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Books on the topic 'Common oral diseases'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

S, Miller Craig, and Nield-Gehrig Jill S, eds. Color atlas of common oral diseases. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.

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2

S, Miller Craig, ed. Color atlas of common oral diseases. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998.

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3

S, Miller Craig, ed. Color atlas of common oral diseases. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992.

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4

S, Miller Craig, ed. Color atlas of common oral diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.

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5

John, Hamburger, and Scully Crispian, eds. Common medical conditions: A guide for the dental team. Chichester, U.K: Blackwell Pub., 2010.

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6

Judd, Sandra J. Diabetes sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and other types of diabetes and prediabetes, with details about medical, dietary, and lifestyle disease management issues, including blood glucose monitoring, meal planning, weight control, oral diabetes medications, and insulin; along with facts about the most common complications of diabetes and their prevention, current research in diabetes care, tips for people following a diabetic diet ... 5th ed. Detroit, MI: Ominigraphsics, 2011.

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7

Diabetes sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and other types of diabetes and prediabetes, with details about medical, dietary, and lifestyle disease management issues, including blood glucose monitoring, meal planning, weight control, oral diabetes medications, and insulin; along with facts about the most common complications of diabetes and their prevention, current research in diabetes care, tips for people following a diabetic diet, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of resources for further help and information. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2016.

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8

Miller, Craig S., Craig S. Miller, and Robert P. Langlais. Color Atlas of Common Oral Diseases. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

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9

Color Atlas of Common Oral Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016.

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10

Miller, Craig S., Robert P. Langlais, and Jill S. Gehrig. Color Atlas of Common Oral Diseases, Enhanced Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2020.

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11

Color Atlas of Common Oral Diseases Image Bank. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.

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12

Siegel, Michael A., Sol Jr Silverman, and Thomas P. Sollecito. Treatment of Common Oral Conditions (AAOM Clinician's). 6th ed. BC Decker Inc., 2005.

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13

Miller, Craig S., and Robert P. Langlais. Color Atlas of Common Oral Diseases CD- Network Version:. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.

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14

K, Bottomley William, Rosenberg Simon W, Alexander William, and American Academy of Oral Medicine., eds. Clinician's guide to treatment of common oral conditions. 3rd ed. New York: American Academy of Oral Medicine, 1993.

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15

Common Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint. John Wright, 1986.

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16

Cascarini, Luke, Clare Schilling, Ben Gurney, and Peter Brennan. Oral medicine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198767817.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses oral medicine in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including Common dental diseases, Oral mucosal infections, Oral ulceration, Blistering diseases, White, red, and pigmented lesions, Oral cancer, Oral manifestations of systemic diseases, andMiscellaneous oral conditions
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17

Common Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint (Dental Practitioner Handbook). 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1986.

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18

Robinson, Max, Keith Hunter, Michael Pemberton, and Philip Sloan. Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199697786.001.0001.

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A sound understanding of clinical oral pathology is essential if a dental clinician is to navigate successfully through clinical guidelines, make timely referrals to specialists, and provide good care for patients. This new edition of Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology provides a clear and friendly guide for students, practitioners, and the whole dental team. Thoroughly updated for today's clinical practice, this textbook covers 'must-know' oral pathology and integrates key aspects of oral medicine. It begins by explaining the principles of clinical assessment, the synthesis of a differential diagnosis, and the selection of further investigations including laboratory tests. Ten chapters bring this theory to life by looking at the clinical and pathological features of a wide range of common oral diseases including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, and diseases of the jaws. Two new chapters address skin diseases affecting the oro-facial region and neck lumps. A final chapter highlights the importance of clinical oral pathology in the context of systemic human disease. New radiology content includes examples of cross-sectional imaging. Photomicrographs have been replaced with carefully selected images to illustrate key pathological features. Each chapter includes key points boxes and tables to aid learning. Written by experts in both oral pathology and oral medicine, this new edition is a must-have for dentistry students, and those working in the field, providing current and trustworthy information.
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19

Fancourt, Daisy. Fact file 2: Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792079.003.0015.

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Dentistry involves the study, diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, including the teeth, gums, and tissues. Dentistry is thought to be one of the first areas of specialization to emerge from medicine, with evidence of drilled teeth dating back 9,000 years. The most common conditions treated within dentistry involve tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (periodontal disease), with common dental procedures including x-rays, restorative treatments (such as fillings, crowns, and bridges), prosthetics (dentures), orthodontics (such as teeth braces), tooth extraction and endodontic (root canal) therapy. Dentistry also involves public health work such as the encouragement of oral disease prevention through dental hygiene and check-ups....
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20

Davies, Andrew N. Oral care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0085.

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Oral problems are common in patients with advanced cancer as well as in other groups of patients with life-limiting illnesses (and more generally in patients with chronic illness). Oral problems may be related to direct (‘anatomical’) effect of the primary disease, indirect (‘physiological’) effect of the primary disease, treatment of the primary disease, direct/indirect effect of a coexisting disease, treatment of the coexisting disease, or combinations of these factors. The successful management of oral problems involves adequate assessment, appropriate treatment, and adequate re-assessment. In some cases the most appropriate treatment for a patient with advanced cancer is the same treatment that would be given to a patient with early cancer (or no cancer). Thus, intensive treatment of the oral problem often results in the best palliation of the oral problem. It is not justified to withhold treatment on the grounds that the patient has advanced cancer; however, it may be justified to amend treatment (when appropriate).
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21

Halperin, John J. Nervous System Lyme Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0159.

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Nervous system involvement occurs in 10% to 15% of patients infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, B. afzelii, or B. garinii, the tick-borne spirochetes responsible for Lyme disease and its European counterparts. Common clinical manifestations include lymphocytic meningitis, facial and other cranial neuropathies, and painful mononeuropathies such as Lyme radiculitis. Diagnosis requires appropriate clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory evidence. Appropriately interpreted serologic testing is highly reliable; cerebrospinal fluid examination is often informative if the central nervous system is involved. Several week courses of widely available oral or parenteral antimicrobials are curative in most patients.
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22

Birnbaum, Warren, and Stephen M. Dunne. Oral Diagnosis: The Clinician's Guide. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

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23

Niaudet, Patrick, and Alain Meyrier. Minimal change disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0056_update_001.

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Minimal change disease is characteristically responsive to high-dose corticosteroids. As this is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, and responses are usually prompt, response to 60 mg/m2/day of oral prednisolone (max. 80 mg) is often used as a diagnostic test. Adults respond more slowly and have a wider differential diagnosis, and often a high risk of side effects, so therapy is not recommended without confirmation by renal biopsy. Then first-line treatment is again prednisolone or prednisone, at 1 mg/kg/day (max. 60 mg). KDIGO and other treatment protocols recommend 6 weeks treatment at full dose then 6 weeks at half dose. Shorter protocols seem to increase the risk of relapse. Children frequently have a relapsing pattern of disease which may be managed by less extreme steroid exposure, but for which second-line therapies may be needed to avoid severe steroid side effects. This can arise in adults too. Some children and adults have steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant disease, leading to earlier initiation of treatment with second-line agents. These include levamisole, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and anti-B cell antibodies. The evidence for these and recommendations for relapsing/resistant disease are given in this chapter.
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24

Godson, Jenny, and Diane Seymour. Primary prevention and health promotion in oral health. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0013.

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Tooth decay, although preventable, is the most common oral disease affecting children and young people. This chapter outlines why child oral health is a priority, the impact of poor oral health on children and families, and what causes poor oral health. It looks at the evidence of what works to improve oral health at an individual level, how we can support children and families to reduce their intake of free sugars, and increase access to fluoride. In addition, it highlights population-based programmes that have evidence that they can improve the oral health of children and what the local return on investment of such a programme would be at 5 and 10 years after commencement. Practitioners, managers, and commissioners all have an important role to play and the chapter concludes with recommendations for action.
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25

(Editor), Shusaburo Uemura, Kanji Kishi (Editor), Masami Fujishita (Editor), and Keiji Tanimoto (Editor), eds. Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Today. Elsevier Science Pub Co, 2000.

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26

Tworoger, Shelley S., Amy L. Shafrir, and Susan E. Hankinson. Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0046.

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Worldwide, ovarian cancer is the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer and the eighth most common cause of death from cancer. In 2012, 239,000 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 152,000 women died of the disease worldwide. In the United States in 2015, an estimated 21,290 women were newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 14,180 died from the disease. Both incidence and mortality have decreased over time in the United States, with a 1.6% and 2.1% annual decrease, respectively, from 2003 to 2012. Ovarian cancers can arise from epithelial, germ, or stromal cells, although about 90% are epithelial in origin. Risk factors best confirmed to increase risk of ovarian cancer include age and a family history of ovarian cancer, while parity, oral contraceptive use, and tubal ligation decrease risk. Several etiologic pathways, including hormonal and inflammatory pathways, have garnered substantial support from both epidemiologic and laboratory studies, although many questions remain.
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27

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Nutritional problems in the child with neurological handicap. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0019.

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Assessment 135Suggestions for optimizing oral intake 135Tube feeding 136Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) 137Gastrostomy placement and subsequent care 137Neurological handicap is common, with around 15 000–20 000 children in the United Kingdom having cerebral palsy. Of these, 50% are reported to have feeding problems, rising to 85% in more severely affected children (e.g. those with spastic quadriplegia). In an Oxford-based community study of feeding and nutritional problems in children with neurological impairment: ...
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28

Dickman, Andrew, and Jennifer Schneider. Symptom control with the syringe driver. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198733720.003.0004.

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Symptoms tend to increase during the last days and weeks of life and pharmacological interventions are essential for adequate alleviation. Common symptoms experienced by patients at the end of life include pain, respiratory tract secretions, agitation, delirium, restlessness, nausea, and vomiting. The oral route should be used where possible, but as the patient’s condition deteriorates, it may no longer be feasible to administer medication this way. It is likely that patients will require a combination of drugs to control their coexisting medical conditions as well as for pain and other symptom management. A CSCI provides a simple and effective way to maintain control of commonly encountered symptoms experienced by patients with advanced disease. This chapter discusses how CSCIs of certain drugs can be used to manage such symptoms.
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29

Banerjee, Avijit, and Timothy F. Watson. Pickard's Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712091.001.0001.

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An ideal introduction to the theory and practical aspects of conservative dentistry, the tenth edition of Pickards' Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry is a must-have text for all dental students, new graduates and oral healthcare professionals alike. Written in an easy to understand and concise style, the authors introduce the essentials of dental disease before outlining how to collect patient information clinically in order to detect, diagnose, plan and deliver care. Exploring key topics such as disease prevention and control, the principles of minimally invasive operative dentistry, contemporary restorative materials and procedures, this completely up-to-date revised edition integrates a thorough academic grounding for degree examination with an essential preparation for clinical practice for the whole oral healthcare team. Illustrated with step-by-step colour photos, common clinical procedures are clearly set out and labelled for beginners to learn. The tenth edition has been updated to reflect the latest evidence based guidelines for preventitative management and there is a focus on maintaining existing restorations and follow up/long term care.
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30

Yurdakul, Sebahattin, Emire Seyahi, and Hasan Yazici. Behçet’s syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0135.

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Behçet's syndrome is a systemic inflammatory panvasculitis (affecting all sizes of vessels) of unknown aetiology. It is in vogue to include it among the systemic autoinflammatory conditions. Behçet's syndrome is more frequent along the ancient 'Silk Route' across Asia than it is in Western countries. The usual onset is the second or third decade, equally affecting either gender. However, young patients and male patients have more severe disease. Almost all patients have recurrent oral ulceration. Scar-forming genital ulcers, a variety of skin lesions including acneiform, erythema nodosum-like lesions, arthritis, potentially blinding panuveitis, thrombophlebitis, gastrointestinal disease, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, and life-threatening bleeding pulmonary artery aneurysms are seen. The pathergy phenomenon is a heightened tissue inflammatory response. The strongest genetic association is with HLA B51. There are immunological aberrations but not prominent enough to call it an autoimmune disease. Similarly, Behçet's syndrome does not fit easily into the broad concept of autoinflammatory diseases. The histopathology is also non-specific and the diagnosis is mainly clinical. Differentiation from Crohn's disease is very difficult. In more than one-half of the patients the disease burns out in time, thus only symptomatic therapy is indicated in some patients. However, eye involvement, pulmonary vascular disease, thrombophilic complications, CNS involvement, and gastrointestinal disease need prompt recognition and treatment. Brief courses of glucocorticosteroids along with immunosuppressives including the newer biologicals, interferon, and colchicine are commonly used. However, controlled clinical trials are not available for some of these medications especially when thrombophilia, CNS, and gastrointestinal disease are present.
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31

Devlin, Hugh, and Rebecca Craven. Heart and blood supply. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759782.003.0009.

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The heart in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. Heart physiology is described with respect to the cardiac cycle, control of contraction, ECG, and arrhythmias. Control of the cardiovascular system is next considered and the clinical application of this in fainting, shock, and blood loss. Atherosclerosis, angina, and myocardial infarction are described. This leads to a discussion of heart failure and drugs commonly used in cardiovascular disease. Infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever are discussed and the associations between oral bacteria and cardiovascular disease. The concluding section deals with stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA), transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) and vascular dementia.
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32

Sykes, Nigel P. Constipation and diarrhoea. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0203.

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Constipation is far more common in palliative care than diarrhoea and results not just from the use of opioids but also from the multifactorial effects of debility secondary to disease. Most palliative care patients will require regular administration of an oral laxative in a dose titrated against response, with the aim of avoiding the use of suppositories or enemas if possible as these are less liked. The lack of clear differences in laxative efficacy means that cost and patient choice are key factors in guiding treatment. Diarrhoea in palliative care most often results from excess laxative or from common infections that can be simply managed. Bowel shortening or diversion causes more resistant diarrhoea. Cytotoxic chemotherapy can lead to diarrhoea either as an adverse effect of treatment or from potentially life-threatening neutropenic colitis.
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33

Lee, Olivia T., Jennifer N. Wu, Frederick J. Meyers, and Christopher P. Evans. Genitourinary aspects of palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0084.

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Genitourinary tract diseases in the palliative care setting most commonly involve urinary tract obstruction, intractable bleeding, fistulae, and bladder-associated pain. Sources of obstruction in the lower urinary tract include benign prostatic hyperplasia, invasive prostate or bladder cancer, urethral stricture, or bladder neck contracture. Upper tract obstruction includes intraluminal or extraluminal blockage of the renal collecting system and ureters, such as transitional cell carcinoma, fibroepithelial polyps, stricture, stones, pelvic or retroperitoneal malignancy, fibrosis, or prior radiation. Untreated, obstructive uropathy leads to elevated bladder, ureter, and kidney pressures, bladder dysfunction, urolithiasis, renal failure, pyelonephritis, or urosepsis. Intractable haematuria can cause problematic anaemia, frequent transfusions, clot retention, haemorrhagic shock, and death. In addition, urinary tract fistulae such as vesicovaginal and vesicoenteric fistulae are common in patients who have had prior pelvic surgery or radiation especially in the setting of immunocompromise, poor nutrition, and infection. Untreated, these symptoms lead to rash, skin breakdown, ulcers, chronic infection, and sepsis. Lastly, pelvic and bladder pain, depending on aetiology can be treated with oral medications, intravesical therapies, or surgical therapies such as palliative resection or urinary diversion. Selection of tests and treatment modalities in the palliative care setting should be based on using the least invasive means to achieve the most relief in suffering. Some genitourinary conditions are potentially fatal, and in the acute or subacute setting, require re-evaluation of the end-of-life goals and wishes of the patient and family.
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34

MacCallum, Niall S. Management of oncological complications in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0376.

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Important treatment complications relevant to critical care are discussed. Cancer-related pain is complex and requires multidisciplinary care, particularly in the peri-operative setting. Chemotherapeutic complications include pancytopenia, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and neurotoxicity. Radiotherapy complications include cardiac, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal toxicity. In general, management includes assessing the risk-benefit to cytotoxic therapy withdrawal and supportive care. There is a paucity of proven treatment options for most complications, althoughcertain therapies are used to prevent and/or treat complications (e.g. tumour lysis syndrome). Thromboembolic disease is a common cause of mortality and morbidity; low molecular weight heparin therapy may be superior to oral anticoagulation.
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35

Sundström, Karin, Joakim Dillner, and Hans-Olov Adami. Cervical Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0017.

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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, with at least half a million women developing the disease each year. This chapter details the significance of infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) as the main risk factor, and summarizes current knowledge on additional risk factors of significance including tobacco use, oral contraceptives, parity, and other sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. For other factors such as diet, BMI, and physical activity, impact on risk appears limited. The chapter outlines both the importance of cervical cytological screening in reducing the incidence of this cancer form and the latest prevention opportunities for the disease that have emerged since the realization of its infectious cause, namely, HPV vaccination and HPV-based screening. It also describes that access to these cervical cancer prevention strategies is as yet unequally distributed across the world, especially in those regions that may be in largest need.
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36

Argote-Romero, Graciela. Wilms Tumor. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0041.

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Wilms tumor, known as well as nephroblastoma, is the most common primary malignant renal tumor in children. Over 95% of all renal tumors in patients under the age of 15 are Wilms tumors. The mean age at the time of diagnosis is 3.5 years. Wilms tumors are usually an incidental finding, a large abdominal mass discovered by a family member or pediatrician. Hematuria and hypertension can be present at the time of initial diagnosis. Up to 8% of the patients will have von Willebrand disease; therefore, all patients should have baseline coagulation studies. All patients should have either computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous contrast or magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis with gadolinium. Treatment includes radical nephrectomy, chemotherapy, and, in some cases, radiotherapy. Emergency surgery is rarely. The disease-free survival rate is 86% for favorable-histology tumors and 64% for anaplastic tumors.
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37

Roddy, Edward, and Michael Doherty. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0142.

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Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) in articular cartilage is a common age-related phenomenon. Recent important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pyrophosphate metabolism include the identification of a mutation within the ANK gene which associates with familial CPPD, and elucidation of the interleukin-1β‎ (IL-1β‎)-dependent mechanisms by which crystals invoke an inflammatory response. Risk factors for CPPD include age, prior joint damage and osteoarthritis, genetic factors, and occasionally metabolic diseases (hyperparathyroidism, haemochromatosis, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphatasia). CPPD is commonly asymptomatic or may present as osteoarthritis with CPPD, acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis, or chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. Although radiographic chondrocalcinosis is often taken to be synonymous with CPPD, other calcium crystals can also have this appearance and definitive diagnosis requires identification of CPP crystals by compensated polarized light microscopy of aspirated synovial fluid. Recently, the ultrasonographic appearances of CPPD have been described. Treatment of CPPD is targeted to the clinical presentation. Acute CPP crystal arthritis is treated by aspiration and injection of glucocorticosteroid, local ice packs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), low-dose colchicine, oral or parenteral glucocorticosteroids, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Treatment of osteoarthritis with CPPD is very similar to the treatment of osteoarthritis alone. There is no specific therapy for chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis: options include NSAID, low-dose colchicine, low-dose glucocorticosteroid, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine. Recommendations for the management of CPPD are derived from a small evidence base and largely based on clinical experience and extrapolation from gout. Further research into diagnosis and management including novel treatment strategies such as IL-1β‎ blockade is much needed.
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38

Ajithkumar, Thankamma, Ann Barrett, Helen Hatcher, and Natalie Cook. Head & neck cancer. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235636.003.0004.

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The head and neck region encompasses anatomical sites below the brain and above the clavicles, excluding skin and thyroid. The sites most commonly involved with cancer are the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx. Overall 5-year survival rates for head and neck cancer have improved only slightly over the past two decades remaining at just over 50%. This figure in part reflects the population who present with this disease in terms of age and comorbidity (typically about 15% intercurrent death rates at 5 years), as well as the tendency to develop second primaries and metastases. The poor long-term survival rates may also reflect the fact that 60% of patients with head and neck cancer have advanced disease at the time of presentation (stage III/IV disease). The dominant treatment failure in head and neck cancer is locoregional relapse and this remains the main focus for clinicians involved in the management of these patients....
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39

Puntis, John. Iron deficiency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0009.

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Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, affecting around 5 billion people mostly in developing countries. Risk factors in infants include low birthweight, high cow milk consumption, low intake of iron containing complementary foods, low socioeconomic status, and immigrant status. Developmental delay and poor educational achievement are among the long-term complications. Preventative strategies include promotion of breastfeeding, use of iron-fortified formula if breast milk not available, encouraging intake of iron-rich foods, vitamin C-rich drinks with meals to promote iron absorption, and avoiding whole cow’s milk in the first year of life. Poor response to oral iron treatment is most likely due to poor compliance (iron ingestion may cause abdominal pain diarrhoea or constipation) but should also raise the possibility of underlying disease causing inflammation, malabsorption, or blood loss.
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40

Macdougall, Iain C. Clinical aspects and overview of renal anaemia. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0123.

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Anaemia is an almost ubiquitous complication of chronic kidney disease, which has a number of implications for the patient. It is associated with adverse outcomes, an increased rate of red cell transfusions, poor quality of life, and reduced physical capacity. Severe anaemia also impacts on cardiac function, as well as on platelet function, the latter contributing to the bleeding diathesis of uraemia. Renal anaemia occurs mainly in the later stages of chronic kidney disease (stages 3B, 4, and 5), and up to 95% of patients on dialysis suffer from this condition. It is caused largely by inappropriately low erythropoietin levels, but other factors such as a shortened red cell survival also play a part. The anaemia is usually normochromic and normocytic, unless concomitant iron deficiency is present. The latter is also common in renal failure, partly due to low dietary iron intake and absorption, and partly due to increased iron losses. Prior to the 1990s, treatment options were limited, and many patients (particularly those on haemodialysis) required regular blood transfusions, resulting in iron overload and human leucocyte antigen sensitization. Correction of anaemia requires two main treatment strategies: increased stimulation of erythropoiesis, and maintenance of an adequate iron supply to the bone marrow. Ever since the introduction of recombinant human erythropoietin, it has been possible to boost erythropoietic activity, and both oral and intravenous iron products are available to provide supplemental iron. In dialysis patients, oral iron is usually poorly absorbed due to upregulation of hepcidin activity, and intravenous iron is often required. The physiological processes relevant to red cell production are described, as well as the prevalence, characteristics, pathogenesis, and physiological consequences of renal anaemia.
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41

Jex, Aaron R., Rachel M. Chalmers, Huw V. Smith, Giovanni Widmer, Vincent McDonald, and Robin B. Gasser. Cryptosporidiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0053.

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Cryptosporidium species represent a genus of parasitic protozoa (Apicomplexa) that are transmitted via the faecal-oral route and commonly infect the epithelial tissues of the gastric or intestinal (or sometimes the respiratory) tract of many vertebrates, including humans. Infection occurs following the ingestion of viable and resistant oocysts, through direct host-to-host contact or in contaminated food, drinking or recreational water. Infection can be transmitted via anthroponotic (human-to-human, human-to-animal) or zoonotic (animal-to-human or animal-to-animal) pathways, depending upon the species of Cryptosporidium. Although infection can be asymptomatic, common symptoms of disease (cryptosporidiosis) include diarrhoea, colic (abdominal pain), nausea or vomiting, dehydration and/or fever. In humans, cryptosporidial infection in immunocompetent patients is usually short-lived (days to weeks) and eliminated following the stimulation of an effective immune response. However, infection in immunodeficient individuals (e.g., those with HIV/AIDS) can be chronic and fatal (in the absence of immunotherapy), as there are few effective anti-cryptosporidial drugs and no vaccines available. The present chapter provides an account of the history, taxonomy and biology, genomics and genetics of Cryptosporidium, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and control of cryptosporidiosis and the advances in tools for the identification and characterisation of Cryptosporidium species and the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis.
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42

Kocher, Bharati. Diverticulitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0033.

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Diverticular disease includes two conditions: diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Both involve saclike protrusions of the mucosal and submucosal walls, typically in the colon. Diverticulosis is the presence of multiple diverticula, which may or may not be symptomatic. Symptomatic diverticulosis presents with indistinct symptoms and, less commonly, with severe symptoms, such as slow bleeding (causing anemia) or rapid bleeding (causing frank hematochezia and even hemodynamic instability). Diverticulitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the diverticula, possibly leading to abscesses and even perforation. Classic diverticulitis includes fever, leukocytosis, and left-sided abdominal pain, with localized tenderness and guarding. Incidence of disease increases with age. CT is the gold standard for diagnosis, which rules out other abdominal pathology and detects any diverticular complications. An outpatient course of oral antibiotics is prescribed for uncomplicated diverticulitis in an immunocompetent patient. Indications for surgery are generalized peritonitis or large abscesses that cannot be drained.
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McNeil, Daniel W., Sarah H. Addicks, and Cameron L. Randall. Motivational Interviewing and Motivational Interactions for Health Behavior Change and Maintenance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.21.

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Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered and collaborative approach to clinical care (Miller & Rollnick, 2013). This narrative review describes MI and then concentrates on evidence for its use with patients to help enhance health behaviors in a variety of settings. Because of the proliferation of research in the area, this overview necessarily is selective. This review focuses on some of the most common chronic health behavior problems, such as those associated with obesity, oral hygiene behavior, and chronic disease management. Additionally, motivational interactions (MIACTs), which are spoken and nonverbal communications from health professionals with patients, are proposed as very brief communications that are based on MI spirit and other MI principles. These MIACTs may promote positive interactions between patients and providers, enhance patient satisfaction with healthcare, and help to establish rapport, even when the time available for healthcare interactions does not allow a true implementation of MI.
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Peterson, Susan, and Staci Reintjes. Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0011.

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Otitis Externa is an infection of external auditory canal. Infection typically occurs via penetration of the epithelial barrier. Patients typically present with inflammation of the auricle, external auditory canal, or outer tympanic membrane. First-line therapy includes topical acidic agents and antibiotic drops. Oral antibiotics should be considered for recurrent infections, those resistant to topical therapy, severe disease, extension beyond the external auditory canal, diabetics, or immunocompromised patients. Otitis Media is an infection of the middle ear. Patients typically present with otalgia, otorrhea, fever, irritability, anorexia, and hearing loss. Mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid bone. Patients present with pain, swelling, and erythema over the mastoid bone. Fever, irritability, otalgia, and hearing loss are also often present. Infection can be serious and may lead to sepsis, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, and intracranial abscess if not treated appropriately. More common complications include chronic infection, resistant bacteria, and mild hearing loss.
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Herman, Mira, Amaresh Vydyanathan, and Allan L. Brook. Sacroiliac Joint Injections: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0039.

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Sacroiliac (SI) joint disease is a common cause of low back pain. It is not easily diagnosed by physical examination, as the joint has limited mobility and referral patterns are not sufficiently delineated from other pathological conditions implicated in low back pain. The accuracy of provocative testing of the sacroiliac joint is controversial. Many physicians use injection of the SI joint with local anesthetic and/or steroid as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in treating SI joint–related pain. Historically, SI joint intra-articular injections have been performed without imaging guidance. Imaging-guided techniques, often using CT fluoroscopy, increase the precision of these procedures and help confirm needle placement while achieving better results and reduced complications rates. Sacroiliac joint injection is routinely performed on an outpatient basis. The patient is questioned regarding previous steroid use (oral, cutaneous, or injected) to avoid iatrogenic Cushing syndrome. Repeat injections can be administered depending on patient’s response.
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Macdougall, Iain C. Iron management in renal anaemia. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0126.

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Although erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy is the mainstay of renal anaemia management, maintenance of an adequate iron supply to the bone marrow is also pivotal in the process of erythropoiesis. Thus, it is important to be able to detect iron insufficiency, and to treat this appropriately. Iron deficiency may be absolute (when the total body iron stores are exhausted) or functional (when the total body iron stores are normal or increased, but there is an inability to release iron from the stores rapidly enough to provide a ready supply of iron to the bone marrow). Several markers of iron status have been tested, but those of the greatest utility are the serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and percentage of hypochromic red cells. Measurement of serum hepcidin, which is the master regulator of iron homoeostasis, has to date proved disappointing as a means of detecting iron insufficiency, and none of the available iron markers reliably exclude the need for supplemental iron. Iron may be replaced by either the oral or the intravenous route. In the advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, however, hepcidin is upregulated, and this powerfully inhibits the absorption of iron from the gut. Thus, such patients often require intravenous iron, particularly those on dialysis. Several intravenous (IV) iron preparations are available, and they have in common a core containing an iron salt, surrounded by a carbohydrate shell. The IV iron preparations differ in their kinetics of iron release from the iron–carbohydrate complex. In recent times, several new IV iron preparations have become available, and these allow a greater amount of iron to be given more rapidly as a single administration, without the need for a test dose.
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