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Books on the topic 'Common but differentiated responsibilities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Kellersmann, Bettina. Die gemeinsame, aber differenzierte Verantwortlichkeit von Industriestaaten und Entwicklungsländern für den Schutz der globalen Umwelt =: The common but differentiated responsibilities of industrialised states and developing states for the protection of the global environment. Berlin: Springer, 2000.

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2

Responses to climate change: Differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Guwahati: DVS Publishers, 2012.

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3

Smoke, Stephen L. The Bill of Rights and responsibilities: A book of common sense. Los Angeles: General Pub. Group, 1996.

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4

The common but differentiated responsibility principle in multilateral environmental agreements: Regulatory and policy aspects. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2009.

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5

Commission, Ontario Law Reform. Report on the rights and responsibilities of cohabitants under the Family Law Act. Toronto, Ont., Canada: The Commission, 1993.

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6

B, Imbeau Marcia, ed. A differentiated approach to the Common Core: How do I help a broad range of learners succeed with challenging curriculum? Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 2014.

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7

Commission, Ontario Law Reform. Report on the rights and responsibilities of cohabitants under the Family Law Act: Executive summary. Toronto: The Commission, 1993.

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8

Shapi, Martin. Partially devolution of rights and responsibilities to the community as a solution to sustainability and conservation of common pool resources: Doro !Nawas Conservancy. Windhoek, Namibia: Community Based Natural Resources Management Programme, Social Science Division, 2003.

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9

Hyland, Stephen J. A legal guide for New Jersey domestic partners: A common-sense guide for GLBT couples to their rights and responsibilities under the New Jersey Domestic Partnership Act ... Flemington, N.J: S.J. Hyland, P.C., 2004.

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10

A legal guide for New Jersey domestic partners: A common-sense guide for GLBT couples to their rights and responsibilities under the New Jersey Domestic Partnership Act ... Flemington, N.J: S.J. Hyland, P.C., 2004.

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11

Tkacheva, Viktoriya. Psycho-correction work with families of children with disabilities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24759.

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In the educational-methodical manual deals with theoretical and conceptual frameworks, practical methods and techniques of psychological assistance to parents and other relatives of a child with disabilities. The quality of teaching materials presented United by a common concept three technologies of psychocorrectional work with families of children with disabilities: methods of psychological assistance to families raising children with disabilities V. Tkachova; technology differentiated approach in the psychological work with parents of children with disabilities, developed by E. V. Ustinova; technology "Mozart" a systemic approach to family therapy N. P. Bolotova. A teaching manual is addressed to psychologists, speech pathologists and other professionals working in the system, both General and special education, in social assistance centres for families and children, rehabilitation centres, health institutions which support the families raising children with disabilities. The book can be useful for teachers of preschool and school educational institutions, use of inclusive forms of education, and representatives of parent and of public associations.

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12

Heijer, Maarten den, and Harmen van der Wilt. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2020: Global Solidarity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022.

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13

Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 3 The United Nations: What it Does, 24 Protecting the Environment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0024.

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The United Nations (UN) has taken action to protect the environment despite the absence of any explicit mention of the environment or its protection in the UN Charter. The UN has ‘played a pivotal role as a framework for developing environmental decision-making’. It has also ‘contributed to many of the principles of environmental law’, including the polluter-pays principle, the notion of common differentiated responsibilities, and the precautionary principle. This chapter discusses the work of the principal organs, including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, and International Court of Justice; the work of the specialized agencies; institutional arrangements of multilateral environmental agreements; and the United Nations Environment Programme.

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14

Dubash, Navroz K., and Lavanya Rajamani. Multilateral Diplomacy on Climate Change. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.48.

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This chapter reviews India’s foreign policy on climate change, arguing that while it is marked by tactical virtuosity, it increasingly exhibits strategic vacuity. The chapter traces the evolution of India’s role in international climate negotiations, noting particularly India’s key role in highlighting equity and enshrining the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’ as a cornerstone of the negotiation process. The chapter then examines the turbulent phase from 2007 onwards, when India, along with other large developing country allies, experimented with new articulations of climate policy. This discussion explores the emergent drivers of Indian climate policy, including international pressures, shifting domestic political context, the emergence of ‘co-benefits’ as a framing concept, and the role of key personalities. The chapter concludes by suggesting that an exclusive emphasis on an equitable climate deal should transition to an approach that provides equal attention to equity and effectiveness in international climate outcomes.

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15

Light, Andrew. Climate Diplomacy. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.43.

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This chapter explores the ethical dimensions of diplomatic efforts to form a global agreement on climate change. It offers a brief historical background on the core multilateral climate negotiation body, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and highlights some contentious moral elements of these negotiations. In particular, it explores the complex ways in which the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR) has driven debates on how burdens for mitigation, adaptation, and finance should be distributed between developed and developing countries. It then considers the transformation in these climate negotiations since 2009, including the move toward a bottom-up architecture as part from the Copenhagen Accord to the Paris Agreement. Finally, it assesses the current state of climate diplomacy in relation to broader diplomatic priorities, arguing that climate diplomacy must be elevated alongside other top-tier foreign policy issues today in order to eventually achieve some level of climate stability.

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16

Feyter, Koen De. Globalization and Common Responsibilities of States. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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17

Feyter, Koen De. Globalization and Common Responsibilities of States. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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18

Feyter, Koen De. Globalization and Common Responsibilities of States. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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19

Bracken, Joseph A. Church As Dynamic Life-System: Shared Ministries and Common Responsibilities. Orbis Books, 2019.

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20

Bracken, Joseph A. Church As Dynamic Life-System: Shared Ministries and Common Responsibilities. Orbis Books, 2019.

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21

Spyropoulos, Philippos C., and Theodore P. Theodore P. Fortsakis. Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Regulatory and Policy Aspects. Kluwer Law International, 2009.

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22

Southall, Margo. Ready-To-Go Differentiated Literacy Centers : Grade 1: Engaging Centers Designed to Help Every Student Meet the Common Core. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2014.

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23

Southall, Margo. Ready-To-Go Differentiated Literacy Centers : Grade 2: Engaging Centers Designed to Help Every Student Meet the Common Core. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2014.

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24

A national information system for traumatic brain injury: Consumers and providers investing in common goals and responsibilities. Philadelphia, Pa: W.D. Saunders, 1997.

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25

College, Camosun. Trades Access Common Core Competency B-2: Describe Expectations and Responsibilities of Employers and Employees – Second Edition. BCcampus Open Publishing, 2021.

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26

Carol Ann Carol Ann Tomlinson. Differentiated Approach to the Common Core: How Do I Help a Broad Range of Learners Succeed with a Challenging Curriculum? Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2014.

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27

Marcia B. Imbeau Carol Ann Tomlinson. Differentiated Approach to the Common Core: How Do I Help a Broad Range of Learners Succeed with a Challenging Curriculum? Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2014.

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28

Tomlinson, Carol Ann, and Marcia B. Imbeau. Differentiated Approach to the Common Core: How Do I Help a Broad Range of Learners Succeed with a Challenging Curriculum? Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2014.

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29

London, Alex John. For the Common Good. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534830.001.0001.

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The foundations of research ethics are riven with fault lines emanating from a fear that if research is too closely connected to weighty social purposes an imperative to advance the common good through research will justify abrogating the rights and welfare of study participants. The result is an impoverished conception of the nature of research, an incomplete focus on actors who bear important moral responsibilities, and a system of ethics and oversight highly attuned to the dangers of research but largely silent about threats of ineffective, inefficient, and inequitable medical practices and health systems. In For the Common Good: Philosophical Foundations of Research Ethics, Alex John London defends a conception of the common good that grounds a moral imperative with two requirements. The first is to promote research that generates the information necessary to enable key social institutions to effectively, efficiently, and equitably safeguard the basic interests of individuals. The second is to ensure that research is organized as a voluntary scheme of social cooperation that respects its various contributors’ moral claims to be treated as free and equal. Connecting research to the goals of a just social order grounds a framework for assessing and managing research risk that reconciles these requirements and justifies key oversight practices in non-paternalistic terms. Reconceiving research ethics as resolving coordination problems and providing credible assurance that these requirements are being met expands the issues and actors that fall within the purview of the field and provides the foundation for a more unified and coherent approach to domestic and international research.

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30

Schmidt, Susanne K. Reaching Beyond the Market into State Responsibilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717775.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 addresses policies that are more sensitive to sovereignty. The Citizenship Directive and the Patient Mobility Directive were both highly influenced by case-law development, although member states have largely reserved the right to define citizenship and the shape of their welfare states. The Court, however, consistently holds that member states have to respect the four freedoms also in areas of exclusive competence. Neither did existing secondary law inhibit the Court from partly designing an alternative policy. Regulation through case law is susceptible to creating inequalities, as it is difficult for private actors to understand. By codifying case law, member states wanted to signal their preferences to the Court. However, existing case law does not guarantee the necessary majorities for a common policy. Corporate tax policy is an example of an area where there is a lack of agreement in the face of a great deal of case law.

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31

Mahbubani, Kishore. Embedding R2P in a New Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.51.

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The responsibility to protect (R2P) will soon face significant stress. As a perceived Western value, it could suffer as Western power recedes. It could also be undermined by Western double standards towards multilateral institutions and processes. To survive, R2P must be embraced by non-Western civilizations. They can do this by demonstrating that their civilizations share common values with the West, common values which actually have deep roots in the East. This chapter argues that since the sanctity of human life is a universal value, R2P could be embraced by other civilizations and survive. If R2P could be embedded into global norms of human responsibilities alongside those of human rights, it is even more likely to survive.

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32

Bueb, Julien, Lilian Richieri Hanania, and Alice Le Clézio. Border Adjustment Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0004.

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This chapter examines, from a multidisciplinary perspective, plausible hypotheses for implementation of border carbon adjustment mechanisms, seen as a complement to strong environmental regulation. It highlights economic, legal, and political difficulties raised by border carbon adjustments. After thoroughly reviewing their economic practicability, it analyses these mechanisms from an International Trade Law perspective, particularly vis-à-vis the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, sustainable development, and the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities. It concludes with an assessment of policy-related implications of such mechanisms and outlines, in particular, how border carbon adjustments may be used as an engine of economic and energy transition, for developed and developing countries equally.

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33

Batra, Akshay, and Mark Beattie. Gastro-oesophageal reflux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0029.

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Gastro-oesophageal reflux is a common problem in infancy and needs to be differentiated from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, role of investigations in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and treatment options available.

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34

Ramachandran, Manoj. The foot in childhood. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013022.

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♦ Congenital foot anomalies are common: most are minor and do not affect function♦ Postural problems must be differentiated from structural anomalies♦ An underlying neuromuscular aetiology should be considered♦ A pain-free, functional foot is the goal of treatment.

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35

Shaibani, Aziz. Tongue Signs. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0006.

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The tongue is heavily innervated and plays a central role in articulation, swallowing, and tasting. Unilateral weakness is usually well tolerated. Intermittent weakness of the tongue is highly suspicious of myasthenia gravis, while progressive weakness and atrophy are typical for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS). Tongue weakness without atrophy or fasciculations is a sign of upper motor neuron or cerebellar involvement. Lingual dysarthria should be differentiated from other types of dysarthria. Tongue tremor is common and may be confused with fasciculations. Inspection of the tongue is often diagnostically useful in neuromuscular patients. Fasciculations, myokymia, grooving with pressure, and trigrooved tongue are examples.

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36

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 28-Year-Old Male with Weakness in the Setting of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0016.

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Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of cancer therapy. The diagnosis is generally straightforward, based on the temporal association of symptoms with the offending agent. However, it can sometimes take on a different form of severe, fulminant neuropathy and must be differentiated from other neurologic conditions that occur in the setting of cancer. Particular care must be taken in the patient with clinical indicators of longstanding, hereditary neuropathy as these can confer a distinctive susceptibility to neurotoxicity. The diagnosis relies on an index of suspicion and the exclusion of mimics of toxic neuropathy. The most important and common agents responsible for toxic neuropathy and their range of effects on nerve are discussed.

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37

Foot, Carole, and Liz Hickson. Leadership skills in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0015.

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Key theories of leadership are presented. Common themes inherent to the various models are the existence of important specific traits, behaviours, and strategies that are used to influence, facilitate future development, and inspire progress in those being lead. Leadership is differentiated from the related, but distinct concept of management. Leaders are focused on the strategic direction and vision of an organization, while managers are directed towards the co-ordination and stewardship of activities in order to effectively meet predetermined mandates. The importance of these skills in intensive care medicine, the difficulties related to measuring them, and strategies to improve leadership in health care are reviewed.

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38

Cohen, Charles L. The Abrahamic Religions: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190654344.001.0001.

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Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. The Abrahamic Religions: A Very Short Introduction explores their intertwined histories and the ways in which encounters among their adherents have helped construct their own independent religious identities from antiquity to the present. Those identities have not been fixed and static, but have rather reflected particular historical contexts. The political arrangements in which the religions emerged and intermingled—notably, their changing relationships to state power—have figured importantly in their development. The common heritages of the Abrahamic religions have both brought them together and divided them.

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39

Dockrell, Julie, and Nelly Joye. Communication Disorders: Neurodevelopmental Considerations. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.53.

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Communication disorders are a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Difficulties are evident with structural language, phonology, and pragmatics. Each area is differentiated within current diagnostic approaches. However, difficulties within the language system often co-occur. The assessment of communication difficulties requires professionals to profile linguistic skills rather than rely on single diagnostic measures. Social communication disorders raise particular challenges in their assessment and their differentiation with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Communication disorders also co-occur, with problems in literacy and behavior highlighting the importance of multiprofessional approaches to assessment and intervention. There is an increasing evidence base for effective interventions that professionals can access to support children’s communication difficulties.

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40

Shaibani, Aziz. Tongue Signs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0006.

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The tongue is heavily innervated and plays a central role in articulation, swallowing, and tasting. Unilateral weakness is usually well tolerated. Intermittent weakness of the tongue is highly indicative of myasthenia gravis (MG), while progressive weakness and atrophy is typical for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Tongue weakness without atrophy or fasciculations is a sign of upper motor neuron (UMN) or cerebellar involvement. Lingual dysarthria should be differentiated from other types of dysarthria. Tongue tremor is common and may be confused with fasciculation. Inspection of the tongue while resting in the mouth is more telling than a contracted and protruded tongue for the presence of fsciculations. Direct needle examination of the tongue is painful and is rarely needed.

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41

Della Rocca, Michael. The Parmenidean Ascent. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510940.001.0001.

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The central aim of The Parmenidean Ascent is to reveal the power of an extreme monism of a Parmenidean variety in a more uncompromising manner than has been attempted for many a year. For the Parmenidean monist, there are no distinctions whatsoever, and indeed distinctions are unintelligible. The book not only defends—against the tide of much recent scholarship—the attribution of such a sweeping monism to Parmenides, it also embraces this monism in its own right and expands these monistic results to many of the most crucial areas of philosophy. The topics that come in for this rationalistic, monistic treatment include being, action, knowledge, meaning, truth, and metaphysical explanation. There is thus no differentiated being, no differentiated action, knowledge, etc. Rather all is being, just as all is action, knowledge, etc. The motive force behind this argument is a combination of a detailed survey of the failures of leading positions (both historical and contemporary) to meet a demand for the explanation of a given phenomenon, and a powerful rationalist, Bradleyan argument against the reality of relations. The result is a rationalist rejection of all distinctions and a skeptical denial of the intelligibility of ordinary, relational notions of being, action, knowledge, etc. A further significant upshot is the rejection of any distinction between philosophy itself and the study of its history. Throughout the book, attention is paid to philosophical methods, including especially the method, so popular today, of relying on intuitions and common sense. The historically minded and rationalist approach throughout this book goes a long way toward demonstrating the ultimate bankruptcy of this prevalent methodology.

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42

Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew. Excursus: The Distinction of Hypostases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668977.003.0004.

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The Excursus examines Gregory’s attempts to articulate the distinction of the three hypostases, addressing current debates over Gregory’s position on the divine nature as a universal. It argues that Gregory articulates three conditions as necessary for an orthodox conception of how the three hypostases are differentiated: the hypostases must be unconfused, ordered in accordance with the baptismal formula, and conceived of as individuals within the common nature. Gregory never offers an account of how the three diverse and potentially contradictory conditions correlate. Still, the varied models he uses to explain the distinction of hypostases are not so much incompatible as mutually correcting. The works addressed are To Peter and the final section of To Ablabius. The Excursus argues that To the Greeks is inauthentic.

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43

Wackerhage, Henning, Jonathon Smith, and Darren Wisniewski. Molecular exercise physiology. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0031.

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Molecular exercise physiology is the study of exercise physiology using molecular biology methods. The development of differentiated cell types is regulated by transcription factors like the muscle-making MyoD that specifies cell type, while others regulate the development of muscle, tendons, and bones. Maternal nutrition and exercise commonly affect embryonic development through epigenetic mechanisms. Adaptation to exercise involves sensor proteins detecting exercise-related signals, the processing of signals by signalling proteins and networks, and the regulation of the actual adaptations by effector proteins. Many sport- and exercise-related traits depend on both common and rare DNA sequence variations, including the muscle mass-increasing myostatin (GDF8) loss-of-function and the haematocrit-increasing EPOR gain-of-function mutations. Additionally, common DNA sequence variations contribute to the inherited variability of development, body height, strength, and endurance. Finally, in addition to ethical concerns, current genetic performance tests only explain a fraction of the variation of sport and exercise-related traits.

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44

Leruth, Benjamin. The Europeanization of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790266.003.0009.

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Since the ratification of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European integration project has been committed to reducing inequalities between member states. However, social inequalities remain high, and public support for the welfare state varies between countries. Some experts have suggested a common European social policy. This chapter analyses recent developments and future prospects at the European Union level. After discussing the initial ambitions of social policy harmonization, it focuses on the role of the EU during the Great Recession by examining the range of policy responses advocated by Brussels in order to fight against a multi-faceted crisis. These are dominated by the tightening of austerity, but include social investment and greater labour market flexibility. The final section reflects on the future of European integration after Brexit. It argues that further common policy development is only likely through agreements restricted to a particular a number of member states in an ‘ever more differentiated Europe’.

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45

Eekelaar, John. Friendship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814085.003.0004.

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This chapter reflects on the role of friendship in personal relations to see if this illuminates some issues concerning their regulation. It examines various historical perceptions of friendship, drawing lessons from Aristotle’s distinction between utilitarian and full friendship, and Montaigne’s comparison between friendship and marriage. The issue whether unmarried relationships should be regulated is approached by asking how these may be differentiated from friendship, which could be devalued if legally regulated. It is argued that it is justifiable to require friends to restore to one another what each put into their common wealth if the friendship fails. The concept of ‘friendship plus’—which includes marriage and sharing a life plan with another, usually through cohabitation in the same household, but possibly also when ‘living apart together’—is proposed as a justification for imposing a right to compensation in favour of someone disadvantaged by the termination of such a friendship.

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46

Fitzpatrick, Antonia. Aristotelian Tradition (I). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790853.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses, principally, Aristotle’s biological works on animals, De anima and the Metaphysics. Its intent is to lay out the texts with which Aquinas would substantiate his view that individuality has its origins in matter, and not the soul. Aristotle’s thought on heredity and the embryo and his (problematic) account of the relationship between universals (or common natures) and individuals are discussed. The distinctive sophistication of the human body vis-à-vis other animals is another theme. Two related Aristotelian principles emerge as crucial: that matter and form should bear a proportion to one another, such that each form has its differentiated ‘proper matter’, and that matter’s ability to receive form depends upon its having developed the appropriate qualities (i.e. in its capacity as the ‘material cause’). The chapter concludes by schematically illustrating how Aquinas adapted Aristotle’s thought on individuality for his own purposes.

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47

Purdue, Mark P., Jonathan N. Hofmann, Elizabeth E. Brown, and Celine M. Vachon. Multiple Myeloma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0041.

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Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common malignancy arising from plasma cells, fully differentiated B lymphocytes that produce the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy- and light-chain molecules comprising antibodies. MM is characterized by an overproduction of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and, in most cases, monoclonal secretion of IgG, IgA, or light-chain Ig. Symptoms of end organ damage (hypercalcemia [C], renal failure [R], anemia [A], or bone lesions [B]), herein referred to as CRAB features, were traditionally a necessary criterion for diagnosing MM; however, improvements in treatment and diagnostic techniques have led to updated diagnostic criteria, enabling intervention among patients before the onset of organ damage. Multiple myeloma is an important cause of lymphoid malignancy (LM) mortality in Western populations. In the United States in 2015, MM was estimated to account for approximately one in every five newly diagnosed LMs, and one in every three LM-related deaths.

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48

Mason, Peggy. Cells of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0002.

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The nervous system is made up of neurons and glia that derive from neuroectoderm. Since neurons are terminally differentiated and do not divide, primary intracranial tumors do not arise from mature neurons. Tumors outside the nervous system may metastasize inside the brain or may release a substance that negatively affects brain function, termed paraneoplastic disease. Neurons receive information through synaptic inputs onto dendrites and soma and send information to other cells via a synaptic terminal. Most neurons send information to faraway locations and for this, an axon that connects the soma to synaptic terminals is required. Glial cells wrap axons in myelin, which speeds up information transfer. Axonal transport is necessary to maintain neuronal function and health across the long distances separating synaptic terminals and somata. A common mechanism of neurodegeneration arises from impairments in axonal transport that lead to protein aggregation and neuronal death.

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49

Paul, Berman. Book IV Multilateral Diplomacy, Human Rights, and International Organizations, 22 The European Union—II External Relations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0022.

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This chapter examines the unique characteristics of the European Union in conducting its external relations, including its limitations and complex division of responsibilities. The Union’s position on the international stage has frequently been seen as ambiguous. Its extensive common policies and legislation, and its extensive relations with third States and international organizations, can create the expectation that the European Union can or should act at the international level in a manner akin to that of a single State. However the Union can only act within the limits of the powers conferred on it by its Member States under the EU Treaties and the complex division of responsibilities amongst the Union’s own institutions. As such, dealing with the European Union at the international level can indeed be perplexing.

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50

Edvardsen, Thor. Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart. Edited by Frank Flachskampf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0094.

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Abstract:

Echocardiography is an excellent tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart. It is the preferred method for assessment of ventricular function and valvular dysfunction and is of great value in decision-making in these patients. The different types of cardiomyopathies can usually be differentiated by echocardiography. Speckle tracking echocardiography has increased our awareness on early staging of the disease and the progress of cardiomyopathies. This chapter will explain important features of the most common cardiomyopathies and how echocardiography should be utilized. Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis include non-specific features such as decreased left ventricular function, wall motion abnormalities, and texture changes. These findings will in certain circumstances often prompt the awareness of myocarditis. Echocardiography has an important diagnostic position in patients with end-stage heart failure. The chapter will explain how echocardiography can be used in the screening period of recipients and donors, and how it can be an essential diagnostic tool in the perioperative and postoperative phases of cardiac transplantation.

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