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1
GUPTA, HARI M., JOSÉ R. CAMPANHA, and FERNANDO D. PRADO. "POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 06 (September 2000): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100001085.
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We studied the statistical distribution of candidate's performance which is measured through their marks in university entrance examination (Vestibular) of UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) for years 1998, 1999, and 2000. All students are divided in three groups: Physical, Biological and Humanities. We paid special attention to the examination of Portuguese language which is common for all and examinations for the particular area. We observed long ubiquitous power law tails in Physical and Biological sciences. This indicate the presence of strong positive feedback in sciences. We are able to explain completely these statistical distributions through Gradually Truncated Power law distributions which we developed recently to explain statistical behavior of financial market. The statistical distribution in case of Portuguese language and humanities is close to normal distribution. We discuss the possible reason for this peculiar behavior.
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Lindo, J. F., R. D. Robinson, S. I. Terry, P. Vogel, A. A. Gam, F. A. Neva, and D. A. P. Bundy. "Age-prevalence and household clustering ofStrongyloides stercoralisinfection in Jamaica." Parasitology 110, no. 1 (January 1995): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000081099.
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The epidemiology ofStrongyloides stercoraliswas studied in families of clinical (reference) cases and their neighbours at endemic foci in Jamaica. Thirteen foci were studied based on the place of residence of a reference case. For each household of a reference case, the 4 most proximal neighbourhood households (spatial controls) were included in the study. Out of 312 persons contacted 244 were followed up using questionnaires, stool examination and serology. Prevalence of infection based on stool examination was 3·5% and on ELISA 24·2%. Prevalence increased with age but was not related to gender. Reference cases were significantly older than the general study population. The prevalence of infection based on both serology and stool examination was significantly higher in reference than in neighbouring households (the reference cases, themselves, were not included in the analysis). Furthermore, prevalence of infection was highest among persons who shared a bedroom with a reference case and decreased significantly with increasing spatial separation. This is indicative of close contact transmission which has not been previously shown for a geohelminth, but which is common among microparasites.
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Petrushova, Nataliia. "Training for the Common Entrance Examination in English in the conditions of distance learning." IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2020-3(198)-53-57.
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The article considers the issue of preparing students of different non-language specialities for the Common Entrance Examination (CEE) in English, which will allow to study at the second (Master’s) level of higher education. The author of the article analyses own experience of conducting courses for CEE training and forms some methodological tips for lecturers to conduct such courses for distance learning. Distinguishing the organization and implementation stages of CEE training courses and their detailed review, this study is aimed at facilitation of lecturer’s work to achieve students’ success in mastering all themes defined by the CEE program, both grammatical and lexical-thematic. The organizational preliminary stage includes solving all organizational issues, such as enrolling students in the groups of CEE training courses, creating a course program by the lecturer, filling the educational platform with educational materials. Within the study, Google Classroom is defined as the best educational platform for distance learning, and Zoom as the most convenient application for video conferencing, i.e. for online classes. The presented themes of 32 classes correspond to the official CEE program and the duration of 4-month courses (1 pair twice a week). The author of the article also identifies the best, in her opinion, textbooks and training manuals that can be used by students to perform training tasks or work independently. Within the second stage, conducting online classes, the necessary educational web resources are identified: educational sites, YouTube channels, online testing platform; examples of the best existing ones in Ukraine are given and the system of working with them online is determined. The third stage summarizes the work with students in the form of their success while CEE passing and concerns the lecturer’s self-reflection, analysis of the outcome of CEE training courses. The lecturers of higher education institutions use the results of the article in creating a program of CEE training courses and by students for self-training.
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Ciraj-Bjelac, O. F., M. S. Kovacevic, D. D. Kosutic, and S. S. Stankovic. "Radijaciono opterecenje pacijenata u konvencionalnoj dijagnostickoj radiologiji - analiza radioloske prakse u Srbiji." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 54, no. 3 (2007): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0703093c.
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X-rays are by far most significant contributor to total population dose from man-made sources of radiation. Diagnostic reference levels provide frameworks to reduce variability. The aim of this study is to establish, for the first time, a baseline for national diagnostic reference levels in Serbia for the most common X-ray examination types. Dose estimates are based on measurements of kerma-area product and Entrance surface air kerma for at least ten patients for each examination type, in each of 16 randomly selected hospitals in Serbia. Mean, median and third quartile values of patient doses are reported. Results have shown wide variation of mean hospital doses. Entrance surface doses were compared with previously published diagnostic reference levels. Doses for all studied examination types except chest radiography were within European DRL. The reasons for dose variation are discussed. The findings emphasize the importance of regular patient dose measurement to ensure that patient doses are kept as low as reasonable achievable.
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Alfirevic, Djordje, and Simonovic Alfirevic. "Spatial organisation concept of two-entrance apartment." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 17, no. 3 (2019): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace190523019a.
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The location of the entrance and its relation to the main functional apartment groups in multi-storey, multi-family buildings, is to a great extent determined by the organizational concept of the apartment. The apartments with auxiliary entrances are less present in practice, majority of apartments fit the spatial frame of the building itself. The apartments can border with the next apartment on the same floor, be oriented towards one or more facades, but what is of key importance in determining the number of apartment entrances and their positioning is the size of contact zone between the apartment and common communication areas, as well as the configuration of the apartment. The aims of this paper include the analysis of the main positions of the entrance and the concepts of apartment organization that they determine, analysis of characteristic concepts of two-entrance apartments in multi-storey, multi-family buildings and re-examination of the relation between the introduction of the additional entrance and the necessity of having constant or occasional segregation of certain activities in them.
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Díez Bedmar, María Belén. "Spanish pre-university students' use of English: CEA results from the University Entrance Examination." International Journal of English Studies 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2011/2/149681.
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In this paper an updated overview of the main errors that Spanish students make when writing the English exam in the University Entrance Examination is provided. To do so, a Computer-aided Error Analysis (CEA) (Dagneaux, Denness & Granger, 1998) was conducted on a representative sample of the students who took the exam in June 2008 in Jaén, and wrote a composition on the same topic. The use of the most widely-used error taxonomy, the <em>Error Tagging Manual</em> version 1.1. (Dagneaux, Denness, Granger & Meunier, 1996), and the analysis of the results by means of descriptive statistics foster the possibility to replicate this study and move forward in the description of the students’ written command in the foreign language at this stage. The comparison of the findings obtained in this study and those from previous (C)EAs on the English exam reveals that some common tendencies may be shown.
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Huang, Wenhua. "The Morphology and Possible Clinical Significance of the Intraforaminal Ligaments in the Entrance Zones of the L1-L5 Levels." January 2018 1, no. 21;1 (March 15, 2018): E157—E165. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2018.2.e157.
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Background: The extraforaminal ligaments between the L1-L5 lumbar spinal nerves and the tissues surrounding the intervertebral foramina (IVF) have been well studied. However, little research has been performed to describe the local anatomy of the entrance zones at the L1-L5 level. Detailed anatomic studies of the intraforaminal ligaments (IFLs) in the entrance zones at the L1-L5 levels have not been performed. Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify and describe the IFLs in the entrance zones of the L1-L5 IVF and to determine their possible clinical significance. Study Design: A dissection-based study of 10 fresh-frozen human cadavers. Setting: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics in Anatomy Department of Southern Medical University. Methods: Eighty L1-L5 IVF from 10 fresh cadavers were studied, and the IFLs in the entrance zones were identified. The quantities, morphologies, origins, insertions, and spatial orientations of the IFLs in the entrance zones of the L1-L5 IVF were observed. The lengths, widths, diameters, and thicknesses of the ligaments were measured using a vernier caliper. Ten intraforaminal radiating ligaments were removed for histological examination. Results: A total of 197 ligaments were identified in the entrance zones of the 80 L1-L5 IVF, including 191 (96.95%) radiating ligaments and 6 (3.05%) transforaminal ligaments. The thickest ligaments were observed at the L3-L4 IVF. The lengths of the ligaments varied from 0.59 to 11.92 mm. There were 66 (33.50%) ligaments in the superior aspect of the entrance zone of the IVF, 58 (29.44%) ligaments at the anterior aspect, 43 (21.83%) ligaments at the posterior aspect, and 30 (15.23%) ligaments at the inferior aspect. The morphologies of the IFLs were divided into 2 types: the strap type and the trabs type. Histological examination of the meningovertebral ligaments revealed fibrous connective tissue. Limitations: The major limitation of this study is the lack of actual clinical data from live patients. In addition, future medical biomechanics experiments are expected to contribute more objective data on the strength of the IFLs. Conclusions: In the lumbar spine, IFLs are common structures in the entrance zones of the L1-L5 IVF, and radiating ligaments are more likely to be present. Key words: Clinical Anatomy, microdissection, intraforaminal ligament, the entrance zone, L1-L5 intervertebral foramen, endoscopic spinal adhesiolysis, sacral hiatus, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, dural laceration
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Muresan, Camelia-Oana, Roxana Zavoi, Veronica Ciocan, Raluca Dumache, Ramona Parvanescu, and Alexandra Enache. "Carboxyhemoglobin Detection in the Periorificial Tissues as an Accurate Method for Identifying the Gunshot Entrance Wound." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 4 (May 15, 2019): 1239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.4.7099.
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One of the main objectives of the forensic expertise in gunshot injuries is establishing the direction of the shooting. The first step of the process is represented by studying the macroscopic differences in the morphology of the entrance and exit wounds, which in most cases suffice for the differential diagnosis between entrance and exit wound. In some cases, making the difference by using morphology alone is not possible, because the two wounds may present common or peculiar features. In these cases, analytical investigations can help in solving this important aspect of the case investigation. The detection of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the perilesional tissues is one of the differentiation criteria between entry and exit wound. In some cases of short range shooting included in our study group, we determined the COHb concentration in blood sampled from the entrance wound. COHb values ranged between 10% and 60%. Given the known chemical stability of COHb, its determination can also prove useful in the examination of putrefied bodies, where the morphology of the gunshot wounds is more or less altered, depending on the stage of putrefaction.
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Huang, Sam. "Reverse Discrimination in National College Entrance Examination – Epitome of Preferential Ethnic Affairs Policies in China." Global Journal of Comparative Law 4, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 108–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00401004.
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This article critically analyses ethnic affairs policies in China; in particular, preferential policies in criminal law, family planning and education. The policy of awarding extra points to ethnic minority candidates in the National College Entrance Examination (ncee) is evaluated as a case study to expound why preferential treatment is discriminatory. China’s regional autonomy model, which replicates that of the former ussr, is unsustainable in the long run, because it could foster separatism and ethnic identity, rather than a common citizenship of China. Lessons are drawn from education affirmative action in the usa, which in recent years has arguably transformed into reverse discrimination in some states. The author argues that China does not have historical persecutions against minorities like those in the usa that require governmental compensatory policy, nor could it afford to cherry-pick amongst 55 ethnic minorities (shaoshu minzu 少数民族) and alienate Han ethnicity1 (hanzu 汉族). Preferential ethnic affairs policies could challenge harmony among various ethnic groups. Equality before the law of all citizens regardless of ethnicity must be upheld.
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Ismaeel, Sahar Abdualkader, and Saif Saadedeen Abdulrazaq. "Unilateral Maxillary Sinusitis Caused By Dental Bur, A case Report." Iraqi Dental Journal 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46466/idj.v41i2.196.
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the entrance of a foreign body (FB) into the maxillary antrum is common in trauma patients where bullets or any other materials trapped in the maxillary sinus; however, iatrogenic cause by a dentist that results in FB entrapment in the maxillary antrum is rare. All these FBs can cause sinusitis. If not treated properly they will cause serious infection, which may spread to the other paranasal sinuses. A careful clinical examination and treatment plan will prevent further complications. In this review, we present a rare case of dental bur (DB) found in the left maxillary antrum. A review of literature revealed only a few cases published which describe a dental bur dislodged in the maxillary antrum.
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Donovan, Morag. "Anatomy Results in Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy: Why the Discrepancy?" British Journal of Occupational Therapy 57, no. 6 (June 1994): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269405700608.
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This study considers possible reasons for a small but recurring discrepancy between the second year anatomy results of occupational therapy and physiotherapy undergraduate students in Trinity College, Dublin. These students follow the same course together and sit a common examination, yet the physiotherapy students consistently achieve higher marks than the occupational therapy students. Two consecutive years of students, in total 115, were targeted and the results of their anatomy marks were compared with their university entrance points, by mean, to see if there was any correlation between the two. In addition, the question of the relevancy of anatomy (and, indeed, of four other basic sciences) to each profession was looked at. Students answered a ‘relevance questionnaire’ based on the pair comparison method and the results from these questionnaires were compared by graph. The results show that there is little correlation between entrance points and the anatomy results for both sets of students. However, there is enough evidence to suggest that the students' perceived relevance of anatomy to their profession may account for the discrepancy, in that the physiotherapy students feel that anatomy is more relevant than do the occupational therapy students.
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Denton, J. Scott, Adrienne Segovia, and James A. Filkins. "Practical Pathology of Gunshot Wounds." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-1283-ppogw.
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Abstract Context.—Gunshot wounds are the most common cause of homicidal death in the United States. Analysis and interpretation of fatal gunshot wounds is an important and common practice among forensic pathologists. Additionally, for pathology residents, it is an integral aspect of their training during their rotations at medical examiner or coroner offices. Objective.—The correct interpretation of gunshot wounds by forensic pathologists not only provides valuable information that can assist law enforcement in their investigation but also is essential for the final determination of manner of death. Discussion of the practical, basic, and essential skills required to interpret gunshot wounds include distinguishing a classic entrance wound from an exit wound; recognizing atypical entrance and exit wounds; utilizing the features of soot and stippling patterns to differentiate among contact, close, and distant range gunshot wounds; understanding of the trauma produced by gunshot wounds; and understanding the importance of recovering and documenting/handling any projectiles recovered at autopsy. Data Sources.—This article reviews numerous standard forensic pathology textbooks and the pertinent literature to formulate practical guidelines to assist the pathologist in the performance of forensic autopsies and the investigation of gunshot wound fatalities. Conclusions.—Pathologists who perform investigations and autopsies to determine the cause and manner of death in gunshot wound cases must be aware of the implications, requirements, and pitfalls in interpretation of the injuries so that the examination fulfills its expectations to the community and the justice system.
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Heilbronn, Jean, and Christian Lequesne. "Senior Diplomats in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs: When an Entrance Exam Still Determines the Career." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7, no. 3 (2012): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119112x635159.
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Summary This article highlights the specificity of the recruitment of senior diplomats (Advisers) in France since 1970. The idiosyncratic character of the French situation resides in the lack of a single examination. The diversity of ways by which a senior diplomat can enter the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (FMFEA) leads to the coexistence within the ministry of two main groups — the ENA diplomats (that is, from the National School of Administration, the Ecole Nationale d’Administration) and the so-called ‘Orient’ diplomats — each defending specific interests and roles within the French Quai d’Orsay. The kind of entrance exam that you take still determines careers in the French MFA. The pillarization of the career has nevertheless decreased since the 1990s, because the necessity to cope with common external challenges (such as budgetary cuts) has reinforced a shared identity among French senior diplomats.
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Chopra, Shamit, Dushyant Mandlik, Deepak Balasubramanian, Vikram Kekatpure, Subramania Iyer, Jyoti Dabholkar, and Kaustubh Patel. "Developing South Asia’s first structured head and neck surgery multicenter fellowship initiative." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 11037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.11037.
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11037 Background: Despite high head neck cancer incidence in South Asia, there exist few fellowship programs, which are limited by lack of structure, review processes and standard curricula. Our aim was a regionwide multicenter head and neck fellowship initiative to address the above limitations. Methods: A 10-member task force was constituted in January 2018 under the aegis of the Foundation for Head and Neck Oncology. First phase: Initial curriculum drafted by incorporating region-specific perspectives, aided by multiple source documents. Candidate eligibility criteria outlined, accommodating multiple pertinent disciplines and an international applicant base. Format for a structured entrance examination, and a mandatory/desirable rotation schedule were developed. Second Subcommittee(SC) phase: Creation of a web portal ( www.fhnofellowship.org ) by Outreach SC, approval of applicant centers by Accreditation SC, layout of exam structure by the Examination SC, and defining a rank order list-driven match process by the Match SC. Third phase: Development of standard documentation including suggested bibliography, log book format, recommended grand rounds topics, common minimum criteria for fellowship graduation. A common entrance exam was conducted in Feb 2019, which incorporated written screening, center-candidate interactions, objective interview, and the merit-based institution-fellow match. Results: Total number of applicants: 92, the majority Oral Maxillofacial Surgeons(83.7%). Seventeen fellows matched in the first cycle, the initial and 6-month program compliance 94.1% and 88.2% respectively. More eligible institutions accredited(36.8% increase) prior to the second cycle in Nov 2019, during which 19 fellows(11.8% increase) were matched. An interim review was done in Oct 2019, and periodic reviewing set at 6-month intervals. Planned fourth phase: Objective center/candidate feedback, surgical video repository, online training schedule, develop the fellowship exit examination, and expand outreach to other countries. Conclusions: Owing to high head neck cancer incidence in the subcontinent, anatomic complexity, need to balance outcomes/toxicities and requirement of expert multidisciplinary care; structured head neck fellowship training is imperative. Despite inherent challenges of concept and implementation in a diverse multicultural resource-limited setting, we foresee the application of region-relevant perspectives helping us achieve the objective of furthering subspecialty head neck training in South Asia.
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Krause, Rebecca J., and Derek D. Rucker. "Strategic Storytelling: When Narratives Help Versus Hurt the Persuasive Power of Facts." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853845.
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Stories are known to be powerful persuasive devices. Stories can capture attention, evoke emotion, and entrance listeners in a manner that reduces resistance to a message. Given the powerful persuasive potential of stories, one might deduce that it is best to embed one’s facts within a story. In contrast to this perspective, the present research suggests that coupling facts with stories can either enhance or undermine persuasion. Specifically, to understand when facts benefit from the use of stories, this work provides a deeper examination of how counterargument reduction—a common explanation for the unique persuasive capabilities of stories—operates. Across three experiments, evidence is found for when it is more effective to embed facts within a story versus to use facts alone.
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Zhou, Huiyu, Peimin Yu, Anand Thirupathi, and Minjun Liang. "How to Improve the Standing Long Jump Performance? A Mininarrative Review." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8829036.
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Standing long jump (SLJ) is complicated by the challenge of motor coordination in both the upper and lower segments. This movement is also considered to be a fundamental skill in a variety of sports. In particular, SLJ is an important test index for middle school students for assessing their physical fitness levels. This assessment takes the form of a physical fitness test high school entrance examination in some countries such as China. This minireview summarizes recent studies that have investigated how to improve the standing long jump performance from different aspects which include arm motion, takeoff angle, standing posture, warming-up exercise, and handheld weight. The common study limitations, controversial knowledge, and future research direction are also discussed in detail.
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Maloney, K. C., T. S. Ferguson, H. D. Stewart, A. A. Myers, and K. De Ceulaer. "Clinical and immunological characteristics of 150 systemic lupus erythematosus patients in Jamaica: a comparative analysis." Lupus 26, no. 13 (May 8, 2017): 1448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203317707828.
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Background Epidemiological studies in systemic lupus erythematosus have been reported in the literature in many countries and ethnic groups. Although systemic lupus erythematosus in Jamaica has been described in the past, there has not been a detailed evaluation of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in urban Jamaica, a largely Afro-Caribbean population. The goal of this study was to describe the clinical features, particularly disease activity, damage index and immunological features, of 150 systemic lupus erythematosus subjects. Methods 150 adult patients (≥18 years) followed in rheumatology clinic at a tertiary rheumatology hospital centre (one of two of the major public referral centres in Jamaica) and the private rheumatology offices in urban Jamaica who fulfilled Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria were included. Data were collected by detailed clinical interview and examination and laboratory investigations. Hence demographics, SLICC criteria, immunological profile, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and SLICC/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) damage index (SDI) were documented. Results Of the 150 patients, 145 (96.7%) were female and five (3.3%) were male. The mean age at systemic lupus erythematosus onset was 33.2 ± 10.9. Mean disease duration was 11.3 ± 8.6 years. The most prevalent clinical SLICC criteria were musculoskeletal, with 141 (94%) of subjects experiencing arthralgia/arthritis, followed by mucocutaneous manifestations of alopecia 103 (68.7%) and malar rash 46 (30.7%), discoid rash 45 (30%) and photosensitivity 40 (26.7%). Lupus nephritis (biopsy proven) occurred in 42 (28%) subjects and 25 (16.7%) met SLICC diagnostic criteria with only positive antinuclear antibodies/dsDNA antibodies and lupus nephritis on renal biopsy. The most common laboratory SLICC criteria were positive antinuclear antibodies 136 (90.7%) followed by anti-dsDNA antibodies 95 (63.3%) and low complement (C3) levels 38 (25.3%). Twenty-seven (18%) met SLICC diagnostic criteria with only positive antinuclear antibodies/anti-dsDNA antibodies and lupus nephritis on renal biopsy. Mean SLEDAI score was 6.9 ± 5.1 with a range of 0–32. Organ damage occurred in 129 (86%) patients; mean SDI was 2.4 ± 1.8, with a range of 0–9. Conclusion These results are similar to the clinical manifestations reported in other Afro-Caribbean populations; however, distinct differences exist with respect to organ involvement and damage, particularly with respect to renal involvement, which appears to be reduced in our participants.
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Harris, Odette A., Carl A. Bruce, Marvin Reid, Randolph Cheeks, Kirk Easley, Monique C. Surles, Yi Pan, Donnahae Rhoden-Salmon, Dwight Webster, and Ivor Crandon. "Examination of the management of traumatic brain injury in the developing and developed world: focus on resource utilization, protocols, and practices that alter outcome." Journal of Neurosurgery 109, no. 3 (September 2008): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/109/9/0433.
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Object We evaluated management and outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a developed country (US) and a developing country (Jamaica). Methods Data were collected prospectively at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH) in the US and at University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) and Kingston Public Hospital (KPH) in Jamaica between September 1, 2003, and September 30, 2004. Results Complete data were available for 1607 patients. Grady Memorial Hospital had a higher proportion of females (p = 0.003), and patients were older at GMH (p = 0.0009) compared with patients at KPH and UHWI. The most common mode of injury was a motor vehicle accident at KPH and GMH (42 and 66%, respectively) and assaults at UHWI (37%). Grady Memorial Hospital admitted more patients with severe head injuries (25.5%) than KPH (18.5%) and UHWI (14.4%). More CT scans were performed (p < 0.0001) and a higher proportion of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (p < 0.0001) at GMH. There were no statistically significant differences in median days in the intensive care unit among the 3 hospitals. Patients experienced statistically significant differences in days undergoing ventilation between GMH, KPH, and UHWI (p = 0.004). Intracranial pressure monitoring was performed in 1 patient at KPH, in 6 at UHWI, and in 91 at GMH. There were 174 total deaths, but no statistically significant differences in mortality rates between the 3 sites (p = 0.3). Hospital location and TBI severity were associated with a decreased risk of mortality; patients with severe TBI at GMH had a 53% decrease in the risk of mortality (odds ratio = 0.47, p = 0.04). Patients at GMH had lower mean Glasgow Outcome Scale scores (p < 0.0001) and lower Functional Independence Measure self-feed (p = 0.0003), locomotion (p = 0.04), and verbal scores (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Despite the availability of advanced technology and more aggressive neurological support at GMH, the overall mortality rate for TBI was similar at all locations. Patients identified with severe TBI had a significantly decreased risk of mortality if they were treated at GMH compared with those patients treated at hospitals in the developing world.
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Singh, Charanjit Kaur Swaran, Amreet Kaur Jageer Singh, Nur Qistina Abd Razak, and Thilaga Ravinthar. "Grammar Errors Made by ESL Tertiary Students in Writing." English Language Teaching 10, no. 5 (April 4, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n5p16.
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The educational context in Malaysia demands students to be equipped with sound grammar so that they can produce good essays in the examination. However, despite having learnt English in primary and secondary schools, students in the higher learning institutions tend to make some grammatical errors in their writing. This study presents the grammatical errors made by tertiary students in their writing. The participants were a group of Diploma students who sat for a university entrance exam. One hundred and forty-four written essays of the students were collected and analysed using content analysis. Findings revealed that subject-verb agreement and tenses were the most common type of errors. Students over-generalised and perceived that the tenses could be used interchangeably. Another common error found was in the students’ construction of complex sentence. In such constructions, they failed to include essential and nonessential clauses. If teachers do not teach strategies to assist students in comprehending the concept of Subject-Verb Agreement (SVA), tenses, essential and nonessential clauses, these students will continue to make such errors in their tertiary education. The findings may have useful implications for English language teachers as understanding students’ learning difficulties and providing appropriate grammar instruction is the key to effective teaching for ESL teachers.
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Rasuli, Behrouz, Raheleh Tabari Juybari, Meysam Forouzi, and Mohammad Ghorbani. "Patient dose measurement in common medical X-ray examinations and propose the first local dose reference levels to diagnostic radiology in Iran." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjmpe-2017-0012.
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Abstract Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to investigate patient dose in pelvic and abdomen x-ray examinations. This work also provided the LDRLs (local diagnostic reference levels) in Khuzestan region, southwest of Iran to help establish the NDRLs (national diagnostic reference levels). Methods: Patient doses were assessed from patient’s anatomical data and exposure parameters based on the IAEA indirect dosimetry method. With regard to this method, exposure parameters such as tube output, kVp, mAs, FFD and patient anatomical data were used for calculating ESD (entrance skin dose) of patients. This study was conducted on 250 standard patients (50% men and 50% women) at eight high-patient-load imaging centers. Results: The results indicate that mean ESDs for the both pelvic and abdomen examinations were lower than the IAEA and EC reference levels, 2.3 and 3.7 mGy, respectively. Mean applied kVps were 67 and 70 and mean FFDs were 103 and 109, respectively. Tube loadings obtained in this study for pelvic examination were lower than all the corresponding values in the reviewed literature. Likewise, the average annual patient load across all hospitals were more than 37000 patients, i.e. more than 100 patients a day. Conclusions: The authors recommend that DRLs (diagnostic reference levels) obtained in this region, which are the first available data, can be used as local DRLs for pelvic and abdomen procedures. This work also provides that on-the-job training programs for staffs and close cross collaboration between physicists and physicians should be strongly considered.
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Bashlachev, M. G., G. Yu Evzikov, V. A. Parfenov, N. B. Vuitsyk, and F. V. Grebenev. "Dynamic neuropathy of the common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular head (literature review and case report)." Russian journal of neurosurgery 21, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2019-21-1-54-59.
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The study objective is to report a case of dynamic neuropathy of the common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular head and to discuss diagnostic methods and neurosurgical treatment. Materials and methods. We report a case of dynamic neuropathy of the common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular head in a female patient. The patient was treated in the Neurology Clinic of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. We analyzed clinical manifestations and compared them with the data described in research literature. Results. Upon admission, the patient complained of pain in the anterolateral surface of the right shin and in the dorsum of the foot during walking. At rest, the patient experienced no pain. We observed no motor or sensory disorders typical of nerve root disorders at the level of L5. Lasegue’s test was negative. The patient had a positive Tinel’s sign in the area of the right fibular head. In order to clarify the diagnosis, we performed a repeated extension test in the right ankle joint and it was positive. The patient underwent surgery that included peroneal nerve decompression and neurolysis at the level of the fibular head. In the postoperative period, the patient had complete pain relief. Conclusion. Due to the difficulties in the diagnostics of dynamic neuropathy of the common peroneal nerve, this disease is often mistaken for radiculopathy at the level of L5. Thorough clinical examination, testing for Tinel’s sign in the area of the fibular head, and repeated extension test in the ankle joint ensure the correct diagnosis and reduce the frequency of ineffective surgeries on the lumbar spine. Surgical decompression of the common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular head with obligatory opening of the entrance to the nerve canal is an effective method of treatment in such patients.
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Athukorale, Uthpalee P., Naduni A. P. Balasooriya, Pradeesha L. S. Jayasinghe, Pavithri M. Nagawegedara, Chamini Y. Ranasinghe, Ramani Perera, and Sampatha E. Goonewardena. "Level of stress, factors associated with stress and coping strategies among advanced level students attending tuition classes in a selected educational zone in Sri Lanka." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203361.
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Background: Advanced level is a challenging examination due to the limitation of University entrance opportunities leading to high level of stress. Several issues have affected them irrespective of the stream of study, for which they tend to adapt different coping strategies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the level of stress, factors associated with stress and coping strategies among advanced level (A/L) students attending tuition classes in selected Educational zone, Sri Lanka.Methods: A descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted among 364 A/L students aged between 17-20 years attending a selected tuition class. Self-administered questionnaire was used with 35 item coping strategy check list and DASS-21, both tools were pretested and validated in Sri Lanka. Data was analysed using SPSS 15.0 software.Results: Vastness of the A/L curriculum was a significant stress factor between males and females (p=0.001). Stress of getting lower grades and poor time management were higher among females (p=0.027, p=0.003). Males reported change in sexual habits (p=0.003) and alcohol /cigarette use (p=0.001). Lack of vacation and fear of academic failure were the most common physical and emotional stressors respectively. Seeking advice from a trusted person, being with others, blaming themselves for the situation, engaging in religious activities, listening to music, constantly thinking about the problem and crying to self were common coping strategies adopted by females. Immediate problem solving and consuming alcohol/ drugs were common coping strategies by males.Conclusions: Males had more social and physical stress associated factors whereas females had academic and emotional stressors. Different methods of coping strategies were adopted by males and females.
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Ren, Shengtao, Juzhe Xi, and Angel Ray. "Analysis of the correlation between students’ self-compassion and external pressure under chronic stress response." Work 69, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213501.
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BACKGROUND: Although the environment of college students is relatively safe, they are faced with the pressure of study, interpersonal relationship, and even future employment, which leads to a variety of psychological disorders, among which stress response is the most common one. As a new concept of healthy self, it is not clear how self - compassion affects students’ stress response. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the role of students’ self-compassion based on chronic stress response in negative emotional regulation and coping style selection caused by external pressure, and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of self-compassion in regulating individual emotions in the future. METHODS: The 427 students from many universities in China who have applied for the 2020 postgraduate entrance examination and were preparing for the examination were classified into S1 group (preparation time < 2 months), S2 group (2 months < 5 months), and S3 group (preparation time > 5 months). The students who didn’t apply for the examination were set as D0 control group. The total stress response score, learning pressure, and positive and negative emotional scores of each group were compared. The Bootstrapping sampling method was used to examine the mediating effect of self - compassion. The students applying for the examination were classified into high-level self-compassion group (G1) and low-level self-compassion group (G2). RESULTS: The scores of learning stress and negative emotion in S1, S2, and S3 groups were significantly higher than those in D0 group, and S1 > S2 > S3 (P < 0.05). The proportion of students in G1 group who responded to review setbacks in a mature way was significantly higher than that in G2 group, and the proportion of immature type was significantly lower than that of G2 group (P < 0.05). There was a very significant positive correlation between self-compassion and problem solving and asking for help (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Self-compassion concept can reduce students’ negative emotions facing external pressure and protect individual positive emotions. In conclusion, faced at external pressure and stress, individuals with high self-esteem would not escape from their own negative emotions, and were more inclined to choose a positive way to solve problems and seek help from others.
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Jagadeeshwari S, Purushothaman M, Soujanya H, and Shiva Kumar K. "Review on nanobodies and its application in health sector." International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijntps.v10i4.1378.
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Today, bio-clinical endeavours are incoming the subcellular level, which is seen with the quick creating grounds of nanomedicine, nanodiagnostics and nano therapy related to the execution of nanoparticles for ailment counteraction, analysis, treatment and development. Nanoparticles or nanocontainers offer favourable circumstances counting high affectability, lower poisonousness and enhanced security—attributes that are exceptionally esteemed in the oncology field. Malignant growth cells create and multiply in complex microenvironments prompting heterogeneous infections, regularly with a deadly result for the patient. Even though counteracting agent-based treatment is generally utilized in the clinical consideration of patients with muscular tumours, its productivity certainly needs improvement. Restrictions of antibodies result for the most part from their colossal size and helpless entrance in healthy tissues. Nanobodies are a novel and unique class of antigen-restricting parts, gotten from naturally happening substantial chain-just antibodies present in the serum of camelids. Their boss properties, for example, small size, high soundness, solid antigen-restricting partiality, water solvency and common starting point make them reasonable for advancement into cutting edge bio drugs. Under 30 years after the disclosure of useful hefty chain-just antibodies, the nanobody subordinates are as of now broadly utilized by the biotechnology research network. Also, various nanobodies are under clinical examination for a wide range of human sicknesses including irritation, bosom malignancy, cerebrum tumours, lung maladies and irresistible ailments.
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Oncel, Murat, Guven Sunam, Cagdas Elsurer, and Huseyin Yildiran. "Use of Magill Forceps to Remove Foreign Bodies in Children." Surgery Journal 03, no. 02 (April 2017): e91-e95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604102.
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Introduction Esophageal foreign body (FB) in all age groups can cause serious morbidity or mortality. The study aims to report our experience retrieving FBs from the upper esophagus in children using Magill forceps. Materials and Methods In this study, 88 patients (45 males [51.1%] and 43 females [48.9%]) were presented with suspected FB ingestion. FB ingestion was determined via endoscopic analysis, or lateral and posterior–anterior radiographies, including oropharynx, neck, chest, and abdomen. Cases were classified into seven groups, according to history, diagnostic method, and postintervention findings, as follows: (1) coins, (2) toys, (3) metals, (4) bones, (5) battery, (6) glass, and (7) food. A laryngoscope was used to elevate the larynx and expose the esophageal entrance. Magill forceps were advanced into the esophagus and opened to observe and extract the FB. Results All 88 patients who underwent endoscopic examination due to suspected FB ingestion were confirmed to have ingested a FB. Median age was 12 years; 15 patients were aged < 5 years; 63 (71.5%) were diagnosed based on routine radiographic findings, and others were diagnosed based on physical findings and history. The most common type of FB was coins (n = 51 [57.9%]). Mean surgical duration was 20 minutes. Conclusion FBs located at cervical esophageal level are usually the most difficult to remove. Magill forceps should be used before other methods.
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Su, Juan, Hui Wang, Yuanrui Tian, Haixu Hu, Wanjian Gu, Ting Zhang, Mengxia Li, Chong Shen, and Harvest F. Gu. "Impact of physical exercise intervention and PPARγ genetic polymorphisms on cardio-metabolic parameters among a Chinese youth population." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (April 2020): e000681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000681.
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ObjectivePhysical inactivity inChinese youth students particularly in senior high schools, who participate inthe National Higher Education Entrance Examination (NCEE) is very common. Inorder to explore the beneficial effects from physical exercise and education afterNCEE, we performed a Physicalexercise Intervention Program in the Youth (PiPy) to evaluate the interaction with PPARγ genetic variants on cardiovascular and metabolicparameters.MethodsA total of 772 freshmen (males 610/females162) from high schools to university were recruited into the PiPy cohort, which was designedaccording to the National Student Health Standards in China. Anthropometric data were collected, whilephysical activities and body composition at the baseline of PiPy cohort weremeasured with SECAprotocols. Eighttagged single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPARγ gene were genotyped with TaqMan allelicdiscrimination.ResultsAfter physical exercise intervention forthree months, in parallel with increased physical activities, BMI and skeletalmuscle content in all subjects was enhanced, while heart rate and bloodpressures were decreased. Furthermore, SNPs in 5’-UTR of the PPARγ gene, including rs2920502,rs9817428 and rs2972164, were found to be associated with the changes of BMI.Body weight in the subjects with BMI <18.5and 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 were increased,while the obese subjects (BMI ≥24.0 kg/m2) decreased.ConclusionThe present study for the first timedemonstrated that the PiPy could improve cardio-metabolic parameters such asheart rate, blood pressures and BMI for Chinese youth students after NCEE, inwhich the genetic interactive effects of PPARγ should be included into obesityintervention.
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Tumialán, Luis M., Franklin Lin, and Sanjay K. Gupta. "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis causing Serratia marcescens and Proteus mirabilis ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection." Journal of Neurosurgery 105, no. 2 (August 2006): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2006.105.2.320.
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✓The authors report their experience treating a polymicrobial ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection in a developmentally delayed 21-year-old woman. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures grew Serratia marcescens and Proteus mirabilis. On admission and throughout her hospitalization, results of physical examination of her abdomen were normal, and radiographic studies showed no evidence of bowel perforation or pseudocyst formation. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a small fluid collection. After a course of intravenous gentamicin and imipenem with cilastatin in conjunction with intrathecal gentamicin, the infection was resolved and the VP shunt was reimplanted. Although VP shunt infections are not uncommon, S. marcescens as a causative agent is exceedingly rare and potentially devastating. Only two previous cases of S. marcescens shunt infection have been reported in the literature. Authors reporting on S. marcescens infections in the central nervous system (CNS) have observed significant morbidity and death. Although more common, the presence of P. mirabilis in the CSF is still rare and highly suggestive of bowel perforation, which was absent in this patient. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was the likely source from which these bacteria gained entrance into the VP shunt system, eventually causing ventriculitis in this patient. The authors conclude that in light of the high morbidity associated with S. marcescens infection of the CNS, intrathecal administration of gentamicin should be strongly considered as part of first-line therapy for S. marcescens infections in VP shunts.
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E. Fluck, Andrew, Olawale Surajudeen Adebayo, and Shafi'i Muhammad Abdulhamid. "Secure E-Examination Systems Compared: Case Studies from Two Countries." Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice 16 (2017): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3705.
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Aim/Purpose: Electronic examinations have some inherent problems. Students have expressed negative opinions about electronic examinations (e-examinations) due to a fear of, or unfamiliarity with, the technology of assessment, and a lack of knowledge about the methods of e-examinations. Background: Electronic examinations are now a viable alternative method of assessing student learning. They provide freedom of choice, in terms of the location of the examination, and can provide immediate feedback; students and institutions can be assured of the integrity of knowledge testing. This in turn motivates students to strive for deeper learning and better results, in a higher quality and more rigorous educational process. Methodology : This paper compares an e-examination system at FUT Minna Nigeria with one in Australia, at the University of Tasmania, using case study analysis. The functions supported, or inhibited, by each of the two e-examination systems, with different approaches to question types, cohort size, technology used, and security features, are compared. Contribution: The researchers’ aim is to assist stakeholders (including lecturers, invigilators, candidates, computer instructors, and server operators) to identify ways of improving the process. The relative convenience for students, administrators, and lecturer/assessors and the reliability and security of the two systems are considered. Challenges in conducting e-examinations in both countries are revealed by juxtaposing the systems. The authors propose ways of developing more effective e-examination systems. Findings: The comparison of the two institutions in Nigeria and Australia shows e-examinations have been implemented for the purpose of selecting students for university courses, and for their assessment once enrolled. In Nigeria, there is widespread systemic adoption for university entrance merit selection. In Australia this has been limited to one subject in one state, rather than being adopted nationally. Within undergraduate courses, the Nigerian scenario is quite extensive; in Australia this adoption has been slower, but has penetrated a wide variety of disciplines. Recommendations for Practitioners: Assessment integrity and equipment reliability were common issues across the two case studies, although the delivery of e-examinations is different in each country. As with any procedural process, a particular solution is only as good as its weakest attribute. Technical differences highlight the link between e-examination system approaches and pedagogical implications. It is clear that social, cultural, and environmental factors affect the success of e-examinations. For example, an interrupted electrical power supply and limited technical know-how are two of the challenges affecting the conduct of e-examinations in Nigeria. In Tasmania, the challenge with the “bring your own device” (BYOD) is to make the system operate on an increasing variety of user equipment, including tablets. Recommendation for Researchers: The comparisons between the two universities indicate there will be a productive convergence of the approaches in future. One key proposal, which arose from the analysis of the existing e-examination systems in Nigeria and Australia, is to design a form of “live” operating system that is deployable over the Internet. This method would use public key cryptography for lecturers to encrypt their questions online. Impact on Society : If institutions are to transition to e-examinations, one way of facilitating this move is by using computers to imitate other assessment techniques. However, higher order thinking is usually demonstrated through open-ended or creative tasks. In this respect the Australian system shows promise by providing the same full operating system and software application suite to all candidates, thereby supporting assessment of such creative higher order thinking. The two cases illustrate the potential tension between “online” or networked reticulation of questions and answers, as opposed to “offline” methods. Future Research: A future design proposition is a web-based strategy for a virtual machine, which is launched into candidates’ computers at the start of each e-examination. The new system is a form of BYOD externally booted e-examination (as in Australia) that is deployable over the Internet with encryption and decryption features using public key cryptography (Nigeria). This will allow lecturers to encrypt their questions and post them online while the questions are decrypted by the administrator or students are given the key. The system will support both objective and open-ended questions (possibly essays and creative design tasks). The authors believe this can re-define e-examinations as the “gold standard” of assessment.
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Huang, Min Chuan, Chao Yen Wu, and Jang Ruey Tzeng. "Taiwan Defense Education Curriculum Teacher's Essential Ability and the Teachers Cultivate Research of the System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 4806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.4806.
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Taiwan defense education teacher cultivates research of the system conception. Taiwan's Senior middle school or in university's school the military training and the national defense pass know the curriculum teacher are hold the post by the active duty officer, Master unit for Republic of China Ministry of Education. Recent years the domestic education environment tended to the serviceman to withdraw from the school edition curriculum, did not have the academic license serviceman status teacher, always shouldered the people to accuse it to not to have the card interferes the education according to the teacher and the serviceman, often directed the person question is the military officer is also teacher's this crowd of associations otherwise has the teacher specialized ability. The question lies in this group of military officer teacher not to have the further education to obtain the qualified teacher card, and before the present education system also does not have the defense education curriculum teacher duty, to train with the university which awards cultivates the unit. This research discussion's key is defense education teacher's essential ability and the teachers cultivates the system the relations. We watched proposed that more than school union-like teachers cultivate the organization plan the solution conception. Was the utilization already the qualified teacher, but not yet investigated teacher of the employment, gave the second specialty to give public notice of entrance examination receives training, opened the second specialty teachers to the common teacher to authenticate by the time supplements insufficiency of the teachers. The male even plan is gives comprehensive duty training to the military officer teacher to award the certificate of quality again
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Vasseur, P. B., J. J. Rodrigo, W. Johnson, P. H. Kass, and B. J. Van Vechten. "A Comparison of Four Different Methods of Fixation of Osteochondral Fragments." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 06, no. 02 (1993): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633024.
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SummaryFixation methods for osteochondral shell grafts were studied using replace-ment of a femoral trochlear autograft in rabbits as the model. Twenty skeletally mature rabbits were divided into four groups with five rabbits in each. The articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea, including 2.0 mm of subchondral bone, was removed using a sagittal bone saw. The grafts were immediately reattached using either small Kirschner pins (K-pins), polydioxanone pins (PDP), polydioxanone suture (PDS), or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. Six months postoperatively the rabbits were killed and the graft sites compared to the contralateral control using radiography, gross examination, Safranin-O and H & E staining, and sulphate-35 radioactive uptake. Mild degenerative joint changes were evident radio-graphically in all of the operated joints. Articular surface defects at the graft sites were common and included small craters and erosions; a few had larger areas devoid of cartilage. Defects associated with the pin entrance sites were common in the K-pin and PD P groups. The PDS group had the least number of animals with articular surface defects. Safranin-O staining was complete in the PDS group, partial or complete in the K-pin and PD P groups, and partial in all of the joints in the PMM A group. H & E preparations of the cartilage sections were graded from 1 (normal cartilage) to 5 (multiple fissures, severe degradation). The PDS group had a mean (SD) score of 1.8 (0.8), the PD P group 2.4 (1.1), the K-pin group 2.5 (1.3), and the PMM A group 4.6 (0.6). The scores for the PMM A group were significantly greater then the scores for the other groups (p <0.05). The mean (SD) for radioactive counts per minute/mg tissue in treated graft sites as a percent of control was PDS: 130 (83); PDP : 115 (14); K-pins: 92 (42); PMMA : 91 (29). The relative percentages for radioactive uptake were not significantly different (P >0.05). Graft fixation using PDS, PDP, or K-pins was technically easy to perform and the results were generally satisfactory. Fixation using PMM A was technically demanding and histological evidence of moderate to severe cartilage degradation was present in all treated joints.Femoral trochlear autografts in rabbits were used to study fixation methods for osteochondral graft fragments. Six months after the operations the graft sites were evaluated using radiographs, gross examination, Safranin-O and H & E staining, and sulphate-35 radioactive uptake. Grafts stabilized using polydioxanone suture had the least number of articular surface defects and the most complete Safranin-O staining.
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Cannon, Abigail, Esther Shim, Paulius Kuprys, and Mashkoor Choudhry. "P160 γδ T CELLS, IL-22, THE PROBIOTIC, LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII, AND THE ROLE THEY PLAY IN ATTENUATION OF ALCOHOL INDUCED EXACERBATION OF DSS-COLITIS." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/zaa010.086.
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Abstract Ulcerative colitis is characterized by cycles of active disease flare and inactive disease remission. During UC remission, IL-22 expression can be upregulated, acting as a hallmark of entrance into a UC remission period. Recently, we found that in our mouse model of binge alcohol consumption after DSS-induced colitis, alcohol increases severity of UC flare symptoms. In this study, we assessed whether alcohol influenced IL-22 expression and thereby perpetuates UC flare. Male C57BL/6 mice received 2% DSS or water ad libitum for 5 days. On day 5, DSS was removed to mimic entrance into remission. Additionally on day 5, DSS and Sham mice were subdivided into mice gavaged with ethanol (∼3g/kg) or with water on days 5, 6, and 7. Three hours after the last gavage on day 7, mice were humanely euthanized. Large intestine lamina propria (LP) cells were isolated. The percentage of total IL-22+ LP cells was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in DSS Ethanol compared to DSS Vehicle. No differences in IL-22+ T cells, Innate Lymphoid Cells Type 3, or neutrophils were observed. Examination of I γδ T cells revealed DSS Vehicle treated mice had a significantly increased percentage of IL-22+ γδ T cells, while DSS Ethanol treated mice were unable to mount this response. Therefore, we hypothesized that by re-establishing IL-22, through either rIL-22 or a probiotic, we could alleviate the alcohol-induced exacerbation of UC. Firstly, rIL-22 administration substantially restored weight loss of DSS Ethanol treated mice back to that of DSS Vehicle (∼12.5% back to ∼6% on day 7). Increased colonic shortening (p<0.001) and increased Enterobacteriaceae copy number were also attenuated following binge alcohol and colitis with IL-22 treatment. Knockout of STAT3 in IECs resulted in loss of IL-22 protection, demonstrating STAT3 is required for protection. Secondly, we utilized Lactobacillus delbrueckii, a common probiotic known to play a role in IL-22 release. Treatment with Lacto attenuated both weight loss and colon length in DSS Ethanol mice back to levels of DSS alone (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Additionally, Lacto treatment mitigated increases in Enterobacteriaceae copy number seen in DSS Ethanol mice and trended towards an increase in IL-22 in DSS Ethanol + Lacto mice. Levels of pSTAT3 were decreased in DSS Ethanol treated mice compared to DSS Vehicle, but administration of Lacto in DSS Ethanol mice increased levels of pSTAT3 back to that of the DSS Vehicle group. Treatment with Lacto supernatant alone was not sufficient to mitigate the exacerbation of UC following ethanol. Our findings suggest that both rIL-22 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii utilize the IL-22/pSTAT3 signaling pathway to attenuate alcohol-induced increases in ulcerative colitis symptoms. (R21AA022324, R21AA025806, T32AA013527, F30AA027442, F31AA025536)
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Chakraborty, Prabal, Jishu Deb Nath, MA Faiz, Anannya Das, and Abdul Qayum Chowdhury. "Clinical Study of Snakebite Cases Admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 13, no. 1 (July 5, 2014): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19410.
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Background: Snake bite is an important health hazard which may lead to fatality in rural areas of Bangladesh. An epidemiological study estimated the incidence of snake bite in Bangladesh about 8,000 per year with 22% mortality. In majority of cases the victims die before entrance to hospital because of their treatment seeking behavior from Ohzas. Present study is to see the clinical profile of snake bite cases admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital and also to find out problems in diagnosis and management and outcomes.Methods: Fifty patients of snake bites treated in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh between July 2005 and December 2006 were studied. A questionnaire, containing information on bite, physical examination and identification of snake brought was used.Results: Among the patients venomous snake was 6 (50%) with cobra and 6 (50%) with suspected krait bite. Males were bitten more frequently than females 42(82%) versus 9(18%). Regarding occupation, 28 (56%) was farmer. Majority 37(74%) came from rural areas. Highest number of bite occurred in evening 20(40%). Most snake bite occurred during rural foot walking (30%) followed by sleeping (14%).Total 54% of bite occurred during outdoor activities. Most common site of bite is lower limb 35(70%). Tight tourniquet used in 45(90%) cases and in 8(16%) cases limb was immobilized. Twenty eight (56%) of the patients received treatment from Ohzas. All venomous bites (12) presented with features of neurotoxicity with local envenoming in 6(50%) cases. In 6(50%) cases there were only neuroparalysis. Four (33.34 % of venomous snake) patients required respiratory support and 10(83% of venomous bite) patients required antivenom. There were no anaphylactic reactions and only 2 patients suffered pyrogenic reaction. The outcome was excellent with only one death and only one case of residual effects.Conclusion: To develop an appropriate prevention and control strategy, reliable and timely information has a crucial role. A functional mechanism should be developed to gather information not only about the cases and deaths but other aspects of the snakebite epidemiology.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19410
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Schiff, Thomas, Tao He, Lisa Sagel, and Robert Baker. "Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Stabilized Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice for Dental Hypersensitivity." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 7, no. 2 (2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-7-2-1.
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Abstract Purpose Dentinal hypersensitivity is a common complaint among dental patients. Recently, a novel 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was introduced that offers a desensitizing benefit. This trial was conducted to assess the desensitizing efficacy of this new dentifrice relative to a sodium fluoride control dentifrice. Methods and Materials This was a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted according to the American Dental Association (ADA) Guidelines for the Acceptance of Products for the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Ninety subjects who met the entrance criteria were stratified based on age, gender, and baseline sensitivity scores and randomly assigned to either the stabilized stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice (Crest® Pro-Health) or the sodium fluoride control dentifrice. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for eight weeks. Efficacy assessments were made, including tactile (Yeaple probe) and thermal (Schiff Air Index) sensitivity, and an oral soft tissue examination was conducted at baseline, week four, and week eight. Results The mean sensitivity score based on the Schiff Air Index for the stannous fluoride + SHMP group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group, at both weeks four and eight (P < .0001). At week eight, the stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice group had an adjusted mean 44% lower than that of the control group. The mean tactile sensitivity score for the stannous fluoride + SHMP group was statistically significantly higher, indicating a reduction in sensitivity, than that of the control group, at both weeks four and eight (P < .0001). At week eight, the stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice group had a mean desensitizing improvement of 71% greater than the control. Conclusion The stabilized stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in dentinal hypersensitivity at four and eight weeks compared to the sodium fluoride control dentifrice. Citation Schiff T, He T, Sagel L, Baker R. Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Stabilized Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice for Dentinal Hypersensitivity. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006 May;(7)2:001-008.
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Araghi, Solmaz, Rohollah Sharifi, Goran Ahmadi, Mahsa Esfehani, and Fatemeh Rezaei. "The Study of Prescribing Errors Among General Dentists." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 4 (July 30, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p32.
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<p><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong><strong>:</strong> In dentistry, medicine often prescribed to relieve pain and remove infections .Therefore, wrong prescription can lead to a range of problems including lack of pain, antimicrobial treatment failure and the development of resistance to antibiotics.</p> <p><strong>MATERIALS & METHODS</strong><strong>:</strong> In this cross-sectional study, the aim was to evaluate the common errors in written prescriptions by general dentists in Kermanshah in 2014. Dentists received a questionnaire describing five hypothetical patient and the appropriate prescription for the patient in question was asked. Information about age, gender, work experience and the admission in university was collected. The frequency of errors in prescriptions was determined. Data by SPSS 20statistical software and using statistical t-test, chi-square and Pearson correlation were analyzed (0.05> P).</p> <p><strong>RESULTS</strong><strong>: </strong>A total of 180 dentists (62.6% male and 37.4% female) with a mean age of 8.23 ± 39.199 participated in this study. Prescription errors include the wrong in pharmaceutical form (11%), not having to write therapeutic dose (13%), writing wrong dose (14%), typos (15%), error prescription (23%) and writing wrong number of drugs (24%).The most frequent errors in the administration of antiviral drugs (31%) and later stages of antifungal drugs (30%), analgesics (23%) and antibiotics (16%) was observed. Males dentists compared with females dentists showed more frequent errors (P=0.046). Error frequency among dentists with a long work history (P>0.001) and the acceptance in the university except for the entrance examination (P=0.041) had a statistically significant relationship.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><strong>:</strong> This study showed that the written prescription by general dentists examined contained significant errors and improve prescribing through continuing education of dentists is essential.</p>
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Tejerina, J. C., G. Meriles, R. H. Stover, R. C. Ploetz, and S. Romanoff. "First Report of Black Sigatoka in Bolivia." Plant Disease 81, no. 11 (November 1997): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.11.1332c.
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Black Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is the most important disease of banana worldwide (1). It affects cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup that are used for export and important, locally consumed cooking and dessert bananas and plantains, reducing yields by 50% or more. Black Sigatoka first appeared in the Western Hemisphere in 1972 in Honduras, and has spread to all other countries in Central America (1980), Mexico (1980), and the following islands in the Caribbean: Cuba (1992), Hispanola (Dominican Republic) (1996), and Jamaica (1994). In South America, the disease has spread to Colombia (1981), Ecuador (1986), Venezuela (1992), and Peru (1994) (1). In June 1996, symptoms of the disease were observed in the San Carlos area in the western Chapare region of Bolivia. During surveys conducted in March and June 1997, several Cavendish clones, Dulce Cajita (Pisang mas), Guineo (Silk), Morado (Red), and Platano (French and Horn plantain) were affected. In each of eight major banana-producing areas in the region, disease incidence and severity were recorded at several representative sites on Cavendish cultivars, which were the most widely spread and susceptible clones in the region. Disease incidence was 100% in all areas from San Carlos to Ingavi B, 30 km to the east, and disease severity, rated as the youngest leaf spotted (YLS), ranged from means of 4.5 to 8 in the same areas. The disease was less common or rare in the Valle Sajta area, 60 km east of San Carlos, the reserve of the Yuqui indigenous group at the confluence of the Rio Chimore and Rio Useuta, 15 km northeast of San Carlos, and the southernmost settlements of the Yuracare indigenous group on the Rio Chapare, 20 km north of Ingavi B (incidences = 0 to 50%). Symptoms began as brown streaks on the abaxial leaf surface, 1 to 3 mm in length, and became visible on the adaxial surface and enlarged to wet, dark brown streaks, 1 to 2 × 10 to 20 mm, with chlorotic haloes. Ultimately, large portions of the leaf became blackened and watersoaked. The presence of the disease in the San Carlos, Ingavi B, and Senda B areas and the Yuqui reserve was confirmed after microscopic examination of the anamorph, Paracercospora fijiensis, on affected leaf tissue: scars were present on the base of conidia, and only simple conidiophores were found (2). This is the first report of black Sigatoka in Bolivia, and represents the southernmost extent of the disease on the South American continent. High rainfall in western portions of the Chapare (4 to 7 meters per year) makes it unlikely that the disease could be controlled effectively or economically in the region with fungicides. We believe this is the closest approach of the disease to Brazil (ca. 700 km), the last major banana-producing country in which black Sigatoka has not been reported. Moreover, the outbreaks in the northern Chapare are thought to be the first across the colonist frontier to indigenous Amazonian populations that rely on plantains and bananas as staple foods. References: (1) X. Mourichon and R. A. Fullerton. Fruits 45:213, 1990; (2) N. Pons. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89:120, 1987.
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Hiswara, Eri, and Dewi Kartikasari. "DOSIS PASIEN PADA PEMERIKSAAN RUTIN SINAR-X RADIOLOGI DIAGNOSTIK." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir Indonesia 16, no. 2 (August 5, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jstni.2015.16.2.2359.
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ABSTRAKDOSIS PASIEN PADA PEMERIKSAAN RUTIN SINAR-X RADIOLOGI DIAGNOSTIK. Teknik diagnosis untuk melihat kondisi fisik seorang pasien dengan menggunakan pesawat sinar-X merupakan teknik yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia. Berdasarkan Badan PBB untuk Efek Radiasi Atom (UNSCEAR), pajanan radiasi sinar-X pada pemeriksaan rutin radiologi diagnostik memberikan kontribusi terbesar bagi penerimaan dosis radiasi oleh penduduk dunia. Untuk kepentingan keselamatan pasien, Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional (IAEA) telah merekomendasikan penggunaan tingkat acuan diagnostik (DRL) agar dosis radiasi yang diterima pasien tersebut optimum sambil tetap mempertahankan kualitas citra film yang dihasilkan dari aplikasi ini. Dalam kaitan ini telah dilakukan studi tingkat dosis radiasi yang diterima oleh pasien dari aplikasi radiasi di bidang radiologi diagnostik. Hasil studi dibandingkan dengan tingkat acuan diagnostik yang berlaku di Indonesia. Studi dilakukan dengan melakukan pengukuran dosis permukaan masuk pada 130 orang pasien yang menjalani pemeriksaan thorax (AP/PA), thorax lat, abdomen, kepala AP/PA, kepala Lat, lumbo sacral AP, lumbo sacral Lat, ekstremitas, pelvis AP, cervical AP, cervical Lat, cervical oblique, clavicula dan thoracal lumbal di tiga rumah sakit di kota Makassar, Sukabumi, dan Pontianak. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa data dosis radiasi yang diterima pasien pada pemeriksaan thorax AP/PA, thorax lat, abdomen, kepala AP/PA, kepala lat, lumbosacral AP, lumbosacral lat dan pelvis AP menunjukkan nilai yang tidak melebihi nilai tingkat acuan diagnostik yang berlaku di Indonesia, dan dosis radiasi yang diterima pasien anak lebih rendah daripada dosis pasien dewasa. Perbandingan nilai dosis pasien yang diperoleh pada studi ini dan di Malaysia dengan hasil yang diperoleh dari beberapa negara maju juga memperlihatkan bahwa dosis pasien di negara berkembang relatif tidak berbeda dengan dosis pasien di negara-negara maju tersebut. ABSTRACTDOSES TO PATIENTS IN ROUTINE X-RAY EXAMINATIONS OF DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY. Diagnostic technique to study physical condition of a patient using X-rays is the most common technique used in the world. According to the United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), radiation exposures in routine X-rays examination of diagnostic radiology contribute to the biggest portion of radiation doses received by world’s population. For the purposes of patient safety, diagnostic reference levels have been recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to be used in order to optimize the dose received by patient while maintaining quality of film image produced by these procedures. In this regard study on the determination of the level of radiation doses received by patient, has been carried out. Results of study are compared to the diagnostic reference levels for medical exposures applied in Indonesia. The study was performed by measuring entrance surface doses in 130 patients who underwent the X-ray examinations of thorax AP/PA, thorax lat, abdomen, skull AP/PA, skull Lat, lumbo sacral AP, lumbo sacral Lat, extremities, pelvis AP, cervical AP, cervical Lat, cervical oblique, clavicula and thoracal lumbal in three hospitals in the cities of Makassar, Sukabumi, dan Pontianak. The results show all data of patient doses from examinations of thorax AP/PA, thorax lat, abdomen, skull AP/PA, skull Lat, lumbo sacral AP, lumbo sacral Lat, extremities and pelvis APwere less than the levels applied in Indonesia and doses received by children were less than those by adult patients. Comparison of data obtained in this study and in Malaysia as developing countries with those from advanced countries also showed that they were relatively no difference between the two groups.
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Veeravalli, Devanathan Sevilimedu. "Rural Students and Crocodile Tears - A Study on Common Entrance Examination in Indian Higher Education." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1596055.
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Seife Teferi and Daniel Zewdeneh. "Variation of Pediatric Doses Undergoing Digital and Computed Radiography Examination in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 30, no. 2 (March 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v30i2.15.
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BACKGROUND: Various researchers who carried out national and international surveys have reported wide variations in patient dose arising from specific X-ray examinations. Thus, assessment of radiation dose is an essential part in the optimization process. The aim of this study was to compare the entrance surface doses delivered to pediatric patients undergoing digital and computed radiography X-ray examination.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 389 pediatric X-ray projections less than 15 years of age on eight X-ray machines in Addis Ababa in February 2009 E.C. The tube output of the X-ray machines in air was measured using RaySafe XI dosimeters. Then, entrance surface dose was estimated for common x-ray examinations like chest, skull, extremities and pelvis using established relation between X-ray tube output and radiographic parameters. These data were analyzed statistically using computer (Excel and SPSS method).RESULT: The third quartile estimated ESDs in mGy for both computed and digital radiography examinations of chest (AP) for age (0-1 year) were 0.24 and 0.15, (1-5 year) 0.3and 0.16. For the age group (5-10 year), it was 1.97 and 0.26 and for the(10-15 year)group, 0.56 and 0.18 respectively.These values were higher than those of the United Nations Scientific Committee’s on the Effects of Atomic Radiation’s established dose reference levels(in mGy for age (0-1 year) 0.02, (1-5 year) 0.03, (5-10 year) 0.04, and (10-15 year) 0.05 respectively).CONCLUSION: The wider dose variation between computed and digital radiography shows that there is a pressing need to minimize the detriment caused by unnecessary computed radiography.
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Fallah Mohammadi, Gholamreza, Yasaman Kiumarsi, and Pardis Eghbaliyan. "Patient Dose Estimation from Digital Radiography Repeat Rate." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, January 14, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v6i4.2213.
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Purpose: This research aimed at estimating the patient effective dose from digital radiography repeat rateand evaluating the factors that contribute to the repetition of radiographic procedures in two referral hospitals in Sari, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Entrance skin dose and effective dose per common radiography procedures in digital radiography were measured. 1724 X-ray exposures were investigated prospectively. The annual number of each radiography procedure was obtained from the archives of the digital radiography department. The patient cumulative dose was the calculation from annual exposures Repeat Rate (RR) and effective dose per digital radiography procedures.
Results: The mean exposure RR per examination was 1.12% and the total percentage of a repeat of all examination was 8.9%. Annual cumulative dose (man-mSivert) resulted from radiographic RR was 449.2.The chest and lumbar spine radiography had the highest annual number and the highest radiation dose, respectively; therefore, these procedures transfer the largest annual dose from repeated radiographic images to the patients. The factors leading to the repetition included the radiographer error (69%), the X-ray tube and equipment error (10.4%), the patient related error (16.1%) and other cases (4.1%). The average effective dose for each examination was 0.36 mSv.
Conclusion: Digital radiographic repeat rate increases a 1.1 % annual patient effective dose from the base level that receives from the current radiographic examination. Inconsistency of the center of the digital panel and the central axis of the X-ray beam and error in the selection of the upright or table digital panel are among the most important factors in the repetition of digital radiography.
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Sweta Sharadkumar Chauhan. "Effectiveness of the Art of Living YES+ Programme on College Students." International Journal of Indian Psychology 2, no. 4 (September 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0204.070.
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During Examination sports and entrance tests Peer Pressure is very much common. It is experienced in human relations too. So how can we cope with everything? The Art of Living YES+(The Youth Empowerment Seminar) programme is a life skills programme. It is composed of three modules: Healthy Body, Healthy Mind and Healthy Lifestyle. The Art of Living YES+ Programme is based on- Sudarshan Kriya, Meditation and breathing techniques, Techniques for mental focus and concentration, Techniques for overcoming fear and anxiety, Interactive process, team games, Food awareness, Group discussions, Learning through fun and games, service to others, confidence building and leadership. The researcher developed a rating scale for measuring YES+ programme. Post test only experimental group design was used in this research. The students of IRMA (Institute of Rural Management), Anand made the population for the study. For content analysis X2 was found out and interpretation is derived from the result. College students have shown positive tendency about YES+ programme. It is suggested that such progammes can be implemented on various groups at colleges and in higher education to enhance the positive life skills and better living and life style.
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"A Psychoanalysis of Data Privacy Maintenance Issues in Social Network using Data mining." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 7018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1100.109119.
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The existing data sharing systems relates with the on-line social networks (OSNs) suggest encoding of information before sharing, the multiparty get to the executives of scrambled information has turned into a troublesome issue. A safe information sharing subject proposed in OSNs upheld figure content approach trait based and Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithmic principle re-encryption and mystery sharing. The work relates the gatekeeper clients' delicate information grants clients to redo get to approaches of their information thus source scrambled information to the OSNs administration provider. The proposed technique displays a multiparty get to the executive’s model that enables the communicator to refresh the entrance strategy of figure content. The characteristics fulfill the common access strategy. The work needs a fractional mystery composing development inside which the calculation overhead of client is essentially diminished by strengthening the vast majority of the mystery composing activities to the OSNs administration provider. Moreover, the check capacity on the outcomes originated from the OSNs administration provider to guarantee the rightness of fractional decoded figure content. The present subject partner affordable properties disavowal philosophy that accomplishes each forward and in reverse mystery. The insurance and execution examination results demonstrate that the arranged subject is secure and efficient in OSNs.
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Sweta Sharadkumar Chauhan. "Effectiveness of the Art of Living YES! Programme on School Students." International Journal of Indian Psychology 2, no. 3 (June 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0203.023.
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Peer Pressure is very much common during Examination, sports and entrance tests. It is experienced in human relations too. So how can we cope with everything? The Art of Living YES! (The Youth Empowerment Seminar) programme is a life skills programme. It is composed of three modules: Healthy Body, Healthy Mind and Healthy Lifestyle. The Art of Living YES! Programme is based on- Sudarshan Kriya, Meditation and breathing techniques, Techniques for mental focus and concentration, Techniques for overcoming fear and anxiety, Interactive process, team games, Food awareness, Group discussions, Learning through fun and games, service to others, confidence building and leadership. YES! programme was applied by the Art of Living teacher. The researcher developed a rating scale for measuring YES! programme. Post test only experimental group design was used in this research. The students of SSRVM School, VallabhVidyanagar made the population for the study. For content analysis X2 was found out and interpretation is derived from the result. School students have shown positive tendency about YES! programme. Students were more positive. YES! programme was found more effective on the students of SSRVM School. It is suggested that such progammes can be implemented on various groups at Schools to enhance the positive life skills and better living and life style.
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Bugajski, Christopher. "Break the Fall: Orbital Blowout Fracture." Optometric Clinical Practice, April 27, 2021, 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37685/uiwlibraries.2575-7717.2.1.1014.
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Background: Head trauma can lead to multiple ocular complications, among the most concerning is an orbital blowout fracture. Common associations with an orbital fracture would include periorbital ecchymosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, eyelid edema, and crepitus, among others. Concerning complications, such as retinal detachment, need to be ruled out at the time of presentation. Surgical intervention may be warranted in certain cases. An emergent head computed tomography scan must be performed to evaluate and determine management. Case Report: This case features a 66-year-old Caucasian male with an orbital blowout fracture following a fall. In addition to discussing the details regarding this patient’s case, this report highlights fracture types, pertinent imaging, determination of muscle entrapment, and other underlying complications. Conclusion: Careful evaluation is critical in proper management of potential orbital fracture cases. Entrance testing such as visual acuity measurement, pupil assessment, and extraocular muscle motility evaluation provide useful information regarding suspected severity of an orbital fracture. A dilated fundus examination is necessary for assessing concerning posterior complications. Computed tomography imaging must be obtained in all instances of questionable orbital fracture. Surgical intervention may be needed in some instances. Regardless of the necessity for surgical intervention, careful monitoring of these cases for resolution is advisable.
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Désirée, Noa Tang Sylvie, Ekoa Bessa Armel Zacharie, Tchakam Kamtchueng Brice, Wongan Kouonchie Sorel Ange, Etame Jacques, and Bilong Paul. "Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Overlying Water and Sediments of Nkozoa Lake (Southern Cameroon)." Annual Research & Review in Biology, May 1, 2021, 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i430366.
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Examination of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cd and Ni) in overlying water and sediments was conducted in Lake Nkozoa, in a peripheral area of Yaoundé characterized by a high population density and rapid economic development in Cameroon. Sediment samples were collected at the entrance and near the center of the lake, using a raft and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. They were subjected to water quality parameters, heavy metals comparisons and calculations of pollution indices and ecological risks followed by statistical analysis in order to identify and estimate the sources of metal contamination in overlying water and sediments of the Nkozoa Lake. The physico-chemical parameters of water show that the pH (5 < pH < 6), total dissolved solids (TDS~130 g/L) and conductivity (EC~194.8 µs/cm) are below the recommendations of the WHO. The average heavy metal concentrations in sediments, except Cd, are lower than the upper continental crust (UCC) and several environmental contamination monitoring parameters, such as threshold effect level (TEL), probable effect level (PEL), and severe effect level (SEL). The sediment samples show a low heavy metal contamination degree (class 0) and low potential ecological risk (PER) level, except for Cd and Hg which have high contamination degree (class 1 to 6) and moderate PER. Matrix correlation shows that some parameters like pH, EC, Cr and TDS, Cu, Hg in water have perfect positive correlations (r = 1.00) suggesting common sources of contamination. Cluster analyses coupled with matrix data for sediments revealed that Cd is the most contaminant elements derived from anthropogenic sources.