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Journal articles on the topic 'Common bean'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Park, S. J., and J. C. Tu. "AC Darkid common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-027.

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AC Darkid is a high-yielding dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar maturing in mid-season in Ontario. Its main advantages are high yield potential and earlier maturity than presently recommended dark red kidney beans in Ontario. Seed has acceptable cooking/canning quality. AC Darkid is resistant to alpha and alpha Brazilian races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of BCMV. Key words: Dark red kidney, Phaseolus vulgaris, dry edible bean, cultivar description, anthracnose, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, bean common mosaic virus

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2

A., O. Karani, A. Ndakidemi P., and R. Mbega E. "Botanical Pesticides in Management of Common Bean Pests: Importance and Possibilities for Adoption by Small-scale Farmers in Africa." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 12, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/JALSI/2017/32503.

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Botanical Pesticides (BPs) have been cited and are used as alternative to synthetic pesticides in agricultural systems worldwide. The BPs are believed to be safe to the environment and are used in pest control to avoid pesticidal pollution, which is a universal problem. In this review, authors provide comprehensive information on the use of BPs in management of common bean pests in Africa. This piece of literature is useful due to major negative side effects to the environment as well as human health arising from synthetic chemicals. It is due to this reason that the authors composed this review to provide insights on potentiality of the BPs in Africa. Generally, it is believed that majority of Africans, feel that BPs are their heritage, thus any technology derived from the BPs is likely to be highly adopted. This review highlights importance, preparation and different methods of applying the BPs so that farmers and other users of this document can easily understand quick methods of using BPs as alternative to synthetic pesticides in combating common bean pests in Africa. Furthermore, areas for future research have been highlighted to establish the need of moving the BPs industry forward for pest management in common bean and other crops in Africa.

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3

Park, S. J. "Shetland common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 1147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-157.

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Shetland is a medium-late maturing, high-yielding white (navy) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It's main advantages are its earlier maturity and better standability than Dresden and OAC Rico. It has good cooking quality and it is resistant to the alpha and delta races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry edible (navy, pea) bean, cultivar description, bean anthracnose, bean common mosaic virus

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4

Boersma, J. G., R. L. Conner, P. M. Balasubramanian, A. Navabi, K. Yu, and A. Hou. "Combining resistance to common bacterial blight, anthracnose, and bean common mosaic virus into Manitoba-adapted dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 2 (March 2014): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-281.

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Boersma, J. G., Conner, R. L., Balasubramanian, P. M., Navabi, A., Yu, K. and Hou, A. 2014. Combining resistance to common bacterial blight, anthracnose, and bean common mosaic virus into Manitoba-adapted dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 405–415. Resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB) is generally absent in dry bean cultivars. In order to transfer CBB resistance into dry bean cultivars grown in Manitoba, crosses were made between CBB-resistant navy bean OAC Rex and susceptible cultivars Black Violet (black bean), AC Pintoba (pinto bean) and Morden003 (an anthracnose-resistant navy bean). The F1 progeny were back-crossed to the recurrent susceptible parents for four generations and selections were made based on inoculation tests and molecular markers. The BC4F3 populations were evaluated in CBB field disease nurseries for 3 yr at Morden, MB, and Harrow, ON. Three of the 114 BC4F3 navy bean lines were shown to have improved resistance to both CBB and anthracnose, whereas approximately 50% of the lines exhibited strong resistance to anthracnose. Meanwhile, 11 black bean and 7 pinto bean lines were selected with resistance to CBB and four of the seven pinto beans were also putatively resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). There was good agreement between the presence of molecular markers and field resistance to CBB and anthracnose. The resistant lines recovered in this research possess desirable yield potential and seed characteristics, and can be used in crossing for future dry bean improvement.

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Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, A. M. Lindsay, and K. P. Pauls. "Lightning common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08120.

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Lightning is an upright short vine (type IIa) white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar intended for use in areas with greater than 2600 crop heat units. It has excellent yield potential in either wide or narrow row production and is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Seed has high cooking and canning quality. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., white bean, common bean, cultivar description

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6

Hou, A., P. Balasubramanian, R. L. Conner, S. Park, K. Yu, F. A. Kiehn, and A. Navabi. "Portage common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 3 (May 2011): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2010-015.

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7

Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, A. Navabi, and K. P. Pauls. "Rexeter common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 2 (March 2012): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-184.

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Smith, T. H., Michaels, T. E., Navabi, A. and Pauls, K. P. 2012. Rexeter common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 351–353. Rexeter common bean (CFIA registration no. 7019) is a full season maturity white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with an upright growth habit with excellent yield potential, resistance to common bacterial blight and acceptable cooking quality.

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Mündel, H. H., F. A. Kiehn, G. Saindon, H. C. Huang, and R. L. Conner. "Alert common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-069.

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Alert is a high-yielding, semi-erect great northern common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It was developed from a series of crosses at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, on contract to the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Lethbridge, with cooperation from the AAFC Morden Research Station. Alert is well adapted to the eastern Canadian prairies, yielding significantly higher than the check cultivar, US1140, at 130% in the official Manitoba Dry Bean Co-operative Registration Trials. Alert is moderately resistant to white mold and resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). It is susceptible to the alpha and alpha Brazil races of anthracnose, but resistant to the delta race. Key words: Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, great northern bean, cultivar description, high yield

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9

Park, S. J., T. Rupert, and K. Yu. "Galley common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-167.

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Galley, white bean (navy bean) (Phaseolus vulgaris L), has good yield potential with dull white seed coat luster and semi-determinate growth habit with upright plant type. It is resistant to lodging, early medium season maturity in southwestern Ontario. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, dry bean, cultivar description, plant type, white mould

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Park, S. J., T. Rupert, and K. Yu. "Harohawk common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-168.

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Harohawk black bean bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) has high yield potential with dull seed coat luster and semi-determinate growth habit with erect plant type and lodging resistance, medium season maturity and is moderately resistant to common bacterial blight. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, black bean, cultivar description, plant type, common bacterial blight

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Khanal, Raja, Terry Rupert, Alireza Navabi, Thomas H. Smith, Thomas E. Michaels, Andrew J. Burt, and Karl P. Pauls. "Bolt common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0180.

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The breeding line ACUG10-1 named as Bolt (CFIA registration no. 7366) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is resistant to anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus)] with an upright plant architecture, suitable for direct harvest and high yield potential. Bolt is recommended for the dry bean growing areas in southwestern Ontario.

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Khanal, Raja, Terry Rupert, Alireza Navabi, Thomas H. Smith, Andrew J. Burt, and Karl P. Pauls. "Fathom common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0215.

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Fathom (CFIA registration no. 7544) is a full-season navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with a high yield potential, and resistance to anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ) and common bacterial blight (CBB; caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli). Fathom is recommended for the dry bean growing areas in southwestern Ontario.

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13

Park, S. J. "Harowood common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-156.

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Harowood is a late-maturing, high-yielding white (navy) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with a semideterminate growth habit. The main advantages of Harowood over other cultivars are its more erect plant type which forms a narrow canopy and its high podding nodes which make the crop suitable for narrow row production and direct combining. Harowood is resistant to the alpha and delta races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry edible (navy, pea) bean, upright plant type, cultivar description

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14

Navabi, A., T. Rupert, S. J. Park, K. Yu, T. H. Smith, and K. P. Pauls. "Apex common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 1 (January 2013): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-139.

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Navabi A., Rupert, T., Park, S. J, Yu, K., Smith, T. H. and Pauls, K. P. 2013. Apex common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 131–135. Apex (CFIA registration no. 7052) is an indeterminate, full-season navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with an upright plant architecture, suitable for direct harvest, high yield potential, moderate resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB; caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) and superior cooking quality. Apex is adapted to and recommended for the dry bean growing areas with higher than 2700 CHU in southwestern Ontario.

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15

Mangole, G., M. Ithuteng, M. Radikgomo, and OO Molosiwa. "Challenges and opportunities in common bean production and marketing in Botswana: Prospects and farmer’s perspectives." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 5 (July 19, 2022): 20461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.110.20660.

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most consumed legume crop in the world, and one of the most consumed legume crops in Botswana. This study aims to identify constraints and opportunities in common beans production in order to enhance common bean production in the country. A survey was conducted among 287 farmers in two districts of Southern and Chobe with farmers selected by multi-stage sampling technique. The majority of farmers were female (66.1%), a few farmers planted common bean (11.5%). Slightly more than a quarter (27.8%) of farmers were above the age of 65 years. Constraints to production included pests and diseases, damage by animals, lack of labour, drought, and lack of seeds. Seven percent of farmers assumed that common bean was a drought tolerant crop and 33% of farmers said common bean taste better than other pulses. However, only 21% preferred to grow it. More farmers (13.2%) grew common bean in the Southern district than farmers in the Chobe district (7.0%). Farmers who grew common bean bought their seeds from Agro dealers (76%) with an average amount of 6kg of seed purchased at a time at an average price of $1.11 kg-1. Common bean was planted on 7% of the arable land that was planted. Most of the farmers (87%) were not trained in common bean production and received little or no assistance from extension officers resulting in little knowledge by farmers about the production of common beans. Strategies to create awareness are needed to facilitate access and mobilise farmers to adopt common beans to improve their livelihoods. This is particularly encouraged in agro-ecological zones such as Chobe with high yield producing potential. Development of seed systems and release of varieties tested in Botswana agro-ecological zones, would increase the production of common bean to improve food security and nutrition, and reduce import bill in Botswana. Key words: Common bean, Cropping systems, Marketing, Production, Phaseolus vulgaris, Agro-ecology, Multi-stage, Pulses, Drought

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16

Park, S. J. "AC Harblack common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 1247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-155.

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AC Harblack is a medium-maturity, high-yielding black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It’s main advantages are its erect plant type, high yield potential and earlier maturity than the commonly grown cv. T-39. Seed has acceptable appearance and firm texture when cooked. AC Harblack is resistant to beta, gamma and delta races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry edible bean, black bean, cultivar description, bean anthracnose, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, bean common mosaic virus

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17

Choudhary, Neeraj, Anjali, Moni Gupta, Safoora Shafi, Sofora Jan, Asma Hamid Mir, Bikram Singh, and Reyazul Rouf Mir. "Molecular diversity and nutriment studies of common bean (." Crop & Pasture Science 73, no. 3 (January 12, 2022): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21347.

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The diverse microclimatic belts of the Western Himalayan region of India are considered hot spots for genetic diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Western Himalayan beans are known for various agronomically superior/important traits including unique aroma, taste and cooking quality. In the present study, 25 unlinked genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across the common bean genome were used to assess the genetic/allelic diversity among and within populations belonging to the Jammu and Kashmir regions of the Western Himalayas. These two regions are considered most important hot-spots for common bean diversity in western-Himalayas. The analysis of genotypic data of SSR markers revealed a total of 263 alleles with an average of 10.52 alleles per locus. The genetic diversity analysis revealed higher variability in bean landraces belonging to Jammu region (He = 0.73) as compared to genotypes from Kashmir region (He = 0.647) and some exotic genotypes (0.71). The genotypes were also phenotyped for four important nutritional traits and the analysis of trait data revealed that sugar content was highest in common bean genotypes from Jammu region, while protein, starch and phenol content were highest in exotic common bean genotypes. Therefore, the superiority of common bean germplasm from Jammu region may be due to a higher level of allelic diversity, more private alleles and higher sugar content. The diverse genotypes based on genotypic data and trait performance will prove useful in future breeding programs aimed at enhancing nutritional contents of common bean varieties.

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18

Barros, Marcio De, and Sandra Helena Prudencio. "Physical and chemical characteristics of common bean varieties." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p751.

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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most widely consumed legumes in the world, but nevertheless different varieties vary with respect to their physical and chemical aspects. This study evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics (color, hardness after cooking, water absorption capacity, cooking time, integrity of the beans after cooking, proximate composition and mineral composition) of the following varieties of the common bean: Carioca, IAPAR 81, Saracura, Juriti, Pérola, Colibri and IAPAR 31, all destined for both the internal Brazilian and external markets. The varieties studied had different proximate compositions and contents of the following minerals: K, Ca, N, Mg, S, Cu, Fe and Mn; but identical contents of P, Zn and B. The beans were classified as small in size. The Carioca variety showed the lowest values for L* (41.29) and H* (57.22), and the highest values for a* (12.17), its beans being redder and darker than the others. The Saracura variety showed the lowest degree of hydration (95.70 g/100g), cooking time (22.67 min.) and whole beans after cooking (30%), while the Pérola variety showed the highest values for these same parameters, 106.77 g/100g, 43.67 min. and 82.16%, respectively. No correlation was observed between the calcium and magnesium contents of the beans and the hardness of the raw bean, degree of hydration during maceration, cooking time and integrity of the cooked beans. According to the characteristics studied, the Saracura variety is a good option for both industrial and domestic use.

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Lucas, Bruno, and Phillip D. Griffiths. "Evaluation of Common Bean Accessions for Resistance to Pythium ultimum." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1193.

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Common bean accessions were evaluated to identify white- or light-seeded beans with resistance to Pythium ultimum Trow. In total, 568 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions were inoculated with a hyphal suspension of P. ultimum under greenhouse conditions. The bean accessions included represented the Andean-Middle American core collections (406 accessions) and 162 additional white- or cream-seeded accessions. The accessions were categorized into 12 groups according to seedcoat color. Accessions with light seedcoats exhibited higher levels of disease symptoms, with white-seeded bean accessions being the most susceptible class. No symptomless white-seeded accessions were identified. The most resistant white-seeded accessions were PI 430207, PI 527803, PI 290996, PI 299021, PI 194574, and PI 304110. Cream-seeded beans exhibited higher levels of resistance, with nine accessions rated as symptomless out of 188 cream and white accessions tested. Of 568 accessions, 48 tested were symptomless, whereas disease ratings of the other accessions ranged from resistant to highly susceptible.

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Lisboa, Cristiane F., Deyner D. A. Silva, Itamar R. Teixeira, Alessandro G. da Silva, and José H. Mota. "Agronomic characteristics of common bean and castor bean hybrids in intercropping and monocropping." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 3 (March 2018): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n3p200-205.

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ABSTRACT Common bean has great importance in the Brazilian economy and castor bean is still emerging in Midwestern Brazil, but with great potential of exploitation by farmers due to the prevailing climatic conditions and flat topography. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of common bean cultivars and castor bean hybrids in intercropping and monocropping under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado region. The randomized block design was used in 4 x 2 + 6 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Treatments were composed of four cultivars of common beans (BRS Pérola, BRS Esteio, BRSMG Realce and BRS Pitanga) intercropped with two castor bean hybrids (Tamar and Ag Ima), plus the respective crops in monocropping. In common bean cultivars, plant height was influenced in the intercropping with castor bean hybrids; however, agronomic characteristics of the castor bean hybrids were not influenced by common bean cultivars. The intercropping between common bean cultivars (BRS Esteio, BRSMG Realce and BRS Pitanga) and castor bean hybrids (Tamar and Ag Ima) was classified as viable by the area equivalence index, since this index presented values greater than 1.0 for the intercropping between these cultivars. This fact indicates that it would take more than one hectare in monocropping to produce the same amount than one hectare in intercropping.

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Park, S. J., and J. C. Tu. "AC Litekid common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-028.

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AC Litekid is a medium-full season maturing and high yielding light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. Its main advantages are higher yield potential and earlier maturity than the presently recommended cultivar California Light Red Kidney in Ontario. Seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality. AC Litekid is resistant to alpha and alpha Brazilian races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words:Phaseolus vulgaris, dry edible bean, light red kidney, cultivar description, bean anthracnose, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, bean common mosaic virus

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22

Michaels, T. E., T. H. Smith, J. Larsen, A. D. Beattie, and K. P. Pauls. "OAC Rex common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-128.

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OAC Rex is an upright indeterminate bush white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar intended for use in areas with greater than 2800 crop heat units. It has good yield potential in either wide or narrow row production. It is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus and is the first common bean cultivar resistant to common bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) in Ontario. Seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., white bean, common bean, common bacterial blight, cultivar description

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23

Silva, Emanuel Marques da, Anísia Soraia Abreu Correia, Nuno Alexandre Amaral Lopes, Humberto Gil Moreira Nóbrega, José Filipe Teixeira Ganança, Ana Maria Domingues, Manhaz Khadem, Jan Jacek Slaski, and Miguel Ângelo Almeida Pinheiro de Carvalho. "Phytogeographical origin of Madeiran common beans based on phaseolin patterns." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45, no. 8 (August 2010): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010000800012.

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The objective of this work was to determine the geographic origin of the Madeiran common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) gene pool. Phaseolin patterns of 50 accessions representing the diversity of common bean collected in Madeira, Portugal, and conserved in the ISOPlexis Germplasm Bank, were analysed using the Experion automated electrophoresis system, based on lab-on-a-chip technology. Five common bean standard varieties with typical phaseolin patterns were used to determine the phytogeographical origin of the Madeiran common bean accessions. Ninety two percent of the accessions exhibited a phaseolin pattern consistent with the one of common bean types belonging to the Andean gene pool, while the origin of the remaining 8% of the accessions was indistinguishable. The application of a similarity coefficient of 85%, based on Pearson correlations, increases the number of accessions with uncertain pattern. The analytical approach used permitted the determination of the origin of the common bean gene pool, which is Andean in 98% of the cases, and clustering of the observed variability among the Madeiran common beans.

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Sichilima, Timothy, Lawrence Mapemba, and Gelson Tembo. "Drivers of Dry Common Beans Trade in Lusaka, Zambia: A Trader’s Perspective." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n2p15.

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<p>This study was designed to analyze drivers of dry common beans trade in Lusaka, Zambia. Specifically, the study analyzed the effect of common bean grain characteristics on bean market price. Data was collected using structured questionnaires from 225 traders stationed in three markets namely: Soweto, Chilenje and Mtendere.</p>Using hedonic pricing, the findings reveal that medium sized grain was an important characteristic which significantly affected the pricing of common bean. For instance, it was observed that medium grain size fetched ZMW1.266 per kilogram (kg) and ZMW 1.042 per kg more than grains of smaller size in the pooled and Soweto market sample, respectively. It was further revealed that yellow, yellow and white color significantly affected the bean price received by traders. Other factors which significantly affected the pricing of beans included age of the trader, being a retail trader and trading at Chilenje market. Given these findings, common bean breeders need to include traders and consumers as important actors whose knowledge can make resourceful impact in varietal development. Furthermore, interventions by policy makers that respond to the social economic needs of traders is recommended to improve bean trade.

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Fenta, Berhanu Amsalu, Kassay Negash, Kidane Tumssa, Tigist Shiferaw, Dagmawit Tsegaye, Rubyogo Jean Claude, and Clare Mugisha Mukankusi. "Demand Driven Common Bean Variety Development and Promotion for Enhanced Productivity and Production." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036139.

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Common bean research program of Ethiopia aimed at development of demanded variety for enhanced adoption, improve food and nutrition security as well as to boost income of smallholder farmers thereby enhancing foreign earnings of the country. To achieve these aim, the breeding program use different strategies. These incudes, importing demanded variety and fast-track testing release, introducing bean germplasm and release stable variety and participatory variety selection for incorporating growers traits on variety selection. Accordingly, bean improvement program selected six major bean products that includes, small/large white beans, speckled bean, small/large reds and mottled beans. During variety selection stakeholders’ choice and trait of preference has been incorporated during interactive consultative forums of the value chain actor at bean innovation multi-stakeholder platform. Apart from bean variety development, integrated crop management technologies has been developed to implement good agricultural practice. To facilitate common variety adoption, bean seed system have been enhanced through integration of early generation seed production with formal and informal seed production of public and private seed producers. These efforts has enhanced transformed productivity from 0.7 to 1.5 t/ha and area expanded from 150,000 ha to 520,121 ha and total production up to 568,243 t. Due to this fact bean export has been increased up to 100–150 million USD per annum. Generally, the demand led breeding and value chain approach, synergetic and innovative technology generation and promotion has transformed bean productivity, area produced and market; consecutively livelihood of growers and income of the country has been enhanced.

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Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, A. M. Lindsay, and K. P. Pauls. "OAC Redstar common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08121.

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OAC Redstar is a determinate bush dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with early maturity and good yield potential. It is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus as well as race 17 of anthracnose. Its seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., kidney bean, common bean, cultivar description

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27

Sadohara, Rie, James D. Kelly, and Karen A. Cichy. "Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Paste Quality of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown in Michigan." HortScience 55, no. 5 (May 2020): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14687-19.

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Common beans are recognized as a nutrient-dense food source that delivers numerous health benefits, but one of the barriers to increasing bean consumption is the limited number of common bean food products. Bean paste, made from bean seed and sugar, has the potential to diversify and expand the way beans are consumed. In this study, commercial white seeded otebo, navy, great northern, and white kidney bean cultivars and one colored cranberry bean were grown in two environments in Michigan and evaluated for bean paste qualities. Characteristics such as paste yield, color, flavor, and stickiness were evaluated on the bean paste. The genotype × environment effect was significant for many of the paste-making qualities and the color values of the unsweetened paste. ‘Snowdon’, the white kidney bean, had superior paste yield of unsweetened paste and whiteness of sweetened paste in both environments. All the white bean cultivars were comparable to Hime, the control otebo cultivar, in terms of low flavor intensity. ‘Powderhorn’, the great northern bean, had high stickiness of sweetened paste, which is preferable. The cranberry bean resulted in dark-colored paste with high flavor intensity. Seedcoat percentage and the ratio of L* and C* obtained via image analysis could be used as indicators for paste yield and whiteness score of the unsweetened paste, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that specific domestically grown white bean cultivars have potential for development as bean paste products, which would add a novelty to the processed dry bean applications in the United States.

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Guzman, P., M. R. Rojas, R. M. Davis, K. Kimble, R. Stewart, F. J. Sundstrom, and R. L. Gilbertson. "First Report of Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Potyvirus (BCMNV) Infecting Common Bean in California." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (July 1997): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.831b.

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During the 1996 growing season (June to September) an outbreak of bean common mosaic was detected in a navy bean field (cv. Snow Bunting) in Colusa County, CA. Early field inspections (August 1996) revealed an incidence of 5 to 10% infection, whereas a late field inspection (September) showed an incidence of 70 to 90% infection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed on 18 leaf samples from symptomatic plants collected from this field with two monoclonal antibodies (Mab): Mab I-2, which detects bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) strains (previously necrotic or serotype A bean common mosaic potyvirus [BCMV] strains), and Mab 197, which detects BCMV strains (previously non-necrotic or serotype B BCMV strains) and BCMNV (3). ELISA results indicated BCMNV infection in all 18 samples. In order to confirm ELISA results and to further characterize the viral isolate(s), primary leaves of the differential bean cvs. Black Turtle Soup (BTS) T-39, Topcrop, Amanda, and Sutter Pink were inoculated mechanically with sap prepared from the same leaves used for ELISA. Within 1 week, BTS T-39 and Topcrop plants showed necrotic spots on inoculated leaves and systemic necrosis and death (black root rot symptoms), Sutter Pink showed typical systemic mosaic symptoms, and Amanda showed necrotic spots and restricted vein necrosis on inoculated leaves. These reactions were consistent with infection by the NL-3 strain of BCMNV (1). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a portion of the genome of the virus that contains the 3′ end of the coat protein (CP) gene and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). A DNA fragment of approximately 670 bp was amplified and DNA sequence analysis revealed that the nucleotide sequences of the 3′ end of the CP and the UTR region of the California BCMNV isolate were 98 and 94% similar to those of the Michigan isolate of the BCMNV NL-3 strain (2), respectively. Together, these results suggest that the outbreak of bean common mosaic in the cv. Snow Bunting navy beans was caused by a pathogroup VI BCMNV isolate, and DNA sequence information suggests that it is similar to the NL-3 strain of BCMNV. This is the first report of BCMNV in California. References: (1) E. Drijfhout et al. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 84:13, 1978. (2) G. F. Fang et al. Virus Res. 39:13, 1995. (3) G. I. Mink et al. Arch. Virol. S:397, 1992.

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Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, A. M. Lindsay, and K. P. Pauls. "OAC Lyrik common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08118.

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OAC Lyrik is a determinate light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It has excellent yield potential in wide row production and a large seed size. OAC Lyrik is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus and race 7 of anthracnose. It has acceptable cooking and canning qualities. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., kidney bean, common bean, cultivar description

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Park, S. J., T. Rupert, K. Yu, and A. Navabi. "Red Rider common bea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 925–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09016.

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Red Rider is a determinate cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with medium-late season maturity. It has relatively tall erect plants without vines and a large seed size (approximately 63.7 g 100 seed-1). Red Rider is moderately resistant to race 15 of bean common mosaic virus. The seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., cranberry bean, dry bean, cultivar description

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Michaels, T. E., and T. H. Smith. "OAC Thunder common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-011.

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OAC Thunder is an indeterminate bush white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar intended for use in areas with greater than 2600 crop heat units. It has excellent yield potential in either wide or narrow row production and is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., white bean, common bean, cultivar description

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G Andamon, Roselyn. "Transmission Characteristics of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) in Yard Long Bean." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 11 (November 27, 2021): 222–26. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr211102090451.

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MISIAK, Kamil, Barbara GÓRNA, Ewelina KRÓL, and Roman HOŁUBOWICZ. "Yield and Quality of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (l.) R. Wilczek) Seeds Produced in Poland." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 74, no. 2 (November 26, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:0035.

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The aim of the experiment was to do field and laboratory assessments of yield and quality of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) seeds cultivated in Western Poland. Mean yield of seeds per plant was higher for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) than for mung one: 13.1 g and 2.58 g, respectively. The mean 1000 mung seeds weight was 50.9 g and their germination – 78 %. Germination capacities of seeds of both beans in the field were similar. Mung beans, compared to common bean, had much smaller seeds, started to bloom later and produced mature seeds later than the latter. Mung bean seeds had more total proteins and Magnesium and Copper than common bean seeds. In Western Poland, production of high quality mung bean seeds was possible.

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Park, S. J., and T. Rupert. "AC ELK common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-018.

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AC ELK is a high-yielding, light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with early-season maturity in Ontario. Its main advantages are high yield potential and an early maturity. Seed has acceptable cooking/canning quality. AC ELK is resistant to race 1 of bean common mosaic virus and anthracnose (Collectotrichum lindemuthianum) race alpha and alpha Brazil. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry bean, cultivar description, bean common mosaic virus, anthracnose

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Selamawit, Assegid, and Abera Girma. "Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Common Bean Varieties in Response to Shade and Inoculation of Common Bean." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 7, no. 3 (December 29, 2023): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001122.

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Light is not only a primary energy source, but it is also one of the environmental factors that affect plant growth and development. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is commonly produced in association with maize as subordinate intercrops in the Sidama region. Under such a production system, the shade effect may limit the photosynthetic and nitrogen-fixing capacity of common beans. The objective of the current study was to assess how inoculation and shade affect the ability to fix nitrogen and yield components of common beans. Three common bean varieties (Hawassa dume, Nassir, and Ibbado), two shade levels (open and 25% shade) as well as two levels of inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) were used for these purposes. The experiment was set up in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) in four replications. In this experiment, Rhizobium inoculation and shade significantly (p < 0.05) affected the number of pods plant-1 and the number of seeds pod-1. The inoculated treatment produced the maximum number of pods plant-1 (14.02) and the lowest number of pods plant-1 (10.95) was obtained from uninoculated treatments. The results also showed that the inoculated Hawassa dume variety from the open treatments derived the maximum percentage of N from N2 fixation, whereas the non-inoculated Ibbado variety from the 25% shade treatments derived the lowest percentage of N. Common bean grown on full light had significantly greater N content than shade.

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Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, and K. P. Pauls. "OAC Derkeller common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 715–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10026.

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OAC Derkeller (CFIA registration no. 6594) is a determinate bush dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with early maturity and good yield potential. Seed has good cooking and canning quality.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., kidney bean, common bean, cultivar description

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Rainey, K. M., and P. D. Griffiths. "Differential Response of Common Bean Genotypes to High Temperature." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 1 (January 2005): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.1.18.

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Yield components of 24 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes were evaluated following exposure during reproductive development to four greenhouse day/night temperature treatments (24 °C/21 °C, 27 °C/24 °C, 30 °C/27 °C and 33 °C/30 °C). Genotypes included 12 snap beans, two wax beans, six dry beans, and four common bean accessions; 18 genotypes were previously described as heat-tolerant and three were heat-sensitive controls. The highest temperature treatment reduced seed number, pod number, mean seed weight and seeds/pod an average of 83%, 63%, 47%, and 73%, respectively. A heat susceptibility index (S) measuring yield stability under high temperatures indicated that `Brio', `Carson', `G122', `HB 1880', `HT 20', `HT 38', `Opus', and `Venture' were heat tolerant. Heat-tolerant genotypes displayed differential responses to high temperature, suggesting different genetic control of heat tolerance mechanisms. Genotypes with moderate heat tolerance, including `Barrier' and `Hystyle', showed stable yields in the 30 °C/27 °C treatment only, indicating this regime is optimal for screening common bean materials of unknown heat tolerance. `Haibushi', `Indeterminate Jamaica Red', and `Tío Canela-75' were previously described as heat tolerant but exhibited a heat-sensitive reaction in this study. Heat-sensitive genotypes `Haibushi' and `Labrador' maintained mean seed weight under high temperature. This data will help utilize nonallelic heat tolerance genes in development of bean varieties grown in high temperature environments.

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Ferdinand A. Kiehn, Hans-Henning Mündel,, Henry C. Huang, Robert L. Conner, and Gilles Saindon. "Black Violet common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-060.

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Black Violet is a high-yielding, large-seeded, purple-podded, upright black dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Lethbridge, with cooperation from the AAFC Research Station, Morden. Black V iolet is well adapted to the Canadian prairies, with high yields equal to the high-yielding check cultivar, AC Harblack, in narrow rows. Black Violet is moderately resistant to white mould, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary; resistant to the Delta race and moderately resistant to race 1216 of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib.; and resistant to race 15 of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). Key words: Common bean, Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, black bean, cultivar description, high yielding

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Park, S. J., and T. Rupert. "AC Mast common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 735–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-026.

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AC Mast is a high-yielding navy bean cultivar with medium maturity. It has an upright plant type suitable for direct combine harvest. AC Mast has acceptable cooking/canning quality. It is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, dry bean, cultivar description

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Park, S. J., and T. Rupert. "AC Trident common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 737–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-025.

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AC Trident is a high-yielding navy bean cultivar with medium-late maturity. It has an upright plant type suitable for direct combine harvest. AC Trident has acceptable cooking/canning quality. It is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, dry bean, cultivar description, plant type

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Milošević, Dragana, Maja Ignjatov, Ivana Stanković, Zorica Nikolić, Sanja Vasiljević, Gordana Tamindžić, and Branka Krstić. "The most important viruses of beans." Biljni lekar 49, no. 6 (2021): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2106773m.

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Over 200 diseases with different etiologies have been determined in dry beans and green beans. However, viral diseases seem to cause the greatest economic da-mage to legume production in most parts of the world. Dry beans can be infected by 44 different viruses including Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Transmission through seeds and/or spread by aphids in non-persistent manner play important role in worldwide distribution of bean viruses. Viral diseases on dry and green beans can have an array of symptoms. The most common symptoms are the mosaic pattern, variegation or deformation of leaves and pods, resulting in reduced plant growth and yield.

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Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, and K. P. Pauls. "OAC Dublin common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10027.

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OAC Dublin (CFIA registration no. 6599) is an indeterminate bush white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar intended for use in areas with greater than 2600 crop heat units (CHU). It has excellent yield potential in either wide or narrow row production. Its seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., white bean, common bean, cultivar description

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Cardoso, Alexander Machado, Carlos Vinicius Ferreira da Silva, and Vânia Lúcia de Pádua. "Microbial Insights into Biofortified Common Bean Cultivation." Sci 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci6010006.

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in sustainable agriculture, and their importance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation cannot be underestimated. This review article aims to comprehensively explore the diverse roles of microorganisms in sustainable biofortified common bean cultivation. Biofortification refers to the process of increasing the nutrient content in crops, which helps combat deficiencies in iron, zinc, and vitamins in the human body. Biofortified beans have better agronomic characteristics and offer higher micronutrient content compared to conventional crops. We examine the contribution of various microbial communities in nitrogen fixation, soil structure improvement, nutrient recycling, and disease suppression. Understanding the interaction between beneficial microorganisms and biofortified common bean plants enables us to develop ecologically sound and sustainable approaches to optimize crop productivity and improve nutrition and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide while reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices.

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Park, S. J., F. Kiehn, and T. Rupert. "AC OLE common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-019.

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AC Ole is a high-yielding pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with mid-season maturity. It has high yield potential and an upright plant type, suitable for direct combine harvest. AC Ole seed has acceptable cooking/canning quality. It is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, dry bean, cultivar description

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Chynchyk, Oleksandr, Svitlana Olifirovych, Volodymyr Olifirovych, and Kateryna Nebaba. "Biological nitrogen in increasing the productivity of beans (grains)." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.002075.

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The results of a field experiment to study the effect of seed treatment with the biological product Rhizoactive (сompany BioNorma, Ukraine) on the formation and functioning of the symbiotic apparatus of common bean (grain) plants are presented. The experiment examined six varieties of common beans (grain), included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine: Bukovynka, Halaktyka, Slaviia, Ros, Otrada, Nata. The influence of bacterial fertilizer based on nodule bacteria " Rhizoactive " on the indicators of symbiotic and grain productivity of these varieties of common beans was studied. It was found, that the maximum number and raw weight of active nodules in the studied varieties of common beans were formed in the flowering phase. A larger number of nodules, compared to the variety Bukovynka (control), was formed on the root system of bean varieties Ros, Otrada and Nata. The maximum raw weight of rhizobia in the plots without the use of Rhizoactive was formed by the common bean variety Otrada – 0.297 g/plant of active nodules. Inoculation of the seeds of the studied common bean varieties with Rhizoactive increased the raw weight of active nodules in the flowering phase by 0.016–0.042 g/plant. A larger mass of nodules, compared to the Bukovynka variety, was formed on the root system of Ros, Otrada and Nata beans. The maximum raw weight of rhizobia in areas without the use of Rhizoactive was formed by the variety of beans Otrada – 0.297 g/plant of active nodules. Inoculation of seeds of the studied varieties of beans with Rhizoactive increased the raw weight of active nodules in the flowering phase by 0.016–0.042 g/plant. The highest increase in grain yield from seed inoculation was obtained in 2018, which was more favorable in terms of moisture. Thus, the largest increase in grain yield from the use of Rhizoactive was provided by the varieties Halaktyka (0.14 t/ha or 5.7 %), Ros (0.15 t/ha or 5.5 %) and Otrada (0.22 t/ha or 7.7 %). On average, in 2018–2020, inoculation of bean seeds with Rhizoactive, depending on the variety, provided an increase in grain yield from 2.4 to 6.7 %. And the highest level of bean grain yield on average in 2018–2020 was provided by the varieties Otrada (2.60 t/ha), Nata (2.50 t/ha) and Ros (2.40 t/ha) for inoculation of seeds with Rhizoactive

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Park, S. J., J. C. Tu, and T. Rupert. "AC CALMONT common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-020.

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AC Calmont is a high-yielding dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with medium-full season maturity in Ontario. Its main advantages are high yielding potential and disease resistance. Seed has acceptable cooking/canning quality. AC Calmont is resistant to alpha, alpha Brazil and delta races of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and is resistant to bean common mosaic virus races 1 and 15. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, dry bean, cultivar description

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Bitew, Yayeh, Bitwoded Derebe, Abebe Worku, and Gobezie Chakelie. "Response of maize and common bean to spatial and temporal differentiation in maize-common bean intercropping." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): e0257203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257203.

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An experiment on maize (Zea mays)-common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping was conducted for two years (2014 and 2016) at two locations in North western Ethiopia with the objective of determining the spatial arrangement and planting date of common bean. Common bean intercropped with maize at three planting dates (simultaneously with maize, at emergence and knee height of maize) in two spatial arrangements (alternate and paired arrangements).The experimental design was factotrial randomized complete block design with three replications. Sole maize and common bean were included as a check. Results revealed that the spatial and temporal differentiation significantly affect only the agronomic attributes of common bean in common bean-maize intercropping. At Adet the grain yield of common bean (1.9 t ha-1), LER (1.99) and MAI (357) in maize-common bean intercropping was higher when common bean was planted at the same time with maize in paired planting pattern. On the other hand, maximum LER (1.61) and MAI (2.83) at Finoteselam were observed when common bean was intercropped with maize at maize emergence in paired planting pattern. Simultaneous intercropping of common bean with maize gave more stable total land output yield as compared to other intercropping systems but showed high variability as compared to the sole cropping. Thus, it can be concluded that planting common bean simultaneously with maize in paired planting pattern at Adet and planting common bean at maize emergence at Finoteselam in maize-common bean intercropping gave maximum land use efficiency and profitability of the cropping system without reducing the main crop yield (maize).This research also suggested further research on the compatibility of various maize and common bean varieties in different spatial and temporal differentiation.

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Lemma, Kalkidan, Bhagwan Singh Chandravanshi, and Yonas Chebude. "Fluoride content of common legume beans consumed in Ethiopia." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 37, no. 6 (September 19, 2023): 1325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i6.3.

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ABSTRACT. The most widely used legume beans food in Ethiopia are fava beans (Vicia faba), green gram (Vigna radiata), white lupin (Lupinus albus), and three types of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). These legume crops are grown in various regions of Ethiopia and can absorb significant amounts of fluoride from air, water, and soil. This study examined the fluoride content of legume beans collected from four different regions of Ethiopia by ion selective electrode potentiometry. Fluoride concentrations in this study were found to range from 1.9 to 22.8 mg/kg. Fava bean sample from Asella was found to contain higher fluoride (22.8 mg/kg) than in the fava beans from other sites and other beans from any site. Fluoride levels (13.0 mg/kg) in kidney bean from Migira was in the middle of the range while the fluoride levels (2.5 mg/kg) in the white lupin and green gram (1.9 mg/kg) were found in the lower end of the range. This study indicates that daily consumption of 100 g of fava and kidney beans may results in health problem while that of green gram and white lupin are safe for human health (will not exceed 3 mg/day set by Food and Nutrition Board of USA). KEY WORDS: Fava bean, Green gram, Kidney beans, White lupin, Food, Fluoride Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(6), 1325-1336. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i6.3

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Smith, T. H., T. E. Michaels, A. Navabi, and K. P. Pauls. "OAC Inferno common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 3 (May 2012): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-186.

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Smith, T. H., Michaels, T. E., Navabi, A. and Pauls, K. P. 2012. OAC Inferno common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 589–592. OAC Inferno (CFIA registration no. 7020) is dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with a determinate bushy growth habit, mid to full season maturity and good yield potential. Seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality.

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Park, S. J., and T. Rupert. "AC Cruiser common bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-104.

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AC Cruiser navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre (GPCRC), Harrow, Ontario. It has good yield potential and a semi-determinate growth habit with a very up right plant type and medium-early maturity. The cultivar is recommended for areas in southwestern Ontario with 2650 or higher crop heat units. It has a low level of resistance to common bacterial blight. AC Cruiser was registered by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Variety Registration Office (Registration no. 5360) on September 21, 2001. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, navy bean, cultivar description, plant type

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