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Journal articles on the topic 'Commonality and variability'
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1
Coplien, J., D. Hoffman, and D. Weiss. "Commonality and variability in software engineering." IEEE Software 15, no. 6 (1998): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/52.730836.
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Coe, Bradley P., Santhosh Girirajan, and Evan E. Eichler. "The genetic variability and commonality of neurodevelopmental disease." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics 160C, no. 2 (April 12, 2012): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31327.
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Cortés-Verdín, María Karen, María Lucía López-Araujo, and Jorge Octavio Ocharán-Hernández. "Development of a plug-in for Variability Modeling in Software Product Lines." Acta Universitaria 22 (March 1, 2012): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2012.353.
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Software Product Lines (SPL) take economic advantage of commonality and variability among a set of software systems that exist within a specific domain. Therefore, Software Product Line Engineering defines a series of processes for the development of a SPL that consider commonality and variability during the software life cycle. Variability modeling is therefore an essential activity in a Software Product Line Engineering approach. There are several techniques for variability modeling nowadays. COVAMOF stands out among them since it allows the modeling of variation points, variants and dependencies as first class elements. COVAMOF, therefore, provides an uniform manner for representing such concepts in different levels of abstraction within a SPL. In order to take advantage of COVAMOF benefits, it is necessary to have a computer aided tool, otherwise variability modeling and management canbe a hard tasks for the software engineer. This paper presents the development of a Eclipse plug-in for COVAMOF.
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Choi, Hwan-Bok, Eun-Ser Lee, and Yun-ho Kim. "Commonality and Variability Analysis Method for UML CASE Tool Frameworks." KIPS Transactions:PartD 16D, no. 6 (December 31, 2009): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstd.2009.16d.6.927.
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Kang, Dongsu. "A Classification Method of Commonality and Variability for Mobile Services." International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijseia.2016.10.3.11.
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Auerbach, Benjamin M., and Christopher B. Ruff. "Limb bone bilateral asymmetry: variability and commonality among modern humans." Journal of Human Evolution 50, no. 2 (February 2006): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.09.004.
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Ramachandran, Muthu, and Pat Allen. "Commonality and variability analysis in industrial practice for product line improvement." Software Process: Improvement and Practice 10, no. 1 (January 2005): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spip.212.
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Crivello, F., N. Tzourio, and B. M. Mazoyer. "Functional Commonality Maps (FCMs): Looking at intersubject variability in the stereotactic space." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (May 1998): S739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31572-6.
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Park, Dong-Su, Dong-Kyu Kim, and Ki-Won Chong. "A Method to Manage Requirements Analyzing the Commonality and Variability in Product Line." KIPS Transactions:PartD 13D, no. 7 (December 31, 2006): 909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstd.2006.13d.7.909.
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Maidan, Inbal, Hagar Bernad-Elazari, Roni Hacham, Jeffrey Hausdorff, and Anat Mirelman. "Overlap, Commonality, Disparity, and Variability of Frontal Lobe Activation in Aging and Neurodegeneration." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2871.
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Abstract Recent work suggests that the prefrontal cortex is recruited during complex walking as a form of cognitive compensation to maintain performance in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from fNIRS studies is accumulating on different patient groups demonstrating the utility of this method and its sensitivity to neural dysfunction. However a direct comparison that explores the specificity of prefrontal activation patterns has not been conducted. This process is essential towards implementing the use of fNIRS at the individual level. Data collected from four different cohorts; young adults, older adults, PD patients at different stages of the disease, and patients with Multiple-Sclerosis during challenging tasks will be presented. Overlap, commonality, disparity and variability between groups and conditions will be presented and modifiers and moderators that can affect individual performance will be discussed. Understanding individual differences in fNIRS response will enhance data interpretation and promote translation of this technology to clinical care applications.
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Sharma, Sugam, Johnny Wong, U. Sunday Tim, and Shashi Gadia. "Bidirectional migration between variability and commonality in product line engineering of smart homes." International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-012-0137-2.
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Huang, George Q., Xin Yan Zhang, and Victor H. Y. Lo. "Optimal supply chain configuration for platform products: impacts of commonality, demand variability and quantity discount." International Journal of Mass Customisation 1, no. 1 (2005): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmassc.2005.007353.
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Ali and Hong. "Value-Oriented Requirements: Eliciting Domain Requirements from Social Network Services to Evolve Software Product Lines." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193944.
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Social network services allow a large population of end-users of software products to publicly share their concerns and experiences about software systems. From a software engineering perspective, such data can be collected and analyzed to help software development organizations to infer users’ emerging demands, receive their feedback, and plan the rapid evolution of software product lines. For the evolution of software product lines, organizations supplement emerging requirements in their products to meet user’s needs and also to retain their dominance in the market. Therefore, social network services, being a communication channel, have supported a number of software development activities such as requirements engineering. It has supported software development organizations to cope with numerous limitations of the traditional requirements engineering approaches by eliciting, prioritizing, and negotiating user requirements. However, these approaches do not consider eliciting requirements in terms of variability and commonality while identifying requirements. To address this issue, we have proposed a social network service-based requirement engineering process. It considers the attributes of users’ opinions to determine variability and commonality. In order to justify our proposed approach, a controlled experiment was conducted on a sample set of end-users on Facebook and Twitter. The experimental results show that the team using the proposed approach performed better in terms of efficiency and effectiveness than the team that used a traditional requirements engineering approach.
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Douta, Gisèle, Haydar Talib, Oscar Nierstrasz, and Frank Langlotz. "CompAS: A new approach to commonality and variability analysis with applications in computer assisted orthopaedic surgery." Information and Software Technology 51, no. 2 (February 2009): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2008.05.017.
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Burrascano, Sabina, William S. Keeton, Francesco M. Sabatini, and Carlo Blasi. "Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review." Forest Ecology and Management 291 (March 2013): 458–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.020.
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Bi, Si Feng, and Zhong Min Deng. "A Stochastic-Based Method for Finite Element Model Validation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 141 (November 2011): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.141.162.
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A stochastic method integrating Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and multivariate regression analysis is presented. The main purpose of this method is to validate a finite element model taking account of variability in test systems and modeling uncertainties. An improved MCS and an iterative procedure during correlation analysis are explained. Simulation results show that the proposed method provides a satisfactory validation outcome with acceptable calculation cost, and different correlation indices generate diverse variation curves of variables. MSC.Nastran is employed with a purpose to show the methodology’s commonality.
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Javed, Muhammad, and Yuqing Lin. "iMER-FM: Iterative Process of System Feature Model Extraction from the Requirements." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 31, no. 03 (March 2021): 435–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194021500157.
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Software product line engineering (SPLE) is a paradigm to promote systematic software reuse. A Feature Model (FM) is a common means to illustrate the commonality and variability of software products in a family. In most existing FM extraction approaches, keywords in the requirement document or certain types of system behavior or external events are considered features. The resulting FM is a combination of user activities and system actions (SAs), making it hard to understand. In this paper, we present an automatic approach to generate a product line FM from multiple requirement documents. We consider user activity and SAs separately in our approach and focus on the expected behaviors of the software system, together with the data being processed. The resulting FM clearly illustrates the expected functionalities of the software system and their variability in the product line. We also compared our approach with existing techniques by processing the same textual documents, and noted improvements in our results.
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Permyakova, Tatiana, and Tatiana Utkina. "The study of conceptual metaphors in ESAP L2 writing: range and variability." Research in Language 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0021.
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The article presents the study of the influence of professional competence of EFL learners on their academic writing. The task was approached through analyzing learners’ competence in specific knowledge domains - knowledge of terms and specific concepts, represented as conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphor models were analyzed in the English written texts produced by Russian students with different competences in economics – at both non-professional and professional levels of academic discourse (NPAD and PAD respectively). Metaphor Identification Procedure VU University Amsterdam (MIPVU) was applied to metaphor identification, and alternative metaphor and preferential conceptualization analysis was performed to compare the scope of source and the range of target in NPAD and PAD. Findings highlight the areas of commonality as well as divergence in terms of students’ professional competence represented in conceptual metaphors in L2 writing. The main differences in the scope of the source analysis are quantitative rather than qualitative. The range of target comparison between NPAD and PAD indicates a significantly larger range of targets for the professional level students, a lower level of metaphorization for the non-professional level, and inclusive strategies across the two levels. Practical recommendations suggest an improved research methodology for studying metaphor production in EAP and ESP as well as a deeper understanding of ESP content and its structure.
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Mikyeong Moon, Keunhyuk Yeom, and Heung Seok Chae. "An approach to developing domain requirements as a core asset based on commonality and variability analysis in a product line." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 31, no. 7 (July 2005): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.2005.76.
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Laguna, Miguel, José Marqués, and Guillermo Rodríguez-Cano. "Feature diagram formalization based on directed hypergraphs." Computer Science and Information Systems 8, no. 3 (2011): 611–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis100804016l.
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Feature models are used to represent the variability and commonality of software product lines (SPL), and to decide on the configuration of specific applications. Several variants based on tree or graph hierarchical structures have been proposed. These structures are completed with additional constraints, generally expressed in parallel with the feature diagram. This paper proposes the use of hypergraphs to integrate both concepts in a unique characterization. Therefore, the definition, validation and selection of feature configurations can be internally based on the hypergraph properties and well-known algorithms, while the concrete visual syntax remains unchanged for domain engineers. The implemented hypergraph algorithms have been tested using a complete set of feature diagrams. Finally a feature meta-model can be derived directly from the formal definitions, providing the foundations for building feature modeling tools.
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Rahman, Mizanur, Mahmuda Islam, Aster Gebrekirstos, and Achim Bräuning. "Disentangling the effects of atmospheric CO2 and climate on intrinsic water-use efficiency in South Asian tropical moist forest trees." Tree Physiology 40, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 904–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa043.
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Abstract Due to the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the ratio of carbon fixed by assimilation to water lost by transpiration through stomatal conductance (intrinsic water-use efficiency, iWUE) shows a long-term increasing trend globally. However, the drivers of short-term (inter-annual) variability in iWUE of tropical trees are poorly understood. We studied the inter-annual variability in iWUE of three South Asian tropical moist forest tree species (Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss., Toona ciliata M. Roem. and Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) derived from tree-ring stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) in response to variations of environmental conditions. We found a significantly decreasing trend in carbon discrimination (Δ13C) and an increasing trend in iWUE in all the three species, with a species-specific long-term trend in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Growing season temperatures were the main driver of inter-annual variability of iWUE in C. tabularis and L. speciosa, whereas previous year temperatures determined the iWUE variability in T. ciliata. Vapor pressure deficit was linked with iWUE only in C. tabularis. Differences in shade tolerance, tree stature and canopy position might have caused this species-specific variation in iWUE response to climate. Linear mixed effect modeling successfully simulated iWUE variability, explaining 41–51% of the total variance varying with species. Commonality analysis revealed that temperatures had a dominant influence on the inter-annual iWUE variability (64–77%) over precipitation (7–22%) and atmospheric CO2 concentration (3–6%). However, the long-term variations in iWUE were explicitly determined by the atmospheric CO2 increase (83–94%). Our results suggest that the elevated CO2 and concomitant global warming might have detrimental effects on gas exchange and other physiological processes in South Asian tropical moist forest trees.
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Debreceny, Roger S., Stephanie M. Farewell, Audrey N. Scarlata, and Dan N. Stone. "Knowledge and Skills in Complex Assurance Engagements: The Case of XBRL." Journal of Information Systems 34, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/isys-52461.
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ABSTRACT What knowledge and skills (KSs) are necessary for complex Agreed-Upon Procedures (AUP) engagements, such as those that include eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) tagged data? This study contributes by investigating these issues in two studies: (1) a survey and (2) structured interviews of accounting professionals with XBRL expertise. Survey results suggest commonality in perceptions of the KSs needed in two knowledge categories, “Accounting and Financial Reporting” and “Undertaking AUP on XBRL Instance Documents,” and, variability in ratings of two categories: “XBRL technology” and “audit procedures.” Interview results indicate that knowledge of the U.S. GAAP Taxonomy is most important to AUP engagements followed by the nature of AUP engagements. The results suggest: (1) a need for clarification of XBRL-relevant KSs and (2) an important but unfilled role for universities and scholars in discerning, supporting, and developing the KSs needed to support complex assurance engagements.
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Dehmouch, Ikram, Bouchra El Asri, Maryem Rhanoui, and Mina El Maallam. "Feature Models Preconfiguration Based on User Profiling." Computer and Information Science 12, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v12n1p59.
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Feature modeling is used to express commonality and variability among a family of software products called the software product line. To offer customized products to their customers, organizations need to build packages of features taking into consideration customer needs and preferences. This paper presents a platform named SPLP (Software Product Line Profiling) which allows pre-configuring feature models through the restriction of the configuration space to meet the requirements of a specific market segment. Considering that concerns and preferences of this latter are a key criteria to achieve a tailored pre-configuration, authors propose the integration of user profiling in the SPLP platform through the definition of a user profile model describing information about the user and the products he is used to consume. This information is then exploited by the SPLP platform to perform an automated pre-configuration according to each user profile requirements and preferences.
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CHO, EUN SOOK, SOO DONG KIM, and SUNG YUL RHEW. "A DOMAIN ANALYSIS AND MODELING METHODOLOGY FOR COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 14, no. 02 (April 2004): 221–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194004001580.
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Component-based development (CBD) has been widely accepted as an effective paradigm for building software with reusable components, consequently reducing efforts and shortening time-to-market. The components used in CBD should provide a domain standard or common functionality so that they can be shared and reused by family members in a domain. Moreover, variability among family members should also be modeled in components so that family member-specific business logic can be realized through component customization. Therefore, the degree of commonality and customizability determines the range of component applicability in CBD. In this paper, we propose a practical COmponent MOdeling methodology (COMO) for analyzing domain requirements and designing highly reusable components. COMO extends Unified Modeling Language and Rational Unified Process with notations and semantics relevant to CBD. For each activity of the process, comprehensive instructions and artifact templates are provided so that software components can be modeling effectively. We also provide a comprehensive case study of applying the methodology in building an electronic commerce application.
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Liu, Fan, and Ning Ma. "Multicriteria ABC Inventory Classification Using the Social Choice Theory." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010182.
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The multicriteria ABC inventory classification has been widely adopted by organizations for the purpose of specifying, monitoring, and controlling inventory efficiently. It categorizes the items into three groups based on some certain criteria, such as inventory cost, part criticality, lead time, and commonality. There has been extensive research on such a problem, but few have considered that the judgments about criteria’s importance order usually exhibit a substantial degree of variability. In light of this, we propose a new methodology for handling the multicriteria ABC inventory classification problem using the social choice theory. Specifically, the pessimistic and optimistic results for all possible individual judgments are obtained in a closed-form manner, which are then balanced by the Hurwicz criterion with a “coefficient of optimism”. The CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method is used to aggregate the individual judgments into a collective choice, according to which the items are classified into Groups A, B, and C. Through a numerical experiment, we show that the proposed methodology not only considers all possible preferences among the criteria, but also generates flexible classification schemes.
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Manigrasso, Maurizio, Carmela Protano, Ettore Guerriero, Matteo Vitali, and Pasquale Avino. "May SARS-CoV-2 Diffusion Be Favored by Alkaline Aerosols and Ammonia Emissions?" Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090995.
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Ammonia is a common factor linking air in bat caves and air pollution in the proximity of agricultural fields treated with livestock farming sewage and slaughterhouses, where important clusters of COVID-19 have recently been reported all over the world. Such a commonality has a further connection with the known behavior of some viruses of the coronavirus family, such as the murine hepatitis virus, whose spike glycoprotein (S) can be triggered to a membrane-binding conformation at pH 8.0. Within the airborne route of virus transmission, with particular relevance for crowded and enclosed environments, these observations have prompted a hypothesis that may represent a contributing cause to interpret the geographical variability of the virus diffusion and the surging rise of COVID-19 cases in slaughterhouses all over the world. The hypothesis is that, in these environments, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein may find on a fraction of the airborne particles an alkaline pH, favorable to trigger the conformational changes, needed to induce the fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cells.
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Vranic, Valentino, and Roman Táborský. "Features as transformations: A generative approach to software development." Computer Science and Information Systems 13, no. 3 (2016): 759–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis160128027v.
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The objective of feature modeling is to foster software reuse by enabling to explicitly and abstractly express commonality and variability in the domain. Feature modeling is used to configure other models and, eventually, code. These software assets are being configured by the feature model based on the selection of variable features. However, selecting a feature is far from a naive component based approach where feature inclusion would simply mean including the corresponding component. More often than not, feature inclusion affects several places in models or code to be configured requiring their nontrivial adaptation. Thus, feature inclusion recalls transformation and this is at heart of the approach to feature model driven generation of software artifacts proposed in this paper. Features are viewed as transformations that may be executed during the generative process conducted by the feature model configuration. The generative process is distributed in respective transformations enabling the developers to have a better control over it. This approach can be applied to modularize changes in product customization and to establish generative software product lines by gradual refactoring of existing products.
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Al-Msie'deen, R., M. Huchard, A. D. Seriai, C. Urtado, and S. Vauttier. "Automatic Documentation of [Mined] Feature Implementations from Source Code Elements and Use-Case Diagrams with the REVPLINE Approach." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 24, no. 10 (December 2014): 1413–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194014400142.
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Companies often develop a set of software variants that share some features and differ in others to meet specific requirements. To exploit the existing software variants as a Software Product Line (SPL), a Feature Model of this SPL must be built as a first step. To do so, it is necessary to define and document the optional and mandatory features that compose the variants. In our previous work, we mined a set of feature implementations as identified sets of source code elements. In this paper, we propose a complementary approach, which aims to document the mined feature implementations by giving them names and descriptions, based on the source code elements that form feature implementations and the use-case diagrams that specify software variants. The novelty of our approach is its use of commonality and variability across software variants, at feature implementation and use-case levels, to run Information Retrieval methods in an efficient way. Experiments on several real case studies (Mobile media and ArgoUML-SPL) validate our approach and show promising results.
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Cayley, Rachael. "Understanding Supervisory Practices: Commonalities and Differences in Ways of Working with Doctoral Writers." Canadian Journal for Studies in Discourse and Writing/Rédactologie 30 (April 29, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31468/cjsdwr.775.
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Thesis supervision is a crucial aspect of the doctoral writing experience. While scholarly attention to both doctoral writing and supervisory dynamics is increasing, supervisory support of doctoral students as novice academic writers is still an under-investigated topic. Not having a clear understanding of the way supervisors treat writing gives insufficient insight into a crucial aspect of the doctoral experience. To counter this lack of information about supervision as it pertains to writing, I conducted interviews with seven supervisors who were identified by their doctoral students as a good supervisor of writing. In this paper, I will discuss the practices that unified and those that distinguished these supervisors in their role as supporters of doctoral writing. The supervisors interviewed expressed similar ideas in three areas: reflexivity about academic writing; awareness of variability among doctoral writers; and acceptance of the profound challenges facing doctoral writers. In three other key areas, the supervisors expressed significant differences: attitudes towards the appropriate degree of supervisory support; commitment to writing support as professional development; and facilitation of peer mentoring. These patterns of commonality and difference suggest that good supervisory writing support may allow for significant variations while still drawing upon crucial shared precepts.
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Tanaka, Stefan. "History—Consuming Pasts." Historical Representation 4, no. 4 (January 1, 1994): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.4.4.02his.
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Abstract I use the idea of consumption to discuss questions of agency and purpose in history. History, as a consumer of pasts, is itself an agent in the interpretive strategies employed in the construction of a historical narrative. History also consumes people as it attempts to impose its homogenizing narrative. In these senses, there is purpose: to give order and meaning to—thus prioritizing—certain pasts over others and to define commonality—especially of the nation or nation-state—and thus marginality. This view brings out the historicity of history: that there is always contestation in representations of the past, and that there is considerable variability in how individuals make such history meaningful to themselves. The latter brings out another notion of consumption—that individuals consume history. Which parts of history people imbibe, however, depend on connections with their experience, their own pasts and histories. In terms of pedagogy, we must be aware that objectivistic history often meets resistance, invites parody, or fosters disbelief. If one goal of teaching history is to foster belief in the nation-state, then a monological narrative might not be the best way to accomplish that goal. (History; Education; Nation)
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Gamberini, Michela, Lauretta Passarelli, Daniele Impieri, Giulia Montanari, Stefano Diomedi, Katrina H. Worthy, Kathleen J. Burman, et al. "Claustral Input to the Macaque Medial Posterior Parietal Cortex (Superior Parietal Lobule and Adjacent Areas)." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 10 (May 3, 2021): 4595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab108.
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Abstract The projections from the claustrum to cortical areas within and adjacent to the superior parietal lobule were studied in 10 macaque monkeys, using retrograde tracers, computerized reconstructions, and quantitative methods. In contrast with the classical view that posterior parietal areas receive afferents primarily from the dorsal and posterior regions of the claustrum, we found that these areas receive more extensive projections, including substantial afferents from the anterior and ventral regions of the claustrum. Moreover, our findings uncover a previously unsuspected variability in the precise regions of the claustrum that originate the projections, according to the target areas. For example, areas dominated by somatosensory inputs for control of body movements tend to receive most afferents from the dorsal-posterior claustrum, whereas those which also receive significant visual inputs tend to receive more afferents from the ventral claustrum. In addition, different areas within these broadly defined groups differ in terms of quantitative emphasis in the origin of projections. Overall, these results argue against a simple model whereby adjacency in the cortex determines adjacency in the sectors of claustral origin of projections and indicate that subnetworks defined by commonality of function may be an important factor in defining claustrocortical topography.
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Ramanauskaitė, Simona, and Asta Slotkienė. "Hierarchy-Based Competency Structure and Its Application in E-Evaluation." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173478.
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The development of information technologies changes the learning process. The amount of publicly available data of e-learning systems allows personalized studies. Therefore, the tutor sometimes is needed for the student’s evaluation and consultation only. To ensure clear evaluation requirements and objective evaluation process, the learning material, as well as the evaluation system, must be discrete and semantically expressed. The list of mastered competencies and skills is more important to the enterprise; therefore, during the last years, the study process has concentrated on competency evaluation too. However, the current practice, when students’ competencies are summarized and expressed as one quantitative metric (score), do not express the list of students’ competencies and their level. To solve the problem, in this paper, we proposed a method for the design of competencies’ tree. The competency tree has to be formatted based on context modeling principles and analysis of Scope-Commonality-Variability. The usage of competency tree for students’ competencies’ evaluation proposes clearly defined and semantically expressed evaluation method for both human and e-learning evaluation process. This paper presents the results of the empirical experiment to adapt the proposed competency tree design and application for competencies’ e-evaluation method, based on flexibility, adaptability, and granularity of learning material.
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Li, Ziyue, Emma L. D'Ambro, Siegfried Schobesberger, Cassandra J. Gaston, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Jiumeng Liu, John E. Shilling, Joel A. Thornton, and Christopher D. Cappa. "A robust clustering algorithm for analysis of composition-dependent organic aerosol thermal desorption measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 2489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2489-2020.
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Abstract. One of the challenges of understanding atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) particles stems from its complex composition. Mass spectrometry is commonly used to characterize the compositional variability of OA. Clustering of a mass spectral dataset helps identify components that exhibit similar behavior or have similar properties, facilitating understanding of sources and processes that govern compositional variability. Here, we developed an algorithm for clustering mass spectra, the noise-sorted scanning clustering (NSSC), appropriate for application to thermal desorption measurements of collected OA particles from the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS). NSSC, which extends the common density-based special clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, provides a robust, reproducible analysis of the FIGAERO temperature-dependent mass spectral data. The NSSC allows for the determination of thermal profiles for compositionally distinct clusters of mass spectra, increasing the accessibility and enhancing the interpretation of FIGAERO data. Applications of NSSC to several laboratory biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) systems demonstrate the ability of NSSC to distinguish different types of thermal behaviors for the components comprising the particles along with the relative mass contributions and chemical properties (e.g., average molecular formula) of each mass spectral cluster. For each of the systems examined, more than 80 % of the total mass is clustered into 9–13 mass spectral clusters. Comparison of the average thermograms of the mass spectral clusters between systems indicates some commonality in terms of the thermal properties of different BSOA, although with some system-specific behavior. Application of NSSC to sets of experiments in which one experimental parameter, such as the concentration of NO, is varied demonstrates the potential for mass spectral clustering to elucidate the chemical factors that drive changes in the thermal properties of OA particles. Further quantitative interpretation of the thermograms of the mass spectral clusters will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the thermochemical properties of OA particles.
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Shao, Guodong, and Y. Tina Lee. "Applying Software Product Line Technology to Simulation Modeling of Emergency Response Facility." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 4, no. 4 (October 2007): 377–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154851290700400406.
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This paper proposes an effective, reusable solution for modeling and simulation. The approach is to develop a Software Product Line (SPL) architecture that explicitly captures the commonality and variability in a family of similar simulation systems. First responders and incident management personnel need better training resources to prepare for possible catastrophic events, including natural disasters and terrorist attacks. Live exercises are often very expensive to organize and conduct. With modeling and simulation technology, simulation-based exercise and training models could be developed. The SPL technology enables the simulation system to easily adapt to multiple contexts and allows the simulation system to reconfigure quickly. SPL models can be developed at different levels of scope and depth to suit the emergency responder's needs. By reusing the system requirement analysis, software architectures, and design, the development time is shorter, the development cost is lower, and the quality is easily maintained. This paper focuses on the application of SPL technology to simulation systems of emergency facilities, such as hospital emergency rooms, on-site emergency triage stations, decontamination stations, first-aid stations, and ambulances. The paper also introduces a prototype simulation of the SPL member system – a hospital emergency room simulation system that has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The detailed modeling of a family of emergency response facility simulation systems is performed based on the Product Line Unified Modeling Language (UML)-based Software engineering (PLUS) method.
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Milker, Y., R. Rachmayani, M. F. G. Weinkauf, M. Prange, M. Raitzsch, M. Schulz, and M. Kučera. "Global and regional sea surface temperature trends during Marine Isotope Stage 11." Climate of the Past 9, no. 5 (October 2, 2013): 2231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2231-2013.
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Abstract. The Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 (424–374 ka) was characterized by a protracted deglaciation and an unusually long climatic optimum. It remains unclear to what degree the climate development during this interglacial reflects the unusually weak orbital forcing or greenhouse gas trends. Previously, arguments about the duration and timing of the MIS11 climatic optimum and about the pace of the deglacial warming were based on a small number of key records, which appear to show regional differences. In order to obtain a global signal of climate evolution during MIS11, we compiled a database of 78 sea surface temperature (SST) records from 57 sites spanning MIS11, aligned these individually on the basis of benthic (N = 28) or planktonic (N = 31) stable oxygen isotope curves to a common time frame and subjected 48 of them to an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The analysis revealed a high commonality among all records, with the principal SST trend explaining almost 49% of the variability. This trend indicates that on the global scale, the surface ocean underwent rapid deglacial warming during Termination V, in pace with carbon dioxide rise, followed by a broad SST optimum centered at ~410 kyr. The second EOF, which explained ~18% of the variability, revealed the existence of a different SST trend, characterized by a delayed onset of the temperature optimum during MIS11 at ~398 kyr, followed by a prolonged warm period lasting beyond 380 kyr. This trend is most consistently manifested in the mid-latitude North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and is here attributed to the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. A sensitivity analysis indicates that these results are robust to record selection and to age-model uncertainties of up to 3–6 kyr, but more sensitive to SST seasonal attribution and SST uncertainties >1 °C. In order to validate the CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model, version 3) predictive potential, the annual and seasonal SST anomalies recorded in a total of 74 proxy records were compared with runs for three time slices representing orbital configuration extremes during the peak interglacial of MIS11. The modeled SST anomalies are characterized by a significantly lower variance compared to the reconstructions. Nevertheless, significant correlations between proxy and model data are found in comparisons on the seasonal basis, indicating that the model captures part of the long-term variability induced by astronomical forcing, which appears to have left a detectable signature in SST trends.
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Díaz, Ismael, Marcel Achkar, and Nestor Mazzeo. "External Drivers and Internal Control Factors that Determine the Vulnerability and Response Capacity to Drought of Cattle Producers in the Sierras Del Este Region of Uruguay." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n1p190.
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Increased response and adaptation capacity are key elements for coping with climate threats. Cattle producers in the Sierras del Este region are one of several groups that are the most vulnerable to climate variability in Uruguay. Despite this commonality, it is a heterogeneous system, which suggests that strategies to respond to these events are divergent. The objective of this work is to identify and evaluate the vulnerability of cattle producers to drought and determine drought response strategies. A new approach is proposed and focuses on the identification of differential capacities to address the vulnerabilities. In addition, this approach seeks to define groups of similar producers of vulnerability since the design of public policies cannot be developed in isolation. For evaluation, we provided consultations with livestock producers and specialists from which we collected our data. Data was analysed using multivariate statistical analyses. Our results indicated that 69% of the system’s vulnerability variance can be explained by 4 components: the capacity for cattle management, the socio-economic capacity to handle drought, the capacity to generate alternatives to cattle feeding, and the commercial and financial flexibility of the producers. These findings also yielded response groups that, in turn, identified 7 producer groups with significant differences in the available and necessary capacities to respond to drought. This methodological strategy allowed the operationalization of the vulnerability and responsiveness concepts, and the identification of strategies for these events. Additionally, this strategy creates an understanding of the complexity of the system and the variables that contribute to it.
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Milker, Y., R. Rachmayani, M. Weinkauf, M. Prange, M. Raitzsch, M. Schulz, and M. Kučera. "Global and regional sea surface temperature trends during Marine Isotope Stage 11." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2013): 837–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-837-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 (424–374 ka) was characterized by a protracted deglaciation and an unusually long climatic optimum. It remains unclear to what degree the climate development during this interglacial reflects the unusually weak orbital forcing or greenhouse gas trends. Previously, arguments about the duration and timing of the MIS11 climatic optimum and about the pace of the deglacial warming were based on a small number of key records, which appear to show regional differences. In order to obtain a global signal of climate evolution during MIS11, we compiled a database of 78 sea surface temperature (SST) records from 57 sites spanning MIS11, aligned these individually on the basis of benthic (N = 28) or planktonic (N = 31) stable oxygen isotope curves to a common time-frame and subjected 48 of them to an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The analysis revealed a high commonality among all records, with the principal SST trend explaining almost 49% of the variability. This trend indicates that on the global scale, the surface ocean underwent rapid deglacial warming during Termination V, in pace with carbon dioxide rise, followed by a broad SST optimum centered at ~ 410 kyr. The second EOF, which explained 19% of the variability, revealed the existence of a different SST trend, characterized by a delayed onset of the temperature optimum during MIS11 at ~ 398 kyr, followed by a prolonged warm period lasting beyond 380 kyr. This trend is most consistently manifested in the mid-latitude North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and is here attributed to the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. A sensitivity analysis indicates that these results are robust to record selection and to age-model uncertainties of up to 3–6 kyr, but more sensitive to SST seasonal attribution and SST uncertainties > 1 °C. In order to assess the effect of orbital forcing on MIS11 SST trends, the annual and seasonal SST anomalies recorded in a total of 74 proxy records were compared with CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model, version 3) runs for three time slices representing orbital configuration extremes during the peak interglacial of MIS11. The modeled SST anomalies are characterized by a significantly lower variance compared to the reconstructions. Nevertheless, significant correlations between proxy and model data are found in comparisons on the seasonal basis, indicating that the model captures part of the long-term variability induced by astronomical forcing, which appears to have left a detectable signature in SST trends.
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Abatzoglou, John T., and Crystal A. Kolden. "Relationships between climate and macroscale area burned in the western United States." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 7 (2013): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13019.
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Increased wildfire activity (e.g. number of starts, area burned, fire behaviour) across the western United States in recent decades has heightened interest in resolving climate–fire relationships. Macroscale climate–fire relationships were examined in forested and non-forested lands for eight Geographic Area Coordination Centers in the western United States, using area burned derived from the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity dataset (1984–2010). Fire-specific biophysical variables including fire danger and water balance metrics were considered in addition to standard climate variables of monthly temperature, precipitation and drought indices to explicitly determine their optimal capacity to explain interannual variability in area burned. Biophysical variables tied to the depletion of fuel and soil moisture and prolonged periods of elevated fire-danger had stronger correlations to area burned than standard variables antecedent to or during the fire season, particularly in forested systems. Antecedent climate–fire relationships exhibited inter-region commonality with area burned in forested lands correlated with winter snow water equivalent and emergent drought in late spring. Area burned in non-forested lands correlated with moisture availability in the growing season preceding the fire year. Despite differences in the role of antecedent climate in preconditioning fuels, synchronous regional fire activity in forested and non-forested lands suggests that atmospheric conditions during the fire season unify fire activity and can compound or supersede antecedent climatic stressors. Collectively, climate–fire relationships viewed through the lens of biophysical variables provide a more direct link to fuel flammability and wildfire activity than standard climate variables, thereby narrowing the gap in incorporating top-down climatic factors between empirical and process-based fire models.
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Balabanova, Mariya. "Cultural and Morphological Differentiation of the Population of the Middle Bronze Age in the Lower Volga Region and Adjacent Territories." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.3.
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Introduction. The author of the article considers the cultural and morphological differentiation of the population of the Middle Bronze Age in the Lower Volga region and adjacent territories. Methods and materials. The researcher has analyzed 18 male craniological series, which were compiled from published and new materials. The authors contribution is more than 230 skulls. The comparative analysis has been carried out by the canonical method to solve the problem. The Mahalanobis proximity distance matrix has been processed by cluster analysis to visualize the results as a dendrogram. Analysis. The results of the comparative analysis reveal a significant morphological similarity of the population of the Lower Volga region catacomb circle cultures who did not practice the deformation custom, except for a burial ground series of the Volga-Don variant. First of all this similarity can be explained by the commonality of the genetic substrate. A series of skulls with traces of artificial deformation has a certain similarity, the distribution of intergroup variability can be associated not only with the modeling effect of the deforming structure on the craniological patterns, but also the genetic relationship of this group of populations. Results. The series of the Volga-Don variant is more similar to the Poltavka culture series in the Lower Volga region, which confirms the hypothesis made by some scientists about the evolutionary nature of the development of cultural elements from the earlier Poltavka to the later Volga-Don ones. This group has some similarities with the late Ymna population of the Lower Volga region. As for the population of the PostCatacomb time (Krivolukskaya and Lola cultures), they differ from the rest of the population by a longer and narrower skull, which is apparently related to the foreign cultural component that took part in the origin of these populations.
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Mytiai, Ivan S., Alex V. Matsyura, Kazimierz Jankowski, and Zoya Mytiai. "Mathematical interpretation of avian egg shapes." Ecologica Montenegrina 38 (December 2, 2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.38.9.
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The general principles of ovoid shapes and their mathematical interpretation were considered concerning previous data and experience. Previously, bird egg description was carried out using the composite ovoid model. According to this model, an ovoid is considered as a set of arcs with a smooth transition between them. The studied group of eggs was named true ovoid. They differ from other forms in size of their infundibular zone radius (thick end) that is almost equal to half of the diameter (0.5D ± 0.01 ˂ ri = 0.5D).We suggested that this commonality, a priori, implies the presence of an abstract geometric model, which is a satisfactory solution and logical approach for analyzing the diversity of natural ovoids. Such a model is a system of circles passing into each other. This allows, within a single system, to assign a vendor code to each form, which involves the name, geometric shape, and quantitative parameters that can be implemented in bird taxonomy.Early, 0.01 D was chosen as the model difference value and the ratio of symmetrical eggs in the analyzed database was 1.1%. In this research, we extended the difference value to 0.05 D and this covered 6.0% of the egg shapes. This is the maximum interval at which the curvature of the polar zones does not visually differ. We revealed that the variability in the egg shapes depends on the radii of curvature of the lateral and polar arcs. The larger the radius of the lateral arches, the greater the degree of freedom for variation of the lateral arches. We supposed that our data could associate any form of bird egg with its biological content. In turn, many ovoid features relevant to other natural objects can be used in bird taxonomical study.
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Beven, Keith J., Susana Almeida, Willy P. Aspinall, Paul D. Bates, Sarka Blazkova, Edoardo Borgomeo, Jim Freer, et al. "Epistemic uncertainties and natural hazard risk assessment – Part 1: A review of different natural hazard areas." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 10 (October 24, 2018): 2741–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2741-2018.
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Abstract. This paper discusses how epistemic uncertainties are currently considered in the most widely occurring natural hazard areas, including floods, landslides and debris flows, dam safety, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic ash clouds and pyroclastic flows, and wind storms. Our aim is to provide an overview of the types of epistemic uncertainty in the analysis of these natural hazards and to discuss how they have been treated so far to bring out some commonalities and differences. The breadth of our study makes it difficult to go into great detail on each aspect covered here; hence the focus lies on providing an overview and on citing key literature. We find that in current probabilistic approaches to the problem, uncertainties are all too often treated as if, at some fundamental level, they are aleatory in nature. This can be a tempting choice when knowledge of more complex structures is difficult to determine but not acknowledging the epistemic nature of many sources of uncertainty will compromise any risk analysis. We do not imply that probabilistic uncertainty estimation necessarily ignores the epistemic nature of uncertainties in natural hazards; expert elicitation for example can be set within a probabilistic framework to do just that. However, we suggest that the use of simple aleatory distributional models, common in current practice, will underestimate the potential variability in assessing hazards, consequences, and risks. A commonality across all approaches is that every analysis is necessarily conditional on the assumptions made about the nature of the sources of epistemic uncertainty. It is therefore important to record the assumptions made and to evaluate their impact on the uncertainty estimate. Additional guidelines for good practice based on this review are suggested in the companion paper (Part 2).
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Song, Cheeyang, Soonbok Lee, and Woojin Lee. "A Refinement Technique for Duplication and Collision Between Features in Software Product Line Engineering." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 24, no. 04 (May 2014): 521–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819401450020x.
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In software product line engineering (SPLE), many studies have been conducted on commonality- and variability-based feature extraction methods and on the reasoning and refinement of feature models (FMs), aiming to enhance the appropriateness and reusability of the constructed FMs in compliance with feature-oriented development. The existing methods, however, failed to assure the developed applications that contain ambiguities between the features generated in FMs by analyzers' intuitions, and hindered the reuse of such applications. Moreover, the accuracy measurements of models based on mathematics-based theoretical verification methods are difficult to apply in practice. Therefore, a refinement technique is demanded to enhance the FM accuracy. This paper aims to identify abnormal feature duplications and collisions based on the feature attributes to address the potential ambiguities between the features in an FM generated for a target domain, and to construct more precise FMs by presenting a technique for eliminating such abnormalities. For this purpose, the profiles of the formalized attributes were first defined based on MDR. Based on the semantics and relationships between the attributes, the duplications and collisions were identified using an analysis matrix, and were generalized to formulate rules by level. Such rules were evaluated to remove the duplications and collisions. In addition, using a supporting analyzer, the features in the initial FM were registered on a repository and were analyzed for feature duplications and collisions based on the saved attribute data. The refinements of the ambiguities between such features are likely to enable the construction of more precise application FMs and the generation of common features with higher reusability. Further, the environments using support tools are expected to provide convenience in the similarity analysis and reuse of features.
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Mykhniuk, Serhii. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAINING FUTURE SOCIAL WORKERS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», no. 1(48) (May 27, 2021): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2021.48.272-279.
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The article considers the experience of training future social workers in European countries. The role and significance of positive foreign experience of professional training in European countries – Germany, France, Poland, Britain are substantiated; Scandinavian countries – Sweden, Netherlands, Finland. The aim of the article is to analyze the theory and practice of training social workers in European countries. Research methods used: analysis − to study scientific sources on the research topic, comparison − to explain the scientific positions of various authors, interpretation − to make a scientific commentary on scientific sources. It is established that despite the commonality of individual European trends in the training of social workers, each European country has its own, unique experience of this training, and its own specifics of professional activities of social workers, given the priority social problems in society. The main priorities of professional training of social workers in European countries, which contribute to the formation of students' readiness for effective interaction in the professional sphere: variability of curricula, a wide range of specializations, a wide range of forms and methods of practical training, a large amount of training time for internships and etc. It is noted that the practice of pre-professional social work at the level of volunteering, participation in certain social projects, etc. is important for the training of social workers, which is a prerequisite for admission to the specialty «Social Work» in many European countries. It is concluded that in the practice of training future social workers in different countries, students receive the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to implement interaction in its various organizational and substantive aspects (primarily with different subjects of social protection), instead of the pedagogical content of such interaction not specifically distinguished.
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Fowler, Cynthia G., Amanda Sweet, and Emily Steffel. "Effects of Motion Sickness Severity on the Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 09 (October 2014): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.9.4.
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Background: Motion sickness is a common debilitating condition associated with both actual and perceived motion. Despite the commonality, little is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms. One theory proposes that motion sickness arises from a mismatch between reality and past experience in vertical motions. Physiological tests of the vestibular system, however, have been inconclusive regarding the underlying pathogenesis. Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) arise from the saccule, which responds to vertical motion. If vertical motion elicits motion sickness, the cVEMP should be affected. Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if cVEMP characteristics differ among individuals with a range of motion sickness susceptibility from negligible to severe. The hypothesis was that individuals with high susceptibility would have larger cVEMP amplitudes and shorter cVEMP latencies relative to those who are resistant to motion sickness. Research Design: The study had two parts. The first was quasi-experimental in which participants comprised three groups based on susceptibility to motion sickness (low, mild-moderate, high) as identified on the short version of the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ-S). The second part of the study was correlational and evaluated the specific relationships between the degree of motion sickness susceptibility and characteristics of the VEMPs. Study Sample: A total of 24 healthy young adults (ages 20–24 yr) were recruited from the university and the community without regard to motion sickness severity. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants took the MSSQ-S, which quantifies susceptibility to motion sickness. The participants had a range of motion sickness susceptibility with MSSQ raw scores from 0.0–36.6, which correspond to percent susceptibility from 0.0–99.3%. VEMPs were elicited by 500 Hz tone-bursts monaurally in both ears at 120 dB pSPL. MSSQ-S percent scores were used to divide the participants into low, mild-moderate, and high susceptibility groups. A fixed general linear model with repeated-measures analysis of variance tested cVEMP characteristics for the susceptibility groups (between participants) and ears (within participants). A univariate analysis of variance tested the cVEMP interaural amplitudes across groups. The second analysis was a regression of the severity of motion sickness in percent on cVEMP characteristics. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Participants in the high susceptibility group had significantly higher cVEMP amplitudes than those in the low susceptibility group. cVEMP amplitudes did not differ between ears, and latencies did not differ between the two groups or between ears. Regression analysis on MSSQ-S percent susceptibility by VEMP amplitudes revealed a best-fit cubic function in both ears, with r2 values of more than 42%. The interaural asymmetry ratio was negatively associated with motion sickness susceptibility (r2 = 0.389). Conclusions: The current study is the first to report that greater susceptibility to motion sickness is associated with larger cVEMP amplitudes and lower interaural cVEMP asymmetries. Larger interaural asymmetries in cVEMPs did not promote motion sickness susceptibility. The cVEMP findings implicate the saccule and its neural pathways in the production of motion sickness and are consistent with the theory that vertical motions elicit motion sickness. Motion sickness susceptibility may contribute to the variability in normative cVEMP amplitudes.
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Carney, Michelle Mohr, and John R. Barner. "Prevalence of Partner Abuse: Rates of Emotional Abuse and Control." Partner Abuse 3, no. 3 (2012): 286–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.286.
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Partner abuse research over the past two decades has divided violent, threatening, or abusive phenomena into discrete areas of interest to researchers that, although distinct, are still broadly defined under the common category of “domestic abuse” or, more recently, intimate partner violence (IPV). Thus, any concerted attempt to typify the various substrata of IPV research must recognize the distinct features of each area regarding their component parts (i.e., behavioral or psychological sequelae, incidence and prevalence, and social or interpersonal context) while maintaining the overarching categorical commonality as variants of IPV.This article constitutes a contemporaneous and systematic review of the research on three aspects of controlling coercive violence (CCV): emotional abuse, sexual coercion, and stalking or obsessive behavior, along with a separate examination of when these IPV substrata are combined with physical assaults on intimate partners. Each CCV substrata is operationally defined in research terms common to the social science research, and tabular and narrative data is provided on the incidence and prevalence of each substrata and the combined category. Notable findings derived from this review are reported for each of the three aspects of CCV. For emotional abuse, prevalence rates might average around 80%, with 40% of women and 32% of men reporting expressive aggression (i.e., verbal abuse or emotional violence in response to some agitating or aggravating circumstance) and 41% of women and 43% of men reporting some form of coercive control. For sexual coercion, national samples demonstrated the widest disparity by gender of victim, with 0.2% of men and 4.5% of women endorsing forced sexual intercourse by a partner. By far, the largest selection of highly variable studies, stalking and obsessive behaviors showed a range from 4.1% to 8.0% of women and 0.5% to 2.0% of men in the United States have been stalked at some time in their life. Women were reported as having a significantly higher prevalence (7%) of stalking victimization than men (2%). For all types of violence, except being followed in a way that frightened them, strangers were the most common perpetrators; as reported in approximately 80% of cases, women were most often victimized by men they knew, most frequently, their current or former intimate partners. Among women who reported repeated unwanted contact, current (15.9%) and former (32.9%) intimate partners were the perpetrators in nearly half of the most recent incidents and the largest subdivision of reports came from college or university student samples.A separate examination reports of these types of IPV combined with physical assaults on intimate partners reported the strongest link was between stalking and other forms of violence in intimate relationships: 81% of women who were stalked by a current or former husband or cohabiting partner were also physically assaulted by that partner and 31% reported being sexually assaulted by that partner. Of the types of IPV reported on, most forms of violence that show the highest rates of reportage come from large national samples, with smaller samples showing increased variability. This article concludes with a brief section delineating conclusions that can be drawn from the review and the potential implications for research, practice, and IPV scholarship.
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Sebastiani, Paola, Nadia Timofeev, Steven H. Hartley, Daniel Dworkis, Lindsay Farrer, Clinton T. Baldwin, Thomas T. Perls, and Martin H. Steinberg. "Genome-Wide Association Studies Suggest Shared Polymorphisms Are Associated with Severity of Sickle Cell Anemia and Exceptional Longevity." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1446.1446.
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Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow an assessment of associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes or traits of interest in a non-hypothesis driven manner. Previously, based on limited candidate gene association analysis, we showed that survival in sickle cell anemia and exceptional longevity (EL) in the general population share common genetic modifiers (Blood, 52a, 2007). This preliminary result suggested that aging mechanisms and associated genes might play a role in the variability of sickle cell anemia. Using GWAS, we now report strong evidence supporting this conjecture. We conducted a GWAS using an Illumina platform that permits genotyping up to 1 million haplotype-tagging SNPs spread across the genome, as well as other types of genetic variation, in large populations. We used the Illumina 610K SNP array to discover SNPs that are associated with different degrees of severity of sickle cell anemia in 684 patients. Patients were assigned to either a severe or mild disease category based on an integrated measure of sickle cell anemia severity that was determined by a network model that assigns a score predicting the risk of death (Blood110: 272, 2007). In parallel, we used the Illumina 370K SNP and the Illumina 1M SNP arrays to discover SNPs associated with EL in 877 centenarians enrolled in the New England Centenarian Study and 1,850 younger controls. In both studies, each SNP was tested for association with the traits of severe or less severe sickle cell anemia and EL using Bayesian tests of general, dominant and recessive associations (BMC Genet.9, 2008). We then identified those SNPs satisfying these 3 criteria: at least one model of association was 10 times more likely than no association in the GWAS of EL; the same model of association was at least 3 times more likely (because of the smaller sample size) than no association in the GWAS of sickle cell anemia severity, the same allele was more frequent in centenarians and in sickle cell anemia patients with milder disease. This analysis identified 140 SNPs in more than 50 genes and some intergenic regions that showed robust and consistent associations. This number is more than twice the number that would be expected by chance. Among the most ‘significant’ genes with associated SNPs were ARFGEF2, ADAMTS12, DOK5, DPP10, FGF21, KCNQ1, IRF4, MYO3B NAIF1, TNNI3K; more than one SNP was found in ARFGEF2, NAIF1, DPP10, SORCS3, TNNI3K. KCNQ1 has a putative role in blood circulation and regulation of heart contraction. The frequency of the common genotype for SNP rs108961 increases by almost 60% in sickle cell anemia patients with severe disease (27% versus 43%). The same common genotype in random Caucasian controls has frequency 34% that decreases to 29% in centenarians. Mutations in this gene are associated with long and short QT syndrome, with familial atrial fibrillation, heart disease and sudden death. SNPs in 2 of the genes (HAO2, a peroxisome protein involved in fatty acid oxidation, and MAP2K1, a MAP kinase involved in multiple biochemical signals) that were significantly associated with both sickle cell disease severity and EL in our earlier candidate gene studies, were also associated in the GWAS. GWAS also revealed significant association with CDKN2A, a cyclin-dependent kinase that has been associated with Type 2 diabetes, risk of myocardial infarction and triglyceride levels in several GWAS, and with FGF21, the fibroblast growth factor 21 precursor that has been shown to regulate glucose metabolism. CDKN2A has been associated with disease free survival in other studies. Common metabolic pathways are likely to influence the chance of developing complications of Mendelian and multigenic diseases and the likelihood of achieving EL. This might explain the commonality of genes whose SNPs are associated with the vascular complications of sickle cell anemia, arteriosclerosis and diabetes. A new paradigm suggests that hitherto unexpected genetic differences modulate a limited number of pathways that form a common route toward determining good health and disease.
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Takai, Shun, and Sankar Sengupta. "An Approach to Evaluate the Profitability of Component Commonality." Journal of Mechanical Design 139, no. 7 (May 18, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4036644.
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Commonality or the use of same components (parts, assemblies, or subsystems) among multiple products can reduce component inventory and simplify processes and logistics while accommodating variations in product demand. Excessive commonality, however, causes some products to use high-performance components and increase product cost. This paper presents an approach for evaluating profitability of component commonality by integrating commonality and supply chain decisions. The proposed approach is demonstrated using commonality of electric-bicycle motors as an illustrative example. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the optimum commonality with respect to motor cost, demand variability, inventory-tracking cost, and inventory-ordering cost.
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"Nucleic acid and protein clocks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 333, no. 1268 (September 30, 1991): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0089.
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The use of pairwise comparisons of correctly aligned DNA and protein sequences for the measurement of time in historical biology remains a contentious matter. However, the limited success of some molecular evolutionary clocks provides a stimulus to attempt to improve their resolution by the judicious selection of sequences for ease of alignment, commonality of function, taxonomic breadth and appropriate rates of evolution. Existing algorithms for correcting observed distances for superimposed nucleotide substitutions or amino acid replacements appear adequate for the task, given the noise that results from the inherent variability of the process. Some possible approaches are illustrated through the use of gene and protein sequences of the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase: an enzyme that is demonstrably homologous from purple bacteria to flowering plants.
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Labadie-Bartz, Jonathan, Dietrich Baade, Alex C. Carciofi, Amanda Rubio, Thomas Rivinius, Camilla C. Borre, Christophe Martayan, and Robert J. Siverd. "Short-term variability and mass loss in Be stars VI. Frequency groups in γ Cas detected by TESS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, December 21, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3913.
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Abstract In photometry of γ Cas (B0.5 IVe) from the SMEI and BRITE-Constellation satellites, indications of low-order non-radial pulsation have recently been found, which would establish an important commonality with the class of classical Be stars at large. New photometry with the TESS satellite has detected three frequency groups near 1.0 (g1), 2.4 (g2), and 5.1 (g3) d−1, respectively. Some individual frequencies are nearly harmonics or combination frequencies but not exactly so. Frequency groups are known from roughly three quarters of all classical Be stars and also from pulsations of β Cep, SPB, and γ Dor stars and, therefore, firmly establish γ Cas as a non-radial pulsator. The total power in each frequency group is variable. An isolated feature exists at 7.57 d−1 and, together with the strongest peaks in the second and third groups ordered by increasing frequency (g2 and g3), is the only one detected in all three TESS sectors. The former long-term 0.82 d−1 variability would fall into g1 and has not returned at a significant level, questioning its attribution to rotational modulation. Low-frequency stochastic variability is a dominant feature of the TESS light curve, possibly caused by internal gravity waves excited at the core-envelope interface. These are known to be efficient at transporting angular momentum outward, and may also drive the oscillations that constitute g1 and g2. The hard X-ray flux of γ Cas is the only remaining major property that distinguishes this star from the class of classical Be stars.
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Krumhansl, Kira A., Michael Dowd, and Melisa C. Wong. "Multiple Metrics of Temperature, Light, and Water Motion Drive Gradients in Eelgrass Productivity and Resilience." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (February 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.597707.
Full textAbstract:
Characterizing the response of ecosystems to global climate change requires that multiple aspects of environmental change be considered simultaneously, however, it can be difficult to describe the relative importance of environmental metrics given their collinearity. Here, we present a novel framework for disentangling the complex ecological effects of environmental variability by documenting the emergent properties of eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems across ∼225 km of the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, representing gradients in temperature, light, sediment properties, and water motion, and evaluate the relative importance of different metrics characterizing these environmental conditions (e.g., means, extremes, variability on different time scales) for eelgrass bioindicators using lasso regression and commonality analysis. We found that eelgrass beds in areas that were warmer, shallower, and had low water motion had lower productivity and resilience relative to beds in deeper, cooler areas that were well flushed, and that higher temperatures lowered eelgrass tolerance to low-light conditions. There was significant variation in the importance of various metrics of temperature, light, and water motion across biological responses, demonstrating that different aspects of environmental change uniquely impact the cellular, physiological, and ecological processes underlying eelgrass productivity and resilience, and contribute synergistically to the observed ecosystem response. In particular, we identified the magnitude of temperature variability over daily and tidal cycles as an important determinant of eelgrass productivity. These results indicate that ecosystem responses are not fully resolved by analyses that only consider changes in mean conditions, and that the removal of collinear variables prior to analyses relating environmental metrics to biological change reduces the potential to detect important environmental effects. The framework we present can help to identify the conditions that promote high ecosystem function and resilience, which is necessary to inform nearshore conservation and management practices under global climate change.