third essay investigates economic and social outcomes from upgrading in the Malaysian palm oil sector using gross value added data. It shows that economic upgrading can but does not automatically lead to social upgrading. The essay finds that economic upgrading in value chains improves income of groups of individuals at different rates depending on their position in the value chains. Skills and productivity performance provide only partial explanation for the uneven social outcomes; the differences in institutional arrangements and political representation accorded to the groups are likely to be important factors as well.
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Thring, Stephen Richard. "Agricultural-based commodity chains and development: the case of the tobacco sector in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5337.
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This thesis examines the nature of governance in the Zimbabwean tobacco value chain and what upgrading implications this has for participants at the lower end of the value chain, with a particular focus on smallholder tobacco growers. The nature of governance and upgrading opportunities will provide further implications for broader economic development in Zimbabwe. Value chain analysis was the over-arching method, adopting a mixed methods approach of both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Data attained from the Tobacco and Industry Marketing Board (TIMB) was used to construct a Zimbabwean tobacco profile. This information was used to construct a simple Global Value Chain (GVC) framework in order to obtain an understanding of the Zimbabwean tobacco value chain. Information was gathered at the top end of the value chain via documents and data from British American Tobacco (BAT) and information was gathered at the middle and lower end of the value chain through interviews. It was found that the Zimbabwean tobacco value chain is characterised by two types of governance: modular and hierarchy. Modular governance existed where the value chain was disjointed by the leaf merchant and hierarchy governance existed where cigarette manufacturers have vertically integrated themselves backwards into the tobacco growing segment. It was found that contract lines offer smallholder tobacco growers’ financial and technical support that would otherwise be difficult to attain. This increased the likelihood for smallholder tobacco growers to produce a high quality crop that met Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and other compliancy requirements; therefore achieving product and process upgrading. However, the environmental impact of tobacco growing through deforestation and the possibility of lead cigarette manufacturers relocating their operations to a different geographical location (as is the nature of GVCs) threatens the sustainability of Zimbabwe’s tobacco industry. Despite these issues it was argued that the tobacco value chain could assist Zimbabwe’s economy in diversifying away from simple tobacco production towards valueadding tobacco sectors, such as processing, by-product processing and cigarette manufacturing.
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Antonio, Rabib Floriano. "A dinâmica do capital agrário: crédito e investimentos na realidade dos fazendeiros de Vassouras (1850-1888)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1493.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é ampliar a discussão sobre a questão do crédito e da institucionalização dos mercados enquanto elementos constituintes no desenvolvimento econômico da economia cafeeira no Vale do Paraíba Fluminense no século XIX, através da análise de inventários, testamentos e outras fontes primárias disponíveis no acervo da Universidade Severino Sombras, de Vassouras (RJ), que conserva grande parte da documentação da elite cafeicultora que viveu e atuou na cidade ou se relacionou a ela durante o século XIX. A grande problemática que aqui se faz presente é tentar entender como uma economia de commodities, oriunda de um sistema colonial de base escravista, que se mantém no processo de inserção da economia-mundo de bases capitalistas, em transformação conseguiu encadear elementos financeiros, em especial particulares, para manter a inserção de capital em uma economia onde as bases monetárias e instituições creditícias se viam aparentemente insuficientes para manter a economia exportadora, em especial o café, visto que o produto dependia de investimentos constantes de capital para se manter nos períodos de entressafra e nas quedas de preço.
The goal of this dissertation is to expand the discussion on the issue of credit and the institutionalization of markets while constituents in economic development of the coffee economy in Vale do Paraíba Fluminense in the nineteenth century, through the analysis of inventories, wills and other primary sources available in the library University Severino Shadows, Brooms (RJ), which retains much of the documentation of the coffee-growing elite who lived and worked in the city or was related to her during the nineteenth century. The big problem that is present here is trying to understand how an economy of commodities originating from a basic colonial slave system, which remains in the integration process of the world economy to a capitalist basis, succeeded in transforming financial chain elements, especially particular, to maintain the insertion of capital in an economy where the monetary base and lending institutions were seen apparently insufficient to maintain the export economy, in particular coffee, since the product depended on constant capital investments to keep us off-season periods and the price drops.
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Ruarus, Imme Myrthe. "Engaging the private sector in public-private partnerships in commodity value chains through corporate communication." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-358352.
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Over the past decades the traditional development agenda of a donor-beneficiary model has been replaced by one builton partnerships with mutual benefits. In recent years the paradigms of ‘aid effectiveness’ and ‘developmenteffectiveness’, characterized by a set of new and emerging actors that play an important role in development and arenewed focus on economic growth, have emerged. One of the actors that is becoming more important is the privatesector, as they increasingly have the opportunity to take on a new profound role as development driver. While there hasbeen a trend of decreasing government spending for development aid, the private sector has considerable financial assetsat their disposal. However, the financial contribution of the private sector in sectors related to the SustainableDevelopment Goals remains low. Public-private partnerships are seen as a way that can attract the private sector indoing investments in sustainable development. Especially for global agri-food chains, partnerships have the ambitionto bring about sustainable change. In order to attract the private sector in such collaborations, an understanding of theirinformation needs regarding public-private partnerships and sustainability is necessary. The focus of this research wasto explain those information needs. As part of a case study research, interviews with the private sector were conducted.To gain additional insights, web testing tasks were conducted with the same interviewees. It is found that p the two mainreasons to join in a partnership for the private partners of this case study are because it is a platform for collaborationand knowledge exchange. Understanding these motivations helps to articulate a message that is seen as valuable. Next,with regard to sustainability interests, these mainly fall under the three pillars of sustainability – economic,environmental, social – but it was also found that the companies can use information on traceability and connectingtheir work to the Sustainable Development Goals as ways to communicate about their sustainability efforts. Relatingthis to the findings on information needs and how to communicate about such topics, the main findings suggest that theinformation should be concrete, result-oriented and proof of impact. In general, the information needs of the privatesector all to less or more extent have to do with continuation of the business, while also interest is shown for makingsustainability a viable business case and being a thought leader on sustainability topics. These findings are parallel tothe dominant paradigms of development effectiveness and aid effectiveness that continue to shape the agenda ondevelopment collaboration.I cannot select the correct organization/department for my supervisor and evaluator as both ar connected to SLU, not UU.
For Cecilia: Department of Forest Products at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
For Per: Department of Economics; Rural Entrepreneurship at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Ilkina, V. N. "An analysis of the impact of decision support systems on the performance of upstream commodity chains." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3012368/.
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The aim of this research is to evaluate the role and application of Decision Support Systems (DSS) adopted to improve the decision-making capability and visibility of the operations of intermediary trading organisations in upstream commodity supply chains. This research investigates the nature and source of specific challenges associated with upstream commodity supply chains that affect supply chain performance, namely, supply chain governance, access to finance, risk management and operational efficiency. Upstream commodity markets are characterised by high price volatility and low unit value, high risk and lack of visibility. Upstream supply chains are highly complex involving multiple parties, cross-border transactions, information asymmetry and a lack of standardised rules and regulations (Ahumada, 2009). Intermediary commodity trading companies participate as mediators between the supply and demand of commodities worldwide and facilitate the transaction of goods between distant countries which allows them to adopt a key position in managing critical supply chain information and material flows (de Haan et al., 2003). Hence, the performance of intermediaries within the upstream supply chains have great impact on the supply chain overall. Academic literature on DSS, upstream supply chains and intermediation have been reviewed in order to establish a reliable and contextual knowledge base. The relational view provides a theoretical grounding for the work. In order to achieve the research objectives, qualitative multiple case study research was undertaken. The case studies were designed to analyse the changes in the case study company processes and operations before and after the implementation of the DSS, using cross-functional process maps. Three case studies with intermediary trading companies in rubber, coffee and cotton supply chains were undertaken. The research found a positive relationship between DSS adoption and business performance. The findings also reveal a significant mediating effect of DSS on supply chain performance. A triangulation research approach was chosen between collected qualitative data, observation and reviewed literature. Based on this finding and conceptual model, the study has contributed to body of knowledge concerning upstream supply chain practice.
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Celik, Melih. "Resource allocation problems under uncertainty in humanitarian supply chains." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52302.
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With the increasing effect of disasters and long term issues on human well-being and economy over the recent years, effective management of humanitarian supply chains has become more important. This thesis work focuses on three problems in humanitarian supply chains where uncertainty is inherent, namely (i) post-disaster debris clearance with uncertain debris amounts, (ii) allocation of a health/humanitarian commodity in a developing country setting with multiple demand types, and (iii) distribution of specialized nutritious foods by a large scale humanitarian organization. In each of the three parts, the problem is formally defined, and a novel optimal solution approach incorporating the inherent uncertainty in the environment and updates is proposed. In cases where optimal models cannot be solved within reasonable time, novel heuristics are developed. Through structural analysis and computational experiments based on real data, the proposed approaches are compared to those that ignore the uncertainty in the environment and/or updates of information as new data becomes available. Using computational experiments, the proposed approaches are compared to those that are applied in practice, and the aspects of the system where performance improvements are more significant are analyzed.
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Gerber, Jonathan. "From farm plot to cooking pot: regional and local fruit and vegetable commodity chains supplying Hanoi, Vietnam." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97021.
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In this thesis I investigate the diverse ways in which agricultural produce makes its way from Hanoi's Long Biên market to consumers, and the roles and activities of the actors involved at numerous nodes along these commodity chains. My conceptual framework incorporates commodity chain analysis, social capital and social network literature as well as literature on the informal economy. I find that there are substantial differences in the functioning of the fruit and vegetable commodity chains due to the different organizational needs of each chain. I also find that, set firmly within the informal economy, strong social networks combined with bonding and bridging social capital are vital for trade along the commodity chains. Lastly, the government's attempts at modernizing the city are likely to have strong and widespread impacts on the agricultural commodity chains.Ce mémoire étudie les filières périurbaines et régionales d'approvisionnement en fruits et légumes qui se rejoignent au marché grossiste de Long Biên à Hanoi, Viêt-Nam. Mon cadre théorique integer une analyse des filières d'approvisionnement avec la literature actuelle sur le capital social, les réseaux sociaux et l'économie informelle. Elle démontre de nombreuses différences de fonctionnement entre les filières d'approvisionnement en fruits et celles en legumes dues aux différents besoins de chaque filière. Aussi devient-il évident qu'au sein d'une économie informelle la présence d'une combinaison de puissants réseaux sociaux avec les différentes formes de capital social est fondamentale à ce commerce. Finalement, il est probable que les tentatives du gouvernement de moderniser la ville auront un impact fort et étendu sur les filières d'approvisionnement agriculturelles.
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Krytbey, Zabya. "Arab countries' strategies of integration in global commodity chains : a comparative analysis of the Syrian and Jordanian clothing industry." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442216.
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Diasso, Yankou. "Dynamiques de moyen et long terme des cours des matières premières : les enjeux pour le développement dans les pays africains producteurs de coton." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAB003/document.
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Cette thèse analyse les enjeux du développement économique liés aux dynamiques des cours des matières premières en général et ceux du coton en particulier. Traditionnellement, les travaux s’inscrivant dans une optique de long terme questionnent la pertinence des spécialisations primaires des PMA. À moyen terme l’intérêt porte davantage sur l’instabilité dont les conséquences sont d’autant plus importantes que la dépendance des pays à l’exportation de tels produits est forte. Les enjeux s’articulent alors autour des modalités de régulation des marchés, du choix d'outils (publics ou marchands) pour la gestion des incertitudes, le tout dépendant de l’appréhension de l’instabilité comme un phénomène endogène ou exogène. Dans un contexte nouveau marqué par l’affirmation d’oligopoles de firmes, la segmentation du processus productif mondial, et la financiarisation des marchés de matières premières, nous proposons un cadre analytique permettant d’aborder différemment ces problématiques. Nos travaux montrent d’abord comment les approches du type chaînes globales de valeur peuvent être mobilisées pour mieux orienter les stratégies commerciales / industrielles des PMA. S’appuyant sur la notion de rationalité limitée dans le cadre de modèles de comportements hétérogènes, ils prouvent ensuite l’existence d’une forte composante endogène dans l’instabilité et par là même, l'inefficacité des seuls outils marchands. Au final, pour les pays africains producteurs de coton, il apparait qu’il reste possible de mettre ce produit au service d’une stratégie globale de développement. Cela passe par le recours à des mécanismes hybrides de gestion de l’instabilité, combiné au renforcement des dynamiques de coopération transfrontalières en vue d’une structuration de chaînes régionales de valeurThis thesis analyzes the economic development issues related to the medium and long-term dynamics of commodities prices in general and cotton prices in particular. Studies on the long-term perspective traditionally question the relevance of primary specializations of LDCs. In the medium term, the interest is relates to price instability for which the consequences are all the more important as countries’ dependency on the exports of such products becomes stronger. The stakes then revolve around market regulation modalities, and the choice of risk management tools (e.g. public or private interventions). These depend on the apprehension of price fluctuations as a phenomenon arising from endogenous or exogenous market factors. In a new economical context influenced by the growing importance of oligopolistic firms, a segmentation of the productive process and the financialization of commodity markets, we address differently these issues through a new analytical framework. The proposed analysis first shows how approaches such as the ones related to global value chains are more adapted to tackle industrial/commercial policies in commodity dependent LDCs. Second, in a context of heterogeneous behavioral models, we rely on the concept of bounded rationality to show the presence of a strong endogenous component in instability. Thus, it proves the inefficiency of private interventions to counter instability. Considering these findings in the case of African cotton producers, we conclude that it remains possible to incorporate the commodity in a global development strategy. But this involves the use of hybrid-type mechanisms (public-private) for managing uncertainty, combined with a reinforcement of cross-border cooperation dynamics in order to structure regional value chains
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Erlwein, Christina. "Applications of hidden Markov models in financial modelling." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7898.
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Various models driven by a hidden Markov chain in discrete or continuous time are developed to capture the stylised features of market variables whose levels or values constitute as the underliers of financial derivative contracts or investment portfolios. Since the parameters are switching regimes, the changes and developments in the economy as soon as they arise are readily reflected in these models. The change of probability measure technique and the EM algorithm are fundamental techniques utilised in the optimal parameter estimation. Recursive adaptive filters for the state of the Markov chain and other auxiliary processes related to the Markov chain are derived which in turn yield self-tuning dynamic financial models. A hidden Markov model (HMM)-based modelling set-up for commodity prices is developed and the predictability of the gold market under this setting is examined. An Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model with HMM parameters is proposed and under this set-up, we address two statistical inference issues: the sensitivity of the model to small changes in parameter estimates and the selection of the optimal number of states. The extended OU model is implemented on a data set of 30-day Canadian T-bill yields. An exponential of a Markov-switching OU process plus a compound Poisson process is put forward as a model for the evolution of electricity spot prices. Using a data set compiled by Nord Pool, we illustrate the vast improvements gained in incorporating regimes in the model. A multivariate HMM is employed as a framework in providing the solutions of two asset allocation problems; one involves the mean-variance utility function and the other entails the CVaR constraint. Finally, the valuation of credit default swaps highlights the important considerations necessitated by pricing in a regime-switching environment. Certain numerical schemes are applied to obtain approximations for the default probabilities and swap rates.
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Kerswell, Timothy James. "The global division of labour and the division in global labour." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46838/1/Timothy_Kerswell_Thesis.pdf.
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Since the 1980s the locus of manufacturing and some services have moved to countries of the Global South. Liberalization of trade and investment has added two billion people to world labour supply and brought workers everywhere into intense competition with each other. Under orthodox neoliberal and neoclassical approaches free trade and open investment should benefit all countries and lead to convergence. However considerable differences in wages and working hours exist between workers of the Global North and those of the Global South. The organising question for the thesis is why workers in different countries but the same industries get different wages. Empirical evidence reviewed in the thesis shows that productivity does not explain these wage differences and that workers in some parts of the South are more productive than workers in the North. Part of the thesis examines the usefulness of explanations drawn from Marxist, institutionalist and global commodity chain approaches. There is a long established argument in Marxist and neo-Marxist writings that differences between North and South result from imperialism and the exercise of power. This is the starting point to review ways of understanding divisions between workers as the outcome of a global class structure. In turn, a fault line is postulated between productive and unproductive labour that largely replicates the division between the Global North and the Global South. Workers and their organizations need shared actions if they are to resist global competition and wage disparities. Solidarity has been the clarion of progressive movements from the Internationals of the early C19th through to the current Global Unions and International Confederation of Trade Unions (ICTU). The thesis examines how nationalism and particular interests have undermined solidarity and reviews the major implications for current efforts to establish and advance a global labour position.
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Cook, Brittany Eleanor. "PRODUCING TRADITION: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND DEVELOPMENT IN JORDANIAN OLIVE OIL." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/54.
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This dissertation project examines how value is changed and created through organic certification and the universalizing ideas of capacity building within the olive oil industry in Jordan and how these shifts affect the social and material processes of production. I approach organic olive oil production in Jordan as one method that producers use in accessing markets and capacity building. By shifting from looking strictly at organic certified farms to examining the larger context of capacity building and international standards, I identify how organic is just one strategy in a larger effort to diversify Jordanian agricultural production and to access global markets. However, more work needs to be done to elucidate how development shapes organic and other ‘alternative’ initiatives differently than in European and North American contexts. In order to do this, I incorporate postcolonial critiques of GPN and critical development studies to further our understanding how of these certifications and standards are taken up, challenged, and sometimes abandoned in favor of other production methods in local spaces of the Global South.
The local embeddedness of olive oil production and the relative recent history of export provide a unique opportunity for examining how producers, organizations, governments, and universities create new export industries. In order to trace how these capacities are built, this dissertation examines the following questions: how is value redefined as producers try to access distant consumers? What are the material and social strategies? In answering these questions, I examine three types of value: taste/sensory, organic/environmental, and gendered tradition. Through the examination of these values, I found that they were each built through a mechanism: re-asetheticizing local taste, creating a new commodity network, and pushing domestic labor into the public sphere. Each mechanism has intended and unintended consequences for the social relations of production.
In summary, this dissertation explores the use (and abandonment) of organic certification within the larger context of development and capacity building in Jordan. In order to explore how value is being created in new ways, the three empirical chapters examine extra virginity, organic certification, and women’s rural organizations. By looking beyond a singular commodity chain, this dissertation examines the processes through which institutional assemblages are formed and destabilized. Therefore, each of the three empirical chapters covers a different aspect of the institutions that are defining value within the larger network of the olive industry. This approach will further our understanding of how quality and conventions function in systems under transition. (Higgins, Dibden, and Cocklin 2008a).
Together these findings provide a broad picture of efforts in Jordan to improve and expand the Jordanian olive oil industry. A large aspect of this effort is to produce exportable olive oil. While only a small percentage of producers are exporting, governmental and development networks want to build the capacity of the olive industry so that more farmers are producing to international standards. Through this broad initiative, traditional ideas of quality and the best practices of production are being challenged. These shifts create new networks and products through which rural producers try to capture value. While the overall ramifications of this shift for the average farmer are small now, with further government standardizing, production and its associated social relations could be significantly changed. The traditional farmers who were able to sell within their personal networks may lose their ability to sell flexibly, and simultaneously larger irrigated producers may flourish, having larger environmental impacts.
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Jantz, Philipp [Verfasser], and Christof [Akademischer Betreuer] Parnreiter. "The Rise of Finance in the Wind Industry : Financialization in Global Commodity Chains. Analysis of the German Wind Energy Market / Philipp Jantz ; Betreuer: Christof Parnreiter." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1155303709/34.
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Krüger, Daniel. "Produktions- und Warenketten in der kubanischen Lebensmittelwirtschaft." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15626.
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Wirtschaftliche Prozesse sind in Zeiten der Globalisierung zunehmend komplexer. Immer mehr Akteure sind an der Erstellung eines Produktes von der Konzeption bis zur Konsumption durch die Verbraucher beteiligt. Innovationen im Bereich von I&K-Technologien oder im Verkehr, sinkende Transport- und Transaktionskosten sowie organisatorische Neuerungen ermöglichen eine räumliche Trennung einzelner Produktionsschritte der Wertschöpfungskette. Es entstehen Unternehmensnetzwerke, die nicht auf räumlicher, sondern organisatorischer Nähe basieren. Die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren können in Wertschöpfungsketten abgebildet werden. Allgemeine Betrachtungen zu Wertschöpfungsketten, Modelle zu Warenketten und zum politisch-ökonomischen Zusammenhang in der Nahrungsmittelproduktion bilden die theoretische Grundlage dieser Arbeit. In Kuba haben sich die Produktions- und Warenketten vor dem Hintergrund der binnen- und außenwirtschaftlichen Krise in den Jahren 1989/90 stark verändert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden ausgehend von den Entwicklungen in der Lebensmittelwirtschaft Kubas, die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren des Agrarsektors, der Lebensmittelindustrie und des Einzelhandels untersucht. Die empirische Analyse umfasste darüber hinaus Betrachtungen zu den Transport- und Distributionsvorgänge innerhalb der Warenketten, den Macht- und Kontrolleinflüssen einzelner Akteure und zu den räumlichen Strukturen. Durch die qualitative Untersuchung konnten im Ergebnis fünf verschiedene Typen von Produktions- und Warenketten festgestellt werden. Die erste Gruppe repräsentiert industrielle Warenketten, die für den rationierten Einzelhandel produzieren. Die zweite Gruppe umfasst die industriellen Warenketten, die auf das Devisensegment orientiert sind. Die dritte Gruppe bildet jene Warenketten ab, bei denen das Segment der industriellen Produktion fehlt. Sie sind auf die direkte Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit frischen Agrarprodukten ausgerichtet. Gerade die Produktions- und Warenketten der dritten Gruppe stellen eine besondere Form dar. Wefen der ökonomischen Krise und den Transportschwierigkeiten in Kuba haben sich seit 1994 lokale Wirtschaftskreisläufe herausgebildet. Sie stellen die kürzesten Produktions- und Warenketten der Insel dar.In times of globalisation economic processes become increasingly complex. More and more actors are involved in the production - starting at the design and ending at the consumption - of a product. Innovation in Information and Communication Technology or transport, decreasing transportation and transaction costs as well as process innovations facilitate a spatial separation of individual production steps of the value-added chains in different locations. Therefore new business networks develop which are not based spatial, but organisational proximity. Connections between the different actors can be shown in value-added chains. The theoretical frame for this dissertation are general approaches on value-added chains, models for commodity chains and political-economic relations in food industry. In Cuba commodity chains have changed radically due to the interior and exterior economic crisis in 1989/90. This work, based on the development of the Cuban food industry, studies the material and immaterial connections between the actors of the agricultural sector, food industry and retail trade. The empirical analysis also includes observations on transport and distribution processes within commodity chains, power and control impact by specific economic and institutional actors and spatial structures of commodity chains. Through the qualitative analysis, using the example of the tomato, five different types of commodity chains were identified. The first group represents industrial commodity chains, which produce for the state rationed retail trade. The second group includes industrial commodity chains, which focus on the currency segment. The third group sums up those commodity chains which lack the industrial segment. They focus on the population’s direct supply with fresh agricultural products. Especially the third group’s commodity chains represent a special type. Due to the economic crisis and the connected transportation problems, local economic cycles evolved in Cuba since 1994. Opposite to the industrial commodity chains they represent the shortest commodity chains on the island and therefore differ from the first and second group of commodity chains.
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Lilja, Fredrik. "The Golden Fleece of the Cape : Capitalist expansion and labour relations in the periphery of transnational wool production, c. 1860–1950." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193053.
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This thesis is about the organisation, character and change of labour relations in expanding capitalist wool farming in the Cape between 1860 and 1950. It is an attempt to analyse labour in wool farming within a transnational framework, based on an expansion of capital from core to periphery of the capitalist world-economy. Wool farming in peripheries like the Cape was part of capitalist production through the link to primarily the British textile industry. This relationship enabled wool farmers to invest in their farms in sheep, fences and windmills. They thereby became agents of capital expansion in the world-economy, which was a prerequisite for a capitalist expansion. Although wool production in the Cape was initially an imperial division of labour, that relation changed during the twentieth century as Britain’s leading role as textile producer was challenged by other capitalist core countries. Capitalism as a transnational production system, based on commodity chains from periphery to core, became the most crucial structure for wool farmers in the Cape, who could increase their exports. The thesis also shows that the pre-capitalist generational division of labour among black peasants, through which farmers acquired labour, especially shepherds, was both discarded and intensified. Shepherding was intensified along with fencing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century due to threat from jackals and lack of sufficient water supplies. Those farmers who invested in technology in the form of jackal-proof fences and windmills managed to change production from herding to rotational grazing in camps, which meant that shepherds were replaced by camp walkers, who controlled fences instead of sheep. Those farmers who did not invest were forced to exploit the pre-capitalist relations more intensively and hire shepherds in order to be able to produce and sell wool to textile manufacturers in capitalist core areas. As the young adult males disappeared from farms to the mines, the role of children and youths as shepherds became increasingly important. By the 1940s almost all the shepherds were children or youths, but they were about to be made redundant, as the number of shepherds decreased during the 1930s and 1940s.
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Ziegler, Catherine. "Favored flowers : culture and markets in a global commodity chain /." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/gateway.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--New School for Social Research, 2003.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 339-364). Also available in electronic format on the World Wide Web. Access restricted to users affiliated with the licensed institutions.
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Redžanović, Emir. "The Development of Milk Commodity Chain in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-362682.
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Focus of this Diploma thesis is to analyze evolution of Milk Commodity Chain in Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of the ongoing integration processes. In order to describe Milk Commodity Chain in Bosnia and Herzegovina author used Official Statistical Data from following sources: Statistical Agency of BiH, Federal Office of Statistics of FBiH, Institute for Statistics in RS, Milk Processing, Sarajevo, Ministry of Trade and Economic Relations, Federal Ministry of Agriculture FBiH and Ministry of Agriculture in RS. Furthermore following technological flow of material, "From Farm to Final Consumer", author characterized crucial milk markets in Milk Commodity Chain, milk marketing routes in BiH. Final section defines the issues of the amount and structure of production and price levels of raw materials. In conclusion that good cooperation and partnership within Milk Commodity chain is necessary, and only strong milk industry will make strong milk production.
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Lin, Zheng-kuo, and 林正國. "Taiwanese Auto-tronic Industry Development Network Structure in Global Commodity Chain." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47003636825381516467.
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碩士國立中山大學
公共事務管理研究所
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With the maturity of the semiconductor and communication technology, and vehicle technology is unable to break through obviously, therefore automobile corporations begins to try to apply the electronic product to the field of the vehicle in order to separate the difference district of the products, besides offering and is different from the function that machinery displays, its range of application is not only products, such as engine, transmission or chassis, but march toward with voluntarily safe, driving convenience, functional intelligence, relevant products of taking comfortableness and high dependability gradually, so involving the new industry in relevant technology, such as car making, electron, photoelectricity, communication, the auto-electron is attracted attention by the world. In global capitalism, economic activity is not only international in scope, it is also global in organization. ''Internationalization'' refers to the geographic spread of economic activities across national boundaries. As such, it is not a new phenomenon. Indeed, it has been a prominent feature of the world economy since at least the seventeenth century when colonial empires began to carve up the globe in search of raw materials and new markets for their manufactured exports. ''Globalization'' is much more recent than internationalization because it implies functional integration between internationally dispersed activities. So synthesize above-mentioned, I am going to use this regard globalizing the concept as theory ''Global commodity chain'' of foundation, to inspect the electronic industry of the automobile of Taiwan, and plus the policies of automobile electron like ''IA completed vehicle plan'' and its network structure. This research, in order to obtain each other''s network inter-dynamic relation among industry, manufacturer, adopt the depth interview. The result of study is found, one of two kinds of driven ways derived out for the global commodity chain of the electronic industry mode of production of the automobile of Taiwan is ''buyer driven'', the main reason is to urge the strength of industry''s technology and products trend is coming from automobile corporation as ''branded manufacturers'', and is absorbed in belonging to the roles of ''the factory'' in the electronic manufacturer of Taiwan of the production field; And this industry is new industries derived out after combining with the electronic industry by the automobile, so the automobile and electron are on the inter-dynamic relation, and cooperative through ''security regardless parts'', ''system software'', ''call-center service’; However government policies can actually drive the industry to develop, and combine the energy of the automobile and electronic industry, but government should offer more encourage policies to replace managing, restricted ones.
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Opletalová, Jana. "Formation of the goat milk commodity chain in the economic context." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-250836.
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The diploma thesis deals with formation of the goat milk commodity chain in the economic context. It reports development of goats and their milk production from the world and the European Union point of view. The main focus is on the Czech agrarian sector and placement of goat production within the agriculture. It defines types of support for Czech goat breeders from the European and national fund sources. The representation of animals that are bred for milk production is demonstrated in the field of organic agriculture. Analytical part of the thesis includes the example of the particular organic goat farm in the Czech Republic.
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Goel, Ankur 1976. "Integrating commodity markets in the procurement policies for different supply chain structures." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3430.
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O'Leary, Karin. "The cigarette commodity chain and national tobacco control in China and Brazil." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3606.
Full textAbstract:
The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) designates the nation-state as the agent for tobacco control, and it defines its target as an industry composed of manufacturers, wholesalers, and importers. This target fails to include the farmers, tobacco leaf exporters, and retailers profiting from cigarette consumption. Commodity chain analysis uncovers a more comprehensive roster of industry actors, a methodology that can improve tobacco control monitoring efforts, and uncover weaknesses in the industry. A comparative historical analysis of the cigarette commodity chain in Brazil and China exposes four categories of social forces that counter national tobacco control: the actors in the industry, local governments and trade treaty organizations as external actors, the conflicting activities of different units within the nation-state itself, and social norms embedded with 400 years of tobacco use. In conclusion, the author suggests that the FCTC provisions be redirected to local and international levels.Graduate
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Wong, Jui-Tsung, and 翁瑞聰. "A replenishment system for a VMI supply chain with asymmetric deteriorating commodity." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03613067002777087393.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立雲林科技大學
工業工程博士班
95
Businesses within the high-tech sector, facing increasing pressure of global competition, realize that the global supply chain is the way to go and that vender managed inventory (VMI) is a critical strategy in their cooperation model. This cooperation among multi-national businesses, however, has increased the distance for transportation and induced a greater disparity in the inventory cost among partners, highlighting the importance of inventory management. Lot-sizing problems considering inventory deterioration have been widely discussed, but problems involving materials with different deterioration rate have often been overlooked. Such materials, including foodstuff made from processed seafood and .vegetable, have different deterioration rate because of the different amount of preservatives added. Therefore, this thesis proposes a stochastic dynamic lot-sizing problem with asymmetric deteriorating commodity (i.e., stochastic DLSPADC) in the VMI supply chain. The decisions to be made in this problem include finding the optimal procurement cost of material and holding cost of material. Moreover, the problem also covers a sub-problem that aims to find the optimal replenishment policy. This thesis determines the expected total cost through simulation, which covers solving an NP-hard problem and would inevitably increase the computational cost. This is the dilemma the stochastic DLSPADC faces. This thesis also uses a methodology (i.e. neuro-DM&ACO) based on artificial neural network (ANN) and ant colony optimization (ACO) to solve similar problems. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to determine the adequate range of the training data for ANN. The sub-problem (i.e. DLSPADC) has been proven to be an NP-hard problem, and its properties and theorems which the heuristic algorithm development is based on are also discovered. Two modified ACO algorithms (i.e., ACO+MO+MP and max-min ACO+MO+MP) to solve the proposed NP-hard problem are also proposed. The computation of the set pheromone trail has been modified and the mutation operators have been considered. The test results show that the ACO+MO+MP algorithm is better than those of history literature. Moreover, the test results show that the neuro-DM&ACO approach is better than RSM.
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Ho, Tsaiman C., and 何彩滿. "The Buyer-Driven Commodity Chain and the Upgrading of an OEM-based firm." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41616502300541559692.
Full textAbstract:
博士東海大學
社會學系
94
This thesis deals with how the OEM-based firm entered and keeps their position in the global commodity chains (GCCs), despite the losing advantages on production factors. During the past, Taiwan adopted OEM strategy to join the global economic activities and gained the impressive achievement. The fast changing international division of labour threatens the position of Taiwan in the world economy. On the firm-based level, the neo-classical theories, product cycle and flying geese could not explain why the OEM-based firms were not replaced, however, nor did the advanced economies withdraw the commodity chain. By using the conception of control and GCCs, I highlight that the buyer-driven type governance calls for the supplier’s cooperation and the cross-border organizational capabilities rather than the simple factor of price. In 1980s, the leading U.S. sports footwear company skip made their bold step to outsource in China. But their almost 10-year attempt failed. The leading buyers were bound to rely on their faithful partners--Taiwanese and Korean manufactures. Along with the changes on the conception of control to marketing, though it is still buyer-driven, the driving forces and delivery speed demands closer and more interdependent relationships between buyers and suppliers. Taiwan’s OEM-based firm grows out of simple labour process, and develops herself as a professional manufacturing and service centre. The structural positions in GCC provide the firms the opportunities as well as the limitations to expand the value nodes. The ambition for the OEM-based firm to move up to the buyer’s position, will surely encounter the buyer’s positional block, i.e., to block the move by cancelling the orders. But if the move makes no direct threat to the buyers, their previous partnership would be further enhanced.