Books: 'Common mental disorder'

1

Health, New Zealand Ministry of. Identification of common mental disorders and management of depression in primary care. Wellington, N.Z: New Zealand Guidelines Group, 2008.

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2

Bragdon, Allen D. Brains that work a little bit differently: Recent discoveries about common mental diversities. South Yarmouth, MA: Brainwaves Books, 2000.

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3

Yapko, Michael D. Depression is contagious: How the most common mood disorder is spreading around the world and how to stop it. New York: Free Press, 2009.

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4

1930-, Chester Robert, ed. Treatment techniques for common mental disorders. Northvale, N.J: Aronson, 1993.

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5

Robert, Chester, ed. Treatment techniques for common mental disorders. Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1987.

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6

Peter, Huxley, ed. Common mental disorders: A bio-social model. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1992.

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7

Natural healing for schizophrenia: And other common mental disorders. 2nd ed. Eugene, Or: Borage Books, 1998.

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8

Culture and common mental disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd., 1998.

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9

Edelman, Eva. Natural healing for schizophrenia: And other common mental disorders. 3rd ed. Eugene, Or: Borage Books, 2001.

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10

M, Goodyer Ian, ed. The origins of common mental disorders: Vulnerability, destabilisation, and restitution. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2005.

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11

Practical psychiatry: Common sense, compassion, and the medical model. Springfield, Ill., USA: C.C. Thomas, 1993.

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12

Kay, Jerald, and William M. Klykylo. Clinical child psychiatry: Major common problems. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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13

Henrietta, Leonard, ed. Is it "just a phase"?: How to tell common childhood phases from more serious disorders. New York: Golden Books, 1998.

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14

Kolbasovsky, Andrew. A therapist's guide to understanding common medical conditions: Addressing a client's mental and physical health. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.

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15

Mueser, Kim T., Douglas L. Noordsy, and Robert E. Drake. Serious Mental Illness. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.009.

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The high comorbidity between substance use disorders and serious mental illnesses is a significant challenge to traditional treatment systems that have historically treated psychiatric and substance use disorders with different providers and agencies. Defining characteristics of serious mental illness include difficulty with work, performing in school or parenting, social difficulties, and problems caring for oneself. Common serious psychiatric disorders include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and severe major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder. The epidemiology of substance use disorders in serious mental illness is reviewed, including prevalence, correlates, and onset and course of the disorder. The clinical consequences of substance use disorders in this population are devastating for every possible aspect of the illness. Common factors may increase vulnerability to both substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. The principles of treating co-occurring disorders are based on modern integrated methods, as well as research on the effectiveness of integrated treatment.

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16

Lewis, Catherine F. Anxiety disorders including post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0035.

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Increasing numbers of studies of correctional populations have emphasized diagnosis with structured clinical instruments over the past two decades. These studies have primarily focused on serious mental illness (i.e., psychotic and mood disorders), substance use disorders, and personality disorders. The focus has made sense because of the need to identify the severely mentally ill who are incarcerated and to identify the most common disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias. One anxiety disorder that stands apart from others is PTSD, which is prevalent at much higher rates in both incarcerated men and women than in the community. Despite this fact, other anxiety disorders are often co-morbid and add to overall disease burden and impair ability to function. Individuals with a greater disease burden (i.e., number of diagnoses, symptom counts) have worse outcomes than those with uncomplicated disorders. These impaired outcomes include a deteriorating trajectory of illness, increased health service utilization, poor prognosis, and increased likelihood of morbidity and mortality. Thus, while anxiety disorders may not be the primary focus of the correctional system, they must be recognized as important. Unrecognized anxiety disorders can result in behavior that is disruptive and may appear to be volitional. They can also lead to overutilization of health services that are already facing substantial demands. Appropriate, available, and consistent assessment, diagnosis, and treatment that are well integrated can successfully intervene in the range of anxiety disorders that present in correctional settings.

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17

Phillips, Katharine A., ed. Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.001.0001.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a devastating yet underrecognized illness. People with BDD are preoccupied with the belief that they look abnormal or ugly—when they actually do not. Their appearance preoccupations cause clinically significant distress or impairment in occupational, academic, social, or other areas of functioning. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life are typically markedly impaired, and rates of suicidality are very high. BDD is common, yet this disorder often goes undiagnosed and untreated. This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, and clinically focused overview of this intriguing, complex, and often severe disorder. The book contains nine sections: (1) patients, history, and classification; (2) phenomenology and epidemiology; (3) morbidity; (4) BDD in special populations; (5) assessment; (6) etiology and pathophysiology; (7) recommended treatments; (8) cosmetic treatment; and (9) BDD’s relationship to other disorders. Measures for assessing BDD are provided in the Appendix. Written by leading researchers and clinicians in the field, this book is for anyone who wants to better understand BDD, help patients overcome it, or conduct scientific research to advance knowledge. It is for mental health clinicians, primary care clinicians, and pediatricians, as well as surgeons, dermatologists, and others who provide cosmetic (aesthetic) treatment; cosmetic treatment is commonly received but virtually never alleviates BDD symptoms. This book is also for researchers and students who are interested in anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Although it is geared toward a professional audience, this book is also for anyone who is interested in or has been affected by BDD.

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18

Kessler, Ronald C., Emil F. Coccaro, Maurizio Fava, and Katie A. McLaughlin. The Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0053.

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Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders.

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19

Phillips, Katharine A. Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0014.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) usually has its onset during childhood or adolescence. Prevalence studies indicate that BDD is common in adolescents. BDD symptoms in children and adolescents appear largely similar to those in adults, although BDD may be somewhat more severe in youth. Youth with BDD typically have poor psychosocial functioning and mental health–related quality of life. BDD often causes academic underachievement, social avoidance, and other types of psychosocial impairment; it may lead to school refusal and dropping out of school. Suicidal ideation and attempts, physical aggression behavior that is attributable to BDD symptoms, and substance use disorders are common risk behaviors in youth with BDD. BDD can derail the developmental trajectory, which makes appropriate treatment especially important during childhood and adolescence. Youth in mental health settings and cosmetic treatment settings, as well as youth who express suicidal ideation or have attempted suicide, should be screened for BDD.

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20

Naini, Farhad B. A Surgeon’s Perspective on Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Recommendations for Surgeons and Mental Health Clinicians. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0033.

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This chapter describes the implications of diagnosing, or not diagnosing, and managing patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from a surgeon’s point of view. BDD is common among patients seeking cosmetic surgery, and surgical outcomes are usually poor. This chapter offers recommendations for surgeons about the importance of preoperative diagnosis, how to inform patients of the need for mental health evaluation, and how to handle a patient when the diagnosis becomes evident only after surgery. Some recommendations for mental health clinicians are discussed from the surgeon’s perspective. A case example is offered.

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21

Long, Laura J., and Matthew W. Gallagher. Hope and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.24.

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Traumatic events can have a debilitating effect on mental health, and may lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most people can adjust after adversity, and some even experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). Hope theory suggests that hope provides a psychological resource that can help individuals to respond to trauma with resilience. This chapter explores the role of hope as a protective factor preventing the development of PTSD, the relationship between hope and coping in the context of PTSD, and how hope may facilitate PTG. It also discusses how hope may act as a common factor across psychotherapies for the treatment of PTSD. Future research directions include investigating hope as a mechanism of change in psychotherapy for PTSD and the degree to which hope can incrementally predict PTSD and PTG beyond related types of positive thinking.

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22

Tully, Erin C., and William Iacono. An Integrative Common Liabilities Model for the Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders with Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.20.

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This chapter presents an integrative research-derived model to explain comorbidity among substance use disorders (SUDs), externalizing disorders, and internalizing disorders. This hierarchical model is based on phenotypic covariance among the disorders and latent common genetic liability. At the highest level of the hierarchy, general genetically influenced biological dispositions to negative emotionality and behavioral disinhibition each give rise to spectra of related personality traits, cognitive processes, behavioral tendencies, and psychopathology that account for the pattern of co-occurrence among mental disorders. At the lowest level of the hierarchy, disorder-specific genetic and environmental effects explain the presence of some and not other disorders associated with a given general liability. Interplay between the general liabilities and both other genes and environmental factors throughout development affect the likelihood of developing specific mental disorders.

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23

Nappi, Giuseppe, and Giorgio Bono. Headache and Depression: Serotonin Pathways As a Common Clue. Raven Pr, 1992.

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24

G, Nappi, ed. Headache and depression: Serotonin pathways as a common clue. New York: Raven Press, 1991.

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25

Raines, James C., ed. Evidence-Based Practice in School Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886578.001.0001.

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Schools have become the default mental health providers for children and adolescents, but they are often poorly equipped to meet the mental health needs of their students. The introduction tackles how to make students eligible for school-based services using the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Using the new DSM-5 as an organizing principle, this book then addresses the 12 most common mental disorders of childhood and adolescence, ages 3–18. While there are many books that address child and adolescent psychopathology, this book focuses on how to help students with mental disorders in pre-K–12 schools. Each chapter addresses the prevalence of a disorder in school-age populations, appropriate diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, comorbid disorders, rapid assessment instruments available, school-based interventions using multitiered systems of support, and easy-to-follow suggestions for progress monitoring. Unique to this book, each chapter has detailed suggestions for how school-based clinicians can collaborate with teachers, parents, and community providers to address the needs of youth with mental health problems so that school, home, and community work together. Each chapter ends with a list of extensive web resources and a real-life case example drawn from the clinical practice of the authors. The final chapter addresses two newly proposed diagnoses for self-harm in the DSM-5 and brings a cautious and sensible approach to assessing and helping students who may be at risk for serious self-injury or suicide.

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26

Lovecky, Deirdre V. Misconceptions about Giftedness and the Diagnosis of ADHD and Other Mental Health Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645472.003.0005.

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In the field of gifted education, it commonly thought that behaviors such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are common in gifted children, and, therefore, due to these behaviors, they are often being misdiagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The overexcitabilities (OEs), particularly psychomotor OE, are one source of the issue. Gifted children, due to psychomotor OE, are seen as having a high level of ADHD-like behaviors that are mistaken for ADHD. This chapter explores the literature to determine the validity of these ideas. This chapter also describes the risk for gifted children of developing any mental disorder. Finally, best practices to be used in conducting comprehensive evaluations of gifted children to determine both strengths and weaknesses for academic, social, and emotional planning are delineated.

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27

Feinstein, Robert E., and Joseph V. Connelly. Working with Personality Disorders in an Integrated Care Setting. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0017.

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Patients with personality disorders are common in primary care and medical settings. They can elicit intense problematic reactions from the members of an integrated care team, which can affect the team’s evaluation, diagnoses, diagnostic testing, medical orders, medications, laboratory tests, treatments, recommendations, and referrals. The four most common and challenging personality disorders are borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. This chapter reviews the classification, epidemiology, biological basis, psychosocial formulation, and co-occurring mental health disorders associated with these personality disorders. A personality disorder schema is presented for managing these difficult patients. The impact these patients can have on the integrated care team is described. A care pathway is outlined that can be used for management, brief treatment, and referral for treatment to a personality disorder specialist.

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28

Zanarini, Mary C., and Lindsey C. Conkey. Onset, Course, and Prognosis for Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0003.

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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common psychiatric disorder; the best epidemiological evidence estimating that about 2% of American adults meet DSM-IV criteria for BPD and an estimated 19% of psychiatric inpatients and approximately 11% of psychiatric outpatients meet criteria for BPD. Cross-sectional studies have found that BPD is associated with high levels of mental health service utilization and a serious degree of psychosocial impairment These facts suggest that BPD is a serious public health problem and yet, the course of BPD has received relatively little attention. Most studies have used adult samples (people age 18 or older), and clinicians have been reluctant until very recently to diagnose adolescents or latency-aged children as meeting full-blown criteria for BPD, choosing instead to diagnose disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)—a disorder of childhood marked by frequent temper outbursts and chronic anger or irritability.

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29

Stein, Murray B., Meghan E. Keough, and Peter P. Roy-Byrne. Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0032.

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The anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders are, together, the most common class of mental disorders. From a systematic review of prevalence studies across 44 countries, the global current prevalence for the DSM IV anxiety disorders was estimated at 7.3% (95% CI 4.8%–10.9%), suggesting that one in 14 people around the world at any given time has an anxiety disorder. Women are approximately twice as likely as men to have an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are a substantial contributor to the heavy burden of disease conveyed by mental and substance use disorders worldwide, where they are second only to depressive disorders in years-lost-to-disabilility.

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30

Hyman, Steven E. The Present and Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0070.

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Psychiatric disorders are currently diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the closely related International Classification of Diseases. Both diagnostic classification schemes are descriptive and based on a collection of signs and symptoms associated with a given disorder. The fundamental weakness of the schemes is that they are not based on the underlying genetic or neurobiological etiology or pathophysiology of a disorder which of course remain unknown for all common psychiatric syndromes. As more is learned about the biological basis of a mental disorder it will be possibly increasingly to build more accurate diagnostic schemes with greater prognostic and treatment validity.

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31

Is Radical Liberalism Or Extreme Conservatism A Character Disorder, Mental Disease, Or Publicity Campaign?: When The One Universal We Have In Common--imagination--divides Us. A Novel Of Intrigue. ASJA Press, 2004.

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32

Cournos, Francine, Karen McKinnon, and Milton Wainberg. Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders Associated with HIV and AIDS. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0003.

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This chapter presents the prevalence of common and severe mental illnesses among people with HIV infection, as well as the prevalence of HIV infection among people with severe mental illness. It begins with a look at population-based studies, which are limited in number, then discusses specific disorders studied in smaller studies with selected populations. While the chapter is largely focused on epidemiology in the United States, selected studies from other regions are cited. Taken together, studies show that people with HIV infection have high rates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, although these disorders tend to be milder than they were before effective antiretroviral therapy. The rates of current alcohol- and drug-related disorders mirror those for the general population, but lifetime rates among people with HIV infection are higher, as are rates of depression, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis and personality disorder. Rates of HIV infection among people with severe mental illness in the U.S. are clearly elevated in comparison to those for the general population. Despite scientific advances, the absence of a strong focus on mental disorders remains a glaring omission in progress on HIV prevention, care, and treatment.

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33

Phillips, Katharine A. Assessment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Screening, Diagnosis, Severity, and Insight. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0017.

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This chapter discusses assessment of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), including diagnosis and screening as well as potential diagnostic pitfalls and how to avoid them. Measures used to screen for BDD, diagnose BDD, and assess BDD severity and BDD-related insight are reviewed, and guidelines for their use are provided. This chapter also discusses assessment of BDD in children and adolescents and assessment of patients who seek cosmetic procedures (such as surgery or dermatologic treatment) for appearance concerns. Because BDD is common, often severe, and usually missed in clinical settings, clinicians and researchers should routinely screen for BDD. Screening is especially recommended in mental health, substance abuse, dermatology, cosmetic surgery, and other cosmetic treatment settings. It is also important to screen for BDD when patients manifest clues suggesting a possible diagnosis of BDD (e.g., BDD rituals, camouflaging of disliked body areas, and social anxiety or avoidance).

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34

Thomas, Stuart D. M. Diagnostic prevalence and comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0032.

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Prisons and jails remain a growth industry, with many countries increasing correctional services to cope with the ever-burgeoning inmate population. One longstanding issue is the perceived increase in prevalence of mental disorders that are found in correctional settings compared to the community. Definitions of mental illness and methods of assessment vary substantially. That said, emerging data reflect some consistency in the range of estimated prevalence. Personality disorder (predominantly antisocial personality disorder) is the most common mental disorder among prisoners, accounting for 65% of male and 42% of female prisoners. Estimated rates of psychosis in some settings are as high as 3.7% for males and 4.0% for females, while major depressive disorders are found in up to 10% of male and 12% of female prisoners. Estimated point prevalence rates for alcohol abuse and dependence varied between 18 and 30% for male prisoners and between 10 and 24% for female prisoners; these estimates were between 10 and 48% for males and 30 to 60% for female prisoners with respect to drug dependence and abuse. The rates of almost all disorders are several times higher than those found in the general community, and the rates of comorbidity are exceptionally high. This chapter outlines the best available correctional prevalence of common mental disorders and considers the key assumptions and methodological challenges around ascertaining rates of these different diagnoses.

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35

Soule, Michael, and Hilary S. Connery. Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0020.

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Substance use disorders are frequently comorbid with mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders, and they commonly present in tandem in both primary care and psychiatric settings. Unfortunately, in the past, individuals with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders would receive treatment in community mental health clinics only after their substance use disorder was “stabilized.” There has been increasing recognition that integrated treatment is necessary for these individuals to fully succeed and achieve recovery. This chapter uses a common presentation to illustrate up-to-date screening and treatment recommendations. Motivational interviewing, contingency management, cognitive–behavioral therapy, and medication-assisted treatment are explored. A discussion of the continuum of community-based services and systems challenges follows.

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36

Mosimann, Urs Peter, and Bradley F. Boeve. Sleep disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0051.

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This book chapter reviews the most common sleep disorders in older adults and their treatment. It begins with a brief review of sleep physiology and then gives an outline on how to take a comprehensive sleep history. Sleep is commonly defined as a periodic temporary loss of consciousness with restorative effects. There are physiological sleep changes related to ageing, but sleep disorders are not part of normal ageing and are often associated with mental or physical disorders, pain and neurodegenerative disease. The most common sleep disorders include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behaviour disorder, excessive daytime somnolence and circadian rhythms disorders. An in depth clinical history, including if possible bed-partner’s information, is the key to diagnosis. Patients need to be informed about the physiological sleep changes and the principles of sleep hygiene. They can benefit from pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies.

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37

Culture And Common Mental Disorders In Subsaharan Africa. Psychology Press, 1998.

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38

Goldberg, Prof David, and Ian M. Goodyer. The Origins and Course of Common Mental Disorders. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315820149.

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Reid, Geoffrey. Adjustment disorder: An occupational perspective (with particular focus on the military) (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0011.

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Adjustment disorder is the most common psychiatric diagnosis in the armed forces, with a prevalence of 25–38% in those seen in the military psychiatric services, although PTSD has received far more attention in that setting. The military environment is characterized not just by the risk of exposure to major stressors during deployments, but also by a disciplined environment in which individuals lose some of their abilities to make choices regarding their environment or changes in their social milieu. It is also characterized by stoical attitudes that discourage displays of mental suffering. Young people, removed from the buffering effects of social support in their home environment, may not find alternative sources of confiding support readily available. Problem-solving and stress management strategies are the current main ingredients of management, and the condition carries a good prognosis for a return to work. However, there is a paucity of published research work.

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40

Patel, Vickram. Culture and Common Mental Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa. Routledge, 2015.

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Patel, Vickram. Culture And Common Mental Disorders In Sub-Saharan Africa. Psychology Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315826455.

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42

Phillips, Katharine A. Differentiating Body Dysmorphic Disorder from Normal Appearance Concerns and Other Mental Disorders. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses differentiation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from disorders that may be misdiagnosed as BDD or that present differential diagnosis challenges: eating disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, illness anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, gender dysphoria, avoidant personality disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, and several other constructs. This chapter also discusses how to differentiate BDD from normal appearance concerns and from problematic preoccupation with obvious physical defects.BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as another mental disorder. Sometimes misdiagnosis occurs because patients are too embarrassed and ashamed to reveal their appearance concerns; in such cases, BDD symptoms that are more readily observable (such as social anxiety) may be assigned an incorrect diagnosis while BDD goes undetected. In other cases, BDD symptoms are recognized but are misdiagnosed as another disorder. BDD must be differentiated from other conditions so appropriate treatment can be instituted.

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43

Hollander, Eric, and Cheryl M. Wong. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Common Psychiatric Disorders. 2nd ed. Handbooks in Health Care Company, 2000.

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44

Asherson, Philip, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, and Susan Young. Adult ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0019.

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ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms that start during childhood or early adolescence and commonly persist into adulthood. In adults, similar symptoms and impairments are seen as in children, although overt levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity tend to decrease, inattention tends to persist, and age-appropriate presentation of symptoms needs to be considered. Emotional self-regulation, sleep problems, excessive spontaneous mind wandering and behavioural self-regulation often co-occur with adult ADHD and are independent sources of impairment. In establishing the diagnosis of adult ADHD it is important to be aware of potential symptom overlap with other common mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and personality disorder. There is a risk that ADHD is mistaken for these other disorders. In most cases ADHD can be accurately assessed and diagnosed in adults through the use of diagnostic interview assessments that provide a detailed clinical assessment of the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.

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45

Stoddard, Frederick J., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano, eds. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.001.0001.

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The Primer on Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders provides new practitioners and trainees, as well as experienced clinicians and researchers, with the needed translational and evidence-based information for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD and closely related disorders. The translational and evidence-based approach presented in the Primer is the state-of-the-art for clinicians and basic scientists, linking empirically supported practices with their theoretical, neurobiological, and epidemiological bases. The international experts in the field bring outstanding depth and breadth to the topic.Trauma affects millions of children, adolescents and adults, with manifestations including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, traumatic grief or persistent complex bereavement disorder, adjustment disorder, and reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement disorders. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders are the only diagnoses requiring a traumatic or stressful event. They affect millions of people worldwide due to abuse, accidents, disasters, refugee status, genocide, and war. Genetic, neurobiological, diagnostic, and treatment research explores the causative linkages to developmental trauma, and other mental and physical conditions. These disabling disorders predict high risk of depression, medical-surgical problems, substance abuse, suicidal behavior, anxiety and dissociative disorders.To address these common and often comorbid conditions, Drs. Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano present an up-to-date expertly edited volume to provide mental health students, trainees, and professionals with critical information, plus updates on the new advances in the field and illustrative cases.

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46

Yorston, Graeme. Crime, mental illness, and older people. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0060.

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Though older people are less commonly the victims of crime than younger people, they fear the consequences of crime more, and are particularly vulnerable to certain types of crime. There have been difficulties in older people getting access to justice in the past, though this is now improving as the police and prosecuting authorities have become more sensitive to the needs of older people as witnesses. Older people commit far fewer offences than younger adults, but offending in late life can be a direct consequence of a range of mental disorders including depressive psychosis, organic personality change and dementia. Older mentally disordered offenders present different assessment, diagnostic and management challenges to their younger counterparts and specialist secure psychiatric services have evolved to meet their needs. The number of older people in prison has increased dramatically and depression is very common in this group, though it often goes unrecognised and untreated.

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47

David, Melzer, Fryers Tom, and Jenkins Rachel, eds. Social inequalities and the distribution of the common mental disorders. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, 2004.

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48

Fryers, Tom, Rachel Jenkins, and David Melzer. Social Inequalities and the Distribution of the Common Mental Disorders. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Fryers, Tom, Rachel Jenkins, and David Melzer, eds. Social Inequalities and the Distribution of the Common Mental Disorders. Psychology Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203496206.

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Sakauye, Kenneth, and James E. Nininger. Trauma in Late Life. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0009.

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This chapter focuses on the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic problems in the elderly and reviews information on resilience and suggested treatment approaches. While posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly has been studied, less is known about other common trauma- and stressor-related disorders including adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and traumatic grief. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) defines trauma as “exposure or actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.” It must be directly experienced, witnessed, or occur to a family member or friend, or it could be a repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event. No event is always traumatic, and, conversely, even a seemingly mild negative event can be traumatic to some individuals. Two presumed variables are (a) appraisal of the situation (whether a person feels in control) and (b) individual biological differences in responsiveness.

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Books on the topic 'Common mental disorder'

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