Relevant bibliographies by topics / Common travel area

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Common travel area'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 January 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Common travel area"

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Maher, Imelda. "Re-bordering the Common Travel Area." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 75, no. 3 (2024): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v75i3.1117.

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The Common Travel Area (CTA) promises – and has delivered – extraordinary benefits for British and Irish citizens for over a century. Here, we briefly outline the scattered and diverse legal norms around the CTA. We then look at how it encapsulates a narrow view of citizenship before briefly outlining the challenges posed by Covid which underline how important political goodwill is to this free movement arrangement.
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Ryan, Bernard. "The Common Travel Area between Britain and Ireland." Modern Law Review 64, no. 6 (2001): 831–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.00356.

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de Mars, Sylvia, and C. R. G. Murray. "With or Without EU? The Common Travel Area After Brexit." German Law Journal 21, no. 5 (2020): 815–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.46.

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AbstractThe Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) concluded between the UK and Ireland in May 2019 provides one of the few clear legacies of Theresa May’s premiership. The Common Travel Area (CTA) between Ireland, the UK, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man provides the basis for domestic immigration and nationality laws which permit Irish citizens to reside in the UK and for them to be treated as “not foreign” in the context of UK domestic laws concerning access to healthcare, employment, social security, political participation, and education. Yet it has long lacked legal definition. The UK
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de Mars, Sylvia, and C. R. G. Murray. "With or Without EU? The Common Travel Area After Brexit – ERRATUM." German Law Journal 22, no. 5 (2021): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.30.

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BUTLER, Graham, and Gavin BARRETT. "Europe’s ‘Other’ Open-Border Zone: The Common Travel Area under the Shadow of Brexit." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 20 (December 2018): 252–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2018.10.

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AbstractIn recent years, the Schengen Area—and the suppression within its territory of border controls—has become a strong focus of attention. This article focuses on another region of Europe where such controls have been suppressed: the Common Travel Area (‘CTA’). Historically, both Ireland and the United Kingdom have rejected membership of the Schengen system—albeit securing certain ‘opt-in’ rights—and instead maintained the CTA between their respective jurisdictions. The CTA has, however, garnered relatively little public attention until recently, when concerns as to the implications of Bre
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Czyżak, Krzysztof. "Motyw podróży w czasie w grach cyfrowych – podstawowe typy mechanik." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 33, no. 42 (2023): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2023.33.42.9.

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 This article is an attempt to describe the ways in which the theme of time travel functions in video games. The text presents the two most common types of incorporating time travel into game mechanics. In the first type, an avatar has the ability to manipulate gameworld time. In the second case, time travel is simulated by a transfer of the avatar into a different game area. The article constitutes a step towards more advanced research on time travel in video games.
 
 
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Ben-Ari, Tamara, Gaëlle Lefort, Jérome Mariette, et al. "Flight quotas outperform focused mitigation strategies in reducing the carbon footprint of academic travel." Environmental Research Letters 19, no. 5 (2024): 054008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad30a6.

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Abstract The carbon footprint of academia has become a prominent concern and a burgeoning research area, with a notable focus on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from research-related travels. Mitigation strategies often promote alternatives, such as developing virtual communication or adopting sustainable transportation modes for short distances. While more ambitious strategies involving the transformation of research practices are increasingly discussed, these mitigation solutions are rarely subjected to rigorous quantitative assessments or meaningful comparisons. This study analyzes a unique
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Estrada, Joana, Cláudia Conceição, Gonçalo Figueiredo Augusto, and Rosa Teodósio. "What Do Travelers Know about Traveler’s Diarrhea? Impact of a Pre-Travel Consultation in the Lisbon Area, Portugal." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 10 (2024): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9100232.

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Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is one of the most common travel-related health problems, largely interfering with planned activities and potentially contributing to antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to characterize the knowledge about TD among pre-travel consultation users of one Portuguese travel clinic and determine the impact of the consultation on knowledge levels. Using a quasi-experimental, separate-sample pretest–posttest design, participants were randomly assigned to two groups: control/pre-consultation group (CG) or experimental/post-consultation group (EG). An anonymous self-admin
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Holder, Daniel. "Neither hard nor soft but racist? The Good Friday Agreement and the Irish border after Brexit." Race & Class 59, no. 2 (2017): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817725443.

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This is an edited version of a talk given by a human rights activist from Belfast on 26 June 2017 at a seminar, held at IRR, to discuss the implications of ‘Brexit’ on the Good Friday Agreement and the UK-Ireland Common Travel Area. The talk took place on the day of publication of the ‘confidence and supply’ agreement between the Democratic Unionist Party and the minority Conservative government. It discussed the prospects for the Good Friday Agreement in terms of the new alliance; whether populist anti-migrant racism will become institutionalised via discretionary border checks and entry deci
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Pearre, Nathaniel S., Lukas G. Swan, Erin Burbidge, et al. "Regional Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Network Design Using Common Public Data." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 11 (2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13110212.

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Electric vehicles rely on public fast charging when traveling outside a single charge range. Networks of fast charging hubs are a preferred solution, but should be deployed according to a design that avoids both redundant infrastructure representing overinvestment, and “charging deserts” which limit travel by EVs and thus inhibit EV adoption. We present a two-stage design strategy for a network of charging hubs relying on common public data including maps of roadways and electrical systems, and ubiquitous and readily accessible daily traffic volume data. First, the network design is based on t
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Common travel area"

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Cracco, Amélie. "Les cοnséquences du Brexit sur la liberté de circulatiοn des persοnnes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR073.

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Conformément à l’engagement pris par le parti conservateur , la victoire du Leave à l’occasion du référendum sur l’appartenance du Royaume-Uni à l’Union européenne a entraîné la mise en œuvre de la procédure prévue à l’article 50 du Traité sur l’Union européenne. Le retrait du Royaume-Uni de l’Union européenne a surtout posé la question de la relation future entre les deux entités. La prééminence dont la libre circulation des personnes a fait l’objet lors de la campagne référendaire a invité Londres à envisager les différents scenarii à l’aune des possibilités offertes en matière de maîtrise d
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Books on the topic "Common travel area"

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Meehan, Elizabeth M. Free movement between Ireland and the UK: From the "common travel area" to the Common Travel Area. Policy Institute in association with the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform, 2000.

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Nellis, David W. Common Coastal Birds of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press, Inc., 2001.

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Victor, Murinde, ed. The free trade area of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. Ashgate, 2001.

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Ainslie, Andrew. Cattle ownership and production in the communal areas of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, 2002.

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Othieno, Lawrence. Prospects and challenges in the formation of the COMESA-EAC and SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area. Economic Policy Research Centre, 2011.

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European Commission. Directorate-General for Agriculture., ed. The common agricultural policy: Promoting Europe's agriculture and rural areas--continuity and change. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998.

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Kavanagh, James. The nature of California: An introduction to common plants and animals and natural attractions. Waterford Press, 1994.

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Philippines. President (1992-1998 : Ramos). Philippine schedule of tariff concessions under the common effective preferentiall tariff (CEPT) scheme for the ASEAN free trade area (AFTA): Executive Order no. 145. Philippine Tariff Commission, 1994.

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Medvedev, Valentin. LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE STATE ENTITIES OF "WHITE" RUSSIA DURING THE CIVIL WAR. Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02099-9.

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Many books and scientific articles have been written about the White movement, but the issues of state regulation of the economy and social relations, as well as legislation and administration of white governments in various areas of the socio-economic life of society, are still poorly understood. The few studies available are mainly aimed at revealing regional problems. This monograph covers the legal policy of the anti-Soviet governments in the field of finance and taxes, industry and transport, trade and supply in all territories of "white" Russia, reveals its common and special features an
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Meade, Douglas S., ed. In Quest of the Craft. Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-820-0.

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INFORUM is a research project started more than forty five years ago by Clopper Almon. The focus is on the development of dynamic, interindustry, macroeconometric models to forecast the economy in the long run. Over the last 30 years, the Inforum approach to model building has been shared by economists in many different countries. Researchers have focused much of their efforts to developing a linked system of international interindustry models with a consistent methodology. A world-wide network of research associates use similar methods and a common software obtaining comparable results to pro
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Book chapters on the topic "Common travel area"

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Meehan, Elizabeth. "Freedom of Movement: the Common Travel Area between Ireland and Britain and the Treaty of Amsterdam." In Migration and Mobility. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523128_8.

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Suslowicz, Jarvis, and Helge Hillnhütter. "Tactical Urbanism: A Means of Enacting Mobility Transition? A Literature Review of International Practice." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_136.

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AbstractThis chapter assesses the state of practice for institutional-led tactical urbanism as a means of enacting a transition towards active travel in cities. Using an established assessment framework, the chapter reviews 92 academic works covering the use of temporary, tactical and experimental street-space reallocation projects towards the goal of permanently increasing mode-shares of active modes through improved spatial provision. Although significant ground has been made in this area, particularly in response to the opportunity presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, most projects still enc
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Ofori-Amoah, Benjamin. "The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa." In The African Continental Free Trade Area. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59181-5_9.

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Tshimpaka, Leon Mwamba. "“No One Should Be Left Behind”: EU and Inclusion of Civil Society in the African Common Free Trade Area." In Africa-EU Relations and the African Continental Free Trade Area. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57992-9_12.

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Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo, and Leon Mwamba Tshimpaka. "Introduction: Redefining the Dynamics of Power and Economic Partnership in Africa–EU Relations Through the African Common Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)." In Africa-EU Relations and the African Continental Free Trade Area. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57992-9_1.

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Perlak, Jakub. "Selected Concepts of Leadership in Self-organizing Teams." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72781-8_24.

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AbstractSelf-organizing teams are a common way of organizing teamwork in sectors related to modern technologies, especially in programming teams. Agile methods often promote and advocate such teams. One of the problems in this form of team organization is the issue of leadership, and particularly the relationship between vertical leadership - one person, and horizontal leadership - team members. In the literature on the subject, we can find traces of many concepts in such a broad area as the issue of leadership. However, several selected concepts allow us to capture an emerging feature in self
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Maher, Imelda. "The Common Travel Area." In The Law & Politics of Brexit. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863935.003.0006.

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Abstract Chapter 6 by Imelda Maher examines Article 3 of the Protocol, entitled ‘Common Travel Area’ (CTA). Maher explains how the CTA is a long-standing arrangement which has allowed Irish and UK citizens to move freely between the two islands, and she underlines how Article 3 of the Protocol essentially enables the two countries to continue this practice, provided it respects the rights of natural persons conferred by EU law. At the same time, Maher shows how the CTA is a largely uncodified arrangement, which relies on multiple sources of law, including international agreements, bits of immi
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"The Common Travel Area." In Security of Residence and Expulsion. Brill | Nijhoff, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004480995_007.

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Maher, Imelda. "The Common Travel Area." In The Law and Practice of the Ireland-Northern Ireland Protocol. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009109840.015.

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"Walkability in Metropolitan Area." In Big Data Analytics in Traffic and Transportation Engineering. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7943-4.ch003.

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Promoting active trips has been considered as a key element towards achieving more sustainable transportation. Walking as a mode of transportation can contribute to more sustainable and healthy travel habits. This chapter presents a new approach for measuring walkability within Melbourne region, Australia. An integrated approach combining transport and land-use planning concepts was employed to construct the walking access index (WAI), which is a location-based measure for accessibility. The WAI along with a common existing walkability index were employed in regression models to examine how th
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Conference papers on the topic "Common travel area"

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Stanzione, Kaydon, Michael Baiada, and Richard Ruff. "An Investigation of Emergency Flight Operations with Vertical Flight Aircraft in Class B Airspace." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12215.

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This paper investigates how vertical flight aircraft operations can more efficiently mesh with airline arrival and departure flows in both emergency and non-emergency conditions within Class B airspace. Specifically, Helicopter Air Ambulance Operations (HAAO) are merged with the results of FAA studies addressing Aircraft Arrival Management Systems. The unique flight capabilities of vertical flight aircraft must be optimized to provide rapid emergency response while permitting queued airlines to land with minimal to no delay. FAA's NextGen and specific HAAO procedural and equipment mandates off
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DuBois, Thomas, William Kinahan, and Fernando Dones. "Joint Common Architecture (JCA) Recommendations." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9467.

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In June of 2013, the Army released a draft overview of the Joint Common Architecture (JCA) model (Ref. 1), which suggests a way to decompose mission systems functionality into Domains, Subsystems, and Components. This paper offers additional recommendations to the structure of the JCA, including an added Systems decomposition layer and Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) functionality related to flight controls. The new Systems layer bridges the connection between the Domains and Subsystems provided in the draft JCA. The structure of the Systems layer encourages the mission systems integrator to
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Kinoshita, Dai, Shigeki Nakayama, and Itaru Matsumoto. "Swing-up and Stabilizing Control of Inverted Pendulum with Restricted Travel Width and Cart Speed." In 2024 International Conference on Machining, Materials and Mechanical Technologies. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-p2shqh.

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The inverted pendulum is one of the most common experimental devices used to illustrate nonlinear control techniques, and various studies have been conducted on its swing-up and stabilization control from different perspectives. In real-world inverted pendulums, there are limitations on the displacement and velocity of the fulcrum, making it crucial to consider these constraints in control strategies.In this study, we propose a new swing-up and stabilization control method for the inverted pendulum that allows independent setting of the displacement and velocity limits of the fulcrum. The effe
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Roberts, Thomas P., and James D. Willis. "Common Deposits and Their Influence on Corrosion in the Pulp and Paper Industry." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95502.

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Abstract Deposits commonly encountered throughout the Pulp and Paper Industry are generally classified as microbial or non-microbial. Both of these categories can be further subdivided into a variety of classes, within which all common deposits can be placed. Despite the variety of deposits encountered, the corrosion problems posed by the presence of the deposits are few. Quite simply, environments beneath deposits promote localized attack, i.e. under-deposit attack. General corrosion can also be promoted by the chemicals and procedures used to remove the deposits from equipment and piping sys
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Lu, Haiping, Swamy Margan, and Dean Diagostine. "Tracer Studies in Boiler Scale and Corrosion Control." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19005.

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Abstract In industrial boiler operation, it is very critical to control boiler conditions to avoid the failure. Boiler chemical treatment is considered as a cost-effective approach to prevent scale formation and minimize corrosion to control feeding chemicals, tracers can be formulated into scale and corrosion inhibitor for the dosage monitoring. This paper presents both laboratory and operation studies of fluorescein in a scale and corrosion inhibitor. The studies include: 1. Evaluation of fluorescein stability at 400°F; 2. Assessment of fluorescein monitoring accuracy compared with other ana
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Aminof, Benjamin, Giuseppe De Giacomo, Sasha Rubin, and Florian Zuleger. "Proper Linear-time Specifications of Environment Behaviors in Nondeterministic Planning and Reactive Synthesis." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/4.

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To help it achieve its goal, an agent exploits assumptions it has about the behavior of its environment. The common view in planning and reactive synthesis is that such assumptions are sets of traces. This trace-centric view has the advantage of having well-understood specification formalisms, such as linear-time temporal logic. An alternative view, that we have promoted as being conceptually superior, is strategy-centric: assumptions are non-empty sets of environment strategies. In this work we relate these views and show that the strategy-centric view is a refinement of the trace-centric vie
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Saleem, M. A. "Pipeline Integrity Restoration." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09045.

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Abstract Most of Saudi Aramco's gas processing plants process both the associated gas received from oil wells and non-associated gas (Khuff gas) received from gas wells. The feed gas received from these respective wells are transported to gas processing plants through buried cross country pipelines made of carbon steel material. These pipelines are designed with an external coating and cathodic protection for external protection, and corrosion inhibitors are used for internal protection. While ILI is used as the primary method of integrity management for the pipelines equipped with launchers a
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Wolny, Ada, Marek Ogryzek, and Ryszard Zróbek. "Challenges, Opportunities and Barriers to Sustainable Transport Development in Functional Urban Areas." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.126.

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The process of identifying urban areas in OECD countries uses population density to identify urban cores, and travel-to-work flows to identify the hinterlands as the “worker catchment area” of the urban labour market, outside the densely inhabited core. As the travel-to-work analysis seems to be an important issue for creating coherent functional urban areas, the main determinants of daily commuting in a sub-regional scale should be investigated. There is a common opinion, that residents of the suburbs are bound to use individual forms of transportation, and public transport does not meet thei
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Ciobanu, Victor. "Sustainable development of tourism in the context of the accession process of the Republic of Moldova to the European Union." In Rule of Law and Economic Resilience in the Context of Moldova's Accession to the European Union. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/rler2024.48.

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The article examines 2 main issues related to the process of accession of the Republic of Moldova to the European Union (EU), namely: liberalization of the provision of tourism services in the common European area, expressed through the transposition of Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market and information requirements for persons, consumers of tourism services, examined through Directive (EU) 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on package travel and linked travel arrang
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Li, Weichang, Lei Fu, and Murtadha J. AlTammar. "Well Log Prediction Using Deep Sequence Learning." In International Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/igs-2022-184.

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Abstract Sonic logs including compressional and shear travel time logs (DTC and DTS, respectively) are important measurements for subsurface elastic and geomechanic property characterization. However, these log types are not always measured in practice or incomplete in many oil and gas wells for economic and other practical reasons. We propose to accurately predict these types of log data from the traditional common types of well log measurement data using deep sequence learning methods. After anomalous data removal and augmenting the ratio DTC/DTS as a new lithology differentiating feature, t
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Reports on the topic "Common travel area"

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Kim, Joseph J., and Jose Alejandro Arroyo Turcios. Economic Evaluation of Route Choice Characteristics for Company Truck Drivers and Owner-Operator Truck Drivers in Southern California Freeways. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2242.

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To contribute to the understanding of freeway capacity and financing options, this study evaluates the demand for truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways. The study implemented surveys to both company truck drivers and owner-operator truck drivers to estimate the value they place on time, reliability, and safety measures. The research team met face-to-face with both types of truck drivers near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to understand the drivers’ perspectives regarding truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways. A data set containing 45 surveys out of 62 s
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Avila-Montealegre, Oscar, and Carter Mix. Common Trade Exposure and Business Cycle Comovement. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1149.

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A large empirical literature has shown that countries that trade more with each other have more correlated business cycles. We show that previous estimates of this relationship are biased upward because they ignore common trade exposure to other countries. When we account for common trade exposure to foreign business cycles, we find that (1) the effect of bilateral trade on business cycle comovement falls by roughly 25 percent and (2) common exposure is a significant driver of business cycle comovement. A standard international real business cycle model is qualitatively consistent with these f
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Laens, Silvia, and María Inés Terra. MERCOSUR: Asymmetries and Strengthening of the Customs Union: Options for the Common External Tariff. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011148.

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The enforcement of the MERCOSUR as an imperfect customs union is determined by the existence of a Common External Tariff (CET) which has not been fully applied up to this moment. The smallest countries in the MERCOSUR are more open, more specialized and a larger share of their total trade is intrabloc. Their integration to the MERCOSUR deeply affected their external relations and their output composition. On the contrary, for the largest countries, especially Brazil, their integration to the MERCOSUR has had much less impact on production and trade. The objective of this paper is to assess the
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Vandendriessche, Marie, ed. Policy Brief 2: Making Faster and Better Decisions in EU Common Foreign and Security Policy. EsadeGeo. Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics, 2023. https://doi.org/10.56269/202307/mv.

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Delayed, or even vetoed, decisions on the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) have marred the efficiency of decision-making in CFSP for years – and by extent, they hinder the EU on its path to becoming a more assertive global actor. This brief shows realistic options the EU can use to implement more qualified majority voting (QMV) in the CFSP and closely related policy areas. In addition to activating underused CFSP Treaty provisions, the EU could boost its use of trade, and to some extent, internal competences – and thereby QMV – to pursue CFSP objectives. 1. Use EU trade competenc
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Murphy, Keire, and Anne Sheridan. Annual report on migration and asylum 2022: Ireland. ESRI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat124.

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Annual Report on Migration and Asylum gives overview of statistics and developments in migration in 2022. The European Migration Network (EMN) Ireland within the ESRI has published its annual review of migration and asylum in Ireland. The EMN is an EU network that provides objective, comparable policy-relevant information on migration and international protection. EMN Ireland is located in the ESRI and is funded by the European Union and the Department of Justice. With an overview of the latest data as well as policy and operational developments, research, and case law from 2022, this report i
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Chaddad, Fabio R., Paulo F. Azevedo, and Elizabeth Farina. The Food Industry in Brazil and the United States: The Effects of the FTAA on Trade and Investment. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011105.

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Brazil and the United States are key players in world agricultural and food markets. The agri-food system in both countries is very large in absolute and relative terms. Both are net exporters of agricultural and food products and major recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the food industry. In addition, US food processors hold substantial investment positions abroad. In the 1990s, both countries were actively involved in the formation of regional trade blocs. The United States is a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), while Brazil is a member of the Southern
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Smallridge, Diana, and Malcom Stephens. A Study on the Activities of IFIs in the Area of Export Credit Insurance and Export Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008568.

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Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) play a role of central importance in international trade and investment flows. ECAs are a vital part of the infrastructure supporting trade and have often been considered to be a critical component in a nation's export-led growth strategy. The basic role of an ECA is to support and encourage exports and outward investment by insuring international trade and investment transactions and, in some cases, providing finance directly. One of the most common and most challenging problems that ECAs face is what to do about small exporters. Small exporters are a significant
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8

Gonzales, Anthony Peter. Trade Liberalization and Small Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011122.

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This report discusses the effect of global integration through trade and investment liberalization on small economies. Findings included the idea that small states are more vulnerable and experience greater income volatility than larger states, and that the sources of this vulnerability are often a result of the external environment. This report offers a range of common relevant policy actions for small states themselves and the international community to deal with their special problems of volatility, vulnerability, transition to the changing global trade regime, capacity building and the cha
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9

Dudoit, Alain. European common data spaces: a structuring initiative that is both necessary and adaptable to Canada. CIRANO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/skhp9567.

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Faced with the acceleration of the digital economy, the governance and effective sharing of data have become fundamental issues for public policy at all levels of jurisdictions and in all areas of human activity. This paper reviews the initiatives and challenges associated with data governance, with a particular focus on the European Common Data Spaces (ECDS) and their direct relevance to the Canadian context. It explores the inherent complexity of data governance, which must reconcile sector-specificities with more horizontal governance principles. In doing so, it highlights the importance of
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10

Hummels, David. Toward a Geography of Trade Costs. GTAP Working Paper, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp17.

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What are the barriers that separate nations? While recent work provides intriguing clues, we have remarkably little concrete evidence as to the nature, size, and shape of barriers. This paper offers direct and indirect evidence on trade barriers, moving us toward a comprehensive geography of trade costs. There are three main contributions. One, we provide detailed data on freight rates for a number of importers. Rates vary substantially over exporters, and aggregate expenditures on freight are at the low end of the observed range. This suggests import choices are made so as to minimize transpo
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