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Antunes, Ana, Diana Frasquilho, Sofia Azeredo-Lopes, Daniel Neto, Manuela Silva, Graça Cardoso, and José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida. "Disability and common mental disorders: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative Portugal." European Psychiatry 49 (2018): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.12.004.
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AbstractBackgroundCommon mental disorders are highly prevalent and disabling, leading to substantial individual and societal costs. This study aims to characterize the association between disability and common mental disorders in Portugal, using epidemiological data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative.MethodsTwelve-month common mental disorders were assessed with the CIDI 3.0. Disability was evaluated with the modified WMHS WHODAS-II. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between disability and each disorder or diagnostic category (mood or anxiety disorders).ResultsAmong people with a common mental disorder, 14.6% reported disability. The specific diagnoses significantly associated with disability were post-traumatic stress disorder (OR: 6.69; 95% CI: 3.20, 14.01), major depressive disorder (OR: 3.49; 95% CI: 2.13, 5.72), bipolar disorder (OR: 3.41; 95% CI: 1.04, 11.12) and generalized anxiety disorder (OR: 3.14; 95% CI: 1.43, 6.90). Both categories of anxiety and mood disorders were significantly associated with disability (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.86 and OR: 3.94; 95% CI: 2.45, 6.34 respectively).ConclusionsThe results of this study add to the current knowledge in this area by assessing the disability associated with common mental disorders using a multi-dimensional instrument, which may contribute to mental health policy efforts in the development of interventions to reduce the burden of disability associated with common mental disorders.
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Kelleher, Ian, and Jordan E. DeVylder. "Hallucinations in borderline personality disorder and common mental disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 210, no. 3 (March 2017): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.185249.
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SummaryHallucinations are classically associated with psychotic disorders. Recent research, however, has highlighted that hallucinations frequently occur outside of the context of psychosis. Despite this, to our knowledge, there has been no epidemiological research to compare the prevalence of hallucinations across common mental disorders with the prevalence in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (n = 7403), we investigated the prevalence of hallucinations in individuals with a range of mental disorders and BPD. Hallucinations were prevalent in all disorders (range 11–24%). Hallucinations were no more prevalent in individuals with BPD (13.7%) than in individuals with a (non-psychotic) mental disorder (12.6%) (χ2 = 0.03, P = 0.92).
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Eaton, Nicholas R., Craig Rodriguez-Seijas, Robert F. Krueger, W. Keith Campbell, Bridget F. Grant, and Deborah S. Hasin. "Narcissistic Personality Disorder and the Structure of Common Mental Disorders." Journal of Personality Disorders 31, no. 4 (August 2017): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2016_30_260.
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Cox, Brian J., Ian P. Clara, and Murray W. Enns. "Posttraumatic stress disorder and the structure of common mental disorders." Depression and Anxiety 15, no. 4 (2002): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10052.
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Chong, S. A., E. Abdin, C. Sherbourne, J. Vaingankar, D. Heng, M. Yap, and M. Subramaniam. "Treatment gap in common mental disorders: the Singapore perspective." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 4, 2012): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000771.
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Aims.The problem of wide treatment gaps in mental disorders is endemic world wide. The study aims to establish the treatment gap of common mental disorders in Singapore.Methods.A national sample of 6616 persons aged 18 years and above was surveyed with the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview in which for each diagnostic module, respondents were asked a series of questions regarding treatment contact.Results.Treatment gap varied considerably between disorders; alcohol abuse had the largest treatment gap (96.2%), followed by obsessive compulsive disorder (89.8%) and alcohol dependence (88.3%). The disorder for which people were most likely to seek help was major depressive disorder. Women with dysthmia were more likely than men to seek help but this help seeking behavior was reversed among those with alcohol abuse and dependence. Age of onset was significantly associated with treatment contact with those who had an earlier age of onset less likely to have treatment contact than those with late age of onset for all disorders except obsessive compulsive disorder.Conclusions.Our findings suggest that treatment gaps are wide even in an economically developed country like Singapore and other than sociodemographic factors, cultural influences might play an important role in help seeking behavior.
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Conway, Christopher C., Robert D. Latzman, and Robert F. Krueger. "A Meta-Structural Model of Common Clinical Disorder and Personality Disorder Symptoms." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, no. 1 (February 2020): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_383.
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A large and consistent research literature demonstrates the superiority of dimensional models of mental disorder. Factor analytic research has mapped the latent dimensions underlying separate sets of mental disorders (e.g., emotional disorders), but a common framework—unencumbered by arbitrary historical boundaries between disorder groups—requires additional research. Using empirically derived measures of three key domains of psychopathological variation, the overarching goal of the current study was to explicate dimensions connecting internalizing, externalizing, and personality disorders. Participants included 1,144 racially diverse undergraduates. Exploratory structural equation modeling analyses revealed seven latent dimensions: core internalizing, core externalizing, antagonism, impulsivity, dutifulness, detachment, and suspiciousness. This meta-structure reflects a more comprehensive model of the architecture of mental disorders than accounts derived from less inclusive assessment batteries. Future empirical work is needed to evaluate the utility of this structural model in etiological research, assessment, and treatment arenas.
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Patel, Vikram, Betty R. Kirkwood, Sulochana Pednekar, Helen Weiss, and David Mabey. "Risk factors for common mental disorders in women." British Journal of Psychiatry 189, no. 6 (December 2006): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022558.
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BackgroundThe determinants of common mental disorders in women have not been described in longitudinal studies from a low-income country.MethodPopulation-based cohort study of 2494 women aged 18 to 50 years, in India. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the detection of common mental disorders.ResultsThere were 39 incident cases of common mental disorder in 2166 participants eligible for analysis (12-month rate 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3–2.4%). The following baseline factors were independently associated with the risk for common mental disorder: poverty (low income and having difficulty making ends meet); being married as compared with being single; use of tobacco; experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge; reporting a chronic physical illness; and having higher psychological symptom scores at baseline.ConclusionsProgrammes to reduce the burden of common mental disorder in women should target poorer women, women with chronic physical illness and who have gynaecological symptoms, and women who use tobacco.
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Vanwesenbeeck, Ine, Margreet ten Have, and Ron de Graaf. "Associations between common mental disorders and sexual dissatisfaction in the general population." British Journal of Psychiatry 205, no. 2 (August 2014): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135335.
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BackgroundLittle is known about the associations between common mental disorders and sexual dissatisfaction in the general population.AimsTo assess the associations between the presence of 12-month and remitted (lifetime minus 12-month) mood, anxiety and substance use disorders and sexual dissatisfaction in the general population of The Netherlands.MethodA total of 6646 participants, aged 18–64, took part in a face-to-face survey using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Childhood trauma, somatic disorders and sexual dissatisfaction were also assessed in an additional questionnaire. Associations were assessed with multivariate regression analyses.ResultsIn total, 29% reported some sexual dissatisfaction. Controlling for demography, somatic disorders and childhood trauma, significant associations with 12-month mood disorder (B = 0.31), substance use disorder (B = 0.23) and anxiety disorder (B = 0.16) were found. Specifically, relatively strong associations were found for alcohol dependence (B = 0.54), bipolar disorder (B = 0.45) and drug dependence (B = 0.44). The association between remitted disorders and sexual dissatisfaction showed significance for the category substance use disorder.ConclusionsPeople with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders show elevated scores on sexual dissatisfaction, even when relevant confounders are controlled for. Sexual satisfaction appears to be reduced most by alcohol and drug dependence and bipolar disorder. Once remitted, substance use disorder shows a persisting association with present sexual dissatisfaction.
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de Jonge, Peter, Klaas J. Wardenaar, Carmen C. W. Lim, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Laura Helena Andrade, Brendan Bunting, et al. "The cross-national structure of mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 12 (December 19, 2017): 2073–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717003610.
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AbstractBackgroundThe patterns of comorbidity among mental disorders have led researchers to model the underlying structure of psychopathology. While studies have suggested a structure including internalizing and externalizing disorders, less is known with regard to the cross-national stability of this model. Moreover, little data are available on the placement of eating disorders, bipolar disorder and psychotic experiences (PEs) in this structure.MethodsWe evaluated the structure of mental disorders with data from the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, including 15 lifetime mental disorders and six PEs. Respondents (n= 5478–15 499) were included from 10 high-, middle- and lower middle-income countries across the world aged 18 years or older. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to evaluate and compare the fit of different factor structures to the lifetime disorder data. Measurement invariance was evaluated with multigroup CFA (MG-CFA).ResultsA second-order model with internalizing and externalizing factors and fear and distress subfactors best described the structure of common mental disorders. MG-CFA showed that this model was stable across countries. Of the uncommon disorders, bipolar disorder and eating disorder were best grouped with the internalizing factor, and PEs with a separate factor.ConclusionsThese results indicate that cross-national patterns of lifetime common mental-disorder comorbidity can be explained with a second-order underlying structure that is stable across countries and can be extended to also cover less common mental disorders.
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Brugha, Traolach S., Ruth Matthews, Jordi Alonso, Gemma Vilagut, Tony Fouweather, Ronny Bruffaerts, Giovanni de Girolamo, et al. "Gender differences in mental health expectancies in early- and midlife in six European countries." British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 4 (April 2013): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107003.
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BackgroundHealth expectancies, taking into account both quality and quantity of life, have generally been based on disability and physical functioning.AimsTo compare mental health expectancies at age 25 and 55 based on common mental disorders both across countries and between males and females.MethodMental health expectancies were calculated by combining mortality data from population life tables and the age-specific prevalence of selected common mental disorders obtained from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD).ResultsFor the male population aged 25 (all countries combined) life expectancy was 52 years and life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder was 1.8 years (95% CI 0.7-2.9),3.4% of overall life expectancy. In comparison, for the female population life expectancy at age 25 was higher (57.9 years) as was life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder (5.1 years, 95% CI 3.6-6.6) and as a proportion of overall life expectancy, 8.8%. By age 55 life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder had reduced to 0.7 years (males) and 2.3 years (females).ConclusionsAge and gender differences underpin our understanding of years spent with common mental disorders in adulthood. Greater age does not mean living relatively more years with common mental disorder. However, the female population spends more years with common mental disorders and a greater proportion of their longer life expectancy with them (and with each studied separate mental disorder).
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Baxter, Joanne, Te Kani Kingi, Rees Tapsell, Mason Durie, and Magnus A. Mcgee. "Prevalence of Mental Disorders Among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 10 (October 2006): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01911.x.
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Objective: To describe the prevalence of mental disorders (period prevalence across aggregated disorders, 12 month and lifetime prevalence) among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken between 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over, including 2595 Māori. Ethnicity was measured using the 2001 New Zealand census ethnicity question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorder. The overall response rate was 73.3%. This paper presents selected findings for the level and pattern of mental disorder prevalence among Māori. Results: Māori lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 50.7%, 12 month prevalence 29.5% and 1 month prevalence 18.3%. The most common 12 month disorders were anxiety (19.4%), mood (11.4%) and substance (8.6%) disorders and the most common lifetime disorders were anxiety (31.3%), substance (26.5%) and mood (24.3%) disorders. Levels of lifetime comorbidity were high with 12 month prevalence showing 16.4% of Māori with one disorder, 7.6% with two disorders and 5.5% with three or more disorders. Twelvemonth disorders were more common in Māori females than in males (33.6% vs 24.8%) and in younger age groups: 16–24 years, 33.2%; 25–44 years, 32.9%; 45–64 years, 23.7%; and 65 years and over, 7.9%. Disorder prevalence was greatest among Māori with the lowest equivalized household income and least education. However, differences by urbanicity and region were not significant. Of Māori with any 12 month disorder, 29.6% had serious, 42.6% had moderate and 27.8% had mild disorders. Conclusion: Mental disorders overall and specific disorder groups (anxiety, mood and substance) are common among Māori and measures of severity indicate that disorders have considerable health impact. Findings provide a platform for informing public health policy and health sector responses to meeting mental health needs of Māori.
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Stansfeld, S. A., C. Pike, S. McManus, J. Harris, P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, A. Hassiotis, et al. "Occupations, work characteristics and common mental disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001821.
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BackgroundThe present study aimed to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) by occupation in a representative sample of the English adult population. Another aim was to examine whether the increased risk of CMD in some occupations could be explained by adverse work characteristics.MethodWe derived a sample of 3425 working-age respondents from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Occupations were classified by Standard Occupational Classification group, and CMD measured by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Job characteristics were measured by questionnaire, and tested as explanatory factors in associations of occupation and CMD.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, housing tenure and marital status, caring personal service occupations had the greatest risk of CMD compared with all occupations (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.16–2.58). The prevalence of adverse psychosocial work characteristics did not follow the pattern of CMD by occupation. Work characteristics did not explain the increased risk of CMDs associated with working in personal service occupations. Contrary to our hypotheses, adding work characteristics individually to the association of occupation and CMD tended to increase rather than decrease the odds for CMD.ConclusionsAs has been found by others, psychosocial work characteristics were associated with CMD. However, we found that in our English national dataset they could not explain the high rates of CMD in particular occupations. We suggest that selection into occupations may partly explain high CMD rates in certain occupations. Also, we did not measure emotional demands, and these may be important mediators of the relationship between occupation type and CMDs.
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Coelho, Julita Maria F., Samilly S. Miranda, Simone S. Cruz, Darci N. Santos, Soraya C. Trindade, Eneida de M. M. Cerqueira, Johelle de S. Passos‐Soares, et al. "Common mental disorder is associated with periodontitis." Journal of Periodontal Research 55, no. 2 (April 2020): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jre.12705.
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Hemelrijk, Esther, Wouter van Ballegooijen, Tara Donker, Annemieke van Straten, and Ad Kerkhof. "Internet-Based Screening for Suicidal Ideation in Common Mental Disorders." Crisis 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000142.
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Background: Common mental disorders have been found to be related to suicidal ideation and behavior. Research in the field of web-based interventions for common mental disorders, however, usually excludes participants with a suicidal risk, although a large proportion of participants might suffer from suicidal ideation. Aims: To investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation in common mental disorders in an online sample. Method: In total, 502 participants completed nine web-based questionnaires on common mental disorders, of which 120 were also interviewed by telephone to obtain a diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate associations between disorders and suicidal ideation. Results: Based on web-based self-report, 53% of participants had some form of suicidal ideation. Fewer participants reported suicidal ideation during the interview by telephone. Depression (multivariate odds ratio 7.1), generalized anxiety disorder (2.1), social phobia (2.1), and posttraumatic stress disorder (1.7) were significantly associated with suicidal ideation, while a higher number of comorbid common mental disorders increased the risk. Conclusion: Researchers and clinicians should be aware that one out of every two helpseekers on the internet with common mental disorders may have suicidal ideation. Comorbidity of two or more disorders greatly increase the risk of suicidal ideation.
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Cardoso, Graça, Miguel Xavier, Gemma Vilagut, Maria Petukhova, Jordi Alonso, Ronald C. Kessler, and José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida. "Days out of role due to common physical and mental conditions in Portugal: Results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey." BJPsych Open 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002402.
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BackgroundOne important aspect of the societal burden of mental disorders is the extent to which these problems cause disability.AimsTo assess days out of role associated with commonly occurring mental disorders in comparison with physical disorders in Portugal.MethodNational cross-sectional survey, with home interviews carried out with 3849 adult (aged 18+) respondents (57.3% response rate).ResultsTwelve-month prevalence for any mental disorder was 21.8%, any physical disorder 55.1% and any disorder 63.1%, with an average of 2.3 disorders per respondent with a disorder. Close to one out of every 10 respondents (9.2%) reported at least one day totally out of role in the past month (median of 6.4 days/any). The 18 conditions accounted for 78.2% of all days out of role, with 20.2% because of mental disorders and 59.2% because of physical disorders.ConclusionsMental disorders account for a substantial proportion of all role disability in the Portuguese population. Early detection and intervention would have a positive societal effect. Owing to highly frequent comorbidity, simultaneous management of mental and physical disorder comorbidities is advised for greater effect.
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Bruffaerts, Ronny, Gemma Vilagut, Koen Demyttenaere, Jordi Alonso, Ali AlHamzawi, Laura Helena Andrade, Corina Benjet, et al. "Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 6 (June 2012): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097519.
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BackgroundMental and physical disorders are associated with total disability, but their effects on days with partial disability (i.e. the ability to perform some, but not full-role, functioning in daily life) are not well understood.AimsTo estimate individual (i.e. the consequences for an individual with a disorder) and societal effects (i.e. the avoidable partial disability in the society due to disorders) of mental and physical disorders on days with partial disability around the world.MethodRespondents from 26 nationally representative samples (n = 61 259, age 18+) were interviewed regarding mental and physical disorders, and day-to-day functioning. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess mental disorders; partial disability (expressed in full day equivalents) was assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in the CIDI 3.0.ResultsRespondents with disorders reported about 1.58 additional disability days per month compared with respondents without disorders. At the individual level, mental disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and bipolar disorder) yielded a higher number of days with disability than physical disorders. At the societal level, the population attributable risk proportion due to physical and mental disorders was 49% and 15% respectively.ConclusionsMental and physical disorders have a considerable impact on partial disability, at both the individual and at the societal level. Physical disorders yielded higher effects on partial disability than mental disorders.
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Fone, David L., Frank Dunstan, Ann John, and Keith Lloyd. "Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 2 (August 2007): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027458.
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BackgroundThe relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) and the common mental disorders is not known.AimsTo investigate associations between the small-area MINI score and common mental disorder at individual level.MethodMental health status was measured using the Mental Health Inventory of the Short Form 36 instrument (SF-36). Data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs population survey were analysed in multilevel models of 10 653 individuals aged 18–74 years nested within the 2001 UK census geographies of 110 lower super output areas and 33 wards.ResultsThe MINI score was significantly associated with common mental disorder after adjusting for individual risk factors. This association was stronger at the smaller spatial scale of the lower super output area and for individuals who were permanently sick or disabled.ConclusionsThe MINI is potentially useful for small-area needs assessment and service planning for common mental disorder in community settings.
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Patel, Vikram, Jerson Pereira, Livia Countinho, Romaldina Fernandes, John Fernandes, and Antony Mann. "Poverty, psychological disorder and disability in primary care attenders in Goa, India." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 6 (June 1998): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.6.533.
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BackgroundThis study examined the association of common mental disorders in primary health clinic attenders with indicators of poverty and disability in Goa, India.MethodAdult attenders (n=303) in two primary health clinics were recruited.ResultsThere were 141 (46.5%) cases of common mental disorder. The following were associated with common mental disorder: female gender; inability to buy food due to lack of money; and being in debt. Cases scored significantly higher on all measures of disability. Primary health clinic staff recognised a third of the morbidity but used multiple oral drugs, injectable vitamins and benzodiazepines to treat common mental disorders.ConclusionsPoverty is closely associated with common mental disorder which in turn is associated with deprivation and despair. Primary mental health care priorities in low-income countries need to shift from psychotic disorders which often need specialist care to common mental disorders. Health policy and development agencies need to acknowledge the intimate association of female gender and poverty with these disorders.
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Banerjee, Penny J. M., Simon Gibbon, and Nick Huband. "Assessment of personality disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 5 (September 2009): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005389.
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SummaryIn 2003 the Department of Health, in conjunction with the National Institute for Mental Health in England, outlined the government's plan for the provision of mental health services for people with a diagnosis of personality disorder. This emphasised the need for practitioners to have skills in identifying, assessing and treating these disorders. It is important that personality disorders are properly assessed as they are common conditions that have a significant impact on an individual's functioning in all areas of life. Individuals with personality disorder are more vulnerable to other psychiatric disorders, and personality disorders can complicate recovery from severe mental illness. This article reviews the classification of personality disorder and some common assessment instruments. It also offers a structure for the assessment of personality disorder.
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Eaton, N. R., R. F. Krueger, K. M. Keyes, A. E. Skodol, K. E. Markon, B. F. Grant, and D. S. Hasin. "Borderline personality disorder co-morbidity: relationship to the internalizing–externalizing structure of common mental disorders." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001662.
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BackgroundBorderline personality disorder (BPD) shows high levels of co-morbidity with an array of psychiatric disorders. The meaning and causes of this co-morbidity are not fully understood. Our objective was to investigate and clarify the complex co-morbidity of BPD by integrating it into the structure of common mental disorders.MethodWe conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on diagnostic interview data from a representative US population-based sample of 34 653 civilian, non-institutionalized individuals aged ⩾18 years. We modeled the structure of lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses of BPD and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, marijuana dependence, and any other drug dependence.ResultsIn both women and men, the internalizing–externalizing structure of common mental disorders captured the co-morbidity among all disorders including BPD. Although BPD was unidimensional in terms of its symptoms, BPD as a disorder showed associations with both the distress subfactor of the internalizing dimension and the externalizing dimension.ConclusionsThe complex patterns of co-morbidity observed with BPD represent connections to other disorders at the level of latent internalizing and externalizing dimensions. BPD is meaningfully connected with liabilities shared with common mental disorders, and these liability dimensions provide a beneficial focus for understanding the co-morbidity, etiology and treatment of BPD.
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Gau, Susan S. F., and Andrew T. A. Cheng. "Mental illness and accidental death." British Journal of Psychiatry 185, no. 5 (November 2004): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.5.422.
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BackgroundFew studies have systematically investigated the psychiatric antecedents of accidental death.AimsTo examine the patterns of psychiatric morbidities contributing to accidental death in three ethnic groups (Han, Ami and Atayal) in Taiwan.MethodA case–control psychological autopsy was conducted among 90 accidental deaths (randomly selected from a total of 413) and 180 living controls matched for age, gender, ethnicity and area of residence in Taiwan.ResultsThe risk of accidental death was significantly associated with alcohol use disorder and with other common mental disorders. When jointly considered, it was greatest when these two types of disorders co-existed, followed by common mental disorders alone. The risk of accidental death increased with the number of comorbid conditions.ConclusionsThe prevention of accidental death should be incorporated into preventive psychiatry, not just for alcohol use disorder, but also for all other common mental disorders.
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Taylor, Pamela J., Morven Leese, Deborah Williams, Martin Butwell, Rachel Daly, and Emmet Larkin. "Mental disorder and violence." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 3 (March 1998): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.3.218.
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BackgroundFrom a first clinical description of a complete resident sample of special (high security) hospital patients, we examined the association between mental disorder and violence.MethodA record survey of all 1740 patients resident at any time between 1 January and 30 June 1993. inclusive, and, for most, the official criminal record.Results1015 patients (58%) had functional psychosis, one-quarter of whom also had an independent personality disorder: 461 (26%)had personality disorders uncomplicated by psychosis, and 264 (16%) had learning disabilities. Pre-admission substance misuse, which was probably under-recorded, had been most common among those with psychosis and an independent personality disorder. Less than 10% had never been convicted of a criminal offence, although 25% had been admitted directly from other hospitals. Direct personal violence was more common among men, and fire-setting among women. Schizophrenia was most strongly associated with personal violence. More than 75% of those with a psychosis were recorded as being driven to offend by their delusions. In the absence of delusions, hallucinations had no such effect.ConclusionsFor people with personality disorder better clinical descriptions seem essential. For people with a pure psychosis, as symptoms were usually a factor driving the index offence, treatment appears as important for public safety as for personal health.
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Suvisaari, J., T. Aalto-Setälä, A. Tuulio-Henriksson, T. Härkänen, S. I. Saarni, J. Perälä, M. Schreck, et al. "Mental disorders in young adulthood." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 2 (May 28, 2008): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003632.
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BackgroundThe effect of mental disorders may be particularly detrimental in early adulthood, and information on mental disorders and their correlates in this age group is important.MethodA questionnaire focusing on mental health was sent to a nationally representative two-stage cluster sample of 1863 Finns aged 19 to 34 years. Based on a mental health screen, all screen-positives and a random sample of screen-negatives were asked to participate in a mental health assessment, consisting of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) interview and neuropsychological assessment. We also obtained case-notes from all lifetime mental health treatments. This paper presents prevalences, sociodemographic associations and treatment contacts for current and lifetime mental disorders.ResultsForty percent of these young Finnish adults had at least one lifetime DSM-IV Axis I disorder, and 15% had a current disorder. The most common lifetime disorders were depressive disorders (17.7%) followed by substance abuse or dependence (14.2%) and anxiety disorders (12.6%). Of persons with any lifetime Axis I disorder, 59.2% had more than one disorder. Lower education and unemployment were strongly associated with current and lifetime disorders, particularly involving substance use. Although 58.3% of persons with a current Axis I disorder had received treatment at some point, only 24.2% had current treatment contact. However, 77.1% of persons with a current Axis I disorder who felt in need of treatment for mental health problems had current treatment contact.ConclusionsMental disorders in young adulthood are common and often co-morbid, and they may be particularly harmful for education and employment in this age group.
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Fortes, Sandra, Luiz Augusto Brites Villano, and Claudia S. Lopes. "Nosological profile and prevalence of common mental disorders of patients seen at the Family Health Program (FHP) units in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 1 (December 20, 2007): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462006005000066.
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OBJECTIVES: This study aims to detect the prevalence of common mental disorders among patients seen by doctors at family health program units in Petrópolis-RJ, and to establish their nosological profile. METHOD: The population of the study included all 18 to 65-year-old patient who attended any family health program units included in the study during a 30-day period, between August and December 2002 (n = 714). The prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, 12 item version. In order to establish the nosological profile, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to all common mental disorders positive patients who accepted to return (n = 215). RESULTS: At the cut-off point of 2/3 the common mental disorders prevalence was 56% and for 4/5, it was 33%. The most frequent nosological categories found among common mental disorders positive patients were depression and anxiety categories along with posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders. There was a high frequency of comorbidity, especially between anxiety, depression, somatoform and dissociative disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The common mental disorders prevalence and the nosological profile found in FHP were similar to those of other primary care studies in Brazil, but some disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders) that had not been previously studied in this context were also very frequent. The high common mental disorders prevalence found reinforces the urgent need for systematic inclusion of this level of care in mental health assistance planning.
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Forbush, K. T., and D. Watson. "The structure of common and uncommon mental disorders." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 1 (May 21, 2012): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001092.
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BackgroundCo-morbidity patterns in epidemiological studies of mental illness consistently demonstrate that a latent internalizing factor accounts for co-morbidity patterns among unipolar mood and anxiety disorders, whereas a latent externalizing factor underlies the covariation of substance-use disorders and antisocial behaviors. However, this structure needs to be extended to include a broader range of disorders.MethodExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the structure of co-morbidity using data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys (n = 16 233).ResultsIn the best-fitting model, eating and bipolar disorders formed subfactors within internalizing, impulse control disorders were indicators of externalizing, and factor-analytically derived personality disorder scales split between internalizing and externalizing.ConclusionsThis was the first large-scale nationally representative study that has included uncommon mental disorders with sufficient power to examine their fit within a structural model of psychopathology. The results of this study have important implications for conceptualizing myriad mental disorders.
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Prady, Stephanie L., Kate E. Pickett, Emily S. Petherick, Simon Gilbody, Tim Croudace, Dan Mason, Trevor A. Sheldon, and John Wright. "Evaluation of ethnic disparities in detection of depression and anxiety in primary care during the maternal period: Combined analysis of routine and cohort data." British Journal of Psychiatry 208, no. 5 (May 2016): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158832.
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BackgroundThere are limited data on detection disparities of common mental disorders in minority ethnic women.AimsDescribe the natural history of common mental disorders in primary care in the maternal period, characterise women with, and explore ethnic disparities in, detected and potentially missed common mental disorders.MethodSecondary analyses of linked birth cohort and primary care data involving 8991 (39.4% White British) women in Bradford. Common mental disorders were characterised through indications in the electronic medical record. Potentially missed common mental disorders were defined as an elevated General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) score during pregnancy with no corresponding common mental disorder markers in the medical record.ResultsEstimated prevalence of pre-birth common mental disorders was 9.5%, rising to 14.0% 3 years postnatally. Up to half of cases were potentially missed. Compared with White British women, minority ethnic women were twice as likely to have potentially missed common mental disorders and half as likely to have a marker of screening for common mental disorders.ConclusionsCommon mental disorder detection disparities exist for minority ethnic women in the maternal period.
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Harris, Clare, and Brian Barraclough. "Excess mortality of mental disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 1 (July 1998): 11–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.1.11.
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BackgroundWe describe the increased risk of premature death from natural and from unnatural causes for the common mental disorders.MethodWith a Medline search (1966–1995) we found 152 English language reports on the mortality of mental disorder which met our inclusion criteria. From these reports, covering 27 mental disorder categories and eight treatment categories, we calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all causes of death, all natural causes and all unnatural causes; and for most, SMRs for suicide, other violent causes and specific natural causes.ResultsHighest risks of premature death, from both natural and unnatural causes, are for substance abuse and eating disorders. Risk of death from unnatural causes is especially high for the functional disorders, particularly schizophrenia and major depression. Deaths from natural causes are markedly increased for organic mental disorders, mental retardation and epilepsy.ConclusionAll mental disorders have an increased risk of premature death.
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Lawrence, David, Vaille Dawson, Stephen Houghton, Ben Goodsell, and Michael G. Sawyer. "Impact of mental disorders on attendance at school." Australian Journal of Education 63, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004944118823576.
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Mental disorders are among the most common and disabling conditions affecting children and adolescents. Patterns of school attendance among students with and without mental disorders were examined using data from the 2013–2014 Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. One in seven school students had a mental disorder in the previous 12 months, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety being the most common. Students with a mental disorder had lower school attendance – being absent for 11.8 days per year in Years 1–6, 23.1 days per year in Years 7–10 and 25.8 days per year in Years 11–12, on average. In comparison, students without mental disorders were absent an average of 8.3 days (Years 1–6), 10.6 days (Years 7–10) and 12.0 days (Years 11–12) per year. Among students with a mental disorder, absences due to the disorder accounted for 13.4% of all days absent from school. This increased across years in school from 8.9% in Years 1–6 to 16.6% in Years 11–12. Improving prevention, early intervention, treatment and management of mental disorders may lead to significant improvements in school attendance.
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Sullivan, Patrick F., and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Typology of common psychiatric syndromes." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 4 (October 1998): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.4.312.
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BackgroundDiagnostic comorbidity is prevalent in psychiatry and may be inadequately captured by the DSM-III/III-R nosology.MethodsThe lifetime presence of 11 psychiatric diagnoses was determined by structured personal interviews of a population-based sample of 1898 female twins. We used latent class analysis to derive an empirical typology.ResultsSix classes provided the best fit to the data. Their mnemonics were: minimal disorder (60% of the sample), major depression -generalised anxiety disorder (19%), alcohol–nicotine (7%), highly comorbid major depression (5%) and eating disorders (3%). The validity of this typology was strongly supported by demographic, health, personality and attitudinal validators along with the significant monozygotic twin concordance for class membership. The typology superficially resembled DSM-III-R, but contained many differences. Major depression appeared in three forms (alone, with generalised anxiety disorder and with considerable comorbidity). Alcoholism-nicotine dependence and the various anxiety disorders formed discrete classes, but were also prominent in other classes. Bulimia and anorexia were exceptional in their appearance in a single class.ConclusionsThe DSM-III-R and closely related DSM-IV nosology did not capture the natural tendency of these disorders to co-occur. Fundamental assumptions of the dominant diagnostic schemata may be incorrect.
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Soegaard, Hans Joergen. "Undetected Common Mental Disorders in Long-Term Sickness Absence." International Journal of Family Medicine 2012 (May 14, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/474989.
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Background. Undetected Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) amongst people on sick leave complicate rehabilitation and return to work because appropriate treatments are not initiated. Aims. The aim of this study is to estimate (1) the frequencies of CMD, (2) the predictors of undetected CMD, and (3) the rate of return to work among sick listed individuals without a psychiatric disorder, who are registered on long-term sickness absence (LSA). Methods. A total of 2,414 incident individuals on LSA with a response rate of 46.4%, were identified for a two-phase study. The subsample of this study involved individuals registered on LSA who were sick-listed without a psychiatric sick leave diagnosis. In this respect, Phase 1 included 831 individuals, who were screened for mental disorders. In Phase 2, following the screening of Phase 1, 227 individuals were thoroughly examined by a psychiatrist applying Present State Examination. The analyses of the study were carried out based on the 227 individuals from Phase 2 and, subsequently, weighted to be representative of the 831 individuals in Phase 1. Results. The frequencies of undetected mental disorders among all sick-listed individuals were for any psychiatric diagnosis 21%, depression 14%, anxiety 4%, and somatoform disorder 6%. Conclusions. Undetected CMD may delay the initiation of appropriate treatment and complicate the rehabilitation and return to work.
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Heinonen, K., E. Kajantie, A. K. Pesonen, M. Lahti, S. Pirkola, D. Wolke, A. Lano, et al. "Common mental disorders in young adults born late-preterm." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 10 (April 25, 2016): 2227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716000830.
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BackgroundResults of adulthood mental health of those born late-preterm (34 + 0–36 + 6 weeks + days of gestation) are mixed and based on national registers. We examined if late-preterm birth was associated with a higher risk for common mental disorders in young adulthood when using a diagnostic interview, and if this risk decreased as gestational age increased.MethodA total of 800 young adults (mean = 25.3, s.d. = 0.62 years), born 1985–1986, participated in a follow-up of the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study. Common mental disorders (mood, anxiety and substance use disorders) during the past 12 months were defined using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Munich version). Gestational age was extracted from hospital birth records and categorized into early-preterm (<34 + 0, n = 37), late-preterm (34 + 0–36 + 6, n = 106), term (37 + 0–41 + 6, n = 617) and post-term (⩾42 + 0, n = 40).ResultsThose born late-preterm and at term were at a similar risk for any common mental disorder [odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67–1.84], for mood (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.54–2.25), anxiety (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.40–2.50) and substance use (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.74–2.32) disorders, and co-morbidity of these disorders (p = 0.38). While the mental disorder risk decreased significantly as gestational age increased, the trend was driven by a higher risk in those born early-preterm.ConclusionsUsing a cohort born during the advanced neonatal and early childhood care, we found that not all individuals born preterm are at risk for common mental disorders in young adulthood – those born late-preterm are not, while those born early-preterm are at a higher risk. Available resources for prevention and intervention should be targeted towards the preterm group born the earliest.
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Jha, Anjani Kumar, Saroj Prasad Ojha, Sushma Dahal, Pawan Sharma, Sagun Ballav Pant, Sweta Labh, Kedar Marahatta, et al. "Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Nepal: Findings from the Pilot Study." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 2 (August 4, 2019): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v0i0.1960.
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Background: The global prevalence of mental disorders is high and has an increasing trend. In Nepal, there is dearth in literature on prevalence of mental disorders based on national representative sample. In this study, we aim to present the findings on the prevalence of mental disorders from the pilot study of National Mental Health Survey, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1647 participants aged 13 years and above in three districts of Nepal: Dhanusha, Bhaktapur and Dolakha each representing three ecological regions. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) standard version 7.0.2 for DSM-5 was used for adults (aged 18 years and above), and kid version of the same tool was used for children (aged 13-17 years) in Nepali language. Separate sets of questions were added for epilepsy and dissociative conversion disorder that were not in the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview tool. Prevalence of assessed mental disorders was reported separately for adults and children.Results: The current prevalence of mental disorders among adults and children were 13.2% and 11.2% respectively. Substance use disorder, dissociative conversion disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder and psychotic disorder were common among adults. Similarly, psychotic disorder, agoraphobia, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders were common among children. Current suicidality was present among 10.9% adults and 8.7% children.Conclusions: Our findings from the pilot study have given insight into the prevalence of different mental disorders in the survey areas. These findings can be utilized for planning the National Mental Health Survey, Nepal. Keywords: Mental disorders; mental health survey; MINI; Nepal; pilot study.
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Moffitt, T. E., A. Caspi, A. Taylor, J. Kokaua, B. J. Milne, G. Polanczyk, and R. Poulton. "How common are common mental disorders? Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospectiveversusretrospective ascertainment." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 6 (September 1, 2009): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991036.
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BackgroundMost information about the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders comes from retrospective surveys, but how much these surveys have undercounted due to recall failure is unknown. We compared results from a prospective study with those from retrospective studies.MethodThe representative 1972–1973 Dunedin New Zealand birth cohort (n=1037) was followed to age 32 years with 96% retention, and compared to the national New Zealand Mental Health Survey (NZMHS) and two US National Comorbidity Surveys (NCS and NCS-R). Measures were research diagnoses of anxiety, depression, alcohol dependence and cannabis dependence from ages 18 to 32 years.ResultsThe prevalence of lifetime disorder to age 32 was approximately doubled in prospective as compared to retrospective data for all four disorder types. Moreover, across disorders, prospective measurement yielded a mean past-year-to-lifetime ratio of 38% whereas retrospective measurement yielded higher mean past-year-to-lifetime ratios of 57% (NZMHS, NCS-R) and 65% (NCS).ConclusionsProspective longitudinal studies complement retrospective surveys by providing unique information about lifetime prevalence. The experience of at least one episode of DSM-defined disorder during a lifetime may be far more common in the population than previously thought. Research should ask what this means for etiological theory, construct validity of the DSM approach, public perception of stigma, estimates of the burden of disease and public health policy.
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Dregan, Alexandru, Faith Matcham, Lisa Harber-Aschan, Lauren Rayner, Anamaria Brailean, Katrina Davis, Stephani Hatch, et al. "Common mental disorders within chronic inflammatory disorders: a primary care database prospective investigation." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 78, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214676.
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ObjectiveThere is inconsistent evidence about the association between inflammatory disorders and depression and anxiety onset in a primary care context. The study aimed to evaluate the risk of depression and anxiety within multisystem and organ-specific inflammatory disorders.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study with primary care patients from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink diagnosed with an inflammatory disorder between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2016. These patients were matched on age, gender, practice and index date with patients without an inflammatory disorder. The study exposures were seven chronic inflammatory disorders. Clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety represented the outcome measures of interest.ResultsAmong 538 707 participants, the incidence of depression ranged from 14 per 1000 person-years (severe psoriasis) to 9 per 1000 person-years (systemic vasculitis), substantively higher compared with their comparison group (5–7 per 1000 person-years). HRs of multiple depression and anxiety events were 16% higher within inflammatory disorders (HR, 1.16, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.21, p<0.001) compared with the matched comparison group. The incidence of depression and anxiety was strongly associated with the age at inflammatory disorder onset. The overall HR estimate for depression was 1.90 (95% CI 1.66 to 2.17, p<0.001) within early-onset disorder (<40 years of age) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.09, p=0.80) within late-onset disorder (≥60 years of age).ConclusionsPrimary care patients with inflammatory disorders have elevated rates of depression and anxiety incidence, particularly those patients with early-onset inflammatory disorders. This finding may reflect the impact of the underlying disease on patients’ quality of life, although the precise mechanisms require further investigation.
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Zhou, Tie, Gong Hu, and Ling Wang. "Psychological Disorder Identifying Method Based on Emotion Perception over Social Networks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060953.
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The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) has stated that over 1.1 billion people suffered from mental disorders globally in 2016, and the burden of mental disorders has continued to grow with impacts on social development. Despite the implementation of strategies for promotion and prevention in mental health WHO’s Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020, the difficulty of diagnosis of mental disorders makes the objective “To provide comprehensive, integrated, and responsive mental health and social care services in community-based settings” hard to carry out. This paper presents a mental-disorder-aided diagnosis model (MDAD) to quantify the multipolarity sentiment affect intensity of users’ short texts in social networks in order to analyze the 11-dimensional sentiment distribution. We searched the five mental disorder topics and collected data based on Twitter hashtag. Through sentiment distribution similarity calculations and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), people with a high probability of suffering from mental disorder can be detected in real time. In particular, mental health warnings can be made in time for users with an obvious emotional tendency in their tweets. In the experiments, we make a comprehensive evaluation of MDAD by five common adult mental disorders: depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder, and panic disorder. Our proposed model can effectively diagnose common mental disorders by sentiment multipolarity analysis, providing strong support for the prevention and diagnosis of mental disorders.
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SLADE, TIM, and DAVID WATSON. "The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorders in the Australian general population." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (August 2, 2006): 1593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008452.
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Background. Patterns of co-occurrence among the common mental disorders may provide information about underlying dimensions of psychopathology. The aim of the current study was to determine which of four models best fits the pattern of co-occurrence between 10 common DSM-IV and 11 common ICD-10 mental disorders.Method. Data were from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB), a large-scale community epidemiological survey of mental disorders. Participants consisted of a random population-based sample of 10641 community volunteers, representing a response rate of 78%. DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorder diagnoses were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), version 2.0. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the relative fit of competing models.Results. A hierarchical three-factor variation of a two-factor model demonstrated the best fit to the correlations among the mental disorders. This model included a distress factor with high loadings on major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and neurasthenia (ICD-10 only); a fear factor with high loadings on social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD); and an externalizing factor with high loadings on alcohol and drug dependence. The distress and fear factors were best conceptualized as subfactors of a higher order internalizing factor.Conclusions. A greater focus on underlying dimensions of distress, fear and externalization is warranted.
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HAZELL, P. "The overlap of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with other common mental disorders." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 33, no. 2 (April 1997): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1997.tb01015.x.
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Keller, Matthew C., and Geoffrey Miller. "Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: Which evolutionary genetic models work best?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 4 (August 2006): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06009095.
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Given that natural selection is so powerful at optimizing complex adaptations, why does it seem unable to eliminate genes (susceptibility alleles) that predispose to common, harmful, heritable mental disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder? We assess three leading explanations for this apparent paradox from evolutionary genetic theory: (1) ancestral neutrality (susceptibility alleles were not harmful among ancestors), (2) balancing selection (susceptibility alleles sometimes increased fitness), and (3) polygenic mutation-selection balance (mental disorders reflect the inevitable mutational load on the thousands of genes underlying human behavior). The first two explanations are commonly assumed in psychiatric genetics and Darwinian psychiatry, while mutation-selection has often been discounted. All three models can explain persistent genetic variance in some traits under some conditions, but the first two have serious problems in explaining human mental disorders. Ancestral neutrality fails to explain low mental disorder frequencies and requires implausibly small selection coefficients against mental disorders given the data on the reproductive costs and impairment of mental disorders. Balancing selection (including spatio-temporal variation in selection, heterozygote advantage, antagonistic pleiotropy, and frequency-dependent selection) tends to favor environmentally contingent adaptations (which would show no heritability) or high-frequency alleles (which psychiatric genetics would have already found). Only polygenic mutation-selection balance seems consistent with the data on mental disorder prevalence rates, fitness costs, the likely rarity of susceptibility alleles, and the increased risks of mental disorders with brain trauma, inbreeding, and paternal age. This evolutionary genetic framework for mental disorders has wide-ranging implications for psychology, psychiatry, behavior genetics, molecular genetics, and evolutionary approaches to studying human behavior.
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Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Natalie Momen, Nanna Weye, and John McGrath. "O7.1. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATTERNS OF COMORBID MENTAL DISORDERS AND MORTALITY-RELATED ESTIMATES. A NATIONWIDE, REGISTER-BASED COHORT STUDY BASED ON 7.5 MILLION INDIVIDUALS LIVING IN DENMARK." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.036.
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Abstract Background Comorbidity within mental disorders is common – individuals with one type of mental disorder are at increased risk of subsequently developing other types of disorders. Previous studies are usually restricted to temporally-ordered pairs of disorders. While more complex patterns of comorbidity have been described (e.g. internalizing and externalizing disorders), there is a lack of detailed information on the nature of the different sets of comorbid mental disorders. Additionally, mental disorders are associated with premature mortality, and people with two or more types of mental disorders have a shorter life expectancy compared to those with exactly one type of mental disorder. The aims of this study were to: (a) describe the prevalence and demographic correlates of combinations of mental disorders; and (b) estimate the excess mortality for each of these combinations. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study including all 7,505,576 persons living in Denmark in 1995–2016. Information on mental disorders and mortality was obtained from national registers. First, we described the most common combinations of mental disorders defined by the ICD-10 F-subchapters (substance use disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorders, neurotic disorders, etc.). Then, we investigated excess mortality using mortality rate ratios (MRRs) and differences in life expectancy after disease diagnosis compared to the general population of same sex and age. Results At the end of the 22-year observation, 6.2% individuals were diagnosed with exactly one type of disorder, 2.7% with exactly two, 1.1% with exactly three, and 0.5% with four or more types. The most prevalent mental disorders were neurotic disorders (4.6%) and mood disorders (3.8%), even when looking particularly at persons with a specific number of disorders (exactly one type, exactly two types, etc.). We observed 616 out of 1,024 possible sets of disorders, but the 52 most common sets (with at least 1,000 individuals each) represented 92.8% of all persons with diagnosed mental disorders. Mood and/or neurotic disorders, alone or in combination with other disorders, were present in 64.8% of individuals diagnosed with mental disorders. People with all combinations of mental disorders had higher mortality rates than those without any mental disorder diagnosis, with MRRs ranging from 1.10 (95% CI 0.67 – 1.84) for the two-disorder set of developmental-behavioral disorders to 5.97 (95% CI 5.52 – 6.45) for the three-disorder set of schizophrenia-neurotic-substance use disorders. Additionally, any combination of mental disorders was associated with shorter life expectancies compared to the general population, with estimates ranging from 5.06 years [95% CI 5.01 – 5.11] for the one-disorder set of organic disorders to 17.46 years [95% CI 16.86 – 18.03] for the three-disorder set of schizophrenia-personality-substance use disorders. Discussion Within those with mental disorders, approximately 2 out of 5 had two more types of mental disorders. Our study provides prevalence estimates of the most common sets of mental disorders – mood disorders (e.g. depression) and neurotic disorders (e.g. anxiety) commonly co-occur, and contribute to many different sets of comorbid mental disorders. The association between mental disorders comorbidity and mortality-related estimates revealed the prominent role of substance use disorders with respect to both elevated mortality rates and reduced life expectancies. Substance use disorders are relatively common, and these disorders often feature in sets of mental disorders. In light of the substantial contribution to premature mortality, efforts related to the ‘primary prevention of secondary comorbidity’ warrant added scrutiny.
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Mekuriaw, Birhanie, Abriham Zegeye, Alemayehu Molla, Robel Hussen, Solomon Yimer, and Zelalem Belayneh. "Prevalence of Common Mental Disorder and Its Association with Khat Chewing among Ethiopian College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Psychiatry Journal 2020 (January 6, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1462141.
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Background. Mental disorder is a global burden that affects all groups of people. Young people, particularly college/university students, are more vulnerable to common mental disorders than the general population. Thus, students may use khat to gain immediate relief from their psychological distress which may worsen again after longer time of chewing. In Ethiopia, there are studies showing discrepant and inconsistent results of common mental disorder among college/university students. Therefore, this review sought to determine the prevalence of common mental disorder and its association with khat chewing among Ethiopian college/university students. Methods. Different kinds of literature were searched from the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO. A total of 10 primary studies which report the prevalence of common mental disorder among Ethiopian college/university students were included in the review. The data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft Excel. STATA version 14 statistical software was used for analysis. Cochran’s Q test statistics and I2 test were used to assess heterogeneity. A random effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of common mental disorder due to the variability of the studies. Lastly, the association between common mental disorder and khat chewing was conducted. Results. The pooled prevalence of common mental disorder among Ethiopian college/university students was 37.73% (95% CI: 30.43, 45.03). The subgroup analysis showed the highest [51.9% (95% CI: 30.19, 73.70)] and lowest [33.28% (95% CI: 19.95, 46.60)] prevalences of common mental disorder among Ethiopian college/university students found in Amhara and South Nation Nationality and People regions, respectively. The pooled effect (odds ratio) of khat chewing on common mental disorder was 2.01 (95% CI: 1.38, 2.95). Conclusions. In our review, it is found that more than one-third of college/university students suffered from common mental disorder. Khat chewers were found to be twofolds more vulnerable to develop common mental disorder than nonchewers.
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Ngoma, Mdimu Charua, Martin Prince, and Anthony Mann. "Common mental disorders among those attending primary health clinics and traditional healers in urban Tanzania." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 4 (October 2003): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.4.349.
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BackgroundTraditional healers provide a popular and accessible service across the African continent. Little is known of the characteristics or mental health status of those using these services.AimsTo determine and compare the prevalence of common mental disorder among, and the characteristics of, those attending primary health care clinics (PHCs) and traditional healer centres (THCs) in Dar-es-Salaam.MethodThe Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised was used to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in 178 patients from PHCs and 176 from THCs, aged 16–65 years.ResultsThe prevalence of common mental disorders among THC patients (48%) was double that of PHC patients (24%). Being older, Christian, better educated, and divorced, separated or widowed were independently associated with THC attendance. None of these factors explained the excess of mental disorder among THC attenders.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of mental disorders among THC attenders may reflect the failure of primary health care services adequately to detect and treat these common and disabling disorders. Traditional healers should be involved in planning comprehensive mental health care.
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Bach, Bo, Martin Sellbom, Mathias Skjernov, and Erik Simonsen. "ICD-11 and DSM-5 personality trait domains capture categorical personality disorders: Finding a common ground." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417727867.
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Objective: The five personality disorder trait domains in the proposed International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition are comparable in terms of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism/Dissociality and Disinhibition. However, the International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition model includes a separate domain of Anankastia, whereas the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition model includes an additional domain of Psychoticism. This study examined associations of International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition trait domains, simultaneously, with categorical personality disorders. Method: Psychiatric outpatients ( N = 226) were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders Interview and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition trait domain scores were obtained using pertinent scoring algorithms for the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Associations between categorical personality disorders and trait domains were examined using correlation and multiple regression analyses. Results: Both the International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition domain models showed relevant continuity with categorical personality disorders and captured a substantial amount of their information. As expected, the International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition model was superior in capturing obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, whereas the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition model was superior in capturing schizotypal personality disorder. Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that little information is ‘lost’ in a transition to trait domain models and potentially adds to narrowing the gap between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition and the proposed International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition model. Accordingly, the International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition domain models may be used to delineate one another as well as features of familiar categorical personality disorder types. A preliminary category-to-domain ‘cross walk’ is provided in the article.
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Skapinakis, Petros, Scott Weich, Glyn Lewis, Nicola Singleton, and Ricardo Araya. "Socio-economic position and common mental disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 189, no. 2 (August 2006): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.014449.
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BackgroundIndividuals in lower socio-economic groups have an increased prevalence of common mental disorders.AimsTo investigate the longitudinal association between socio-economic position and common mental disorders in a general population sample in the UK.MethodParticipants (n=2406) were assessed at two time points 18 months apart with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. The sample was stratified into two cohorts according to mental health status at baseline.ResultsNone of the socio-economic indicators studied was significantly associated with an episode of common mental disorder at follow-up after adjusting for baseline psychiatric morbidity. The analysis of separate diagnostic categories showed that subjective financial difficulties at baseline were independently associated with depression at follow-up in both cohorts.ConclusionsThese findings support the view that apart from objective measures of socio-economic position, more subjective measures might be equally important from an aetiological or clinical perspective.
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Duarte, Evelise Saia Rodolpho, Liciane Vaz de Arruda Silveira, Vanessa de Albuquerque Cítero, and Alessandro Ferrari Jacinto. "Common mental disorder among family carers of demented older people in Brazil." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 12, no. 4 (December 2018): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040010.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Population aging is a global phenomenon associated with a rising prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases such as dementia. Dementia poses a challenge not only for patients but also their family caregivers who, in exercising this role, are at higher risk of mental illness. The present study investigated the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) in family caregivers of demented elderly seen at a geriatric outpatient clinic of a Brazilian teaching hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which the following assessment instruments were applied: the Self Reporting Questionnaire, Zarit Burden Interview, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination (caregivers aged ≥65 years) plus a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: The sample comprised 90 caregivers; 83 (92.2%) women, 51 (56.7%) married, 60 (66.7%) son/daughter of elder and 62 (68.6%) holding another job besides caring for the demented elder. Caregivers had a mean age of 57.3 (±11.7) years and mean education of 9.5 (±4.9) years; 62.2% of caregivers were diagnosed with common mental disorder, 50% exhibited anxiety symptoms, 52.2% depression symptoms and 66.7% reported burden. Caregivers with common mental disorder had higher scores on the anxiety, depression and burden scales (p<0.01). Logistic regression showed that caregivers with anxiety symptoms were 15 times more likely to present common mental disorder (OR: 15.0; 95% CI: 3.5-71.2) and caregivers with symptoms of depression were 8 times more likely to have CMD (OR: 8.0; 95% CI: 2.1-31.1). Conclusion: Results revealed a high prevalence of common mental disorder in the population studied.
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Andrade, L. H., J. Alonso, Z. Mneimneh, J. E. Wells, A. Al-Hamzawi, G. Borges, E. Bromet, et al. "Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 6 (August 9, 2013): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001943.
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BackgroundTo examine barriers to initiation and continuation of mental health treatment among individuals with common mental disorders.MethodData were from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Representative household samples were interviewed face to face in 24 countries. Reasons to initiate and continue treatment were examined in a subsample (n = 636 78) and analyzed at different levels of clinical severity.ResultsAmong those with a DSM-IV disorder in the past 12 months, low perceived need was the most common reason for not initiating treatment and more common among moderate and mild than severe cases. Women and younger people with disorders were more likely to recognize a need for treatment. A desire to handle the problem on one's own was the most common barrier among respondents with a disorder who perceived a need for treatment (63.8%). Attitudinal barriers were much more important than structural barriers to both initiating and continuing treatment. However, attitudinal barriers dominated for mild-moderate cases and structural barriers for severe cases. Perceived ineffectiveness of treatment was the most commonly reported reason for treatment drop-out (39.3%), followed by negative experiences with treatment providers (26.9% of respondents with severe disorders).ConclusionsLow perceived need and attitudinal barriers are the major barriers to seeking and staying in treatment among individuals with common mental disorders worldwide. Apart from targeting structural barriers, mainly in countries with poor resources, increasing population mental health literacy is an important endeavor worldwide.
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Veisani, Yousef, Ali Delpisheh, and Fathola Mohamadian. "Prevalence and gender differences in psychiatric disorders and DSM-IV mental disorders: a population-based study." Biomedical Research and Therapy 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v5i1.412.
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Background: The early diagnosis of psychiatric disorders is critical as it improves the chance of recovery for patients. The aim of this study was to determine gender disparities in psychiatric and mental disorders in adult persons and to examine the validity of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28; Persian version) in the diagnosis of patients with suspected psychiatric disorders, along with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted using cluster random sampling method in three steps. Subjects were screened by GHQ-28 and then evaluated by Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) for diagnosis/classification of mental disorders. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. The ROC curve was used to assess cut-off points.
Results: Of the 763 participants (aged 15 and above), 25.8% of responders demonstrated characteristics of psychological distress; the prevalence in males and females were 20.9% and 29.8%, respectively. The common mental disorders in males were anxiety disorder (18.2%), followed by any major depressive disorder (MDD) (17.4. %), and compulsive disorder (10.0%). In females, the common mental disorders were anxiety disorder (23.6%), followed by any MDD (22.7%), compulsive disorder (13.9%), phobia disorder (10.4%) and psychotic disorder (6.1%). ROC analysis showed that 91.7% of suspected persons had a mental disorder as assessed by DSM-IV-TR.
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Rawal, Namrata, Praswas Thapa, and Yadav Bista. "The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Serving Soldier Requiring Admission." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 11, no. 2 (April 5, 2013): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7902.
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Introduction: Numerous studies have been done to study the psychiatric conditions in army personnel but none have been done in Nepalese army personnel. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of common mental disorders among Nepalese Army Personnel who were admitted in psychiatric ward. Methods: Retrospectively 186 case records of Nepalese Army Personnel, who received treatment at the inpatient psychiatric ward over a period of one year (15th May 2010 to 15th May 2011) , were included in this study. Descriptive analysis of their demographic data and types of psychiatric disorders was done using SPSS v16. Results: Among the 186 patients who were admitted during the study period, 184 (98.92 %) were male. The most common age range was 21-30 years (70.43%). The prevalence of the first ten rank of mental disorders among Nepalese Army Personnel were Major Depression (25.27%), Alcohol dependence (22.58%), Schizophrenia (14.67%), Bipolar disorder (8.6%), Anxiety disorder(6.52%), Substance induced psychotic disorder(4.35%), Schizoaffective disorder(3.26%), Deliberate self harm (2.72%), Malingering(2.72%) and Poly substance dependence (2.72). Conclusions: The most common prevalence of mental disorders among inpatient of Nepalese Army Personnel in psychiatric department in the year 2010-11 were Major depressive disorder, Alcohol dependence and Schizophrenia.Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital; July-December 2012/vol.11/Issue2/14-17 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7902
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Ishikawa, H., N. Kawakami, and R. C. Kessler. "Lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders in Japan: results from the final dataset of World Mental Health Japan Survey." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25, no. 3 (July 7, 2015): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796015000566.
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Background.The aim of this study is to estimate the lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in Japan based on the final data set of the World Mental Health Japan Survey conducted in 2002–2006.Methods.Face-to-face household interviews of 4130 respondents who were randomly selected from Japanese-speaking residents aged 20 years or older were conducted from 2002 to 2006 in 11 community populations in Japan (overall response rate, 56%). The World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay administered psychiatric diagnostic interview, was used for diagnostic assessment.Results.Lifetime/12-month prevalence of any DSM-IV common mental disorders in Japan was estimated to be 20.3/7.6%. Rank-order of four classes of mental disorders was anxiety disorders (8.1/4.9%), substance disorders (7.4/1.0%), mood disorders (6.5/2.3%) and impulse control disorders (2.0/0.7%). The most common individual disorders were alcohol abuse/dependence (7.3/0.9%), major depressive disorder (6.1/2.2%), specific phobia (3.4/2.3%) and generalized anxiety disorder (2.6/1.3%). While the lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder was greater for males and the middle-aged, the persistence (proportion of 12-month cases among lifetime cases) of any mental disorder was greater for females and younger respondents. Among those with any 12-month disorder, 15.3% were classified as severe, 44.1% moderate and 40.6% mild. Although a strong association between severity and service use was found, only 21.9% of respondents with any 12-month disorder sought treatment within the last 12 months; only 37.0% of severe cases received medical care. The mental health specialty sector was the most common resource used in Japan. Although the prevalence of mental disorders were quite low, mental disorders were the second most prevalent cause of severe role impairment among chronic physical and mental disorders.Conclusions.These results suggest lower prevalence of mental disorders in Japan than that in Western countries, although the general pattern of disorders, risk factors and unmet need for treatment were similar to those in other countries. Greater lifetime prevalence for males and greater persistence for females seems a unique feature of Japan, suggesting a cultural difference in gender-related etiology and course of disorders. The treatment rate in Japan was lower than that in most other high-income countries in WMH surveys.
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Leue, Anja, Bernd Borchard, and Jürgen Hoyer. "Mental disorders in a forensic sample of sexual offenders." European Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (May 2004): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.08.001.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the prevalence of DSM IV axis I disorders and DSM IV personality disorders among sexual offenders in Forensic State Hospitals in Germany.MethodCurrent and lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders were investigated based on clinical structured interviews among sexual offenders (n = 55). Additionally, subgroups were analyzed on the basis of diagnostic research criteria, with 30 sexual offenders classified as paraphiliacs and 25 sexual offenders as having an impulse control disorder (without paraphilia).ResultsAnxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders were common among sexual offenders, as were cluster B and cluster C personality disorders. While social phobia was most common among paraphilic sexual offenders, major depression was most prevalent in impulse control disordered sexual offenders.ConclusionThe results replicate recent findings of high psychiatric morbidity in sexual offenders placed in forensic facilities. Furthermore, differential patterns of co-morbid mental disorders were found in paraphiliacs and impulse control disordered sexual offenders. With regard to an effective therapy and relapse prevention co-morbid mental disorders should be a greater focus in the assessment of subgroups of sexual offenders.
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Rogers, D., C. Karki, C. Bartlett, and P. Pocock. "The Motor Disorders of Mental Handicap." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 1 (January 1991): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.1.97.
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Among 236 in-patients in one hospital for the mentally handicapped, there was a significant relationship between the amount of motor disorder (rated using a comprehensive check-list) and the severity of mental handicap, the presence of associated psychiatric disorder and the use of neuroleptic medication. The population was fairly evenly divided between those currently, previously and never having received neuroleptic medication. All categories of motor disorder, including abnormal movements, were present in all three subgroups. Neuroleptic medication appeared to modify the expression of motor disorder rather than producing it de novo. The range and frequency of motor disorders was comparable with that in patients with severe psychiatric illness. A common cerebral basis for the motor disorders of patients with mental handicap and severe psychiatric illness is suggested.