Journal articles: 'Communal lands'

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Bruno, E., and J. Ferrer. "Management Community of Communal Lands in the Andean Rural Community of San Roque de Huarmitá, Concepción, Junín, Peru." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 943, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/943/1/012021.

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Abstract In this research, the influence of community management of the rural Andean community of San Roque de Huarmitá on the condition of communal lands was analyzed: usufructuated lands (family management) and communal farm (collective management), through an evaluation of the institutional level (design principles) as an indicator of community self-management capacity and analysis of physical-chemical characteristics of soils. Research methods such as: ethnoknowledge and similarity analysis were also used. The results showed that the design principles were well implemented in relation to land use and that the physical-chemical properties differ significantly between the two types of communal lands, showing better fertility results in the usufruct lands. It was concluded that the Andean rural community has a robust level of self-management, that is, it has sustainable community management. Since the usufruct lands provide direct benefits to the families (good soil fertility and pasture production), while the communal farmlands, having extensive management, do not generate direct benefits. In other words, there is a prioritization for the care of the family resources before the community resources.

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Etsay, Haftu, Shunji Oniki, Melaku Berhe, and Teklay Negash. "The Watershed Communal Land Management and Livelihood of Rural Households in Kilte Awlaelo Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013676.

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While the degradation of natural resources has a substantial impact on the livelihood of farmers in rural areas, there is scant empirical evidence about livelihood status and benefits from communal resources, especially whether the benefits are equally distributed among local farmers. This study examines how the conservation of communal lands affects the food security status and the livelihood of the poor people in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. This paper employed both descriptive statistics and econometric analyses using the ordinary least square regression and quantile regression models. The food security status of rural households was found to be negatively associated with the direct use of natural resources generated on conserved communal lands. The study further affirms that households in the lower quantile harness more of the direct use of common property resources. However, households in the median and the upper quantiles tend to engage in the indirect use of resources generated on communal lands. These findings pose a critical policy implication regarding how to reconcile the trade-offs between the consequence of heavy dependence of the poor on the direct use of communal land-based resources and ensuring sustainable livelihood by allowing the poor to collect benefits from the conserved lands.

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Cousins, Ben, Dan Weiner, and Nick Amin. "Social differentiation in the communal lands of Zimbabwe." Review of African Political Economy 19, no. 53 (March 1992): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249208703936.

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Gadzirayi, Christopher, S. I. Whande, and E. Mutandwa. "Sustainability of Agricultural Production in Communal Areas of Zimbabwe: Case of Chionekano Communal Lands." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 7, no. 13 (April 24, 2007): 02–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.13.1915.

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In Sub-Saharan Africa, at least 70% of the population lives in rural communal areas where they make a living out of subsistence farming. The sector continues to seek for donor support to improve their farming activities with little attention being paid to viability and sustainability of their production systems. There is also sketchy location- specific empirical evidence from research showing sustainability of communal farming practices. The broad objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural production in communally owned farming areas. Agricultural sustainability was conceptualized in terms of biological productivity, economic viability, and reduction of production risk, environmental protection and social acceptability. Primary and secondary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Information on socio-economic characteristics, production patterns and their environmental implications, constraints and opportunities for achieving sustainability were elicited from respondents. A total of 498 households were interviewed through a census. Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of the community made up of male, female, and childheaded households from Chionekano communal farming area in Zimbabwe. The area is characterized by average annual rainfall of 600 mm, temperature range of 15-25 0 C, sparse vegetation cover and soils of less than 1% organic matter. The results revealed that the agricultural production system was below par due to degraded soil conditions which resulted in low crop yields, low returns from the livestock sector due to high incidences of stock thefts and deteriorating veld condition. Access to financial support was limited due to lack of collateral and high production risk where farmers’ production is solely based on natural and unreliable rainfall patterns and therefore unsustainable. Strategies to improve food security should receive priority to support sustainable resource management, increase access to finance and suitable inputs on credit to be worked out and soil fertility conservation to be exercised with particular focus on organic farming. Emphasis should be placed on environmental management training, production monitoring and offer financial support schemes at concessionary interest rates to spruce up their production to breakeven levels.

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Mbiba, Beacon. "Communal Land Rights in Zimbabwe as State Sanction and Social Control: A Narrative." Africa 71, no. 3 (August 2001): 426–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.3.426.

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AbstractThis article takes a historical approach to argue that communal lands in Zimbabwe are a construct inherited from colonial days (prior to 1980) which governments in post-colonial Zimbabwe have found convenient to maintain rather than dismantle. The construct is not only a convenient framework for the delivery of collective consumption goods but in turn it enables the government to subtly use communal lands as a framework for social control, especially in terms of urban management. The continued existence of communal land areas and land rights also sustains processes of social control at the household level. However, these are issues that will not receive attention in land debates as long as the larger problem of redistribution of large-scale commercial farms remains unresolved.

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Dalgat, E. M. "ON THE NATURE OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN DAGESTAN IN THE 18th - EARLY 20th CENTURIES." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch13335-43.

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The article deals with the nature of land ownership in Dagestan in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Estate and land relations, land and legal problems were the most complex in the socio-economic development of the pre-revolutionary Dagestan. Russian authorities paid much attention to their solution. After joining to Russia, several estate and land commissions were formed and they collected a large amount of material on the estate and land relations in Dagestan. The article covers the forms of land ownership in the 19th - early 20th centuries. There were communal, waqf (i.e. mosque) lands, state and private lands. The latter were divided into large feudal landownership and peasant landownership - myulks. Pastures were in communal ownership and plowing and hay fields belonged to myulks. On the plain, land ownership was communal. State-owned lands in Dagestan appeared due to confiscation of lands from anti-Russian feudal lords and due to the lands of rural societies as well. Waqf lands were those bequeathed to the mosque. Much attention is paid in the article to redistribution of land ownership, when lands passed from one owner to another. There were several great redistributions of lands in Dagestan. The first of them occurred in the 18th century when the feudal lords, in the course of rise of their political and economic power, began to seize peasant lands on the Kumyk plane. By the end of the 18th century all the lands were in the hands of ten princely families. The second great redistribution of lands in Dagestan took place in the 1860s when after the agrarian reform half of the feudal lords’ lands on the plain and in the foothills passed to the emancipated peasants. Rise and development of capitalist relations were accompanied by the growth of extra estate land ownership. Feudal lords actively pawned their lands and gave them to representatives of other estates, in particular, to rich uzdens. Thus, in the late 19th - early 20th centuries there was another redistribution of lands in Dagestan. Considerable changes in the sphere of land ownership occurred in Soviet times.

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Oniki, Shunji, Melaku Berhe, and Teklay Negash. "Role of Social Norms in Natural Resource Management: The Case of the Communal Land Distribution Program in Northern Ethiopia." Land 9, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020035.

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The increasing population pressure in the rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa has caused land degradation as well as an increase in the number of landless farmers. To promote a conservation-oriented utilization of communal lands and increase the livelihood of poor farmers, the Ethiopian government introduced a program to distribute less-utilized communal lands to landless farmers. This study identified the social norms related to natural resource conservation that affect the participation in this program. Using data from 477 farmer households in northern Ethiopia, we estimated probit models with endogenous regressors for the determinants of social norms and their impacts on program participation. The results show that social norms related to conservation positively affect program participation. Regarding policy implication of the findings, an intervention to improve the social norms of local farmers leads to sustainable resource conservation without reducing intrinsic motivation of the local people. A conservation-oriented utilization of the communal lands would be more effective if the land distribution program was accompanied by other programs to improve the social norms in the villages.

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Mekuria, Wolde. "Changes in Regulating Ecosystem Services following Establishing Exclosures on Communal Grazing Lands in Ethiopia: A Synthesis." Journal of Ecosystems 2013 (June 26, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/860736.

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In four separate studies undertaken in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, changes in regulating ecosystem services, economic viability, and the perception of local communities following establishing exclosures on communal grazing lands were investigated. Replicated 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year-old exclosures were selected and paired each exclosure with an adjacent grazing land. All exclosures displayed higher ecosystem services than communal grazing lands. Differences between exclosures and grazing lands varied between 29 (±4.9) and 61 (±6.7) Mg C ha−1 for ecosystem carbon stock (ECS), 2.4 (±0.6) and 6.9 (±1.8) Mg ha−1 for total soil N stock, and 17 (±3) to 39 (±7) Kg ha−1 for the available P stock, and all differences increased with exclosure duration. Differences in plant species richness and biomass between an exclosure age and communal grazing land were higher in oldest than in youngest exclosures. Over a period of 30 years, sequestered carbon dioxide was 246 Mg ha−1, total soil nitrogen increased by 7.9 Mg ha−1, and additional available phosphorous stocks amounted to 40 kg ha−1. The Net Present Value of exclosures ecosystem services under consideration was about 28% (837 US$) higher than alternative wheat production indicating that exclosures are competitive to alternative land uses. There are substantial opportunities to mobilize the local communities in efforts to establish exclosures, given that more than 75% had a positive view on exclosures effectiveness to restore degraded ecosystems. Establishing exclosures on communal grazing lands can be effective for restoring degraded ecosystems and the services that they provide.

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HELMSING, A. H. J. "RURAL INDUSTRIES AND THE COMMUNAL LANDS ECONOMY IN ZIMBABWE." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 78, no. 2 (April 1987): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1987.tb00573.x.

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Shackleton, C. M. "Are the communal grazing lands in need of saving?" Development Southern Africa 10, no. 1 (February 1993): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359308439667.

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Kavana, Pius Yoram, Anthony Z. Sangeda, Ephraim J. Mtengeti, Christopher Mahonge, John Bukombe, Robert Fyumagwa, and Stephen Nindi. "Herbaceous plant species diversity in communal agro-pastoral and conservation areas in western Serengeti, Tanzania." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 5 (November 30, 2019): 502–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)502-518.

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Agro-pastoralism involves the growing of crops and keeping of livestock as a livelihood strategy practiced by communities in rural areas in Africa and is highly dependent on environmental factors including rainfall, soil and vegetation. Agro-pastoral activities, e.g. livestock grazing and land clearing for crop cultivation, impact on environmental condition. This study evaluated the impacts of agro-pastoral activities on herbaceous plant species diversity and abundance in western Serengeti relative to conservation (protected) areas. A vegetation survey was conducted along the grazing gradients of ten 4 km transects from within village lands to protected areas. A total of 123 herbaceous species belonging to 20 families were identified. Higher herbaceous species diversity and richness were found in protected areas than in communal grazing lands. Similarly, the number of perennial herbaceous species was higher in the former than the latter, while occurrence of annuals was higher in the village areas. This observation indicates poor rangeland condition in village communal grazing lands as compared with protected areas. It is obvious that current agro-pastoral activities have contributed to a reduction in herbaceous species diversity in village lands in western Serengeti. However, the array of pasture species, especially desirable perennial species, still present in communal grazing areas, suggests that rejuvenation of these areas is possible. Resting of grazing land is recommended to reverse the trend towards diversity reduction and ensure future availability of feed resources for grazing animals in village lands.

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Chimhowu, Admos, and Philip Woodhouse. "Forbidden But Not Suppressed: a ‘Vernacular’ Land Market in Svosve Communal Lands, Zimbabwe." Africa 80, no. 1 (February 2010): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001247.

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This article examines the status of land tenure in Zimbabwe following the ‘Fast Track’ land reforms of 2000–3. It finds that post-reform land tenure remains strongly dualist, with land sales and rental prohibited on the land (about two thirds of the total) classified as ‘A1’ resettlement or ‘communal areas’, while tradeable leases apply to much of the remainder, classified as ‘commercial land’. The article draws on fieldwork in Svosve Communal Area and on previous studies on land transactions in Zimbabwe to argue that land sales and rental transactions are an enduring feature of land use in Zimbabwe's ‘communal areas’. Moreover, the article argues that, despite government prohibition, there is evidence that such transactions are being fuelled by increasing demand for land arising from the collapse in the non-farm economy in Zimbabwe. The article argues that while the logic of informal (or ‘vernacular’) land sales and rental is widely recognized by land users in communal and resettlement areas, government prohibition, in favour of asserting land allocation rights of customary authorities, is driven by considerations of political control of the rural vote.

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George Barrie. "The Concept of “Indigenous Land Tenure” Surfaces in Namibia: A Comparative Overview ‒ Agnes Kahimbi Kashela v Katima Mulilo Town Council (SA 15/2017) [2018] NASC 409 (16 November 2018)." Obiter 42, no. 1 (May 2, 2021): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v42i1.11065.

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The facts in this case, which fell to be decided by the Supreme Court of Namibia in November 2018, can be succinctly put: in 1985, Ms Kashela’s late father was allocated a piece of land as part of communal land by the Mafwe Traditional Authority (MTA) in the Caprivi region of the then-South West Africa (now Namibia). In 1985, the Caprivi region fell under the then-South West Africa Administration. Following the independence of Namibia on 21 March 1990, all communal lands became property of the state of Namibia by virtue of section 124 of the Constitution of Namibia Act 1 of 1990, read with Schedule 5 of the Constitution. Paragraph (3) of Schedule 5 of the Constitution states that the afore-mentioned communal lands became property of the state “subject to any existing right, charge, obligation or trust existing on or over such property”.

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Sisay, Mulugeta Getu, Ashenafi Negash Zeleke, and Habtamu Hailemeskel Gulte. "Institutional Paradox and Tenure Insecurity in Ethiopian Pastoral Land Administration." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024918766589.

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Laws governing pastoral communal lands are barely developed in Ethiopia. The Federal Constitution firmly recognizes uninterrupted land use right of pastoralists including for grazing. Federal land laws, however, mention pastoralists’ issues incidentally and are far from being comprehensive frameworks. This research is the review of pillars of federal and regional land laws, examination of their implementation, synergy between state and customary land administration system, and the implication of gaps in accessing land for different programmes in Ethiopian Afar and Somali regional states. The findings revealed that in the absence of any federal laws that effectively regulate communal lands uses, regional laws were found to be precarious, feeble and far from being comprehensive. Ironically, the regional laws offered more protection to crop fields than communal (pastoral) land. It is also shown that customary and state land administration systems that operate simultaneously in the areas lack synergy and created stalemate.

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Gebreamanuel, Daniel Behailu, and Getiso Detamo Mekebo. "Res Nullius vs. Res Communis in Matters of Communal Lands of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia." Mizan Law Review 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v12i1.4.

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Massay, Godfrey. "The struggles for land rights by rural women in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2019-0120.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide examples of how rural women in Tanzania have addressed land rights challenges, showcasing three interventions implemented by Tanzanian Civil Society Organizations. It demonstrates that women have used both legal and traditional systems to negotiate and mediate their claims to land. Although the interventions featured have been greatly shaped by the work of civil society organizations, they have equally been influenced by rural women movements and individual rural women. The cases selected provide understanding of women’s land rights issues in both privately and communally held property/land. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents literature review of the existing secondary data on the subject coupled with the interviews. Findings Informal and formal approaches have been used by rural women to negotiate their claims on both communal and private lands. CSOs have equally shaped the approaches employed by rural women. Research limitations/implications This research was mainly based on the secondary data and few key interviews. There is a need to conduct further analysis of the issues. Practical implications This paper highlights the role of CSOs in improving the participation of women in decision-making bodies. The wave of large-scale land-based investments has caused insecurity of land tenure for women. The paper shows some ways to address the problem in communal lands. Social implications Socially, the papers shows the power relations involved in the struggles over land, as well as the role of traditional systems and bylaws in protecting the rights of women. Originality/value The paper provides dynamics of gendered approach used by women to negotiate their claims in communally held lands. It also highlights the role and space of local and international CSOs in shaping the local context of resistance on land rights. It is a very useful paper for academics and practitioners working on land rights.

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Call, Maia, and Pamela Jagger. "Social capital, collective action, and communal grazing lands in Uganda." International Journal of the Commons 11, no. 2 (September 2017): 854–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ijc.761.

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Motsi, Kudakwashe E., Edward Chuma, and Billy B. Mukamuri. "Rainwater harvesting for sustainable agriculture in communal lands of Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29, no. 15-18 (January 2004): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2004.08.008.

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Angula, Hilma N., Greg Stuart-Hill, David Ward, Greenwell Matongo, Richard W. Diggle, and Robin Naidoo. "Local perceptions of trophy hunting on communal lands in Namibia." Biological Conservation 218 (February 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.033.

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Gargallo, Eduard. "Conservation on contested lands: the case of Namibia's communal conservancies." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 33, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1065575.

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Purnell, Jennie. "With All Due Respect: Popular Resistance to the Privatization of Communal Lands in Nineteenth-Century Michoacán." Latin American Research Review 34, no. 1 (1999): 85–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100024316.

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AbstractThearticle explores popular opposition to the nineteenth-century liberallaws thatmandated privatization ofthecommunal lands held byIndian communities in Mexico. It argues that peasants in Michoactin responded to the reparto withacomplex mixtureof resistance, negotiation, andaccommodation in attempts to retain local control over the definition and distribution of property rights and to defend local religious and political institutions. The first section provides a briefoverview of liberal thinkingand legislation on the privatization of communal lands, highlighting the legal and ideological ambiguities and contradictions that provided opportunities for resistance and negotiation. The second section explores howand why peasants sooften opposed the reparto in Michoacdn, stressing the complex natureof popular resistance and state responses to it. Thethirdsection offers a briefoverview of nineteenth-century agrarian development in Michoactin as background for thetwo case studies of the politics of privatization at thelocal level. Zacapu peasants managed to delay thereparto for thirty-five years but ended up losing muchof theirlandto statetax officials and neighboring landowners. SanJuan Parangaricutiro successfully retained its substantial woodlands as communal property, evenas local mestizo elites appropriatedthe best of cultivated landas private property. Thearticle concludes with a comparative analysis of the liberal reparto in the two communities, linking the different outcomes to peasant partisanship in theagrarian andpolitical struggles of theMexican Revolution.

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Duba, Gulay Umaner, and Nur Köprülü. "Rethinking National Identities in Divided Societies of Post-Ottoman Lands: Lessons from Lebanon and Cyprus." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i2.p113-127.

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The communal identities rooted in the millet system are still salient in post-Ottoman lands. Cyprus and Lebanon offer two cases where ethnic and sectarian identities are more prominent than national identities. In this respect both countries represent highly divided societies in post-Ottoman territories. This article discusses the failure of power-sharing systems in Cyprus and Lebanon, arguing that the lack of cultivation of a common national identity at the founding of these republics remains even today a central obstacle to implementing stable multinational/sectarian democratic systems. As a part of Greater Syria, today’s Lebanon is a homeland to many ethnic and sectarian communities. Lebanese politics historically has been governed by a system of consociationalism, which prevents any one group from dominating the political system. This system of power sharing dates back to the 1943 National Pact, and as a result of the sectarian nature of this arrangement, religious communal identities have a stronger pull than a Lebanese national identity. These communal identities crystallized over the course of a 14-year civil war, and were exacerbated by the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri in 2005. In the case of Cyprus, the possibility of cultivating a shared national identity between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots has historically been suppressed by kin-state relations and colonial policies which have, in turn, resulted in inter-communal conflict. An understanding of this conflict and the nature of the nationalisms of each community helps explain how the 1960 Constitution of a bi-communal and consociational Republic of Cyprus hindered inter-communal relations – a precondition for the cultivation of a common national identity – and ultimately failed. From enosis to taksimto the April 2004 referendum on the UN’sAnnan Plan, the contentious interaction between external constraints and collective self-identification processes subsequently reinforced ethno-religious identifications. Through an examination of such processes, this article aims to identify and illuminate the shifting forces that shape deeply divided societies in general, and that have shaped Cyprus and Lebanon in particular. Understanding such forces may help break down barriers to the development of common national narratives.

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Bromley, J., J. A. Butterworth, D. M. J. Macdonald, C. J. Lovell, I. Mharapara, and C. H. Batchelor. "Hydrological processes and water resources management in a dryland environment I: An introduction to the Romwe Catchment Study in Southern Zimbabwe." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3 (September 30, 1999): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-322-1999.

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Abstract. In Zimbabwe during the 1980s and early 1990s, a sequence of severe droughts caused widespread food shortages and great hardship to rural communities. The droughts exacerbated the problems of environmental degradation in communal lands and highlighted the lack of understanding of the links between the climate, land use and hydrology of dryland regions. The Romwe Catchment Study addresses these issues, and has led to the establishment of the first fully-instrumented research catchment in a communally-managed dryland environment in southern Africa. The key objectives were (a) to improve the understanding of hydrological processes in communal land areas, mostly underlain by crystalline basement aquifers, and (b) to investigate the impacts of variations in climate and changes in land use and management on the hydrology and water resources. In this introductory paper, the physical characteristics of the catchment are described together with the instrumentation to monitor hydrological processes and quantify the catchment water balance.

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Naidoo, Robin, L. Chris Weaver, Greg Stuart-Hill, and Jo Tagg. "Effect of biodiversity on economic benefits from communal lands in Namibia." Journal of Applied Ecology 48, no. 2 (January 26, 2011): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01955.x.

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Bennett Hennessey, A., Sebastian A. Herzog, Michael Kessler, and Daniel Robison. "Avifauna of the Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands, Bolivia." Bird Conservation International 13, no. 4 (November 20, 2003): 319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270903003241.

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Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands (Pilón Lajas) ranges from 300 m to 1,400 m altitude in the departments of Beni and La Paz, Bolivia. It is located in the Bolivian and Peruvian lower yungas Endemic Bird Area (054) and within one of the regions of highest conservation priority in the Neotropics. Pilón Lajas includes primary evergreen tropical lowland forest, foothill forest, and lower montane forest. Vegetation heterogeneity forms the basis for the high species richness of the area. A population of approximately 600 Chiman, Moseten and Tacana indigenous people live within the reserve. Little has been published regarding the avifauna of Pilón Lajas. Here we present the results of visual observations and tape recordings of 22 ornithological surveys, recording 502 bird species. Serranía Pilón is the most intensively studied and species-rich mountain range with 332 species, 48 of which have been recorded only in this area within Pilón Lajas. We present 26 new departmental records and evidence of breeding for 42 species. The reserve protects three globally Vulnerable and three globally Near Threatened species, four species of High Conservation Priority and 32 of Medium Conservation Priority. Together with Madidi National Park and the adjacent Bahuaja Sonene National Park in south-eastern Peru, Pilón Lajas forms a unique protected area system of more than 3.5 million ha and plays an important role in the establishment of biological corridors along the eastern Andean slope in Bolivia.

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Mograbi, Penelope J., Ed T. F. Witkowski, Barend F. N. Erasmus, Gregory P. Asner, Jolene T. Fisher, Renaud Mathieu, and Konrad J. Wessels. "Fuelwood extraction intensity drives compensatory regrowth in African savanna communal lands." Land Degradation & Development 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3210.

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Kuiper, S. M., and M. E. Meadows. "Sustainability of livestock farming in the communal lands of Southern Namibia." Land Degradation & Development 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.476.

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Ohemeng, Francis Danquah, and Falguni Mukherjee. "Modelling the Spatial Distribution of the Anopheles Mosquito for Malaria Risk Zoning Using Remote Sensing and GIS." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 6, no. 3 (July 2015): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2015070101.

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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System was used to develop a spatial risk malaria distribution model based on environmental suitability for survival of the Anopheles gambie sp. Complex (A. arabiensis and A. gambae), the vector known to transmit malaria in Zimbabwe (Masendu, 1996). Employing geostatistical techniques, spatial analysis of environmental factors that contribute to the spread of the malaria vector was conducted to develop a malaria risk model that could be used in effective malaria control planning in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted in the Piriwiri, Umfuli and Magondi communal lands of Zimbabwe. A model was developed that defined malaria hot spots in the communal lands where attention must be given in developing plans and strategies for malaria control. Environmental data collected from satellite images and validated by fieldwork were used in the study. Based on expert knowledge, specific environmental factors favourable for Anopheles malaria vector were identified. This information was then used to predict the suitability of the area for the Anopheles mosquito using Indicator Kriging Algorithm (Isaacs et al., 1989). This method calculated the probability of exceeding an environmental indicator threshold (this allowed the prediction that a particular area (location) in the communal lands is suitable for the survival and spread of the Anopheles) and integrated them into a potential vector distribution model for the area. This model was used to determine areas that are potentially risky for malaria. Again the spatial distribution of malaria was calculated, based on clinical malaria data and accessibility to the clinics, and compared with the potential vector distribution zones to determine areas with high malaria risk. Except a few areas in Umfuli that were highly favourable for the Anopheles mosquito, most of the communal lands were not suitable for anopheles to survive indicating that malaria incidences are generally associated with highly favourable areas for the vector. Combining GIS and remote sensing applications with geostatistical analysis is a promising approach to define malaria risk areas in Zimbabwe. However, further quantitative research is necessary to validate the relationships within the malaria transmission system, especially on the vector and the human environment aspects.

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Cahyadi Wiguna, Made Oka. "HAK KOMUNAL ATAS TANAH SEBAGAI HAK ATAS TANAH DESA PAKRAMAN DI BALI." VYAVAHARA DUTA 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/vd.v13i2.682.

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The government has indeed provided legal protection and certainty to indigenous peoples regarding their ulayat lands, through a Ministerial Regulation. However, it needs to be studied more deeply about the concept of communal rights to land and Pakraman village as the subject of communal rights holders on land. Communal rights to land are conceptualized as models of land rights that have just been raised in the national land law system. The consequence is that indigenous and tribal peoples as communal rights holders are authorized to use and benefit from their communal land. Pakraman village qualifies as a subject of communal rights to land because Pakraman village in Bali is classified into the community of the community, has a system of customary government referred to as the traditional prajuru led by a customary village leader. Then Pakraman village has a legal area called the Palemahan Pakraman village. As an instrument that regulates the life and social interaction of the community, awig-awig is the customary law of the community in a Pakraman village in Bali.

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Cohen, Anna S., and Rodrigo Solinis-Casparius. "The micropolitics of public archaeology: Working with the ejido in Michoacán, Mexico." Journal of Social Archaeology 17, no. 3 (August 13, 2017): 326–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605317724526.

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Approximately 90% of Mexican archaeological sites are on communal ejido lands and yet the Mexican Constitution stipulates that all cultural heritage is the property of the federal government. Considering this disconnect between federal and local practices, how can archaeologists work with ejido communities to help preserve cultural patrimony? This article explores the micropolitics associated with archaeological fieldwork on communal ejido lands in Western Mexico. We show how long-standing practices based on local histories, community political theater, and interpersonal relations shape fieldwork and cultural conservation initiatives in important and unintended ways. In our study near the site of Angamuco, Michoacán, we draw upon ethnographic and archival research and outreach projects over five field seasons, and address the tensions that emerge when informal micropolitical and formal top–down sociopolitical practices interface. We show how aspects of a policy science approach are appropriate for long-term community-supported archaeology and cultural heritage management.

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Zaiets, Olena. "Decentralization reform: land law aspect." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.48.

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In Ukraine, the reform of decentralization of power has been going on since 2014 – the transfer of a significant part of powers,finances, other resources and responsibilities from the state power as close as possible to the people – local governments. The process of voluntary association of territorial communities and formation of capable united territorial communities belongsto the same sphere. The issue of formation of the inseparable territory of OTG (requirement of Article 4 of the Law of Ukraine “OnVoluntary Association of Territorial Communities”) in the aspect of transfer of a significant part of state-owned lands to communal onesis still relevant, insufficiently regulated by law.It is absolutely necessary to analyze modern judicial practice. in cases related to the redistribution of state and communal landsduring decentralization, as it indicates the shortcomings of current legislation in this area. One of the tasks set by the Concept ofReforming Local Self-Government and Territorial Organization of Government is to determine a reasonable territorial basis for theactivities of local self-government bodies and executive bodies capable of ensuring the availability and proper quality of public servicesprovided by such bodies.Ways of transfer of lands to communal ownership are succession, methods of acquisition provided by item 5 of Art. 83 of theLand Code, transition to communal ownership of collectively owned lands in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On Amendmentsto Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning Resolving the Issue of Collective Land Ownership, Improving Land Use Rules inAgricultural Land, Preventing Raids and Stimulating Irrigation in Ukraine”. Today, the so-called land audit, which differs significantlyfrom the land inventory and is carried out by non-governmental organizations on a commercial or grant basis, helps territorial communitiesto collect land “in a heap”.At the same time, the main, initial basis for the transfer of land to the ownership of territorial communities should be a largescaleone-time delimitation of state-owned land on land that remains in state ownership and land that becomes communal property.This is one of the tasks of the Draft Law № 2194 “On Amendments to the Land Code of Ukraine and Other Legislative Acts toImprove the System of Management and Deregulation in the Sphere of Land Relations”.

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Imamulhadi, Imamulhadi, and Nia Kurniati. "Critical Review of Indonesian Government Legal Policies on The Conversion of Protected Forests and Communal Lands of The Indigenous Batak People around Lake Toba." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 03 (December 2019): 446–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a2.

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The Development Plan of Sibisa Lake Toba Tourism Area as The National Strategic Area for Tourism by performing a land conversion on protected forests and communal lands had stirred up a problem dilemma regarding the resistance from indigenous people around Toba Lake. It is crucial to be questioned, whether the conversion policy of protected forests and communal lands by the Indonesian Government to develop Sibisa Danau Toba Tourism Area is in accordance with related laws and regulations? As the answer, it can be concluded that the mentioned policy opposes: Article 18b of the 1945 Constitution; Article 15 of the Law of 2009 Number 32 on Environmental Protection and Management; Presidential Regulation Number 81 of 2014 on The Spatial Planning of Lake Toba Area; The Law of 1999 Number 39 on Human Rights; The Law of 2016 Number 6 on Village Government, and lastly, the United Nation Declaration on Human Rights of Indigenous People (UNDHRIP).

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Imamulhadi, Imamulhadi, and Nia Kurniati. "Critical Review of Indonesian Government Legal Policies on The Conversion of Protected Forests and Communal Lands of The Indigenous Batak People around Lake Toba." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 03 (December 2019): 446–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a2.

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The Development Plan of Sibisa Lake Toba Tourism Area as The National Strategic Area for Tourism by performing a land conversion on protected forests and communal lands had stirred up a problem dilemma regarding the resistance from indigenous people around Toba Lake. It is crucial to be questioned, whether the conversion policy of protected forests and communal lands by the Indonesian Government to develop Sibisa Danau Toba Tourism Area is in accordance with related laws and regulations? As the answer, it can be concluded that the mentioned policy opposes: Article 18b of the 1945 Constitution; Article 15 of the Law of 2009 Number 32 on Environmental Protection and Management; Presidential Regulation Number 81 of 2014 on The Spatial Planning of Lake Toba Area; The Law of 1999 Number 39 on Human Rights; The Law of 2016 Number 6 on Village Government, and lastly, the United Nation Declaration on Human Rights of Indigenous People (UNDHRIP).

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Kleinen, John. "The Tragedy of the Margins: Land Rights and Marginal Lands in Vietnam (c. 1800-1945)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 54, no. 4 (2011): 455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852011x611328.

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Abstract This article deals with aspects of official land registers in pre-colonial and colonial Vietnam and their relationship with marginal lands since the eleventh century and especially since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The changing pattern of land ownership and control is studied in detail in one specific village in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Several practices of land use and land distribution are discussed, as are various efforts in parts of Vietnam to expand agricultural land, in particular near rivers and coasts, especially as a result of land reclamation. The study of marginal lands is focused on alluvial lands, which were seen originally as empty or waste lands but gradually developed into safety nets for the poor. The traditional social function of these communal waste lands, managed by village elites, was eroded and became a tool for manipulation in the hands of state and village authorities.

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Hak, Sochanny, John McAndrew, and Andreas Neef. "Impact of Government Policies and Corporate Land Grabs on Indigenous People’s Access to Common Lands and Livelihood Resilience in Northeast Cambodia." Land 7, no. 4 (October 19, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040122.

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Cambodia has become a principal target of transnational (and domestic) land grabs over the past decade, mostly in the form of economic land concessions (ELCs). The northeastern part of the country—where the majority of Cambodia’s indigenous people reside—is a particular hotspot. In this article, we discuss three policy mechanisms that the Cambodian government has employed to extend and legitimize land exclusions in the name of national economic development through the example of two indigenous villages in Srae Preah Commune, Mondulkiri Province. First, we show how the allocation of two ELCs has deprived indigenous communities of their communally managed land. Second, we examine how communal land titling processes have failed to provide indigenous villagers with effective legal mechanisms to counteract ELCs and land encroachment by internal migrants. Third, we elucidate how the promotion of cash crop production contributed to livelihood and land use transitions from a reliance on forest resources in 2003 to a dependence on cash crops in 2012 to a struggle to remain resilient amid a slump in crop prices in 2018. We conclude that the combination of these policies has undermined communal ownership and livelihood resilience under a situation of limited exit strategies.

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Bulte, Erwin, and Rein Haagsma. "The Welfare Effects of Index-Based Livestock Insurance: Livestock Herding on Communal Lands." Environmental and Resource Economics 78, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 587–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00545-1.

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AbstractAgricultural (index) insurance for smallholders in developing countries has gained traction in academic and policy circles. The expectation is that the uptake of insurance will protect smallholders from production shocks and incentivize them to modernize production. We develop a simple theoretical model to demonstrate that the welfare effects of insurance are fundamentally ambiguous—even in the absence of transaction costs or basis risk. The second-best nature of the institutional context within which smallholders operate implies that the uptake of insurance may accentuate pre-existing inefficiencies. This idea is worked out in detail for the case of livestock herding on common grazing lands. Our theoretical model predicts that insurance invites overstocking of communal lands, and lowers the profitability of herding when common pastures are degraded.

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Fachrodin, Fachrodin. "PERAN NADZIR DALAM PENGELOLAAN TANAH WAKAF DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 41 TAHUN 2004 (STUDI KASUS DI DESA NGADI KEC. MOJO KAB. KEDIRI)." Mahakim: Journal of Islamic Family Law 4, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/mh.v4i1.1712.

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Target in this research is: to analyze the duty nadzir in management of land ground communal ownership; To analyze the role nadzir in management of land; ground communal ownership Countryside Ngadi evaluated from in perspective Number Law 41 Year 2004; For the description of factors influencing role nadzir in management of land; ground communal. Research conducted Countryside of Ngadi of Subdistrict of Mojo of Regency Kediri. this Research Type field research. Population to be checked as above mentioned hence the sample is nadzir exist in Countryside of Ngadi Kec. Mojo Kab. Kediri. As for data source in this research, is a source of data of primary and source of data secondary. The technique of data collecting uses the interview, observation, and documentation. The result of this research is Duty nadzir in management of land; ground communal ownership Countryside of Ngadi Kec. Mojo Kab. Kediri has the duty such as those which loaded section 11 Law No 41 the Year 2004; Management communal ownership by nadzir Countryside of Ngadi Kec. maximal Uncommitted Mojo it's meaning nadzir which ought to undertake to manage and manage 12 lands; ground communal ownership in the real sharing do not at all, and land; ground communal ownership managed by one management (non nadzir).

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Piesse, J., J. Simister, C. Thirtle, and S. Wiggins. "MODERNISATION, MULTIPLE INCOME SOURCES AND EQUITY IN THE COMMUNAL LANDS IN ZIMBABWE." Agrekon 38, sup001 (May 1999): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1999.9524919.

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Makepe, Patricia M. "The Evolution of Institutions and Rules Governing Communal Grazing Lands in Botswana." Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 22, no. 1 (2006): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eas.2006.0005.

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Slater, Anne-Michelle. "Book Review: Comparable Perspectives on Communal Lands and Individual Ownership: Sustainable Futures." Environmental Law Review 12, no. 3 (August 2010): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2010.12.3.098.

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41

Krom, Mikhail. "Communal Liberties and Fragmented Sovereignty." Russian History 41, no. 4 (November 16, 2014): 440–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04104003.

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The paper’s basic premise is that the fate of a medieval city commune was determined to a large extent by its status in a bigger political system. Moreover, most of European towns and cities had only, to use Charles Tilly’s term, “fragmented sovereignty” when the control over the city was divided between several authorities including the city magistrates and a prince or an emperor. It means that city republics should be studied in their political settings, i.e., through the lens of their relations with the other powers in the region. In the paper, such an “environmental” approach is applied to fifteenth-century Pskov, a typical “fragmented sovereignty”, which was dependent on the Novgorod archbishop and on Russian metropolitan in ecclesiastic affairs and belonged to the Grand Principality of Vladimir and Moscow in secular politics. Medieval Pskov had its own judicial system and legislation resembling that of some German cities and until the 1460s even enjoyed the right to invite and expel princes who had been turned into the city magistrates. But as the emerging Muscovite state tightened its control over North Western Russian lands in the second half of the fifteenth century, Pskov’s liberties were gradually reduced. The fate of Pskov finally absorbed by the Muscovite monarchy in 1510 was not unique: the Russian city followed the path of many other communes in different parts of Europe where emerging early modern sovereign states put an end to local autonomies and various “fragmented sovereignties”.

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Midtrød, Tom. "Native American Landholding in the Colonial Hudson Valley." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.37.1.243w38p1x351u173.

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Native American patterns of landownership among the Munsee- and Mahican-speaking peoples of the colonial Hudson Valley represented a set of practices that ranged from the communal landholding of larger political groups down to land held by individual families. At times these Indian groups treated their lands as cohesive homelands, and at other times they acted as if lands belonged to particular families. This article suggests that these practices sprang from a flexible political system where power was widely dispersed. Which pattern of landholding predominated at any given time depended on circumstances particular to each historical moment.

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The, Sianny Cindy, Made Warka, Slamet Suhartono, and Endang Prasetyawati. "Legal Protection of Ulayat Lands of Indigenous Peoples Against the Threat of Land Commercialization." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v9i12.4288.

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The existence of Communal Lands is increasingly threatened by the power of capital through various means which then excludes and even eliminates community access to their customary lands and forests. The issuance of Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 concerning Management Rights, Land Rights, Flat Units, and Land Registration which states that Customary Land, which in this case is Communal Land, can be granted Management Rights, creates new problems, namely prone to commercialization of the land. The existence of the potential for commercialization will certainly have an impact on the survival of the customary law community in the area. This study will analyze the nature of the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples to customary lands and the urgency of legal protection of customary lands of customary law communities from the potential for commercialization of land. This research is a normative legal research using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a historical approach and a philosophical approach. The results of the research conclude that the nature of the protection of the Rights of the Indigenous Law Community on Ulayat Land is to respect and protect local cultural identity and preserve nature in the area and also universally the existence of indigenous peoples has been recognized. The urgency of legal protection of the customary land of customary law communities from land commercialization is to preserve nature and the survival of the indigenous peoples themselves. The existence of normalization of the legal protection of the rights of indigenous peoples over customary land will be able to provide justice in the event of land disputes with large investors.

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Butler, J. R. A., and J. Bingham. "Demography and dog-human relationships of the dog population in Zimbabwean communal lands." Veterinary Record 147, no. 16 (October 14, 2000): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.147.16.442.

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Osborn, F. V., and G. E. Parker. "Linking two elephant refuges with a corridor in the communal lands of Zimbabwe." African Journal of Ecology 41, no. 1 (March 2003): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2003.00413.x.

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Ilinskiy, Andrey, and Konstantin Evsenkin. "JUSTIFICATION FOR INCREASING THE YIELD OF FORAGE CROPS ON RECLAIMED SOILS OF THE OKA FLOODPLAIN." EurasianUnionScientists 8, no. 7(76) (August 20, 2020): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.8.76.956.

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The article presents a justification for the use of fertilizer biocompost obtained on the basis of aerobic processing of organic waste from agriculture and utilities to restore soil fertility of degraded reclaimed lands of the non-сhernozem zone of Russia. The estimation of agrochemical properties of biocompost based on manure of small cattle and sewage sludge of housing and communal services is given.

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Chikwature, Whatmore, and Chikwature E. "ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS WOODLANDS IN MARANGE COMMUNAL LANDS." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 14 (February 28, 2019): 3048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v14i0.8093.

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This research study sought to determine the role of women in the sustainable management of indigenous woodlands in Manicaland province using Marange communal lands as a point of reference. In this study three traditional leaders, three women’s groups and seventy community women were used as research subjects. Questionnaires were used to gather data from the local women from the three selected villages. Interviews were also used to collect information from traditional leaders and women’s group leaders. These interviews were important in complementing data collected through questionnaires. Field observations were also carried out to enrich the data collected through interviews and questionnaires. The study showed that while women played a vital role in the sustainable management of indigenous woodlands in Marange communal lands, they faced various constraints including greater workload at home with little time to pursue activities outside the family. Therefore the study recommends that since women are more intimately involved with the environment through their day to day activities like fuel wood collection, they should be given due recognition in decision making processes. Finally, it is also recommended that the land tenure system should be redesigned to cater for female heads of households.

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Amin, Husna, Nanda Saputra, and Desi Asmaret. "The Intersection of Religion and Pancasila in Dalihan Na Tolu." JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL 14, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v14i2.39745.

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Humans' characteristics as social beings and God-created creatures are shaped by culture's past.) As long as there is life, culture will never disappear. Genoside occurs when the state commits ethnic massacres, inter-ethnic conflicts, inter-religious conflicts, and so forth. The diverse South Tapanuli community is relatively active, and kinship relationships are highly mobile. Descriptive qualitative research is used in this study. In order to keep the dalihan na tolu community strong and united, some disputes should go through mediation instead of the courts. The authority to control the land over communal land rights belonged to indigenous people in the ulayat lands of the Harahap, Siregar, and other clans, such as the Dalimunthe, Daulay in Angkola. If the land is not used, it will once again be a communal right that is protected by the Angkola Batak indigenous people's village heads and/or customary holders. The act of selling and buying rights causes these activities to become deviant.In order to strengthen indigenous peoples and ulayat lands in the future, cooperation is required. In order to keep the dalihan na tolu community strong and united, some disputes should go through mediation instead of the courts.

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Faisal, Yontri, and Muhammad Yamin Lubis. "Certification of nagari assets in west sumatra." E3S Web of Conferences 52 (2018): 00052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200052.

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Nagari in West Sumatra is the same as “customary village” (Article 7 of Act Number 6 of 2014 concerning the Village) which is the spearhead of the lowest administrative region. Nagari as the lowest government also has an assets, both in the form of land and others form. The legal certainty of the Nagari asset in the form of land is held through land certification. In general, Nagari assets are communal lands. with the empowerment of Nagari assets in West Sumatera, through the Regional Government Budget and Expenditure, will provide wider space for the Nagari in utilizing its assets, in an effort to improve the Nagari economy, or at the same time to provide legal certainty regarding land assets. This research use theory of legal certainty. The conclusion of this research, concerning the certainty of certification of Nagari assets in the form of communal land has not provided legal certainty, because communal land does not include land certification object.

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del Castillo, Lina. "Surveying the Lands of Republican Indígenas: Contentious Nineteenth-Century Efforts to Abolish Indigenous Resguardos near Bogotá, Colombia." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 771–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x19000294.

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AbstractNineteenth-century republicans across the political spectrum agreed: the Spanish monarchy produced ‘miserable Indians’. Abolishing tribute and privatising communal lands, known as resguardos in New Granada (roughly today's Panama and Colombia), would transform that wretched class into equal citizens. Drawing on late eighteenth-century privatisation efforts by the Spanish Crown, early republican leaders in Gran Colombia inaugurated an era seeking equal access to wealth from communal land for all indigenous community members. After Gran Colombia (the first Colombian Republic, 1819–30) dissolved into New Granada, Ecuador and Venezuela in 1830, New Granada's experiments with indigenous resguardo policies went further. By then, legislative efforts considered the needs of all resguardo members, including unmarried mothers and their illegitimate children. Complex laws, diverse ecological terrain and nuanced social realities required well-trained surveyors to ensure each eligible indigenous family received a fair share of land. Whereas indigenous communities in Pasto, Santa Marta and the Cauca river valley resorted to armed insurrection against liberal policies through the War of the Supremes (1839–42), those in the highlands near Bogotá did not. Instead, these republican indígenas – with their greater access to the levers of power housed in the national capital – chose to engage in the reforms of a decentralising state. This article reveals how contentious experiments seeking republican equality within indigenous resguardos as a path towards abolishing the institution were consistently stymied by efforts to ensure that indigenous community governance and communal landholding remained intact.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Communal lands'

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