Dissertations / Theses: 'Communal lands'

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Bolus, Cosman. "Collaborative monitoring in ecosystem management in South Africa's communal lands." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006948.

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Internationally there is an increasing focus on involving local communities in natural resource management and monitoring. Monitoring methods which are professionally driven appear to be inadequate to deal with the monitoring of natural resource use and biodiversity conservation, globally. This is especially evident in areas such as South African rural communal land. Two community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programmes in areas which are communally governed in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, namely Nqabara and Machubeni, were used as part of this research study. This thesis identified and tested potentially simple and cost effective monitoring methods related to the utilization of the local rangelands and indigenous forests. The criteria that were tested include 1) appropriateness and effectiveness in measuring change, and 2) contribution to building adaptive capacity among local land managers through learning. The criteria were assessed using a scoring system for each monitoring method in order to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses . This was done by using both quantitative and qualitative data. Contribution to building adaptive capacity was assessed by evaluating technical capacity gained, local ecological knowledge contributed and learning by participants. This was done using qualitative data. The results show that the monitoring methods had different strengths and weaknesses in relation to the criteria, making them more appropriate for different priorities such as effectively measuring change or building adaptive capacity. It is argued that an adaptive approach is a useful component in the participatory monitoring process. An adaptive framework was developed from lessons learnt in this study for collaborative monitoring. Challenges such as low literacy levels and adequate training still need to be addressed to strengthen efforts towards participatory monitoring. Factors such as incentives, conflict and local values may negatively affect the legitimacy and sustainability of participatory monitoring and therefore also need to be addressed.

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Gyogluu, Sylvester Yinubah. "Infrastructure delivery in rapidly urbanising communal lands : case studies in Ghana." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1448.

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Thesis (MTech (Town and Regional Planning))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2006
The research focuses on urbanising communities in the peri-urban areas of the Tamale Metropolitan Area (TAMA) of Ghana and the inability of the urban authorities to provide adequate basic infrastructure services. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative research approaches, the author observed that the development planning paradigms practiced over the years placed urban planning and service delivery in a centralised paradigm which cannot respond adequately to the increasing pressures of urbanisation, nor offer opportunities for the involvement of communities due to this top-down planning approache. The research in fact identified that the communities, through their own initiatives have planned and executed service projects to improve their lives in some respects where the TAMA has failed. The communities have achieved this due to their spirit of social solidarity, self-help and communalism built around their traditional chiefs, which incorporates some of the principles of Local Agenda 21. The TAMA sees this development as an opportunity to henceforth forge collaboration and partnerships with the traditional authorities for improved service delivery in the urbanising communities. This represents innovative urban planning and management approaches, which in the context of low-income urban communities, includes participatory planning and service delivery. These innovative approaches have been initiated in the Habitat Agenda emanating from the UN Conference on Human Settlements in 1996. The study advocates the concept of sustainable development and Agenda 21, as a working model which presents a participatory and integrative process for local authorities and communities to work towards urban improvements. The Local Agenda 21 planning approach, it is argued, will integrate and strengthen the already existing local community initiatives and provide a basis for partnerships and improved service delivery. The case - studies examined are the Tamale Metropolitan Area and the peri-urban settlements Jusonayili and Gumah.

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Kuiper, Saskia Marijke. "Is there a future for livestock farming in Southern Namibia's communal lands?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4776.

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Dzinavatonga, Naison. "Community participation and project sustainability in rural Zimbabwe: the case of Sangwe communal lands." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/130.

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Development thinkers and practitioners have been pondering over community participation for the last decades. Some even called the 1980s a decade of participation in development discourse while others also view the current decade of social movements, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Community-Based Organizations as a manifestation of organized community participation. The Sangwe Communal Lands is one such area that researchers in the last decades have been pondering over the role of community participation in project sustainability. Likewise this study evaluates the effectiveness of community participation in Sangwe where it has been hypothesized that the current participation discourse has not lived up to its billing of ensuring sustainable projects. The research therefore explores some of the politics surrounding community participation in Sangwe and Zimbabwe at large. From one angle to the other, the research overviews some of the different theoretical orientations, goals, processes and practices that are commonly used but not always recognized to constitute genuine community participation. The research is intended to clarify some of the differences that emerge when projects are designed, and to stimulate discussion about community participation more generally. This study shows that the local communities who in this case are the reason for being of NGOs and their programmes are quite critical in development projects undertaken in their own areas. This to a larger extent determines the success of development initiatives at all levels. Such a scenario calls for a proper sustainable and pro-rural community legal and policy framework as a pre-requisite for sustainable projects. The study further highlights the need for development workers and agents to change their attitude towards communities and their indigenous knowledge systems. They need to co-opt community indigenous knowledge as a system that has a unique contribution to sustainable development. Above all, attitude change is the pillar for the New World System and 21st century development paradigm that respects local values, concerns, culture, and aspirations and that these should be taken on board in the management of development programmes.

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Leon, Alejandro. "Household Vulnerability to Drought and Ecosystem Degradation in Northern Chile." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193805.

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In the semi-arid Limari River basin, Region of Coquimbo in northern Chile sixty percent of years receive less than the long-term average annual precipitation, and dry spells tend to be multi-year. Below-normal precipitation is not always associated with ENSO cycles, but shows a high correlation to El Nino 3 region sea surface temperature.Since early during the colonial period, land in Coquimbo was utilized as a source of minerals, meat, wheat, and timber for smelters. These extractive productive processes caused the destruction of most of the natural vegetation. Impacts of past use have persisted until today and the region is still affected by intense degradation. Land ownership was originally held in haciendas and communes. Analysis of Landsat satellite imagery shows that vegetation response increases marginally during rainy years in both land tenure regimes. Most of the increase is explained by the planting of rainfed wheat and the response of less palatable native species such as Gutierrezia spp. Hence, the capacity of natural vegetation to respond to above normal precipitation is limited on both private and communal lands.Twenty five percent of the land belongs to agricultural communes, and families in these communes are considered to be poor or indigent. Three agricultural communes were surveyed, and a vulnerability index was constructed based on the community right-holders' responses. Findings show that access to productive resources (i.e., land, water, technology, credit) is a key determinant of differential vulnerability. Vulnerability is defined here as the capacity of an individual or a community to adapt (or cope, or respond) to drought. Differences in access within communities are caused by the inequitable distribution of land by the communes' boards of directors in the recent past. Access to agricultural credit is limited because families do not have collateral. Vulnerability is also conditioned by access to water, greenhouses, irrigation technology, chemicals, and improved seed. The most vulnerable families depend on off-farm employment provided by private agriculture. Governmental responses are reactive based on emergency relief rather than proactive: there is no drought long-term planning, nor consideration of differential levels of vulnerability levels among different segments of the population.

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Nhlengetfwa, Melusi. "A mathematical model of browse and herbage production in communal grazing lands of semi-arid regions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26527.

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The main purpose of this work is to extend an existing model of growing cattle and grass production in a semi-arid rangeland.The existing model which is basically Dye's (1983) model in differential equation form handles: i) the growth and performance of cattle measured in terms of weight, ii) the initiation of grass growth in early rainy season and its utilisation by the cattle . This model is being extended to simulate woody plants in addition to the grass and to simulate browsing by goats. The densities of vegetation and the stocking rates of both types of animals are being considered. Our model (SAVANNAS) will predict animal productivity in relation to rainfall and density of woody plants (or vegetation condition). A rainfall data file is being used to generate rain which divides into infiltration and run-off. Athough generally dry, semi-arid regions are agriculturally productive, more especially in terms of animal products. An understanding of the climatic conditions by the farmers is all what it takes. It is unfortunate that in these regions, rainfall, being the main driving force behind animal productivity, is unreliable in that it varies both within and over the years. It is in this regard, therefore, that models be built to simulate semi-arid environments. Such models, when run for several (semi-arid) representative rainfall years could be used by farmers. For instance, a model like SAVANNAS will be run for three rainfall years namely 1980/81, 1981/82 and 1982/83, which, respectively represent: very high, about average and very low rainfall (by semi-arid standards). SAVANNAS simulates processes that operate on widely different time scales. The growth and consumption of herbage and leaves and twigs of woody plants are modelled on a daily basis, while the numbers and ages of woody plants are updated every 120 days. The year is divided into four seasons, with the rainy season beginning in September and initiating herbage re-growth. SAVANNAS simulates herbage biomass, which means it allows the re-establishment of the previous year's grass plants . It divides woody plants into age cohorts with the first cohort being seedlings mainly, and the last cohort being adult trees which are usually out of the browsing range of herbivores. It is a model that has a focus on the effects of vegetation (woody plants and grass) on each other and the effects of the animals on vegetation and viceversa. Without overlooking their effects on vegetation production, fires are not considered in SAVANNAS. This is because in communal lands heavy grazing does not allow the accumulation of sufficient dry herbage for fuel.

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Chatikobo, Tapiwa H. "Evaluating holistic management in Hwange communal lands, Zimbabwe : an actor-oriented livelihood approach, incorporating everyday politics and resistance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97083.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rangelands in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world support livelihoods through their provision of multiple goods and services. Livestock production, for example, occurs in rangelands both as extensive ranching under freehold tenure and as collective ranching under communal tenure systems. However, the sustainability of rangelands is threatened and has been a major concern this century, leading to a variety of interventions. Holistic management (HM) is one such example, designed by its proponents as a panacea to halt degradation and, recently, climate change effects in the rangelands of Africa and beyond. HM has been implemented in the Hwange Communal Lands (HCLs) of Zimbabwe since 2010. In principle, the programme is aimed at restoring degraded watersheds and croplands through utilising properly managed livestock. To achieve this, two principles are promoted under HM, namely (i) holistic planned grazing (HPG) and (ii) animal impaction of crop fields. However, the effects of HM on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries currently are poorly understood. In order to address this lacuna, this study aimed to determine both the intended and unintended effects of a community-based land restoration programme called Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM) in the HCLs of Zimbabwe on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries through a conceptual framework that combined an actor-oriented livelihoods approach with concepts of everyday politics and resistance. This was done by exploring the impact of HLLM on the six types of farmers’ assets, adoption patterns, farmers’ reactions to the introduction of HLLM, and challenges preventing farmers from adopting HLLM. Case studies employing a qualitative and exploratory research design were undertaken in three communities that were selected purposively from a total of 18 communities in which the HLLM programme had been promoted by the Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in order to discover different perspectives on the effects of the programme on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries. The study employed qualitative Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, focus group discussions, participant observation, document analysis, and key informant and semi-structured interviews. These lines of enquiry enabled triangulation and cross-checking of information to enhance the reliability and validity of the research findings. The study showed that adoption levels were disappointingly low across all the study sites. Several challenges, including livestock diseases, predation, cultural stigma, labour constraints and witchcraft fears, were among the barriers explaining the low rate of adoption in the HCLs. The findings reveal that the farmers were concerned more with immediate problems, especially lack of water, than with land degradation, which is the primary focus of HLLM. Thus the farmers responded by complying, accommodating and covertly resisting the ACHM’s efforts to implement HLLM in order to suit their needs, using creative everyday politics and resistance. The study concludes that, although HLLM is required in such semi-arid environments, it is not sufficient to sustain rural livelihoods in its current state. While the main focus of HLLM is to improve the natural capital (i.e. restoring degraded watersheds), it should be complemented by and aligned with the farmers’ other development priorities, especially those relating to water
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Weiveld in die halfdor- en dor gebiede van die wêreld ondersteun menslike lewensbestaan deur die verskaffing van ’n verskeidenheid goedere en dienste. Veeproduksie, byvoorbeeld, kom in weivelde voor as beide ekstensiewe veldbeesboerdery onder grondbesit en kollektiewe veldbeesboerdery onder gemeenskaplike eiendomsreg. Die volhoubaarheid van weiveld word egter bedreig en het in hierdie eeu ’n groot bron van kommer geword, wat gelei het tot ’n verskeidenheid ingrypings. Holistiese bestuur (Holistic management (HM)) is een van hierdie en is deur sy voorstanders ontwerp as ’n wondermiddel om degradasie, en meer onlangs die effekte van klimaatsverandering op die weivelde van Afrika en verder, stop te sit. HM is reeds sedert 2010 in die Hwange gemeenskaplike gronde (HGG’e) in Zimbabwe geïmplementeer. In beginsel is die doel van die program om gedegradeerde waterskeidings en landerye te herstel deur gebruik te maak van behoorlik bestuurde vee. Om dit te bereik word twee beginsels onder HM bevorder, naamlik (i) holisties beplande weiding (holistic planned grazing (HPG)) en (ii) dier-impaksie van landerye (animal impaction of crop fields). Die effekte van HM op die lewensbestaan van sy begunstigdes word tans egter swak begryp. Om hierdie leemte aan te spreek, was die doel van hierdie studie om die bedoelde en onbedoelde gevolge van ’n gemeenskapsgebaseerde grondherstelprogram (Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM)) in die HGG’e van Zimbabwe op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te bepaal deur middel van ’n konseptuele raamwerk wat ’n akteur-georiënteerde lewensbestaansbenadering met konsepte van alledaagse politiek en weerstand gekombineer het. Dít is gedoen deur die impak van HLLM op ses soorte van bates wat boere het, hulle aannemingspatrone, boere se reaksies op die invoering van HLLM, en uitdagings wat verhoed het dat boere HLLM aanneem, te ondersoek. Gevallestudies met gebruik van ’n kwalitatiewe en verkennende navorsingsontwerp is in drie gemeenskappe onderneem wat doelbewus uit ’n totaal van 18 gemeenskappe waarin die HLLM-program deur die Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) bevorder word, geselekteer is om verskillende perspektiewe van die effekte van die program op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te ontdek. Die studie het kwalitatiewe Deelnemende Landelike Takseringsgereedskap (Participatory Rural Appraisal), fokusgroepbesprekings, deelnemerwaarneming, dokument analise en sleutel-informant en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude gebruik. Hierdie ondersoeklyne het triangulasie en kruiskontrole van die inligting moontlik gemaak, wat die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die navorsingsbevindings verhoog het. Die studie toon dat aannemingsvlakke teleurstellend laag was in al die studieliggings. Verskeie uitdagings, insluitend veesiektes, predasie, kulturele stigma, arbeidsbeperkings en vrese vir heksery was onder die hindernisse wat die lae aannemingstempo in die HGG’e verklaar. Die bevindinge wys dat die boere meer besorgd was oor onmiddellike probleme, veral die tekort aan water, as oor grondagteruitgang, wat die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is. Die boere het dus gereageer deur instemming, aanpassing en onderlangse weerstandbieding tot die ACHM se pogings om HLLM te implementeer om sodoende hulle eie behoeftes te pas deur kreatiewe alledaagse politiek en weerstand te gebruik. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hoewel HLLM in sulke halfdor omgewings nodig is, dit nie in sy huidige staat voldoende is om landelike lewensbestaan te onderhou nie. Hoewel die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is om die natuurlike kapitaal te verbeter (m.a.w. deur gedegradeerde waterskeidings te herstel), moet hierdie rol gekomplementeer word deur en belyn word met die boere se ander ontwikkelingsprioriteite, veral dié wat verband hou met water.

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Tavares, Luis Almeida. "Campesinato e os faxinais do Paraná: as terras de uso comum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-04052009-164145/.

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A prática de terras de uso comum desde tempos imemoriais, nas suas mais diversas formas, foi ou ainda é praticada em diversas partes do mundo, como na França (Vaine Pâtre, Biens Communaux), Itália (Della Comurione, Le Terre Del Compascuo), Angola, Colômbia, Portugal (Baldios), Espanha (Baldios e Montes Veciñais en Mam Común), Alemanha, Inglaterra, Ucrânia, Polônia, Brasil, entre outros países. No Brasil, as terras de uso comum e seus recursos naturais são apropriados por uma fração do campesinato. O uso dessas terras envolve elementos de identidade, indissociáveis do território ocupado, e regras de apropriação, que se expressam em diversas formas e denominações, como \'Terras de Preto\', \'Terras de Santo\', \'Terras dos Índios\', \'Terras de Herança\', \'Terras Soltas\', \'Fundo de Pasto\' e \'Faxinais\'. Entendendo que até o presente momento, existe uma lacuna na Geografia Agrária Brasileira quanto à elaboração de uma pesquisa que aprofunde a análise sobre o campesinato, pautei como objetivo central desse trabalho a interpretação da trajetória histórica dessa fração do campesinato e seu território. Para isso, compreendo abstratamente que o campesinato, por meio de lutas, constitui-se como uma classe social, para si, e que, como sujeitos políticos, para se sustentarem no modo capitalista de produção, travam uma luta de classe. Para compreender o uso das terras de uso comum e de seus recursos naturais por essa fração do campesinato brasileiro e, mais especificamente, paranaense, fez-se necessário resgatar como se davam essas práticas na Espanha e Portugal, assim como suas diversas formas e respectivas variantes de posse e propriedade da terra no Brasil. Considerando-se que a gênese dos faxinais do Paraná se deu por meio de uma aliança, construída nas grandes fazendas dos Campos Gerais do Paraná entre uma parcela de índios escravos e negros africanos escravos fugidos, a qual se concretizou nas matas mistas de Araucárias e se consolidou com a contribuição de uma fração de camponeses poloneses e de imigrantes ucranianos, que conseguiram escapar do genocídio da Guerra do Contestado. Na contemporaneidade, a formação social do faxinal tem diversas definições, tanto do ponto de vista de pesquisadores do Estado, quanto dos camponeses faxinalenses, que englobam seu tripé de sustentação: terras de uso comum no criadouro comum ou comunitário, cercas das terras de uso comum do criadouro comum ou comunitário e terras agrícolas ou terras de planta. As práticas sociais comuns e religiosas são o que consolidam o modo de vida dos camponeses faxinalenses, mesmo enfrentando conflitos sociais e ambientais. Os resultados dessa pesquisa confirmam a luta e a resistência dos camponeses faxinalenses para se manterem enquanto classe para si e a certeza da manutenção da formação social do faxinal ou da sua expansão por meio da reconquista de espaços da fração do território comunitário camponês faxinalense expropriado pelo desenvolvimento do modo capitalista de produção no campo paranaense.
The practice of shared lands since immemorial times, in its more diverse forms, was or still it is practiced in diverse places of the world, as in France Vaine Pâtre, Biens Communaux , Italy Della Comurione, Le Terre Del Compascuo , Angola, Colombia and Portugal Baldios ; Spain Baldios e Montes Veciñais en Man Común ; Germany, England, the Ukraine, Poland and Brazil, among others countries. In the Brazil, the shared lands and its natural resources are appropriate for a fraction of the peasantry. The use of these lands is followed of indispensable elements of identity of the busy territory and the rules of appropriation, that express themselves in diverse forms and denominations, as Lands of Black color, Lands of Saint, Lands of the Indians, Lands of Inheritance, Untied Lands, deep of grassland and communal lands. We understand that, until the moment, theres a gap in the Brazilian Agrarian Geography of research that deepens an analysis on the peasantry, which often appropriates of the natural resources (using them with equilibry) in the communal lands. Our central objective of this research is the interpretation of the historical trajectory of this fraction of the peasantry and its territory, understanding that the peasantry, by means of its fights, constitutes itself as a social class (class for itself), and, as politicians citizens, to multiply in the capitalist way of production, stop a class fight. To understand the use of shared lands and its natural resources for this fraction of the brazilian and paranaense peasantry had made necessary to rescue these practices in the Spain and Portugal, as well as, its diverse followed forms of the variants of the ownership and property of the land in Brazil. The genesis of the communal lands of the Paraná occurred through an alliance constructed in the great farms of the General Fields of the Paraná, and enters a fraction of enslaved indians and Africans black run away enslaved, which materialize themselves in the mixing bushes of pine and its consolidation occurred with the contribution of a fraction of the polish peasants, Ukrainans immigrants and peasants who had obtained to escape of the genocide of the War of the Contested one. In the contemporaneity, the social formation of the communal land has diverse definitions, as much of the point of view of researchers, of the State, how much of the faxinalenses peasants, who hold its tripod of sustentation: shared lands in the common or communitarian creator, agricultural shared lands of the common or communitarian creator, lands or lands of plant. Social common practical and the religious ones are that they consolidate the way of life of the faxinalenses peasants, exactly facing social and ambient conflicts. The results of this research confirm the fight and resistance of the peasantry to multiply while classroom for itself and the certainty of the maintenance of the social formation of the communal land or its expansion through reconquest of spaces of its territory expropriated by the development in the capitalist way of production in the paranaense field.

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Steele, Melita Zoë. "Natural resource harvesting and disturbance in communal lands: assessing the roles of local ecological knowledge, dependency and market access." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004604.

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A great deal of research has demonstrated that Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) play a crucial role in the livelihoods of the rural poor, and are particularly important to the most marginalised people throughout the developing world. However, these livelihood benefits are not without cost to the natural resource base that rural communities depend so heavily upon. The continued dependence on NTFPs as a major livelihood source must be contingent upon the minimisation of the level of disturbance created through this dependency. This study assesses the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting in eight study sites around South Africa, and applies a predictive conceptual model created by Shankaar et al. (2004b) to try and ascertain under what conditions the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting will be high. It assesses the three key factors that Shankaar et al. (2004b) identified (level of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), level of dependency and access to markets) in relation to the level of disturbance found at each of the study sites. It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of dependency and the level of disturbance, but there was no statistically significant relationship between either access to markets or the level of LEK and disturbance. Regulation of land use is a key issue, with weak local institutions in communal areas making effective resource management difficult. The significance of these findings is discussed, and priorities for future research are identified. This study adds to the body of knowledge related to NTFP harvesting and critically analyses the conflicts between the livelihood gains and the level of disturbance created through NTFP harvesting in an attempt to ascertain how livelihoods can be safeguarded. And in the longer-term, so that management strategies can be identified where resource extraction is not at the cost of undermining the very livelihoods that depend upon the natural resource base.

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Lapeyre, Renaud. "Rural communities, the state and the market : a new-institutionnal analysis of tourism governance and impacts in namibian communal lands." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS034S.

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Cette thèse vise à analyser la gouvernance institutionnelle des activités touristiques en terres communales namibiennes ainsi que leurs impacts socio-économiques sur les populations rurales habitant ces zones. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à vérifier la pertinence de trois types de paradigmes, actuellement largement relayés au sein des institutions internationales, bailleurs de fonds, agences de coopération et des ONG internationales, nationales et locales. Premièrement, il est souvent admis que l'utilisation raisonnée des ressources naturelles renouvelables et non renouvelables, disponibles en zones rurales, peut significativement contribuer à développer un territoire et à réduire la pauvreté rurale; dans ce contexte, le tourisme, basé sur ces actifs naturels, est vu comme une activité particulièrement bénéfique. Deuxièmement, afin de profiter au mieux des opportunités socio-économiques offertes par le tourisme, les communautés rurales doivent être pleinement insérées dans la filière commerciale touristique globale. Troisièmement, cette bénéfique insertion au marché doit se faire grâce à la contribution des acteurs privés, tour-opérateurs, agents de voyage, opérateurs hôteliers, etc. , au développement touristique en milieu rural. En particulier, nombreux experts et bailleurs s'accordent sur la nécessaire promotion de partenariats commerciaux entre communautés rurales et opérateurs privés. Dans ce dernier cas, une communauté locale délègue ses droits sur un site touristique à un investisseur privé qui en retour s'engage à entreprendre un projet touristique (le plus souvent un lodge), à impliquer, employer et former la population locale, et finalement à lui verser des redevances (royalties). Afin de confronter ces paradigmes à la réalité du terrain, nous menons une analyse institutionnelle du secteur touristique en Namibie, en nous concentrant sur le cas des zones communales, anciennement entités ethniques créées par le régime d'apartheid (homelands). Notre argumentation se déroule en trois temps. D'abord, nous présentons la séquence ressources-activités-acteurs-revenus' et montrons que le tourisme photographique génère potentiellement une valeur économique significative. Dans ce contexte nombreux sont les acteurs qui jouent un rôle dans ce secteur, au rang des quels l'Etat, les bailleurs et ONG, et les entreprises privées; de leur coté les communautés rurales ont encore peu de pouvoir et perçoivent une faible part des revenus touristiques créés. Ensuite, nous proposons une approche néo-institutionnelle afin d'analyser la gouvernance économique des activités de tourisme photographique. En particulier, la thèse propose une typologie des arrangements institutionnels observables dans les activités touristiques en zones communales, et étudie plus précisément deux situations empiriques. Enfin, nous nous attardons plus longuement sur un récent type d'arrangements mis en oeuvre, tel qu'analysé dans la typologie: les partenariats entre communautés rurales et opérateurs privés. Nous les décrivons, analysons leurs impacts socio-économiques et enfin tentons d'expliquer pourquoi jusqu'à présent, ils ont peu bénéficié aux communautés rurales
This PhD thesis aims at analysing the institutional governance and socio-economic impacts of tourism activities in Namibian communal lands. More specifically we test the relevance of three types of paradigms prevailing within the donor community. First, it is often alleged that sustainable utilization of renewable and non-renewable natural resources could contribute to rural development and poverty alleviation. In this context, tourism, based on natural capital prevailing in Namibia, is regarded as an efficient activity. Second, according to most donor agencies, mainstreaming rural communities within the tourism global commodity chain would enable them to better benefit from such tourism economic opportunities. Third, for such mainstreaming to be successful, experts argue that the private sector (private operators, accommodation companies) should highly contribute to tourism investment and development in communal lands. In particular, all stakeholders should promote formal and informal partnerships between rural communities and the private sector. In that case, rural communities could transfer their rights over a tourism site to a private operator, for the latter to undertake a tourism activity, hire and train local employees and involve the latter in project management. Finally, the operator would pay lease fees (royaltees) to the community. In order to test the relevance of those current paradigms we conduct an institutional analysis of the tourism sector in Namibia, in particular within communal lands (former ethnic homelands designated by the apartheid South-African regime until 1990). We proceed in three stages. First, we analyse the resources-activities-actors-revenues' sequence and show that photographic tourism activities generate significant economic value. We then present the respective role of all important actors in the tourism sector, namely the State, donors, NGOs and private companies, and argue that on the contrary rural communities still hold marginal power in the chain and thus capture a limited share of the income generated. Second, we build a new-institutional framework so as to better analyse the economic governance of tourism activities and therefore we propose a typology of possible institutional arrangements in tourism in communal lands. Within this typology, the thesis analyses two empirical cases in greater details. Third, we focus on a specific tourism hybrid institutional arrangement recently designed and promoted by donors and NGOs: community-private sector partnerships. We describe these, assess their impacts in terms of poverty alleviation and finally we try to explain why so far those partnerships have not delivered significant benefits for rural communities

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11

Musona, Mambo. "An exploration of the causes of social unrest in Omay communal lands of Nyami Nyami district in Zimbabwe: a human needs perspective." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1372.

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One of the responsibilities of every government is to make provisions of basic needs for its citizens. The situation in Omay resembles people living during the dark ages when there was no constitutional government. The government should in accordance with the priorities of its people be seen to be improving the lives of its citizens by providing health, education, roads, communication facilities, and participation in decision making especially on issues that have a bearing on their lives. The human needs theory postulates that one of the most ideal ways of resolving protracted conflicts is by helping people meet their needs. Human needs are not for trading according to conflict scholar John Burton, implying that if one does not meet his or her needs he/she might do anything to strive to meet them. The people of Omay have been deprived of their needs in all facets; first the previous government relocated them to create Lake Kariba for the hydroelectric plant. They were not compensated. They were dumped on very arid, tsetse fly infested mountainous areas adjacent to game reserves and national parks where they have to make do with wildlife; some that destroy their few crops (elephants) and others that kill them or their animals (lions). As a minority group they have been engaged in social unrest and small skirmishes with government and other, bigger ethnic groups as a form of resistance. A deliberate affirmative action to channel funds towards raising their living standards and develop their area so that they meet their needs could be the panacea to the social unrest.

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Gundu, Moira. "The effect of literacy on access to and utilization of agricultural information for household food security at Chirau communal lands in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/251.

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The research sought to examine the effect of literacy on access to, and utilization of agricultural information for household food security at Chirau Communal lands in Zimbabwe. The study was influenced by the diffusion of innovations approach based on interviews, observation and document study. Selected female farmers from Chirau communal lands were respondents to the self administered interviews and focus group discussions. Representatives from, Agriculture Extension and the Ministry of Agriculture were key informants. Systematic Random sampling was used to select 100 female respondents from the age of 18 to above 80 from wards 1 to 10 of Chirau Rural District in Zimbabwe. Data was analyzed into themes and coded for statistical analysis using the SPSS. The country is faced with food insecurity and the main findings of this study support the view that women play an active role in food production but their potential is limited by inadequate levels of literacy that affect the way they access and utilize resources for sustainable agriculture and household food security among other factors. This may be generalized to the situation of female farmers in Zimbabwe. Improved literacy competencies among the female farmers in Zimbabwe lends itself as one of the interventions that may assist in improving access to information and its effective utilization.. This calls decision-makers to boost literacy for women, develop available agricultural information resources and harness effort towards making them accessible. While interventions may be multi-sectored, the role of government is stressed in this report.

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Mabvurira, Vincent. "Influence of African Traditional Religion and spirituality in understanding chronic illnesses and its implications for social work practice:a case of Chiweshe Communal lands in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1770.

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Sibanda, Backson M. C. 1950. "Community based natural resource management systems : an evaluation of the campfire programme in Zimbabwe : with special reference to Omay, and Makande Communal Lands in Nyaminyami District." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007432.

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Communal Areas Management for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is an innovative community based natural resource management strategy which transfers management and conservation responsibility from the state to the local communities. This thesis critically examines CAMPFIRE's potential for introducing sustainable natural resource management through the detailed examination of CAMPFIRE's implementation in Nyaminyami District, which is located in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe. Comparisons with other districts are made as appropriate. The theoretical framework of this research is based on an examination of common property theories, theories of bundles of rights, globalisation and the notion of global commons. It is also based on critically examining Zimbabwean, African and international literature dealing with the management of natural resources used in common. There are five specific contributions which the thesis makes. Firstly, common property management is redefined and the difference between resources used in common but which are not common property and common property resources is clarified. Secondly, the study shows that CAMPFIRE is not sustainable whilst it remains dependent on wildlife alone and on a single species - the elephant. Thirdly, the thesis has attempted to extricate the CAMPFIRE concept from the wildlife debate in which it has become entangled and, fourthly, it examines the issues of globalisation and the global commons to show how decisions made at the international level impact on resource utilisation and management at the local level. Finally, the study examines what residual Tonga indigenous knowledge still exists and which aspects can be incorporated into present management systems. Overall, the results of the research suggest that while CAMPFIRE is an innovative strategy for sustainable natural resource management it, has not achieved its major objective of becoming a grassroots rural development strategy. It has become a top down elitist programme which is NGO and donor driven and government constrained. Legislation and policy need formally to address this problem. Finally, the thesis recognises the potential of the CAMPFIRE concept, especially if the weaknesses ofthe programme are addressed.

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15

Kwaza, Ayanda. "Species and spatio-temporal variation in the yield, nutritive value and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of selected grass species from two communal grazing lands of the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/987.

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Communal rangelands sustain a large proportion of the livestock in South Africa. A few dominant grass species contribute to the bulk of the livestock forage in these rangelands. Little is known on the chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of grass species grazed by ruminants in the communal grazing lands of Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The objectives of this study were therefore to investigate seasonal and altitudinal variations in biomass yield, chemical composition, and in vitro ruminal degradability and cumulative gas production of selected (dominant) grass species. The grass species were collected over four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) from three altitudes/landscape gradients (upland, gentle sloppy and bottomlands) across two communal areas (Hala in highland (Highveld) and Gqumashe in lowland (Lowveld)) of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. In each altitude, three 50 m x 20 m plots, which served as replicates were marked to collect vegetation samples. A 5 x 4 x 3 factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design was used with season, altitude and grass species being the main factors, and with the plots within altitudes serving as blocks (replicates). Data analysis was done separately for the two communal study areas using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of SAS to test differences between species, seasons and altitudes. The common grass species in both grazing lands were Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis chloromelus, Eragrostis plana, Sporobolus africanus and Themeda triandra. When the DM yield of all the grasses was combined, the results showed a generally low forage dry matter yield during the dry season. There was no significant (P>0.05) interaction between any of the main factors. Macro and micro mineral content of plant samples collected from the two communal grazing lands showed great variations (P<0.05) between species, seasons and altitude. In the Highveld, CP ranged from 3.9 to 6.5% DM being significantly highest (P<0.05) in Cynodon dactylon and lowest in E. plana. When all species were combined, higher CP was recorded for samples harvested in summer (5.5%) followed by spring and autumn, and lowest in winter (3.8%). In the Lowveld, Eragrostis chloromelus had higher (P<0.05) CP level followed by C. dactylon and T. Triandra. When all species were pooled, forage samples harvested in summer had a significantly higher (P<0.05) CP followed by spring, autumn and winter. In summary, CP content of all grasses was below the critical maintenance level for livestock especially during late dry seasons. In both areas, the highest NDF level was measured for Eragrostis plana and lowest for Themeda triandra. As for altitudinal differences, samples collected from the upland areas had generally the lowest (P<0.05) CP and highest ADF contents. For grasses harvested from the Highveld, C. dactylon produced the most (P<0.05) gas after 48 h of fermentation (794.6 ml/g DM) and also had the highest 48h DMD (415.1 g kg-1). Themeda triandra produced least (P<0.05) gas (742 ml/g DM) 48h post-incubation. The least (P<0.05) degradable species after 48 h was E. chloromelus (372.9 g kg-1). For grasses harvested from Lowveld, the 48h cumulative gas production was highest (822.7 ml/g DM) in E. plana and lowest (742.8 ml/g DM) in E. chloromelus, while S. africanus had least 48h DMD (327.9 kg-1). In both the Highveld and Lowveld, gas production and DMD were highest in the autumn season. It was concluded most grasses were deficient in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, it is recommended that mineral supplements should be offered to animals to improve animal productivity throughout the year. Findings of this study suggested that addition of protein and energy sources may be desirable in both grazing areas to meet the maintenance/production requirements of the grazing ruminants throughout the year. Key words: Forage yield, chemical composition, landscape gradient; seasonal variations; in vitro ruminal gas production; dry matter degradability.

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Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden aims and outcomes on forest condition and rural development /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200996.pdf.

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Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden : influences on forest condition, management and the local economy /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10124692.pdf.

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18

Gallardo, Fernández Gloria L. "Communal land ownership in Chile : the agricultural communities in the commune of Canela, Norte Chico (1600 - 1998) /." Aldershot : Ashgate, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/338840400.pdf.

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19

Johnson, Ebrezia. "Communal land and tenure security: analysis of the South African Communal Land Rights Act 11 of 2004." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2165.

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Thesis (LLM (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, the Communal Land Rights Act 11 0f 2004 is analysed in order to determine whether it can give effect to the constitutional mandate in terms of which it was promulgated, namely section 25(5), (6) and (9) of the Constitution. Land policy pertaining to land tenure reform is discussed to see how and to what extent it finds application in the Act. The time-consuming process pertaining to the registration of the community rules is investigated, and the implications where a community fails to adhere to this peremptory provision in the Act are explained. The thesis also analyses and discusses the functions of statutorily created institutions, like the land administration committee and the land rights boards, in the efficient management of land in rural areas. The aforementioned land administration committee is particularly problematic, since the Act provides that in cases where a recognised tribal authority exist, that institution “may” be considered as the land administration committee, subject to prescribed composition requirements as contained in the Act. The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act will also be discussed since it intersects with the Communal Land Rights Act in this regard. The pending constitutional challenge which relates to this potentially problematic issue, will be discussed. The constitutional challenge of the Act by four communities’ is explored in order to indicate just how potentially problematic the institution of traditional leadership could be. vi This study also discusses and analyses the compromise contained in the Act, regarding the registration of the land title of a community and the registration of “new order rights” in the name of individuals. In this context the impact of this process on the efficacy on the current Deeds registration system is investigated. The Ministerial determination and its constitutional implications is yet another issue, examined in this study. All of these issues will have a negative impact on the implementation of the Communal Land Rights Act and especially on achieving tenure security.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte 11 van 2004 geanaliseer om te bepaal of dit inderdaad voldoen aan die grondwetlike mandaat soos voorsien in art 25(5), (6) en (9) van die Grondwet. Die beleid van toepassing op grondbeheerhervorming word bespreek om te bepaal tot watter mate dit wel in die Wet aanwending vind. Die tydrowende prosedure van die registrasie van gemeenskapsreëls word ondersoek, asook die implikasies indien ‘n gemeenskap nie aan die voorskriftelike bepaling voldoen nie. Die tesis bespreek en evalueer ook die funksies van die twee instellings wat statutêr geskep is, naamlik grond administrasie komitees en grondregte rade. Die twee instellings is geskep met die doel om van hulp te wees in die effektiewe administrasie van grond in die kommunale areas. Dit is veral die grond administrasie komitee wat problematies is, omdat die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte bepaal dat waar ‘n gemeenskap ‘n erkende tradisionele owerheid het, hierdie owerheid beskou sal word as die grond administrasie komitee van daardie spesifieke gemeenskap. In hierdie konteks is ‘n bespreking van die Wet op Tradisionele Leierskap en Regeringsraamwerk, noodsaaklik. Die betwiste grondwetlike kwessie wat tot op hede nog onbeslis is wat hiermee verband hou, sal ook bespreek word. ‘n Kort uiteensetting word gedoen van die vier gemeenskappe wat die Wet op grondwetlik gronde aanveg om presies te probeer aantoon hoe problematies die instelling van tradisionele leierskap is. Hierdie studie bespreek en analiseer verder ook die kompromis wat getref is tussen registrasie van die titelakte in die naam van ‘n gemeenskap en die viii registrasie van sogenaamde “nuwe orde regte” in die naam van individue. Die impak van hierdie magdom registrasies op die bestaande registrasiesisteem word ook oorweeg. Die grondwetlikheid van die ministeriële besluitnemingsbevoegdheid word breedvoerig bespreek in hierdie studie. Al hierdie genoemde kwessies mag nadelige impak hê op die implementering van die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte en spesifiek ook op grondbeheerhervorming.

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20

Howard, Madeleine A. "Patterns of land cover change in Kanyati communal land in Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19518.

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Bibliography : pages 138-149.
Expanding areas under cultivation and settlement are a global trend with significant effects on existing land cover types and ecosystems. High rates of human population growth in southern Africa and subsequent increased pressure on land has led to the extension of cultivation and settlement into marginal lands. This study investigates the spatial patterns ofland cover change in a communal land in Zimbabwe over the period 1973 to 1993, and their likely ecological effects. The study site is in the Zambezi Valley and has a well preserved area ofmiombo woodland and has the potential to become an important wildlife corridor between a national park, safari area and communal lands with local community based wildlife management projects. The area is divided into wildlife and settled areas by a game fence so provided an opportunity to compare patterns ofland cover change vvith and without extensive human impact within the same administrative area. The land cover types were derived from manually interpreted aerial photographs as multispectral satellite imagery is not available before the 1980's and is expensive. Geographical Information Systems were used to analyse the spatial patterns ofland covers identified, the sizes and shapes of spatial entities and the spatial distribution of land cover types in relation to slope and proximity to rivers. The likely ecological effects of land cover change were investigated by deriving habitat suitability maps using the habitat requirements of seven large herbivore species: buffalo, bushbuck, elephant, kudu, sable, waterbuck and zebra.

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21

Metcalfe, Simon Christopher. "Communal land reform in Zambia: governance, livelihood and conservation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1409_1242373575.

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Communal land tenure reform in Zambia is the overarching subject of study in this thesis. It is an important issue across southern Africa, raising questions of governance, livelihood security and conservation. WIldlife is a 'fugitive' and 'mobile' resource that traverses the spatially fixed tenure of communal lands, national parks and public forest reserves. The management of wildlife therefore requires that spatially defined proprietorial rights accommodate wildlife's temporal forage use. Land may bebounded in tenure, but if bounded by fences its utility as wildlife habitat is undermined. If land is unfenced, but its landholder cannot use wildlife then it is more a liability than an asset. Africa's terrestrial wildlife has enormous biodiversity value but its mobility requires management collaboration throughout its range, and the resolution of conflicting ecological and economic management scales. The paper does not aim to describe and explain the internal communal system of tenure over land and natural resources but rather how the communal system interacts with the state and the private sector.

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Danso, Antwi Adjei. "Design of a communal land tenure information system for Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16084.

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Bibliography: pages 77-83.
This thesis describes some of the communal land tenure systems pertaining to Namibia. Understandably, lands held under communal land tenure have tended to be neither fully documented nor legally and explicitly formalised; communal land tenure systems have been through the mercy of arbitrary action by the state, private individuals or other institutions (S.A Government, 1996: 43). The study attempts to examine the issues involved in the design of a communal land tenure information system for Namibia. It therefore seeks to examine the possibility of using information technology to plan and manage customarily held land, the requirement for an effective design and implementation of such a system and the method of designing such an information system to make room for continual improvement and the addition of finer detail. The research begins with an in-depth literature review of the communal land tenure systems in Namibia and a description of similar information systems. This is followed by the research methodology, which describes the technique used for collecting, analysing and presenting the results of the study. The needs analysis and the data structure contained in the atlas are outlined. The fundamental concepts of database design and the various steps taken by the author to design and construct the land tenure database model for the dissertation are also discussed. The pilot project is analysed, taking into account the capability of the system, its success in terms of a needs analysis, and the adequacy of the data. It specifically analyses the design in the light of social relationships, person or group interests and the spatial component of communal land tenure systems with respect to each area. In addition, it seeks to answer the question whether the tool fits the communal land tenure system, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the overall system design and the implementation strategies. It is envisaged that, with the provision of the information system in union with its database, this will help to identify and document a communal land tenure system. For the rural dweller or farmer, this system will provide a pictorial image of what is really happening on the ground. The information system could later be upgraded and fully implemented, enabling individuals to effectively plan activities around the existing circumstances and conditions. The recommendation that came out from the study was that given the limited information available on communal land tenure systems, more effort should be spent to study and gather data on the system. It is strongly recommended, therefore, that research into conditions in the communal areas be regarded as a top pri01ity by the Government of Namibia. This could lead to a richer information base in the communal areas to be utilised to improve the lifestyle of the rural communities. Thus, the prototype project designed in this thesis should be implemented fully and later developed and incorporated into an information system which, in the past, has lacked communal land tenure input. The research could not touch on all the communal land tenure areas in Namibia. It is therefore advised that the rest should be investigated in more detail. The inheritance and conflict resolution mechanism which were not modelled effectively should also be reinvestigated.

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Lethobeng, Pogiso Alfred Modise. "Statutory framework for land tenure reform in communal areas / Lethobeng, PAM." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8103.

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Tenure reform in South Africa is regarded as necessary to sustain social and economic growth and stability, particularly in rural areas where there are high levels of poverty and inequality. In fostering political agendas, black people were systematically distanced from the land under apartheid. Therefore the democratic government’s efforts in redressing the imbalances and providing redress through the land restitution and redistribution programmes are very much dependent upon the success of the Land Tenure Reform Programme.1 This study will mainly concentrate on land tenure reform in communal areas. Customary land tenure has to be understood in the context of an extended family set–up, where it underpins the idea of social solidarity which gives rise to the “community land ethic”.2 Customary land tenure also reflects the subsistence economy, where land is either not exploited for commercial purposes at all or only to a limited extent.3 Normally, this land cannot be sold but it devolves in the family. A family is normally allotted residential and arable land and once allotted; the person acquires access to natural resources on the commonage. Although the person allotted land occupies it exclusive of the rights of others, he or she cannot be described as an owner in the western sense of the word, as he or she does not have the power to sell it. He or she, however, has the most extensive right in the law and may be regarded as “communal owner”.4 1 Mahomed Understanding Land Tenure Law 1–2. 2 Dlamini “Land ownership” 41. 3 Dlamini “Land ownership” 41. 4 Ratsialingwa and Another v Sibasa 1949 3 781 (A) 791–792. The Constitution plays a pivotal role in ensuring that people’s rights to access to land are protected. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution guarantees the right of everyone to have access to land and housing as well as security of tenure. Various laws were enacted to give effect to the guarantees of secure tenure in communal areas after 1991. As a person’s right to land in customary law may be terminated by the traditional leader in consultation with his council, the Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act5 (IPILRA) provides that people may not be deprive of an “informal right to land” without their consent except by expropriation. The Communal Land Rights Act6 (CLARA) was intended to give effect to section 25(6) and (9) of the Constitution. The aim of CLARA was to provide for legal security of tenure through a process of transferring the communal land to communities or persons, usually on land held for communities by designated community leaders. Secondary aims were to award comparable redress where such transfer was not practicable; the conduct of land inquiries to determine the transition from old order rights to new order rights; the democratic administration of communal land; the establishment of land rights boards; and co–operation of municipalities in respect in respect of communal land.7 The Green Paper8 proposes an improved trajectory for land reform which is supported by the following programmes and institutions: a recapitalisation and development programme; a single land tenure system with four tiers; a Land Management Commission; a Land Valuer–General and a Land Rights Management Board. The change agenda pursued in the Green Paper is that in order to create a new trajectory for land reform, a set of proposals are put forward which attempts to break from the past without significantly disrupting agricultural production and food security, and avoid redistributions that do not generate livelihoods, employment and incomes.
Thesis (LLM (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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Tichagwa, Cornelius Gibson. "Land degradation in Mhondoro (Zimbabwe) : an environmental assessment of communal land uses and resource management practice." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52911.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When land loses its intrinsic qualities or suffers a decline in its capabilities it is said to be degraded. Land degradation manifests itself in various forms such as deforestation, soil erosion, land, air and water pollution. In the context of sustainable development land degradation has become one of the world's major concerns. Now, more than ever before, it has become urgent to carry out empirical studies on the nature and extent of land degradation and to come up with appropriate responses to the problem. In much of the developing world communal natural resource management practices are common. It is often assumed that communal exploitation of common property resources such as woodlands, pastures, water sources and wildlife inevitably leads to land degradation. This is due to the belief that humankind would seek to derive maximum benefit from common pool resources without incurring any costs towards the conservation of those resources. This study was an environmental assessment of the impacts of communal land-use systems and common property resources management practices in the Mhondoro communal lands of Zimbabwe. The area has been subject to human settlement for over a century and is regarded as a typical representation of a well-established communal land management system. Several methods were used to make the assessment. These included the following: a questionnaire survey; interviews with key informants; soil and vegetation traverses and field measurements; tree density counts in demarcated plots; calculation of the population density and livestock density for the study area; completion of an environmental evaluation matrix and a communal projects sustainability index checklist; and analysis of geo-referenced time-lapse aerial photography covering a fifteen year period (1982-1997). It was established that serious land degradation had occurred in Chief Mashayamombe's ward in Mhondoro. Degradation manifested itself in the form of soil erosion and stream sedimentation, woodland depletion, pasture degradation and wildlife habitat destruction. Communal land-use and natural resource management practices are only partially to blame for this state of affairs. The fragile nature of the sandy soils of the uplands, the sadie soils of the vlei areas, combined with the fairly high rainfall amounts (annual average 750mm) make the area prone to soil erosion. Rainfall intensity tends to be high in the area and when the rain falls on the poorly vegetated, and highly erodible soils erosion occurs. The land has become severely stressed due to over-utilisation; a population density of 93 people per km2 and livestock density of 110 cattle per km2 were recorded. The land available for communal settlement in the area has been limited in extent. Due to the general poverty of the communal farmers the replacement of nutrients into the cultivated soil has not kept pace with the deteriorating condition of the land. Contrary to popular misconceptions, communal area residents have shown concern for environmental conservation through fallowing their fields, gully reclamation efforts, grazing schemes, woodland preservation and tree growing practices. Remedial and/or mitigatory measures for the environmental recovery of the area could adopt some of these well-established practices and incorporate them in a whole-catchment management strategy. Key words Land degradation, environmental degradation, pollution, environmental assessment, common property resources, communal land uses, sustainable resources management, sustainability indicators, soil erodibility, soil erosivity
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer grond sy intrinsieke waarde verloor of 'n afname in sy vermoë toon, kan gesê word dat die grond gedegradeer is. Gronddegradasie manifesteer in verskeie vorme, soos ontbossing, gronderosie, grond, lug en water besoedeling. Gronddegradasie het binne die konteks van volhoubare ontwikkeling wêreldwyd van besondere belang geword. Nou, meer as ooit vantevore, is dit noodsaaklik om empiriese studies uit te voer aangaande die aard en omvang van gronddegradasie, en om vorendag te kom met toepaslike reaksies tot die probleem. Gemeenskaps natuurlike hulpbron bestuur praktyke is algemeen in die ontwikkelende wêreld. Daar word dikwels veronderstel dat uitbuiting van gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbronne deur die gemeenskap, soos woude, weivelde, waterbronne en wild, onvermeidelik lei na gronddegradasie. Hierdie aanname het ontwikkel as gevolg van die oortuiging dat die mensdom daarna sal streef om maksimum voordeel te trek uit gemeenskaplike hulpbronne, sonder om enige koste aan te gaan ten opsigte van die bewaring daarvan. Hierdie studie behels 'n omgewings evaluering van die impakte van gemeenskaps grondgebruik sisteme en gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbron bestuur praktyke in die Mhondoro gemeenskaplike grond van Zimbabwe. Die area word al vir meer as 'n eeu deur mense bewoon, en word beskou as 'n tipiese voorbeeld van 'n gevestigde gemeenskaps grondbestuur sisteem. Verskeie metodes is toegepas met die evaluering, en sluit in: 'n vraelys opname; onderhoude met sleutel segspersone; grond en plantegroei opnames en veldopnames; boom digtheidstelling in afgebakende persele; berekening van bevolkingsen veedigtheid vir die studiegebied; opstelling van 'n omgewing evaluerings matriks en 'n gemeenskap projek volhoubaarheids indeks kontroleerlys; en 'n analise van geo-referenced time-lapse lugfoto's wat strek oor 'n tydperk van 15 jaar (1982-1997). Daar is vasgestel dat ernstige gronddegradasie voorkom in Hoofman Mashayamombe se wyk in Mhondoro. Degradasie word gemanifesteer in die vorm van gronderosie en stroom sedimentasie, uitputting van woude, weiveld degradasie en die verwoesting van wild habitatte. Gemeenskaps grondgebruik en natuurlike hulpbron bestuurspraktyke is net gedeeltelik verantwoordelik vir die stand van sake. Gronderosie vind plaas ook as gevolg van die sensitiewe aard van die sanderige grond van die hoogland, die sodic grond van die vlei areas, in kombinasie met redelike hoë reënval (gemiddeld 750mm per jaar). Reënval intensiteit in die area is geneig om hoog te wees, en erosie vind plaas wanneer reën val op die hoogs erodeerbare grond wat met yl plantegroei bedek is. Die grond verkeer onder geweldige druk as gevolg van oorbenutting; 'n bevolkingsdigtheid van 93 mense per km2 en veedigtheid van 110beeste per km2 is aangeteken. Die grond beskikbaar vir vestiging van gemeenskappe word in omvang beperk. Die vervanging van grondvoedingstowwe in bewerkte grond hou nie tred met die agteruitgang in die kondisie van die grond nie, as gevolg van die algemene armoede van die gemeenskapsboere. Inwoners van die gemeenskapsarea , teenstrydig met algemene wanopvattings, toon besorgdheid ten opsigte van omgewingsbewaring deur die grond braak te lê, donga herwinnings pogings, wei velds planne, bewaring van woude en praktyke ten opsigte van die groei van bome. Remediërende en/of versagtende maatstawwe vir die herstel van die omgewing kan van hierdie gevestigde praktyke inkorporeer in 'n bestuursstrategie wat die hele opvangsgebied insluit. Sleutelwoorde Gronddegradasi e, omgewingsde gradasi e, besoedeling, omgewingsassessering, gemeenskaplike eiendoms hulpbronne, gemeenskaplike grondgebruik, volhoubare hulpbron bestuur, volhoubaarheids aanwysers, grond erodeerbaarheid, grond verwering.

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25

Mbiba, Beacon. "Urban property ownership and the maintenance of communal land rights in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310777.

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26

Soria, Dall’Orso Carlos Antonio Martín. "Understanding land tenure and the dimension of the territory: Land, territory, private property, public property and communal property." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118996.

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The author analyzes the land tenure and size of the territory and the different perspectives of understanding the property, starting with the western angle of private property, with the individualistic nuance, through public ownership with its nuance of State resources, and finally by the idea of communal property with the collectivist hue, whose ownership lies not with the individual, or the state, but on a group previously identified as culturally consolidated.
El autor realiza un análisis sobre la tenencia de la tierra y la dimensión del territorio, así como de las diferentes perspectivas de entender la propiedad, empezando por el ángulo occidental de la propiedad privada, con el matiz individualista, pasando por la propiedad pública con su matiz de recurso estatal, y, finalmente, por la idea de propiedad comunal con el matiz colectivista, cuya titularidad no recae sobre el individuo, o sobre el Estado, sino sobre un colectivo previamente identificado como culturalmente consolidado.

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27

Hungwe, Emaculate. "Land transactions and rural development policy in the Domboshava peri-urban communal area, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch -- Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96059.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa has led to the proliferation of peri-urban settlements close to cities. Development policy in these areas is multi-pronged. Residents with local tribal, as well as migrant backgrounds take land matters into their own hands. This leads to diverse land transactions and changing household survival strategies. My research investigates the complex interactions between land transactions, Rural Development Policy (RDP), and the emergent household survival strategies between 2002 and 2012 in the peri-urban communal area of Domboshava in Zimbabwe located northeast of Harare the capital city. Domboshava is classified as 'rural' and is administered by traditional authority as well as a local authority called Goromonzi Rural District Council. This Council considers RDP as a solution to increased individualized land transactions. My thesis is based on field research of a case study comprising four villages of Domboshava. Forty-one local residents, as well as a number of key informants such as Traditional Leaders and local government officials were sampled for the study. Qualitative data were collected through structured interviews, review of pertinent documents, as well as observation. The research findings reveal that the rapid pace of urbanization across Africa is widespread and poses key challenges to policies on rural development and land tenure more generally. Research evidence shows the changing practice in access to land rights in Domboshava by migrants from other parts of the country. As a result, land transactions shift from customary inheritance in the tribal line to individualized land transactions such as direct land sales and renting thereby privileging financially better-off households. Household survival strategies also shift from farm based to off-farm and non-farm activities because of the influence of land transactions and a multi-pronged RDP. Changes in household survival strategies of community residents of Domboshava were however not influenced by land transactions and RDP alone, but also by wider political and economic shifts and state interventions such as Operation Restore Order/Operation Murambatsvina and the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The practice of a multi-pronged RDP as a solution to land transactions in Domboshava became part of the problem as land transactions proliferated unabated. This research is an important topic within the Sociology of Development, and provides useful insights regarding debates on land, policy, and survival strategies in peri-urban communal areas, not only in Domboshava in Zimbabwe, but in sub-Saharan Africa. Appropriate policies that address these peri-urban challenges in Zimbabwe are sorely needed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verstedeliking in Afrika het gelei tot die vermenigvuldiging van buite-stedelike nedersettings naby stede. Ontwikkelingsbeleid in hierdie areas het vele vertakkings. Inwoners van plaaslike stamsgebiede asook van migrante agtergronde neem grondsake in eie hande. Dit lei tot uiteenlopende grondtransaksies en veranderende huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe. My navorsing ondersoek die komplekse interaksies tussen grondtransaksies, landelike ontwikkelingsbeleid (LOB), en die opkomende huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe tussen die jare 2002 en 2012 in die buite-stedelike kommunale area van Domboshava in Zimbabwe, gelëe noord-oos van Harare, die hoofstad van Zimbabwe. Dombashava is geklassifiseer as 'landelik' en word geadministreer deur 'n tradisionele owerheid sowel as 'n plaaslike owerheid wat bekend staan as die 'Goromonzi Rural District Council'. Ontwikkelingsbeleid word deur hierdie Raad gesien as oplossing vir toenemende individuele grondtransaksies. Die huidige navorsing is gebasseer op veldwerk van 'n gevallestudie van vier dorpies in Dombashava. Een-en-veertig plaaslike inwoners sowel as 'n aantal sleutelinformante soos tradisionele leiers en plaaslike regeringsamptenare was deel van 'n steekproef vir die studie. Kwalitatiewe data is ingesamel deur middel van gestruktureerde onderhoude, bestudering van pertinente dokumente asook waarneming. Die navorsingsresultate toon dat die vinnige pas van verstedeliking deur Afrika 'n algemene verskynsel is en dat dit belangrike uitdagings bied vir beleid oor landelike ontwikkeling, en grondpag in die besonder. Navorsingsbevindinge wys die veranderende patrone in toegang tot grondregte van migrante van ander dele van die land. Dit toon dat grondtransaksies verskuif het van gewone oorerwing binne stamverband na geindiwidualiseerde grondtransakies soos bv. direkte grondverkope en verhuring om dan sodoende huishoudings wat finansieel beter daaraan toe is, te bevoordeel. Huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe het ook verskuif vanaf boerderygebasseer na nie- boerderygebasseerde aktiwiteite as gevolg van die invloed van nuwe grondtransaksies en komplekse LOB. Die veranderings in huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe van inwoners van Dombashava was egter nie slegs beïnvloed deur grondtransaksies en LOB nie, maar ook deur wyer politieke en ekonomiese veranderinge en deur intervensies deur die staat soos “Operation Restore Order/ Operation Murambatsvina” en die “Fast Track Land Reform Programme”. Die praktyk vangrondbeleid met vele vertakkings as oplossing vir grondtransakies in die Dombashava area het deel geword van die probleem soos wat grondtransaksies ongekontrolleerd toegeneem het. Hierdie navorsing is 'n belangrike onderwerp binne die Sosiologie van Ontwikkeling en gee bruikbare insigte in die debatte rondom grond, beleid en oorlewingstategiëe in buite-stedelike kommunale gebiede naby stede, nie alleenlik in Dombashava in Zimbabwe nie, maar ook elders in Afrika. Toepaslike beleid wat hierdie buite-stedelike uitdagings in Zimbabwe aanspreek is dringend noodsaaklik.

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Arends, Ursula F. "Women and land : acces to and use of land and natural resources in the communal areas of rural South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7803_1297334501.

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The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or &lsquo
marginalised&rsquo
members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study.

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Ntshona, Zolile Mninawa. "The contribution of communal rangelands to rural people's livelihoods in the Maluti district." University of Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7390.

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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)
The contribution of common property resources to rural people's livelihoods is enormous, yet policy makers overlook it. Wild resources, grazing resources and trees provide an important buffer for most rural households. This study investigates the contribution of common property resources, in particular communal rangeland resources, to rural people's livelihoods in the Maluti District of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Looking at an array of livelihood strategies which people use, the study investigates the proportional contribution of different livelihood strategies with reference to common property resources, specifically wild resources, grazing resources and trees.

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30

Marewo, Malvern Kudakwashe. "Fast track land reform and belonging: examining linkages between resettlement areas and communal areas in Zvimba District, Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32549.

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This study examines whether beneficiaries of Zimbabwe's Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) of 2000 in resettlement areas maintain linkages with communal areas of origin. Present studies about the FTLRP provide limited in-depth attention to the importance of understanding linkages with places of origin. The study sought to explore the extent to which beneficiaries of the FTLRP are connected to their communal areas of origin, as well as the implications of the ties. Analysis of linkages is through social relationships and labour exchanges between people in resettlement areas and communal areas. This was done through a conceptual framework of belonging, which helped explain the various attachments to places of origin. The study was guided by a qualitative research approach. A case study of Machiroli Farm, an A1 villagised settlement, and Zvimba communal areas (Ward 6), Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe was utilised. The study's main finding is that beneficiaries of the FTLRP in the A1 model on Machiroli Farm retain linkages with communal areas of origin; beneficiaries of the FTLRP acquired new land without discarding ties and relations with places of origin. Most respondents attached clear importance to maintaining linkages with places of origin. Some respondents did not maintain ties with places of origin because of conflicts and breakdowns in family ties, highlighting that belonging is not static. Evidence from this case study shows that maintenance of linkages assists with agricultural production and enhancing social relations. Another important finding is that belonging enforced the maintenance of relations through factors, such as familial relations, burial sites, clubs, ceremonies and labour exchanges with communal areas of origin. The study argues that belonging is an aspect that ties people together despite physical translocation. Thus, this study's contribution is that, within land reform debates, physical translocation does not break the bonds with, or ties to, places of origin. Belonging enables several functions, such as access to labour, mitigation of economic challenges and enhancement of social relations, as demonstrated by this case study. For scholarship, the study contributes to land reform debates by applying the concept of belonging, which has mostly been applied to border and migration studies policy. The framework of belonging within land reform reveals the importance of social, cultural, religious and economic effects in accessing labour and enhancing agricultural production in agrarian settings. The study draws the conclusion that beneficiaries of land reform desire to remain relevant to a host of political, economic, spiritual and social aspects anchored in places of origin. Therefore, resettlement does not break ties which people have with places of origin, people embrace the new without discarding the old relations.

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31

Kleinbooi, Karin. "Gendered land rights in the rural areas of Namaqualand : a study of women's perceptions and understandings." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5102.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil
This study focuses on women's perceptions of land rights in the communal areas of Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Here women farm land which they can access only through their relationships with male kin. Women's use rights are dependent on their relationships with fathers, husbands and sons; and it is virtually impossible for women to obtain land in their own names. Women's own views of rights, of access, of control and authority over land display a significant gender bias in favour of men. This study explores women's understandings and perceptions of land rights and agriculture and other forms of land use. The objectives of the study are to explore the links between patriarchal social systems and women's conservative attitudes towards holding land; and to show how current policy processes and legislation – aimed at strengthening the rights of existing landholders in communal areas – allow local customs to continue to entrench gender discriminatory practices. A small study was conducted through in-depth interviews with sixty-five women and two focus group discussions with women in Namaqualand. The scope of the study was limited to exploring the nature of women's land rights in five of the communal areas of Namaqualand; formal and informal "rules" around women's land rights; women's practices of asserting or realising land rights; challenges and opportunities that women experience in claiming their land rights; the views and understandings of women in relation to land use and its contribution to livelihoods; and how women understand the impact of current land reform policies on their access to land. For the purpose of this thesis, literature on land tenure, gender and land rights as well as on the history of the former Coloured rural reserves of Namaqualand was considered. The key findings of the study indicate that women are disadvantaged by historical norms, values and attitudes, which afford them only secondary rights to land. Yet, informal land practices – however limited – show that in some cases women are creating opportunities to gain access to land independently. For this to become the norm rather than an exception, these practices need recognition and support within the on-going land reform transformation process in Namaqualand.

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32

Ramaloko, Thomas Tshwantshi. "The effect of different land uses on household livelihoods in Tale Ga-Morudu Communal Property Association." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14146.

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This study is about a population of 235 households in Blouberg municipality, Limpopo Province, that constituted itself in 2004 into a Communal Property Association. The Tale Ga-Morudu CPA was formed in order to own, manage and control a total of seventeen farms which were progressively restituted to them during 2004 by the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights. Tale Ga-Morudu households were dispossessed and forcefully removed from a number of fertile, arable and irrigable farms1in the 1960s due to racially discriminatory laws or practices. These households were then relocated by the then apartheid regime on the eastern part of Mogalakwena River. They were distributed in the arid communal areas of Laanglagte/Vergelegen, Matekereng; Ga- Mankgodi; Letswatla and Mamoleka under the traditional leadership of Kgoshi Maleboho of BabinaTšhwene. (Map one). It is the aim of this study to find out how Tale Ga-Morudu CPA currently uses these restituted farms for the households who have said to have benefited from restituted land. The researcher used his own observations, lessons and analysis of perspectives from case studies conducted from Limpopo in order to pursue this aim. This study adopted a descriptive household survey design that used a predominantly quantitative approach, and the use of qualitative methods to complement contextual details. A quantitative questionnaire was used on a sample unit of (20%) 45 households obtained by simple random sampling from a population of 235 households of the CPA. Other qualitative methods include focus group discussion, document review and observation. From the results it is clear that land claimants, prefer to retain existing practices of land use, than risk changes in land use in order to meet their socio-economic needs. Thus, instead of investing in commercial agriculture or wildlife farming, people follow subsistence agriculture and remain dependent on social grants and pensions for their livelihood. The general study findings show that the CPA planned to implement different types of land use including those of direct land use value. These include food gardens, resettlement; game farming; poultry enterprises and livestock grazing, and also of indirect use value. The latter refers to contract crop cultivation, rentals and strategic partnerships. The study found that despite income being generated from indirect types of land use, the majority of these intended beneficiaries never benefited from accrued financial dividends of land rental and development. However, households were still able to take advantage of employment opportunities created by contract crop cultivation and in the process they acquired crop cultivation skills. Furthermore the harvesting of natural resources such as wood and poles also contribute to the wellness of households. Households, also derived cultural wellness and a sense of satisfaction by accessing their restored farms to perform rituals. The general conclusion of the study is that the CPA is underutilizing its properties, including arable and irrigable fields, rentable recreational facilities, game farming and its tourism potential.

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33

Bunce, Brittany. "Agricultural investments in the communal areas of the Eastern Cape: The impacts of joint ventures on livelihoods and land rights." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6804.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
A major and unresolved challenge facing South Africa’s post-apartheid government, is how best to overcome the historical injustices of land dispossession and the resultant poverty now found in the communal areas of the former 'homelands'. In line with the South African government’s hybrid of neo-liberal and social welfare approaches to development, one important strategy for addressing these challenges has so far been the promotion of inclusive business models such as joint ventures (JVs), especially in the context of land restitution claims, but also in communal areas. This study explores the impacts of the JV model on livelihoods and land rights and use, and engages with key debates regarding the dynamics of class formation in the former 'homelands' of South Africa. The study undertakes a comparative analysis of two Joint Venture (JV) dairy farms, involving the same agribusiness partner, Amadlelo Agri. The farms are located on irrigation schemes in the former Ciskei of South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. The JVs involve residents from the rural settlements of Keiskammahoek and Shiloh, as both landowners and workers. The comparative case study presented here illustrates quite divergent outcomes when the same JV model is implemented in different rural settlements, most powerfully because of differences in the class structure of each settlement. Class analysis helps to explain the more intense intragroup conflicts that have emerged around the JV in Shiloh. Intragroup dynamics and conflicts, which have historical roots extending beyond the implementation of the JV intervention, are also critical to understanding divergent outcomes. A class-analytic approach assists in understanding the tensions that the JV model of capitalist farming generates in relation to household reproduction, in a class-differentiated manner. The sole focus in much of the literature on agricultural investments has been on relationships between agribusiness, and what are too often portrayed as homogenous 'communities’. However, this thesis illustrates that this approach is misleading when applied to analysis of the real politics on the ground. Struggles over jobs, dividends and land take place within highly differentiated communities. Investigating the inter- and intra-household distribution of JV benefits and risks is central to understanding the impacts of the JV on livelihoods and incomes, and also the emerging contentions and conflicts. To this end, I explore how class interacts with other aspects of social difference, particularly gender, kinship, ethnicity, race, generation and religious affiliation. A class-analytic approach is significant because it illuminates the emerging agrarian class structure that a JV-type intervention both reflects and in turn conditions, in dialectical fashion. It thus allows exploration of the implications of the JV model for wider processes of agrarian change in South Africa. Although there is evidence of livelihood benefits being derived by some households, as well as limited opportunities for accumulation, the JV model does not appear to stimulate the emergence of a class of productive black farmers. Significantly, the study could not identify any households as 'middle farmers', reliant on 'accumulation from below', which many authors consider to be a more progressive, dynamic and desirable pathway of agrarian reform. The JV model is at risk of equating ‘black emerging farmers’ with a group of customary landowners, who are in reality workers and 'passive recipients' of JV dividends and land rents.

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34

Pottek, Elias. "Communal Conflict and the Geopolitics of Land, Ethnicity and Territoriality in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25043/25043.pdf.

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35

Bounmixay, Luck. "Communal land tenure : a social anthropological study in Laos= Tierras comunales: un estudio socio-antropológico en Laos." Doctoral thesis, TDR (Tesis Doctorales en Red), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/365045.

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La República Democrática Popular de Laos (Lao PDR) o Laos es un país montañoso y sin acceso al mar situado en el centro de la región continental del Sudeste Asiático, en la frontera con Myanmar, China, Camboya, Tailandia y Vietnam. Es considerado uno de los países más boscosos de la región, y está clasificado como una de las regiones con mayor diversidad cultural, con casi el 50 por ciento de población indígena. Sin embargo, es una de las naciones más pobres del mundo. Durante la última década, los recursos forestales se han degradado considerablemente debido a la tala, las concesiones privadas, la energía hidráulica y la minería, así como a los cultivos itinerantes intensificados por el progresivo aumento de la densidad poblacional en las tierras altas. La política del Gobierno de Laos se ha centrado en la erradicación de esta agricultura itinerante, pero el programa gubernamental inicial de reasignación de tierras y bosques ha significado la pérdida por parte de diversos grupos étnicos sobre el uso de las tierras de secano, al no estar ya permitido el uso del suelo consuetudinario con barbechos largos. En este nuevo contexto, ninguno de los grupos étnicos de las tierras altas tienen ya derecho a la tierra que utilizan. No obstante, todavía existen muchos sistemas de uso de la tierra tradicionales y ecológicamente racionales en la República Democrática Popular de Laos en áreas remotas, y que mantienen la forma de tenencia comunal. Aquí la tierra es gestionada por el pueblo, que cada año la redistribuye según las necesidades y el trabajo. Esta investigación se centra en estos sistemas tradicionales, buscando identificar qué características de este régimen de gestión comunal podría ayudar a sustituir la actual “degradación” por la “innovación” en el uso de la tierra. La hipótesis de la investigación es que estos regímenes de propiedad común son un medio para que los pobres puedan garantizar el acceso a los flujos de beneficios de los recursos naturales, sirviendo así como una “red de seguridad contra la vulnerabilidad”. Al mismo tiempo y lo más importante, esta tenencia comunal reconocida por el gobierno puede reducir considerablemente para estas comunidades los riesgos derivados de las concesiones privadas. Esta tesis utiliza por tanto la teoría de Elinor Ostrom sobre los “Recursos de Propiedad Común” (CPR), y demás literatura sobre lo común para probar las hipótesis de la investigación. El estudio de campo se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Houaphan en la RDP de Laos, y se centra en los grupos étnicos Hmong y Tai Daeng en tres distritos (Xum-Nue, Viengxay y Sopbao). Así se entiende la gestión de la tierra comunal tradicional como un sistema que para los grupos étnicos de la zona está vinculado a su cultura. Este sistema permite la equidad y puede ser exportado en virtud de acuerdos institucionales apropiados a otros lugares del país, siempre y cuando el gobierno apruebe títulos de propiedad comunal –permitidos por la ley pero aún no implementados–. Asimismo, el gobierno se percató de que las tierras de estas regiones no pueden estar sometidas durante mucho más tiempo a la agricultura itinerante –debido como dijimos a la creciente densidad de población–, por lo que son necesarias medidas proactivas que garanticen la restauración apresurada de los barbechos. Este cambio en el uso más racional de la tierra puede derivarse precisamente del control comunal de sus tierras. Este estudio no sólo debe ser considerado como una importante contribución al actual proceso de toma de decisiones sobre la política de tierras; debe ser entendido además en su dimensión práctica sobre la gestión del suelo en la RDP de Laos.
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) or Laos is a landlocked and mountainous country situated in the center of the Continental Southeast Asia region bordering with Myanmar, China, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. It is considered one of the most forested countries in the region and ranked as one of the most culturally diverse with almost 50 percent indigenous peoples. Yet, it is one of the poorest nations in the world. Over the last decade, forest resources have become degraded because of logging, concessions, hydropower and mining as well as shifting cultivation due to rising population density in the uplands. Lao Government policy has focused on eradicating shifting cultivation, but the initial government land and forest allocation program meant that the ethnic groups lost their rain-fed upland fields as they were no longer allowed to practice customary land use with long fallows. None of the upland ethnic groups have title to the land they use. Many environmentally sound traditional land use systems still exist in Lao PDR in remote areas in the form of communal tenure. Here the land is managed by the village which each year re-distributes it according to need and labor. This research focuses on these traditional systems to identify which particular features of the management regime could help “reverse degradation by innovation”. The research hypothesis is that common property regimes are a means for the poor to secure access to natural resources’ benefit streams that serve as a safety net against vulnerability. At the same time and most importantly, with communal tenure recognized by government, the communities can lower the risk of their lands being grabbed by concessions. The thesis reviews Elinor Ostrom’s theory on Common Property Resource (CPR) of literature to test the hypothesis. Field study was conducted in Houaphan province in Lao PDR focusing on Hmong and Tai Daeng ethnic groups in three districts (Xum-Nue, Viengxay and Sopbao). It is seen that the traditional communal land management as a system which for the ethnic groups is linked to their culture. It allows for equity and if the government endorses communal land title which is possible by law but not yet implemented, this system could be copied under appropriate institutional arrangements to other places in the country. It is also realized that land may not be under shifting cultivation for many more years due to growing population density and that proactive measures should be taken to quickly restore the fertility of the fallows. This change of land use can best be practiced by the communities as a whole with control over their lands. This study is not only considered an important contribution to current land policy making process; it also is necessary to take into account when carrying out in practice land management in Lao PDR.

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Pottek, Élias. "Communal conflict and the geopolitics of land, ethnicity and territoriality in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19522.

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Roux, Lani Maré. "Using LIS in the development of land tenure arrangements in communal property associations : a study of Algeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4981.

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Summary in English.
Bibliography: leaves 148-150.
This thesis investigates the contribution of land information systems (LIS), integrated with video evidence, to improving security of tenure during the creation of a communal property association (CPA). To this end a case study was conducted of the Algeria community, a community in the process of creating a CPA.

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Jannecke, Crystal. "Communal identity and historical claims to land in South Africa : the cases of the Clarkson Moravian Mission and the Tsitsikamma Mfengu." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14632.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 312-342).
In this thesis we examine the case of the Clarkson Mission and Tsitsikamma Mfengu communities on the Southern Cape Coast of South Africa, and highlight some of the ambiguities prevalent in their contested claims of entitlement to the Clarkson mission land. Their respective notions of communal identity are investigated, and the ways in which these are historically linked to land entitlement are examined. The analyses of the constructed communal identities of the "coloured" Clarksoner and the "native" Mfengu are located within the critical analytical approach of discourse theory, an important component of which is a socio-historical analysis. Primary data were obtained through archival, documentary, comprehensive Deeds Registry research, as well as fieldwork and in-depth interviews. Central themes in this study are colonial land dispossessions, the use of forced indigenous labour, resistance, rebellion and collaboration. The study shows that aspects of "coloured", "native", "tribal", "ancestral", Mfengu, and Moravian, used in contemporary communal identity formations are not fixed givens, but rather historical discursive constructions that are in a process of constant change. In the case of the Clarksoners we show how the Moravian historical narrative together with the Moravian Ethic had been transplanted and imposed by the early Moravian missionaries at the Cape and how these have over time come to be taken-for-granted and appropriated by members of Moravian Church, and Clarksoners in particular. We trace the origin of the Moravian narrative and show the similarities, differences, and continuity at both Genadendal in the Southern Cape and Clarkson. In the case of the Tsitsikamma Mfengu we show how the emerging colonial "Fingo" narrative and constructed colonial "Fingo" identity are firmly connected to land dispossession and forced labour in the aftermath of the 1835 Eastern Cape frontier war. We show how elements of both the "Fingo" narrative and constructed identity were appropriated and re-ordered in contemporary processes of Tsitsikamma Mfengu community identification. The study endeavours to make visible the dynamic changing history and relations of power and domination surrounding processes of communal identification that are connected to historical rights in land.

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Dore, Dale. "Land tenure and the economics of rural transformation : a study of strategies to relieve land pressure and poverty in the communal areas of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53489072.html.

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Smirnova, Vera. "On the Land, Territory, and Crisis Triad: Enclosure and Capitalist Appropriation of the Russian Land Commune." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97992.

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My research provides a historical, geographical reading of land enclosure in the context of economic and agrarian crises in late imperial Russia. Using original records of Russian land deals that I obtained in the federal and provincial archives, I explore how the coalitions of landed nobility, land surveyors, landless serfs, and peasant proprietors used land enclosure as a conduit for coercive governance, accumulation of landed capital, or, in contrary, as a means of resistance. Through critical discourse analysis, I illustrate how the Russian imperial state and territories in the periphery were dialectically co-produced not only through institutional manipulations, resettlement plans, and husbandry manuals, but also through political and public discourses. I argue that land enclosure exploited practices of autonomous land management in the commune and furthered growing agrarian and economic crises in the countryside. The urban periphery became a strategic territory used for the accumulation of new wealth and displacement of two million peasant households, which accommodated capitalist development under the Russian Tsarist and, later, Soviet political regimes. Through this example, my research reexamines predominant assumptions about the land, territory, and crisis triad in Russia by positioning the rural politics of the late imperial period within the global context of land enclosure. At the same time, by focusing on the historical reading of territory from the Russian perspective, this study introduces a more nuanced alternative to the traditional colonial territory discourse often found in Western interpretations.
PHD

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Tokalau, Filipo, and n/a. "Assessing the willingness to pay in the context of communal land values : the case of backpackers in Fiji." University of Otago. Department of Tourism, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080513.121054.

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Communal land values can, on the one hand, be an integral part of the socio-cultural experience which tourists seek and enjoy while visiting Fiji. Partly inherited from the land, such values are still vital as basis of survival in rural Fiji. They are passive so they do not command a price and therefore largely considered free however, indigenous Fijian landowners tend to perceive that such values are an inseparable part of their land and may often expect that these ought to be paid for when land is taken up for development such as in tourism. This dilemma within the tourism system could underpin land conflicts between traditional landowners and tourism entrepreneurs. As tourists ultimately bear costs, the problem can be partially addressed by focusing on their willingness to pay for communal use of land. This research assesses the backpackers� willingness to pay (WTP) for communal values of land in Fiji, including their opinions, feelings, attitudes and perceptions. It uses a social, psychological-economic theoretical framework which postulates firstly, that backpackers will pay in order to maximise satisfaction and, that utilities from passive values can be derived and measured. Secondly, as backpackers search for authenticity, adventure and meeting local people they would tend to be self actualised and therefore willing to pay. A contingent valuation study was undertaken in Fiji from February to June 2003 with a relatively high participation and response rate. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from February to March, 2005 to elicit backpackers� knowledge, feelings, perceptions and attitudes regarding their willingness to pay for the communal use of land. A great majority of respondents were willing to pay. CV respondents were willing to pay an average of F$6.50 for the communal value of land but the younger, highly educated and long haulers would pay less. Though a high proportion of respondents were willing to pay because they valued the communal use of land, for the majority the main reason was financial. Interviewees were willing to pay for economic, psychological and egocentric reasons. The latter two were particularly based on their motivational satisfaction and understanding of the traditional land-based survival skills. Respondents� perceptions of communal values of land, incomes and psychological attitude were also major factors underlying why they were not willing to pay. In light of the study�s findings, it was suggested that the backpacker concept may need to be re-examined as they tended not to be necessarily as budget-minded and exploitative as generally depicted to be. Similarly, they tended to be self-actualising and also espousing motivations similar to those of mass tourists. It was also proposed that WTP can provide a basis for economically analysing the use of passive values of environmental tourism resources, such as land, which can facilitate the industry�s ability in decision making, and management. As an incentive, WTP for communal values of land can be crucial in enhancing and sustaining tourism in a land-scarce economy such as Fiji. In the interim, WTP for communal land use could also provide informed decisions to address current issues such as the Customary Fisheries Bill. Indeed, this pioneering study examines the very issues of passive values for traditionally owned resources which can be applied more broadly; not only in Fiji, but also in other parts of the Pacific.

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Molebatsi, Lerato Yvonne. "An assessment of the useful plant diversity in homegardens and communal land of Tlhakgameng, North–West / Molebatsi L.Y." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6952.

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IAS 39 and recorded structured interviews with the respondents. The accounting treatment of commodity derivatives was investigated by utilising nine transaction types which are typically found when producers sell grain to an agribusiness or a processor purchases grain from an agribusiness. The seven case studies were identified by utilising convenience sampling (unrestricted non–probability sampling). A literature review and empirical study were conducted. The findings on the accounting treatment of commodity derivatives were communicated thematically. The main findings were discussed during interviews with representatives of the technical departments of three of the Big Four audit firms in South Africa. A discussion of similar studies performed globally was performed. The recommendations following from this research study include that entities carrying “own use” inventory and applying hedge accounting can elect to apply the base adjustment consistently as part of their accounting policy on the valuation of inventory. Entities holding grain inventory for trading purposes should, based on industry practice, fair value such inventory. Various recommendations regarding the classification of a supply contract with a producer (as defined in a pre–season fixed price contract) depending on whether an entity applies hedge accounting or not, were made. Recommendations regarding the determination of fair value include that, based on industry practice and guidance by IAS 39, the SAFEX–based price should be utilised to fair value derivatives and to fair value inventory held by commodity–broker traders. The fair value movement on the option contracts taken out on behalf of the producer by an agribusiness should be transferred to the relevant producer's loan account. The recommendations concluded with a recommendation that entities should proactively consider and plan the impact of the replacement of IAS 39 on current business practices. Areas for further research could include investigating the accounting treatment of commodity derivatives of the newly issued accounting standards on financial instruments by IASB and the impact of these new standards on the business practices of entities. indices were measured, Shannon–Wiener Diversity, Pieolou’s Evenness, Margalef’s Species Richness and Simpson’s Index of diversity. In all the indices homegardens had the highest value in comparison with other land–use types followed by natural areas. Questionnaires were used to gather information regarding indigenous knowledge used by residents to manage their homegardens and to determine the different socio–economic classes in the study area. The majority of the population was still utilizing indigenous knowledge to manage their homegardens. However, there was some disparity whether or whether not indigenous knowledge has been lost. This study confirms that homegardens contribute significantly to household diet and income especially for the people living in rural areas due to the production and diversity of cultivated edible species. This is the case despite a high percentage of ornamentals being cultivated. Although the extent of household dependency on homegardens varies considerably, its contribution is quite significant towards the livelihood of the people because it requires minimal investment and is easily accessible. Homegardens also serve as sites for the conservation of rare, vulnerable, endangered and endemic species.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Arisunta, Caroline. "Women, land rights and HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: the case of Zvimba communal area in Mashonaland West Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/233.

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This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure system. It examines how the changes in land tenure, access and rights to land as a consequence of HIV/AIDS are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty, with a specific focus on women who have lost their husbands to HIV/AIDS in Zvimba. Zvimba is a village community located in Zvimba District in the Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. The study also discusses policy responses designed to cushion the impact of HIV/AIDS on local communities especially women living with HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the vulnerability of widows to land rights violations, mainly inflicted by relatives but sometimes by the wider community. The main form of abuse encountered included the use of abusive language, threats of evictions and at times, beatings. The legal route for seeking redress was rarely used. Fear of witchcraft, low educational levels and fear of causing conflict between children and their paternal relatives also led widows to abandon the fight for their rights. The study further reveals that widows are heavily exposed to dispossession of their land rights. HIV/AIDS has increased the vulnerability of widows and other women to threats and dispossession of their land and other property rights. Dispossession of arable fields was observed in the four wards. The dispossessions and threats to livelihoods were directly related to the HIV positive status of the widows. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant role that male members of the household or family have over land. Thus, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household.

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Elfversson, Emma. "Central Politics and Local Peacemaking : The Conditions for Peace after Communal Conflict." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324928.

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Under what conditions can peace be established after violent communal conflict? This question has received limited research attention to date, despite the fact that communal conflicts kill thousands of people each year and often severely disrupt local livelihoods. This dissertation analyzes how political dynamics affect prospects for peace after communal conflict. It does so by studying the role of the central government, local state and non-state actors, and the interactions between these actors and the communal groups that are engaged in armed conflict. A particular focus is on the role of political bias, in the sense that central government actors have ties to one side in the conflict or strategic interests in the conflict issue. The central claim is that political bias shapes government strategies in the face of conflict, and influences the conflict parties’ strategic calculations and ability to overcome mistrust and engage in conflict resolution. To assess these arguments, the dissertation strategically employs different research methods to develop and test theoretical arguments in four individual essays. Two of the essays rely on novel data to undertake the first cross-national large-N studies of government intervention in communal conflict and how it affects the risk of conflict recurrence. Essay I finds that conflicts that are located in an economically important area, revolve around land and authority, or involve groups with ethnic ties to central rulers are more likely to prompt military intervention by the government. Essay II finds that ethnic ties, in turn, condition the impact that government intervention has on the risk of conflict recurrence. The other two essays are based on systematic analysis of qualitative sources, including unique and extensive interview material collected during several field trips to Kenya. Essay III finds that government bias makes it more difficult for the conflict parties to resolve their conflict through peace agreements. Essay IV finds that by engaging in governance roles otherwise associated with the state, non-state actors can become successful local peacemakers. Taken together, the essays make important contributions by developing, assessing and refining theories concerning the prospects for communal conflict resolution.

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Osman, Elizabeth Helen. "Rural land sharing communities in South Australia : planning and legal constraints to their development." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envo83.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 103-106. This research is concerned with rural land sharing communities in South Australia. The state's planning system is examined to see what mechanisms it possesses for dealing with communal or any other unconventional development, and what the main planning constraints are. A case study of an actual development application for a rural land sharing community is examined.

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Mokone, Bothokgami. "Investigating Pre-Financial Close Risks Associated with Communal Land Ownership Rights in Onshore Wind Energy Development in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32868.

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There are challenges to be addressed if South Africa is to reach its full potential in exploiting wind energy resources. One of such challenges is communal land ownership, which is used for the development of wind energy in rural areas. Often, communal lands have no formal land structures, ownership or title deeds to support the individuals and communities that claim possession thereof. This challenge of communal land ownership and the associated risks impact upon investments by independent power producers in wind energy infrastructure. Land in South Africa remains a highly sensitive issue given the historical injustice of land dispossession which became the source of poverty and inequality. Moreover, transitioning to renewable energy sources would add more pressure on land scarcity. Commercial wind energy projects are capital intensive, with high annual turnovers. Achieving financial close is a risk mitigation strategy that confirms that early-stage contractual agreements have been reached in the development stage of a wind project lifecycle. Therefore, risk identification and allocation are fundamental to ensuring that the structuring and contractual obligations of non-recourse project financing are met. Wind energy plants require significant stretches of land, and this is progressing at an industrial scale and often, onshore wind energy projects are located in rural areas, thereby impacting local communities. Land ownership rights are a key element for communities, in which renewable energy development takes place. Households living on communal land, of which the right to use land is vested in individual households, are situated on such lands. This study uses the theory of risk management to investigate pre-financial close risks in developing wind energy associated with communal land ownership rights and the extent to which those risks inhibit wind energy projects from reaching financial close in South Africa. An exploratory research design was applied, while a questionnaire survey was used to collect data from wind developers. The study identified the pre-financial close risks associated with communal land to be technical, legal, economic, social and political risks. Indeed, there is a lack of clear, long-term policy framework to support investments in clean energy infrastructure. This causes significant delays to wind energy project development and it negatively affects financial close. In addition, there are competing interests among multiple stakeholders, leading to the burdensome processes involved in securing leasehold agreements on communal land. As a result, projects which were initially proposed on communal land, have not always reach financial close as planned while others were stopped. The results show that risk mitigation tools could include effective and continuous stakeholder management which is critical to reaching financial close. Furthermore, the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform has not established a streamlined process that developers can follow to secure communal land leasehold rights, given that the process is time-consuming.

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Groot, Heinrich de. "Judenverdrängung, Judenverfolgung und Judendeportation auf dem Land unter den Bedingungen der nazionalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1933-1945 /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392341820.

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Adegbinni, Adeothy. "Production foncière et patrimoine socio-cultuel au Bénin : cas des communes d'Adjarra et d'Avrankou." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0086/document.

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Le déferlement urbain des grandes agglomérations sur leur périphérie est remarquable au Bénin, ces dernières décennies suite à l’évolution croissante de leurs populations. Cette nouvelle dynamique spatiale amène un changement des pratiques foncières et à un étalement urbain dans presque toutes les communes périurbaines. La production foncière aujourd’hui est basée sur les règles modernes. Mais le statut des terres dans certaines de ces communes périurbaines notamment celles qui sont à forte tradition Vodoun comme Adjarra et Avrankou suscite une interrogation quant à l’influence de la production foncière urbaine sur le patrimoine socio-cultuel. L’intérêt de cette recherche porte sur la problématique de la cohabitation entre les pratiques foncières endogènes qui cherchent à se maintenir et les exigences d’un foncier moderne qui a quelques difficultés à être généralisé. Les résultats de nos recherches nous permettent de constater l’existence, non seulement d’une certaine complicité entre les deux pratiques, mais aussi parfois de tension voire de confrontation entre la tradition et la modernité. Les réalités foncières modernes ont pu investir la région d’Adjarra et d’Avrankou à forte pratique foncière coutumière à travers l’instauration d’un marché foncier résultant des faits d’immatriculation et surtout des lotissements administratifs sans cependant réussir à s’y imposer. La présence des pratiques foncières modernes dans cette région a été surtout facilitée par sa position géographique qui fait d’elle le réceptacle des déferlements urbains de Porto-Novo, engendrant un espace mi-rural, mi-périurbain voire urbain à l’ombre de cette métropole. Parallèlement, les pratiques foncières coutumières bien que résistantes face à la modernité ont connu d’énormes mutations amenant parfois à la disparition de certaines représentations foncières. Si par le passé ‘‘la terre’’ (la terre entière) et ‘‘les terres’’ (les espaces abritant les divinités) sont perçues comme sacrées, ce caractère semble être aujourd’hui réduit au profit des ‘‘terres sacrées’’ qui se sont maintenues grâce à l’existence encore de la croyance à la religion traditionnelle. Les ‘‘terres sacrées’’ n’ont pas été emportées par la pression urbaine même si leur emprise spatiale s’est fortement réduite. Au contraire, elles ont contribué à freiner à plusieurs endroits l’urbanisation dans sa course à la consommation de l’espace, créant un paysage mixte où s’interfèrent la tradition et la modernité dans le tissu urbain. Cet espace périurbain qui présente l’intérêt d’associer les influences de la modernité et de la tradition révèle à contre-courant de la pensée dominante, qu’au lieu de s’opposer, les régimes fonciers coutumiers et modernes ont tendance à s’associer pour créer une situation nouvelle
In Benin, the urban development of large cities on the periphery is a notorious phenomenon in recent decades, due in particular to increasing their changing populations. This new spatial dynamics results in a change of land use practices and urban sprawl in almost all the suburban municipalities. The land is now producing based on modern rules. But the status of the land in some of these suburban towns, including those with strong traditions Vodoun like Adjarra and Avrankou, raises a question about the influence of urban land production on the socio-cultic heritage. The interest of this research focuses on the issue of coexistence between indigenous land practices, looking to maintain itself, and the requirements of a modern land, which has some difficulties to be generalized. The results of our research allow us to determine the existence not only of a certain complicity between the two practices but also sometimes tensions and even confrontations between tradition and modernity. Modern land realities have been able to invest Avrankou and Adjarra area, high customary land practice, through the introduction of a land market arising from registration made especially administrative subdivisions, without managing to win in this locality. The presence of modern land tenure practices in this area was mainly facilitated by its geographical position, which makes it the receptacle of urban Porto Novo surges , resulting in a half countryside , half suburban (or urban ) next to this metropolis. Meanwhile, customary land tenure practices, although resistant face of modernity, experienced enormous changes, sometimes leading to the disappearance of certain land representations. While in the past, '' land '' (whole earth) and '' lands '' (space housing the gods) are perceived as sacred, this character seems now reduced in favor only "sacred lands", which are maintained thanks to the existence still of the belief in traditional religion. The "sacred lands" were not swept away by urban pressure, even if their spatial extent is strongly affected. Instead, they helped to slow, in many places, urbanization in its race to the consumption of space, creating a mixed landscape with interfering in the urban fabric tradition and modernity. This suburban area, which has the benefit of combining the influences of modernity and tradition, reveals, against the grain of mainstream thinking, instead of opposing, customary and modern land tenure systems tend to combine, creating a new situation

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Ncube, Richmond. "Land Tenure Rights and Poverty Reduction in Mafela Resettlement Community (Matobo District, Zimbabwe)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4825_1323161074.

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In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform (2004 â 2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods
it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabweâs land reform (Scoones et al 2011), the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues.

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Masoga, Morongwa Virgina. "The impact of performance management on Moletele Communal Property Association's performance at Maruleng Local Municipality of the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1105.

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Abstract:

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
Recent changes in the allocation of land through the results of land redistribution have compelled members of communities to form committees, that is, Communal Property Associations (CPAs) that would be responsible for managing the claimed land. The Maruleng Local Municipality was not excluded from this process. Five of the CPAs have been formed under the above mentioned municipality to manage claimed land. The research investigated the impact of performance management on the Moletele CPA’s performance at Maruleng Local Municipality of the Limpopo Province. The management of Moletele CPA was not without challenges, problems such as lack of resources, adequate training programmes, lack of clear policy and objectives were also found in the study. This research also seeks to investigate why Moletele CPA is performing better than the other CPAs in the municipality. In order to understand the total context of the challenges faced by Moletele CPA, an empirical research and interviews were conducted to collect data from the members of Moletele CPA. The findings of the study suggest that a lack of resources and relevant training programmes are contributing negatively towards the performance of the Moletele CPA in particular, and other CPAs in general. To conclude, the study revealed that performance management is not determined by one factor, but other challenges such as clarity of policies and cooperation amongst stakeholders also contribute towards the success of the Moletele CPA ;hence the recommendations made in chapter five.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Communal lands'

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