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Journal articles on the topic 'Common tariff'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Sweeney, Richard. "Tariffs and welfare: A common, invalid anti-tariff argument." Economics and Business Review 9, no. 1 (2023): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2023.1.1.

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President Trump imposed tariffs in 2017 on several of China’s exports, notably steel. Many papers opposed these tariffs by using a common, invalid argument: rather than arguing these tariffs reduced U.S. welfare, they argue U.S. consumers and businesses pay the tariffs, a different, rhetorical issue. Their main evidence of harm is increases in imported goods’ after-tariff U.S. prices, especially relativeto other goods’ U.S. prices. In a standard, small general equilibrium model (two countries, two goods, two factors), this price evidence is wholly ambiguous—it is even consistent with the view

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2

AZEVEDO, ANDRÉ FILIPE ZAGO DE. "Mercosur: ambitious policies, poor practices." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 24, no. 4 (2004): 594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172004-1604.

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ABSTRACT Mercosur has achieved important advances like the removal of intra- bloc tariff and non-tariff barriers and the establishment of a common external tariff for most products. However, its ambitious plans to deepen the integration process comprising harmonisation of policies in areas like competition policy, government procurement, technical barriers and phytosanitary measures have not been implemented yet. This paper examines Mercosur policies in relation to tariffs and other non-tariff barriers comparing them with their implementation, in order to examine the extent to which the propos

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3

Ehrlich, Sean D. "How Common is the Common External Tariff?" European Union Politics 10, no. 1 (2009): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116508099763.

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4

Tuktarov, Y. E., S. V. Dubinchina, and E. I. Patynskaya. "Private investments in heat supply: proposals to amend tariff regulation in order to stimulate investments in heat supply." Russian competition law and economy, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2018-2-36-46.

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The following article reads about the most common problems of interpretation by the regulator of tariff regulation, as well as highly demanded amendments to tariff regulation which can promote investments in heat supply sector. The research is based on the international and Russian practices of PPPs in utilities. Authors conclude that comprehensive regulation of tariffs for operator’s services is one of the key elements of concession project’s investment potential in the international practice.

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Rahman, Muhammad Emil, Bonar M. Sinaga, NFN Harianto, and Sri Hery Susilowati. "KEBIJAKAN DUKUNGAN DOMESTIK UNTUK MENETRALISIR DAMPAK NEGATIF PENURUNAN TARIF IMPOR TERHADAP INDUSTRI GULA INDONESIA." Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 36, no. 2 (2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v36n2.2018.91-112.

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<strong>English</strong><br />Reduction toward elimination of import tariffs for all tradable products is a common modality of international trade agreements. Although it may be beneficial for reducing retail prices, import tariff reduction could create some negative impacts on farming, farmers’ welfare, and agro-processing industries. One of the most immediate impacts to anticipate is import tariff reduction on sugar. Accordingly, this study aims to formulate domestic support policy mix for neutralizing the negative impacts of sugar import tariff reduction on the Indonesian

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Z. A., Usoltseva. "Enforcement of Judgements, Recognizing Legal Tariff Regulations as Invalid." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2021.10.53-58.

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The article deals with issues related to the execution of court judgements issued in cases of challenging regulatory legal acts that establish tariffs (prices). The author comes to the conclusion that the execution of court's decisions on the recognition of tariff normative legal acts as invalid includes the publication of such decisions, the cancellation of the record of registration of the tariff act recognized by the court as invalid, and the judicial control over the adoption of a replacement regulatory tariff act by the authority or official who established an illegal tariff (if the court

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WANG, Mou. "International Governance on Carbon Tariff and Its Vacuum in International Regime." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (2013): 1350008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748113500085.

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Drawing on the idea that countries are eligible to implement differentiated emission reduction policies based on their respective capabilities, some parties of UNFCCC attempt to weaken the principle of “Common but differentiated responsibilities(CBDR)” and impose carbon tariff on international trade. This initiative is in fact another camouflage to burden developing countries with emission cut obligation, which has no doubt undermined the development rights of developing countries. This paper defines Carbon Tariff as border measures that target import goods with embodied carbon emission. It ca

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8

WANG, Mou, Wen ZHANG, and Junyan LIU. "Disguised Carbon Tariff: Concept and Its Governance." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 02, no. 02 (2014): 1450017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748114500171.

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Carbon tariff is a trade issue that is of great concern among the international community. The South and the North have big disputes on this issue because of the trade interests attached to it. Developing countries oppose to almost any policies and measures concerning carbon tariff. Hence, some countries seek alternative approaches to achieve similar effects of carbon tariff through more covert technical approaches, such as setting up production standards, carbon labeling, etc. This paper summarizes these covert approaches as "disguised carbon tariff", and defines them as policies and measures

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9

Dolmatov, I. A., I. YU Zolotova, and I. V. Maskaev. "New tariff regulation for natural monopolies: what should it be?" Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4-5 (October 29, 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2017-4-5-30-37.

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For the last several years, the Russian Federation has been artificially restraining the growth of tariffs for the services of natural monopolies. A simple decision, which is taken hastily a few years ago as a short-term anti-crisis measure, has every chance of becoming a "solution" for many years to come. The authors attempt to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the tariff regulation and present the results obtained in the framework of the basic research program of the Higher School of Economics on the impact of tariffs in the energy sector on the main macroeconomic indicators, m

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10

Napierała, Michał. "A Study on Improving Economy Efficiency of Pumping Stations Based on Tariff Changes." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030799.

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In this paper, research on improving the economic efficiency of 38 drainage pumping stations was undertaken. Particular attention was paid to the effectiveness of activities without considering any expenditures. Energy costs for this type of machine are usually high, approximately 45% of the total maintenance cost. The main assumption of this work was the selection of appropriate energy tariffs to reduce operating costs. Liquid transport in any economy consumes significant amounts of electricity, estimated at 20–30% of the total electricity production. The optimization of the energy consumptio

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Sattar, Zaidi. "Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers in South Asia Trade: A Bangladesh Perspective." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 14, no. 1 (2012): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-01401002.

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After 25 years of SAARC, 15 years of SAPTA, and another 6 years of SAFTA, there is scant progress in the area of trade and investment under the regional accord umbrella. Intra-South Asia trade lagged far behind the growth of the region's trade with the rest of the world due to the persistence of substantial tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in the region, thereby impeding growth of trade and investment despite efforts at regional cooperation. Though tariffs have come down in all the countries, they are still high compared to other major regions of the world, thus presenting the first bar

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12

Olivier, Anne. "Water tariffs and consumption drop: an evaluation of households' response to a water tariff increase in Manaus, Brazil." Water Policy 12, no. 4 (2010): 564–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.045.

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Increasing block tariffs seek a cross-subsidy mechanism between the water network users, based on the common assumption of a low water price elasticity. In Manaus, the capital city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas, where most of the 1.6 million dwellers are supplied through a municipal water network, a substantial consumption drop followed the tariff increase of 2004. This drop questions the cross-subsidy capacity of the current structure. We see this 31.51% tariff increase as a natural experiment applied to the whole network user population of Manaus, and this allows us to measure the impac

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Nwamaka, Ozoh Joan, Amaka G. Metu, Madueke Chinwe Monica, and Chika Maureen Okaforocha. "Common External Tariff and Household Welfare in Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. V (2023): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70511.

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Economic integration into the global markets offers the opportunity for rapid growth and poverty reduction, particularly in developing countries. It is believed that lowering trade barriers on imported goods provides the consumers with welfare gains, access to better-quality products and lower prices. Therefore, this paper investigated the impact of common external tariff on household welfare in Nigeria within the period of 2005 to 2021. This study is a quantitative research and the data were sourced from World Bank Integrated Trade Solution database, World Bank Commodity Price data and Nation

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Melatos, Mark, and Alan Woodland. "Common External Tariff Choice in Core Customs Unions." Review of International Economics 17, no. 2 (2009): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2009.00824.x.

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15

ZHANG, Ying, Wenmei KANG, Mou WANG, and Li ZHUANG. "Carbon Tariffs’ Impacts on China’s Economy and Carbon Emission: A Study Based on META-Regression Analysis." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 07, no. 03 (2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s234574811950012x.

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During the implementation of the measures for reducing carbon emissions, to protect the international competitiveness of their carbon-intensive products, some developed countries in the name of preventing carbon leakage have deliberately avoided the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)” prescribed in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and worked actively to propose the collection of carbon tariffs to make developing countries share the responsibilities of reducing global emissions. The existing studies tend to confirm that carbon tariffs, once

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16

Bünder, Tobias. "How Common Is the East African Community’s Common External Tariff Really? The Influence of Interest Groups on the EAC’s Tariff Negotiations." SAGE Open 8, no. 1 (2018): 215824401774823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017748235.

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Monday, Bakare Olugbenga, Bakare Idowu John, and Adeyoriju Victor Ojo. "Implications of Tariff Regimes and Reciprocity on Global Peace and International Relations." Journal of Frontiers in Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 2 (2025): 127–39. https://doi.org/10.54660/.jfmr.2025.6.2.127-139.

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The dynamics of global peace and international relations are profoundly influenced by tariff regimes and principles of reciprocity in trade. This paper examines the multifaceted implications of these economic constructs on the geopolitical landscape, arguing that the evolution of tariff policies can serve as both a catalyst for cooperation and a source of conflict among nations. In an interconnected world, trade tariffs act as instruments of economic power, capable of shaping alliances and fostering dependencies, while also inciting tensions that may lead to trade wars and geopolitical strife.

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18

Zemite, L., A. Ansone, L. Jansons, et al. "The Creation of the Integrated Natural Gas Market in the Baltic Region and its Legal Implications." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 3 (2021): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0026.

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Abstract A common natural gas market in the Baltic region, which is in operation since 1 January 2020, means a single entry–exit tariff system for the natural gas transmission among Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and a common Latvian–Estonian balancing zone. Finland joined the market with a separate balancing zone, certain rules, contracts, invoices and billing, with a decision for full integration to be taken not earlier than in 2022. Lithuania is not currently the common market participant, because it is not ready to join it with such revenue splitting conditions as Finland, Estonia and Latvia. B

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19

Mogendi, Justine Ongeri, Tabitha Kiriti Nganga, and Laura Nelima Barasa. "Effect of the East African Community Common External Tariff on Household Labor Income in Kenya." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 9, no. 3 (2023): p157. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n3p157.

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This study investigates how changes in prices caused by the adoption of the East African Community Common External Tariff affected the labor incomes of households in Kenya. Households in rural, urban, and fully urban areas are analyzed. Workers are classified as skilled versus unskilled, formal versus informal, and agricultural versus non-agricultural sector workers. Data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Surveys 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 are used in the analysis. Data from these surveys were used to categorize workers and extract the price values for commodities. One hundred and twenty

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20

Ezeala-Harrison, Fidel, and John Baffoe-Bonnie. "Do Protective Tariffs Influence Firms’ Competitive Stance? Application of a Competitive Leverage Model in The Presence of Simultaneous Equation and Sample Selectivity Bias." Journal of Developing Areas 58, no. 4 (2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2024.a931313.

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ABSTRACT: We propose a Competitive Leverage model, and apply it to analyze the impact of tariffs on the attitudes of domestic import-competing firms, especially regarding their disincentives to maintain a Competitive Stance against foreign competitors in the domestic market. We propose that tariffs are a disincentive to the pursuit and maintenance of production efficiency in firms and industries. When countries implement tariff protection for their domestic firms, the most common excuse sounds reasonable, except that it is also economically flawed. While the short-run impacts of such a measure

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21

KIM, IN SONG. "Political Cleavages within Industry: Firm-level Lobbying for Trade Liberalization." American Political Science Review 111, no. 1 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000654.

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Existing political economy models explain the politics of trade policy using inter-industry differences. However, this article finds that much of the variation in U.S. applied tariff rates in fact arises within industry. I offer a theory of trade liberalization that explains how product differentiation in economic markets leads to firm-level lobbying in political markets. High levels of product differentiation eliminates the collective action problem faced by exporting firms while import-competing firms need not fear product substitution. To test this argument, I construct a new dataset on lob

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22

Podra, O., Natalia Petryshyn, and L. S. Nodzhak. "PECULIARITIES OF CLASSIFICATION AND USE OF NON-TARIFF REGULATION MEASURES." Journal of Lviv Polytechnic National University. Series of Economics and Management Issues 5, no. 2 (2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/semi2021.02.098.

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Purpose. The purpose of the research is to conduct a systematic study of existing classifications of measures of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity and analysis of the dynamics of the use of specific methods of non-tariff regulation in Ukraine and the world. Design/methodology/approach. The study examined the hypothesis of the lack of a single unified classification of measures of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity on the basis of a study of the most commonly used classifications in Ukraine and in the world, determining their common and distinctive features. In

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23

Pezzola, Anthony A. "The Deep Roots of Protectionism in the Southern Cone: Constituent Interests and Mercosur’s Common External Tariff." Latin American Politics and Society 60, no. 4 (2018): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.42.

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AbstractThis article examines the influence of subnational economic interests on the formation of supranational trade policy in the Southern Common Market (Mercosur). Accounting for differences in the relative importance of member countries, the article argues that subnational economic interests influenced the structure of Mercosur’s common external tariff (CET). Although the CET was negotiated without direct input from voters or legislators, its structure reflects the interests of geographically specific economic interests in the member countries. The results of a regression analysis of tarif

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Tremblay, Rodrigue. "La politique commerciale fédérale et l’économie québécoise." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 4 (2009): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800695ar.

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Abstract It is argued in this paper that both normative and objective considerations must be taken into consideration in the formulation of tariff policy. Moreover, it is shown that static and partial equilibrium analyses can be disastrously misleading in guiding the framing of tariff policy. Regarding the regional impact of tariffs, it is shown that within a monetary union, interregional trade flows reflect absolute production and transport cost advantages and that the non-realization of perfect domestic mobility of factors of production entails social and private adjustment costs that must b

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Guo, Rong. "BIPV with On-Grid Tariff Policy in China." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.255.

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Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is an important direction of the green building. BIPV has developed rapidly in many developed countries and effectively saved resources. It owes to the government's effective promotion policy. The implementation of the on-grid tariff policy is a new stage of BIPV development. BIPV on-grid tariff pricing is a key point of BIPV promotion. Whether on-grid tariff is reasonable and applicable or not will directly affect the implementation effect of BIPV on-grid tariff policy. The current international common standard cost method is used to calculate on-grid t

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Chilangazi, Eliah, and Chacha Magasi. "Emerging challenges in implementing the common market protocol for free movement of goods in the East African community." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 4 (2023): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i4.2642.

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This paper delves into the intricate challenges encountered by Tanzania in effectively implementing the East African Community (EAC) Common Market Protocol (CMP) pertaining to the seamless movement of goods to Kenya. The research adopts a case study design, employing qualitative and in-depth methods to gather data. The data collection process utilizes a purposeful sampling technique involving 30 participants, and thematic analysis is employed for data analysis. The findings highlight several tariff barriers that hinder the effective implementation of the EAC CMP, including customs duties, quan

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Syropoulos, Constantinos. "Rules for the disposition of tariff revenues and the determination of common external tariffs in customs unions." Journal of International Economics 60, no. 2 (2003): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(02)00046-6.

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28

Ninda Novita, Sopan Sopian, Juli Winando Lumban Toruan, and Indira Rosandry Ajeng Syah Putri. "Pengaruh Hambatan Non-Tarif Sps dan Tbt terhadap Perdagangan Internasional Indonesia dengan Negara G-20." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembangunan dan Pendidikan Vokasi Pertanian 5, no. 1 (2024): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47687/snppvp.v5i1.1015.

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Pasar negara G-20 berpotensi besar terhadap perdagangan internasional Indonesia karena saling adanya keterbukaan ekonomi antar negara yang tergabung, diantara negaranya adalah Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Kanada, China, Uni Eropa, Perancis, Germany, India, Italia, Jepang, Meksiko, Russia, Arab Saudi, Afrika Selatan, Korea Selatan, Turki, United Kingdom, dan USA. Dibalik prinsip perdagangan bebas dalam G-20 yang mengusahakan penurunan dan penghapusan tarif dan non-tarif, masih adanya negara yang menerapkan kebijakan non-tariff measures (NTMs). NTMs yang berpengaruh besar terhadap produk ekspor

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Srinivasan, T. N. "The common external tariff of a customs union: Alternative approaches." Japan and the World Economy 9, no. 4 (1997): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-1425(97)00025-x.

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Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, and Sajal Lahiri. "Lobbying for a Common External Tariff from inside and out." International Review of Economics & Finance 50 (July 2017): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2017.03.026.

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31

Pietrovski, Alan Felipe Do Prado, and Sergio Luiz Stevan Junior. "Electricity consumption meter for the White Tariff and feasibility study of tariff migration to residence." Journal of Applied Instrumentation and Control 9, no. 1 (2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/jaic.v9n1.14305.

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Until the end of 2019, only consumers who had a monthly average above 250 kWh/- month could join the White Tariff in Brazil, however, since January 1, 2020, there is no minimum consumption limitation required. This modality has different tariff values according to the consumption time range, which can bring savings of up to 14.17% in the electric bill at the end of the month if the consumer uses the energy service only during off-peak hours, and due to this possible economy, an increase in the number of customers is expected. However, it is common to question whether it is worth migrating, whi

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Togan, Subidey. "Tariff Equilibrium with Customs Union." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (1994): 1217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1217-1228.

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It is well known from Kemp and Wan (1976) that under customs union an increase in group welfare can occur without affecting that of the rest of the world whenever the common external tariff is positioned in a way so as to offset exactly the terms of trade and export quantity effects felt by it. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of the customs union starting from arbitrary given initial tariff rates and determine cases when the union as well as the non-union countries may gain from the formation of the customs union.

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Valantiejus, Gediminas. "Legal Aspects of the Implementation of European Union’s Common Commercial Policy: Lithuanian Experience and Practice." Economics and Culture 13, no. 2 (2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jec-2016-0008.

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Abstract The Common Commercial Policy is the essential basis of the European Union (hereinafter - the EU), which, in particular, is a free trade area between the 28 Member States with a common external customs tariff and a common foreign trade policy as well as common trade rules with the third countries. Implementation of this policy is characterized by the fact that it is based on an exclusive competence of the EU, which after the Treaty of Lisbon (2009) became even more apparent. Therefore the countries of the EU should follow the same legal principles and rules in the regulation of their f

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M., Neema C. "The Impact of East African Community Tariff Policies on Tanzanian Export Growth in Key Sectors." Law and Economy 3, no. 11 (2024): 16–22. https://doi.org/10.56397/le.2024.11.03.

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This paper examines the impact of East African Community (EAC) tariff policies on Tanzania’s export growth across key sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and mining. By analyzing the Common External Tariff (CET) structure, duty exemptions, and the reduction of non-tariff barriers (NTBs), the study explores how these policies foster regional economic integration and support Tanzania’s export competitiveness. The EAC’s tariff-free trade for member states and structured CET rates are designed to protect and stimulate local industries, providing Tanzanian businesses with access to a lar

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Mogendi, Justine Ongeri, Tabitha Kiriti Nganga, and Laura Nelima Barasa. "Pass-Through Effects of the East African Community Common External Tariffs on Kenya's Domestic Prices." Journal of Economic Integration 38, no. 3 (2023): 466–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2023.38.3.466.

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This study offers an empirical microlevel analysis of the pass-through effects of the East African Community Common External Tariff on consumer prices in Kenya. Using data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Surveys conducted in 2005 and 2015, this research employs a fixed-effects model to estimate pass-through equations. The analysis focuses on consumer prices for agricultural and manufactured goods. It also considers household residential classifications, distinguishing between rural and urban areas, and it investigates the impact of border proximity and transportation costs on the pa

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Belko, William S. "“A TAX ON THE MANY, TO ENRICH A FEW”: JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY VS. THE PROTECTIVE TARIFF." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 37, no. 2 (2015): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000097.

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The core concepts underlying Jacksonian Democracy—equal protection of the laws; an aversion to a moneyed aristocracy, exclusive privileges, and monopolies, and a predilection for the common man; majority rule; and the welfare of the community over the individual—have long been defined almost exclusively by the Bank War, which commenced in earnest with the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Yet, this same rhetoric proved far more pervasive and consistent when one considers the ardent opposition to the protective system. Opponents of the protective tariff, commencing with the Tariff of 1816 and

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NAKAGAWA, Dai, Kenji NISHIO, Ryoji MATSUNAKA, and Tadashi ITOH. "A Study on the Traveling Time Shortened by Common Tariff System." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 16 (1999): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.16.667.

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Feichtner, Isabel. "The Administration of the Vocabulary of International Trade: The Adaptation of WTO Schedules to Changes in the Harmonized System." German Law Journal 9, no. 11 (2008): 1481–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000559.

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A common language is indispensible for reaching and maintaining understanding in all inter-subject relations, including international relations. One element of today's common language in the field of international trade in goods is the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (the Harmonized System/HS) which is maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO). The HS provides for a common vocabulary by classifying all traded goods according to a nomenclature. This common vocabulary facilitates, and avoids misunderstandings in, communications about products. It thus reduces transact

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Elazab, Rasha, Omar Saif, Amr M. A. Amin Metwally, and Mohamed Daowd. "New smart home energy management systems based on inclining block-rate pricing scheme." Clean Energy 6, no. 3 (2022): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac016.

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Abstract There are wide applications of block-rate pricing schemes in many countries. However, there are no significant studies that apply this common tariff for smart home energy management systems. In this paper, a three-time-frame energy management scheme has been proposed for photovoltaic (PV)-powered grid-connected smart homes based on the well-known mixed-integer linear programming optimization technique. This paper provides three original and novel smart home energy management algorithms that depend on the most common residential tariff specifically in developing countries. Three differ

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Tereshenkova, A. Ju. "Problems of Practice and Prospects for the Customs Tariff Development in the Eurasian Economic Union." Administrative Consulting, no. 4 (May 23, 2022): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-4-50-70.

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The Common customs tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union (CCT EAEU) were formulated, which are subject to study, development and improvement. In particular, the author comes to the conclusion that the Decision of the EEC Council N 54, which introduced the EAEU customs tariff, in fact has the structure of a “simple” customs tariff with basic autonomous rates, i. e. in fact, it does not reflect the actual state of the EAEU legislation with the current complex system of preferences. Customs and tariff regulation of the EAEU is not only “import customs duties, but also tariff benefits, tariff quot

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Tereshenkova, Anna Ju. "Problems of Practice and Prospects for the Customs Tariff Development in the Eurasian Economic Union." Administrative consulting, no. 4 (160) (June 7, 2022): 50–70. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-4-50-70.

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The Common customs tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union (CCT EAEU) were formulated, which are subject to study, development and improvement. In particular, the author comes to the conclusion that the Decision of the EEC Council N 54, which introduced the EAEU customs tariff, in fact has the structure of a “simple” customs tariff with basic autonomous rates, i. e. in fact, it does not reflect the actual state of the EAEU legislation with the current complex system of preferences. Customs and tariff regulation of the EAEU is not only “import customs duties, but also tariff ben

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Yulianta. "Metode Perhitungan Satuan Unit Produksi (SUP) dan Indeks Konversi." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 8, no. 2 (2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v8i2.3648.

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Kebijakan tarif jasa angkutan Angkutan Sungai, Danau dan Penyebrangan (ASDP) harus diterapkan secara proporsional dan seadil-adilnya kepada setiap muatan berupa penumpang maupun kendaraan dan barang yang ada di atasnya. Prinsipnya adalah semakin banyak sebuah muatan menggunakan sumberdaya maka akan semakin tinggiÂ chargeÂ yang dikenakan. Indeks konversi yang dijadikan dasar perhitungan tarif perlu dikaji ulang setelah berlangsung lebih dari 10 tahun. Hal ini dilakukan karena adanya perubahan dimensi kendaraan yang berpengaruh terhadap penerapan tarif. Selain itu sistem tarif dan satuan yang di

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Rosin, Argo, Taavi Moller, Madis Lehtla, and Hardi Hoimoja. "Analysis of Household Electricity Consumption Patterns and Economy of Water Heating Shifting and Saving Bulbs." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 26, no. 1 (2010): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0013-3.

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Analysis of Household Electricity Consumption Patterns and Economy of Water Heating Shifting and Saving BulbsThis article analyses household electricity consumption based on an object in Estonia. Energy consumption of workday and holiday by loads (including high and low tariff energy consumption) is discussed. The final part describes the evaluation of profitability of common investments of consumption shifting and replacing inefficient devices with more efficient ones. Additionally it describes shifting problems and shifting equipment profitability in real-time tariff system.

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Sarkar, Anindita. "Can shared standpipes fulfil the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water for urban poor in Kenya?" Water Policy 21, no. 5 (2019): 1034–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.047.

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Abstract With the analyses of secondary data, the study finds that there has been a consistent increase in safe water coverage in Kenya over the years, mostly through paid common standpipes. However, primary data collected through in-depth field investigations in the Mathare slums of Nairobi reveal that the paid standpipes are overstressed and are prone to unreliable services, neglected operation and maintenance, illegal connections, water theft, unregulated and high tariffs and client favouritism on the basis of tribal affiliations. Thus, the most effective way to serve the urban poor is to i

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Nenko, Serhii, Oleksii Fedotov, and Halyna Shchedrova. "ECONOMIC AND LEGAL BASES OF ADMINISTRATION OF THE CUSTOMS-TARIFF MECHANISM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 1 (2022): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-1-103-110.

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The subject of the study is public relations in the field of administrative and legal regulation of the customs and tariff mechanism of foreign economic activity. Methodology. The instrumental and methodological apparatus of the research is formed by the applied methods of economic analysis of the activities of organizations, statistical methods, selective observation, the method of economic modelling, grouping, generalization, expert assessments, methods of economic theory, marketing, etc. The aim of the article is to analyse the administrative and legal aspects of the mechanism of customs an

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Zahore, Martin Gnoleba. "Common External Tariff and Dynamism of Economic and Regional Integration in the WAEMU Zone: An Analysis Based on the Econometric Approach of Panels." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 10 (2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n10p224.

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This article discusses the implications of the introduction of the Common External Tariff on the dynamism of economic and regional integration in the WAEMU zone. The sample includes eight countries and covers the period from 1990 to 2014. The study is based on the econometric approach of panels. The results suggest that the common external tariff has significantly contributed to strengthen the dynamism of the economic and regional integration in the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa. These results show that the WAEMU countries have an interest in developing new Community mechanisms co

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Diop, Ibrahima Thione. "Assessment of the Impact of WAEMU Common External Tariff (CET) in Senegal." Modern Economy 06, no. 12 (2015): 1219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2015.612115.

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Tinitskaya, О. V., and G. V. Makarova. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE EAEU COMMON CUSTOMS TARIFF REGULATORY FUNCTION STRENGTHENING." Herald of the Belgorod University of Cooperation, Economics and Law 2, no. 63 (2017): 216–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21295/2223-5639-2017-2-216-232.

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Tamayo-Álvarez, Rafael. "The Strategic Use of International Investment Law in Colombia – Textiles: Navigating within the International Regime Complex for Development." Law and Development Review 13, no. 1 (2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0080.

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AbstractTrade-based money laundering (TBML) is a major concern in Colombia, where criminal organisations employ under-invoicing to conceal drug-trafficking proceeds. In response, Colombia imposed a compound tariff on certain Panamanian importations that were considered linked to this phenomenon. Alleging that the policy measure infringed Colombia’s tariff concessions, Panama activated the World Trade Organisation (WTO) dispute settlement mechanism. The dispute revolved around Article II:1 of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 1994. Colombia argued that this norm should be interpreted as

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Pain, Nigel, and Melanie Lansbury. "Regional Economic Integration and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of German Investment in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 160 (April 1997): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019716000107.

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The European Economic Community originally came into existence following the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Member states planned to harmonise their tariffs, pursue a common trade policy and liberalise intra-Community trade. All internal customs duties and quantitative restrictions on trade were successfully removed by 1968. However it subsequently became clear that this had not resulted in the full integration of product markets in Europe, with capital movements and trade continuing to be restricted by capital controls and non-tariff barriers. In the mid-1980s the European Commission identified arou

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