Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Communautés rurales'
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Niang, Mamadou. "Coopératives et communautés rurales au Mali." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON10047.
Full textDupont, Yves. "Les aspirations paysannes." Caen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CAEN1055.
Full textThis thesis is an attempt to understand and explain the peasants' aspirations as expressed in their attachement to the principles and rules of communauty life. A study of agricultural unionism, of professional organizations, of the various forms of production, of sorcery, of agricultural policies is revealing of the fact that not all peasants are necessarily archaic and irrationnal in their behavior. Their attachement to freedom and independance shows little compatibility with the demands of work division in industrialized countries
Follain, Antoine. "Les solidarités rurales : le public et le privé dans les communautés d'habitants en Normandie du XVe siècle à 1800." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUEL179.
Full textStructure of sociability or power imposed upon villagers? The rural community is ambivalent and during its history freedom or obligation of adherence have followed one another. Engagement in favour of public spirit or withdrawal into private interest are two possible attitudes. The community is constantly disrupted by destructuring factors (competition or association with other structures, excessive collective constraints, social and economical evolution) or structuring factors (sociability, collective opposition, moderate constraints). 466 in normandy, the identity of the community has built itself up since the middle ages in the parish circle, with no interference from the landlord. The opposition to the lord is secondary, the normans being the first to become free with a loosened grip on governing institutions and moderate lordly taxes. But the aristocracy has no interest in protecting norman communities from taxation, they have been the most heavily taxed in the kingdom since the 15th century. The parish community is above all opposed to the state, reinforced by fiscal solidarity and as small as possible in order to share constraints better (640 hectares and about 80 homesteads). Gathered around its church, it is dynamic and well-organized. Everywhere its institutions are settled in the 16th century and resist till 1787 (no public decision without a general assembly,rigorous accounts, a regularly elected treasurer"marguillier-syndic"). The financial system is based on self-taxation (exceptional business), treasures (common
Tanguay, David. "L'argent des migrations : moteur de développement des communautés rurales au Chiapas ?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24950/24950.pdf.
Full textOn January 1st, 1994, the Zapatistas seized several cities in the Mexican state of Chiapas and revealed to the world the deplorable socio-economic conditions of Chiapanecos. Since the neoliberal reforms of the 1980-1990 decades, peasants have been unable to adapt their production to competition from U.S. agricultural products. They now believe they have only one option left: migrate to the United States. Once in the host country, the migrants contribute to their family livelihood through the transfer of remittances. However, is this solution viable? The results of interviews conducted in the Lacandona forest show that remittances enable the migrant’s families to invest in agricultural production, health and education. Thus, they build up human capital that could help them break the cycle of poverty. Moreover, by fostering local economic and human development, migrations now help to contain social conflict on a regional scale. In this new context, what has become of Zapatista claims?
Vivier, Nadine. "La vie des communautés rurales du Briançonnais de 1713 à 1914." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100104.
Full textThe briançon area, a densely populated alpine region, ceased to play a commercial role in 1713 to acquire military functions. After a period of inertia, the area began to modernize each of the three activities its economy was based on: the textile industry, the seasonal migrations of teachers and pedlars, the agriculture. "Micro-landowners", the farmer’s developed cattle-breeding on the huge commons. Thanks to a remarkably high level of education and homogeneous social structures reinforced by a powerful religious environment, they were able to preserve their main values (the use of commons and local democraties) from royal power. From 1800 to 1850 the Briançon area remained active endevouring to maintain a fragile economic balance up to 1840 when strict enforcement of the forestry commission regulations limited cattle-breeding and increased permanent emigration. The modernity of its culture together with its religious vitality and great political reserve enabled the area to adjust and come out of two revolutions unharmed. As of 1856 difficulties never ceased to accumulate; while the city of Briançon kept developing, the rural communities tended to become rather apathetic with the disappearance of the textile domestic system and seasonal migrations. Agriculture started declining for lack of hands and money. This marked the end of the area's cultural modernity; behavioral trends remained intact, namely solidarity and Christian faith combined with moderate political views. The Briançon area is the only French region to have succeeded in preserving its commons, which was made possible by associating modernity with traditional behavior
Sotiropoulou, Eleni-Hristina. "La Grèce rurale contemporaine : monographies de trois villages." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100106.
Full textThis research aims at providing an insight to the changes occurred in the Greek rural countryside and to bring forth the particularities attributed to "rural", as they gradually emerge within the modern society. In order to meet this goal, three différent perspectives have been employed, which, at the same time, indicate the approach of the analysis as well as its underlying hypotheses. These perspectives concern (i) the convergence of lifestyles deriving from the generalisation of modem lifestyles and expectations, (ii) the opening-up of territories due to spatial diffusion of people and activities, and finally (iii) the transformation of rural space into a space for recreation and urban consumption. Undoubtedly, these three perspectives confirm and complement one another as they correspond to three levels of the same fact: the unification of physical spaces and the merging of living spaces (social, economic and cultural)
Yetna, Jean-Pierre. "Langues, médias, communautés rurales au Cameroun : 1955-1987 : essai sur la marginalisation du monde rural." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070106.
Full textAnalysing camerounese media reveals the exclusion of rural people whose overwhelming majority cannot understand or speak french and english, the two official communication languages. This fact results in the crushing down of native particularisms to the benefit of central power. This phenomenon explains why the book has been into four sections : - the first section is a survey of the various missions wich have been endowed to official media. - the second section deals with the assessment of the place occupied by the rural communities in official media. - based on a survey carried out in a rural environment (the babimbi country), the third section is an attempt to answer two central questions. - the four section is a prospective analysis. It leads towards a reflexion about the necessity to invent a media-based education for rural people
Amrani-Hanchi, Mohammed. "Essai sur l'évolution des structures sociales traditionnelles dans le monde rural marocain en contact de l'Occident." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA070005.
Full textBakoto, François d'Assis. "Expérience et développement du village communautaire pilote de Mahérivaratra, Diégo-Suarez : contribution à l'étude de l'animation et de la ruralisation en République démocratique de Madagascar : 1976-1984." Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR21008.
Full textAmong all the measures undertakent to cape with the incrase of the food deficit (in 1973 150 000 tons of rice were imported) and the disorganized build-up of towns due to the exodus of the country people especially the young uho settle in towns, the cooperative system bringing together the different sector of production is very significant of the political regime defined in 1975 by the "chart of the Madagascar socialist revolution". First of all "food self-sufficiency", like the cooperatives, the community villages (vi. Co) wich are turned toward the cooperative system are not an exception to the rule. They are established in the regions where the young are unemployed. At Ambanja, the vi. Co of Maherivaratra was founded in 1979. The teenage volunters live together in a village set up by the ministry of the people and social condition. They farm and breed cattle. Soon after, the farmers both young and old worry about this policy so much as to endanger the survival of these community villages. As for the migrant workers, their feeling of helplessness is unequivocal in spite of their enthusiasm and hope the begining. The failure of the system could be mentioned as this stage. Should it be banned ? The farmers wouldn't so as far as. Indeed, they are in favour of that vi. Co projet as regards the young who are often out of work and roho sometimes tur into juvenil delinquents. In fact, it is understandable that
Catrina, Sonia. ""Nouveaux paysans" et pratiques touristiques dans les communautés rurales de Maramures : Enjeux identitaires." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21604.
Full textThe dissertation focuses on the recent transformations of the Maramures, rural communities in the context of the widespread post-communist practice of lodging tourists in inhabited houses or in specially designed rural pensions. The tourism industry that produces mass tourism and the process of institutionalization of tourism in rural areas which operates under the conventional economic rules will remain out of the scope of the dissertation. I plan to unveil and investigate the many facets of rural tourism in Maramures and understand this phenomenon as one of the factors of social, cultural and especially identity change within the rural communities of Maramures. I strove to identify the inhabitants of rural Maramures who are engaged in this type of activities. I will insist on the way the owners of tourist pensions in Maramures "sell" their identity to tourists, and on how some "cultural" elements that are part of their traditional domestic environment - festive clothes or cuisine - are converted into tourist attractions. The challenge was to understand how the identity of Maramures peasants - formely so entrenched in their daily life experiences - transformed itself under the current conditions of rural tourism into "capital" to exploit and invest in tourist activities. The study is based on a contextual and interpretative approach, with a special emphasize on the meaning given by the owner of pensions to their practices and their representations in the presnece of hosted tourists
Boko, Michel. "Climats et communautés rurales du Bénin : rythmes climatiques et rythmes de développement." Dijon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988DIJOL004.
Full textThe climates of Benin are considered in the context of western tropical Africa. The main general factors are the zonal currents, meridional circulations and the main intertropical discontinuities. At the geographical scale, distant factors (Cameroon mountains, moat of Bénoué and plateau of Jos) and local factors interfere with the general and zonal mechanisms and hence settle the principal characteristics of climatic provinces of Benin. These climates deeply affect the social life of rural communities because of their impact on the rural economy through the producers and the harvests (influence on the crops-and animals production). Their dynamic is perceived by the peasants as a system involving individual behaviors and metaphysical conceptions. The economic policy of Benin which places agriculture as the basis of its development, is based on too general ideas of climatic factors that do not take into account the varying climatic conditions in the rural and agro-industrial projects, and in the forecasts of agricultural production. Thus, adverse climatic conditions shatter the whole economic system and all social cohesion. Starvations, serious budget problems and social crisis that may lead to acute political crisis follow calm and relatively favorable periods
Streiff, Karine. "1880-1935 : des communautés rurales meusiennes de la veille de la grande guerre à la fin de la reconstruction : entre permanences, archaïsmes et modernités." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0307/document.
Full textThe department of the Meuse is mainly rural and agricultural. The rural communities from 1880 to 1914 are not fixed. They are transformed by the synthesis of elements from tradition and factors related to the general context. They are neither refractory to progress nor past. The department became a land of war. Landscapes and heritages are overturned and transformed. Social relations are modified. At the armistice, the situation made the pre-war system obsolete. The war damage compensation law offers hope of recovery. The results of the destruction are substantial. Reconstruction is a pivotal period. Money appears to be the nerve of reconstruction. It becomes a means of modernizing and rationalizing rural communes. The territory is memorized and new elements of identification and recognition change the tradition
Surre, Michel. "L'Etat et les communautés dans le tiers-monde : Etude de cas en Afrique du nord 'Altlas berbére), en Afrique de l'ouest (Côte d'Ivoire) et en Amérique latine (Michoacan tarasque, mexique)." Toulouse 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU20079.
Full textThe investigation concerns some comuns anthropological structures between comunities of diferent traditional societies. Their integration, with comparable modalities of coercitive imposition in an universal pattern of state, is studied, from archives and fieldwork examples, as conflict between two institutional systems. The comunities resistances, linked with their territories, their clandestine democracy and gestion, their new political or ethnic unions are some of the village's responses to the tentatives of total control or administrative infiltration tried by the state
Paquette, Sylvain. "Dynamiques des paysages et recomposition sociodémographique des communautés rurales du sud du Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65324.pdf.
Full textGiancaspero, Laura. "L'art mural comme stratégie de survie des communautés rurales. Trois études de cas en milieu rural italien." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA158/document.
Full textThis thesis is focused on Italian mural paintings in rural environments. Through three case studies, it analyses artistic phenomenon as an expression of the ecological relationship between the local community and their environment. The study of this phenomenon, conducted by combining the geohistorical approach with American ecocriticism, reveals that these murals represent a response to the many fractures: territorial, identity and ecological, which have occurred in this rural area during contemporary times. All these changes, therefore, broke the centuries-old relationships that local communities maintained with their territory by threatening their own existence. This is a common phenomenon in Italy that has resulted in the abandonment of many rural villages. In the case of the three villages analyzed, the local population employed the mural art in order to reclaim their place and to redefine the relationship with their environment, which finally affirmed the survival of these small communities
Langhans, Britta. "La construction discursive des identités : analyse linguistique d'entretiens en milieu "rurbain"." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10106.
Full textRicci, Raymond. "Peone traditionnel et Peone moderne : étude historique, anthropologique, économique et juridique d’une communauté du Haut-Pays Niçois." Corte, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CORT0002.
Full textPark, Song Yong. "Echanges économiques et relations sociales dans deux communautés villageoises de Corée." Aix-Marseille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX10022.
Full textThe comparative study of the original genuine features of two korean communities will underline the social logics at work in order to explain the ethnographical data concerning their respective economical exchanges and social relationship. In the village of sampyong, the industrialization and urbanization is closely related to social classes differentiatied both from an economical and a social point of view, and to the various marketing strategies put forward in that rural community. The economical exchanges influence the type of social network and sociability. In the village of pilsan, the penetration of industrialization and the expansion of the means of transfort carry out the transformation of the social, and geographical space. Considering that the relation of consanguinity plays an important role in the dayly life of local people, more particulary, for close relatives, for whom economical exchanges may occur without any calculationas regards mariage and funerals. The spacial representation of periodical fairs depend on differend geographical, economical and social items. The mariage sphere of the village residents lies within the sphere of the fair, though we can notice a wider range for females than for males
Ba, Magatte. "Paysages et communautés rurales au Sénégal occidental : approche intégrée par cartographie assistée et télédétection satellitaire." Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA1012.
Full textAmouzou, Vinyi Ayawo. "Nouvelle approche de développement rural en Afrique noire : la gestion des terroirs par les communautés rurales au Togo." Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082704.
Full textSince the great drynesses which disrupted the traditional systems of production, the projects of rural development traditional showed their limits in sub-Saharan Africa. It was necessary to find other solutions, of which approach "management of the soil “ The approach management of the soil as proposed privileges the measurements, actions, initiatives, decided by the villagers with the councils of experts, in order to improve the agricultural potential and to diversify the activities. The decisions do not seek only an intensification of the production, but more especially the durability of the resources. It would help the local organizations to create a good base of conscience and initiative, thanks to which they will be able to really take part in planning and the implementation of the projects of local development. The actions to be carried out must take into account not only the agricultural activities, but also the nonagricultural activities whose importance in term of added value and employment is far from being negligible. All the actions must be integrated in a global solution of assumption of responsibility by the villager communities
Porte, Patrick. "Le domaine rural de Larina de l'Antiquité tardive au Haut Moyen-âge : (Hières-sur-Amby, Isère)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10049.
Full textMassot, Emilie. "La construction d'une communauté de sens sur l'Alto Momón. Genèse et (re) production du système social égalitariste de communautés rurales non-indiennes en Amazonie péruvienne (fleuve Momón, Loreto, Pérou)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030026.
Full textThis research, based on three ethnographic fieldtrips, analyses the social system of rural non-Indian communities in Peruvian Amazonia. During the 1920s, a few families decided to settle down on the higher part of the Momón river (Alto Momón), a sub-affluent of the Amazone, close to Iquitos, after the collapse of the rubber industry. Those “pioneers” occupied depopulated Alto Momón, without preliminary consultation, and took the opportunity to create a specific life style, which combines subsistence farming, urban economic exchanges and seasonal work for wood extraction. With this specific configuration (being close to the Iquitos market but relatively autonomous from the structural constraints of capitalism) the dwellers of Alto Momón created an alternative social system, which they managed to reproduce in the long run. This system departs both from the urban world and from the neighboring autochthonous Amerindian communities. At first, those new dwellers were only neighbors, but one century later, they are organized as acephalous and egalitarian communities, with an original communitarian use of communication (in the Spanish language). This dissertation presents the historical genesis of those communities, and then describes and analyses their institutions and material practices
Carette, Frédéric. "Souterrains et paysans : apparences et réalités d'un fait d'histoire sociale, en Artois, Picardie et Cambrésis (XVIe et XVIIe siècles)." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0100.
Full textStrating from the study of the underground passages, this piece of research aims to highlight the construction process and the use of these works, in the contexte of the rural communities. Taking into consideration the periods of conflict which seem to have brought about their creation, our study has several aims : firstly, understanding on a material level how the transition between the surface buildings and the dug out structures was organised, secondly grasping what links existed between the social organisation "above ground" which was characterised by a reference to a group with an established hierarchy and the "below ground" one which was divided into living quarters, animal housing and storage areas. Beyond all these considerations, questions are asked about the involvement of farming people and landowners for on the other hand, the construction process itself may have involved people who did not live in the same villages but had vested interests there
Nkankeu, François. "Les forêts classées du Moungo (Cameroun) : analyse des facteurs de leur évolution et conséquences." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20055.
Full textThe objective of this research based on the problems posed by the conservation and the management of forest reserves in the higher agricultural coastal region of Cameroon, and that of Mbanga in particular, is to examine and analyse the various forms of ecological destruction. This study which enlightens us on land problems impairing the Mungo, aim to seek ways and means necessary to reconcile the urgent socio-economic needs of a population in rapid growth and the protection of the biodiversity. This means that the efforts of development must integrated ecological ethics which recognises the vital link between man and nature, the rupture of which would have heavy consequences. Truly, the invasion of the forest reserves in the Mungo by the population is a problem which demands to be solved, but at the same time, the natural equilibrium will not be preserved if the roots of poverty are not extirpated
Rasamoelina, Henri. "Etat, communautés villageoises et banditisme rural : L'exemple du vol de boeufs dans la Haute-Matsiatra Madagascar." Perpignan, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PERP0456.
Full textZebu stealing is an ancient phenomen which has not stopped yet in madagascar, particularly in the high matsiatra in the betsileo land. It emerges every time the malagasy society undergoes a crisis, especially in the relationships between the state and the village communities. Some social strata react to the violence from the state through brigandage and banditry, mainly through zebu stealing. Every time, solution has been found in the alleviation of the state pressures but not in the emphasizing of the repression or other things
Truel, Yves. "Mas en crise dans le Haut-Ségala quercynois : des communautés rurales face aux prélèvements fiscaux aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010569.
Full textAt the end of the « Ancien Regime » the mas (sive village) is the elementary territorial unit in the northeast of the Quercy province. Men in their estate are living from traditional farming. They suffer heavy taxes from the encompassing powers, the monarchy and the ecclesiastical lords. The thesis studies the behavior of the population in front of the different tax levies, property taxes, private incomes, tithes. As maps are not used at that time, the two types of archive documents for land registers, the « compoix » and the lord « terriers », are analyzed by an original method, using geographical referenced graphs. The soil and the human being are represented in geographic, agrarian and social networks. The research focuses on the communities of inhabitants confronted by the growing monarchic state. Consuls designed annually by the farmer's assemblies have the thankless task to collect the royal taxes, the « taille ». On another side the lords, using their property rights known as the « complexum feudale » takes off foodstuffs from the harvests. The church also plays a central role in that society where the beginning of the XVIIth century protestantism is still present. A large demographic corpus allows the study of that endogamous population which practices an unequal inheritance system. The land constitutes the only long term wealth and so directs the social reproduction strategy. The thesis considers how following the individualism growth, the rise of the population, the matrimonial diffusion, the society progressively becomes, on one side, free from the lord domination and on the other side, dutiful to the state power
Lemus, Suares Sebastian. "Ejido, systèmes agraires et communautes rurales au Mexique : le cas de Coquimatlan (Colima)." Montpellier 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON30025.
Full textThe study aims at a better understanding of changes in social and spatial organization of the ejidos in coquimatlan (colima, mexico), where they represent over 50 % of total land area and c. 70 % of farms. These ejidos were poorly understood and reality is far from theory and political speach. Literature review and statistical data are combined with information from trough interviews and a systematic survey covering 10 % of farms in coquimatlan. The ejidos have had several orientations, some leading to collectivization, others to individualization, and represented by different social and spatial organizations. They cumulate advantages and disadvantages of community and minifundium organization. Under market pressure, ejido farms turn to wards more profitable production, other income sources, or drop agriculture altogether. The state tries to control changes through loans and other aids. Its fluctuating interventions have aimed at individualizing land management and other ejido resources as wellas at maintaining ejidos as a social regulating factor and a basic unit for local economic development
Barboff, Mouette-Gisèle. "Le pain des femmes : "O pão legitímo"." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0183.
Full textThis research was carried out in Portugal in three regions (Alentejo, Beira Alta, Alto Minho) and four rural communities (coopérative Estrela Vermelha ; Sabugueiro ; Castro Laboreiro ; Soajo), between 1983 and 1992. It is a comparative study of the grain-bread cycles which takes into account the agricultural, thechnical, historical, social, symbolic and language aspects of the subject and deals with three grains (wheat, rye, corn) and for domestic bread types (wheat, rye, masculinn and cornbread)
Bonneau, Marc-André. "La participation sociale et ses retombées dans une perspective de santé et bien-être pour une communauté rurale québécoise." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32807.
Full textBazabana, Jean-Jacques Magloire. "Entreprenariat, organisation et fonctionnement en réseaux : la transformation du manioc au Congo." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON10055.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the small enterprises and the different kind of organisation on which they depend. In order to explain this, we have to drop the idea of independant enterprises in an uncertain state. That is the more reason why the small enterprises in charge of the transformation of cassava in Congo, create a short lived organisation. Our thought is organised in the following manner: after the presentation of the theoretical and the conceptual aspects of the economic activities, we have tried to show how the networks help in the creation and the running of small enterprises. The social networks, for these enterprises constitute the means of cutting down the running costs. Then, we have pointed out some characteristics of social networks. This kind of organisation gives birth to social proximity extraordinary situation, that is the systematic reference to the clan, to the lineage, to the ethnic group, to the region and to the village. The social proximity favours the integration in the organisation of the enterprise, the phenomenon which have nothing to do with the economy
Nabeshima, Takako. "La communauté villageoise et l'État dans le contexte de la construction du socialisme africain pendant les quarante dernières années du XXème siècle." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010252.
Full textFages, Laurent Albert Yves. "De stratégies en tragédies : confrontations territoriales et évolutions des systèmes ruraux : exemples de groupes ethniques du Nord-Vietnam." Bordeaux 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR30007.
Full textNorthern Vietnam, since the end of the war against France, catches the interest on behalf of the new government. Strategic geographical area located at the doors of China, Northern Vietnam is composed of a multi-kind of varied ethnic groups. According to the inhabited ecological niches and each group's specific social constructions, the rural systems try to manage a space in the interest of community with a constant priority : to act in order to secure the various factors allowing the reproduction of the groups concerned. In front of governmental "interference" which, in a "civilizing" dash, seeks to integrate these mountainous margins into "one and indivisible" territory, the local rural systems try to adapt itself as well as possible by absorbing innovations and keeping a certain coherence in traditional relations. Nevertheless, in front of the pressure of the settlement policies, the land reforms (concerning the arable lands and also forestry areas) and the evolution of the socio-polic context, the capability of population to absorb such important and rapid changes is questionned. The territory, base of any identity construction and social relations, becomes a vital issue. The constant onfrontations since 1975 could lead to critical situations, leading to strong disputes which could put in danger the stability of the area and the country
Ngoumou, Mbarga Hubert. "L'action collective locale et la gestion des forêts communautaires : cas des communautés rurales de Djoum au Sud Cameroun." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30012/document.
Full textThe research focuses on local collective action and management of community forests in southern Cameroon, at Djoum. It analyzes the government’s approach for granting and community management of forest resources, in order to empower and empowering village communities in the management of economic production activities to reduce poverty, improve living conditions and ensure local development. The objective is to realize the capacity of community forests to provide economic benefits to meet this challenge. It is also to account for village territories, seen as the reference scale for the governance of community forests and the influence of the spatial identity on community organization of this management. The implementation methodology is multidisciplinary. The results of our study show several structural weaknesses. First, it appears that the studied community forests are spaces specialized in several areas, each corresponding to particular uses. This perspective excludes timber exploitation on the entire surface of forest area. Yet all Community forests are divided into five-year sectors, themselves divided into annual surfaces of timber exploitation. Then, these forests have been heavily disturbed in the past, an indicator that should send these more to conservation than the exploitation. But this is not the case, all communities or almost, having opted for their exploitation. Similarly, the volumes of wood exploited in these forests are very low, which clearly demonstrates that the possibilities that ascribed to them in the management simple plan are false. In terms of socio-economic achievements and jobs created, the balance sheet is very far from begotten hopes. The few jobs created are temporary, precarious and unqualified. Moreover, the exploitation of timber has generated so far here, neither infrastructure nor collective socio-economic achievement, since ex post generated incomes remain far below ex-ante financial forecast of timber exploitation. Finally, these forests are sitting on appropriate spaces. This raises ambiguities about their supposed status of common goods and raises the question of sharing of their benefits. Others cyclical said weaknesses exist and explain the lethargy into which sinks community organization of forest management. Our results showed the failure of community actors to position themselves in relation to their objective. Their capacities to take a project and to implement a genuine strategy of collective mobilization are also failing. The lack of Community solidarity and the not valorization of local knowledge make vulnerable communities in the partnerships they formed and strengthen the weight and influence of external actors. On village territories as reference scale for the governance of community forests, the study showed that these appear as places of expression of divisions, conflict, and factory of the suspicions and governed by individualism. Community organizations are in turn, described as devices remotely, undermined by pressures from actors of different logics, stereotypes and representations that inhibit rather community collective action. They are also devices controlled by the lure of profit. Community forests producing little or no money, the collective demobilization here makes sense then. The study ends with the perspective to consider for making the local collective action the tool without which the achievement of the objectives of improving the living conditions, poverty reduction and the prospects for local development, is not possible
Lawson-Body, Georges. "Stratégies paysannes dans la Guadeloupe en transition vers le salariat : des habitations marchandes-esclavagistes aux communautés paysannes libres dans l'espace des Grands-Fonds." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA070039.
Full textConsidered in 1732 as an area of little value, because it was unsuitable to sugar production, the "grands-fonds" area has been for long time an important refuge for maroons. Still today, some think that its settlement and exploitation could only have commenced with abolition of slavery and could have been carried on newly freed slaves who would have been installed without title deed to the so called barren areas. The ethnographic surveys and research in archives have enabled us to determine that the earliest settlement of "grands-fonds" by the "petits-blancs" took place around the begening of the eigteenth century, fitting into the mercantile frame work, developed around the cultivation of secondary crops. The irreversible decline during the period of the "restauration" of the market for these crops spelled the ruin of these small estate owners. Estates were sold and slaves were transfered to sugar production. However according to the 1848-1851 census, most of the kinship group forming the present population were already there. However, the movement towards the zone after abolition seems to have consisted of freed slaves who had lived in "grands-fonds" before. During the postabolition period, through the recognition of kinship, marriage and the new relationship with the estate owners, the newly freed slaves established a social structure based on family lineage. .
Lemoine-Maulny, Estelle. "Usages, biens collectifs et communautés d'habitants en Anjou, XVe-XIXe siècle." Angers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ANGE0013.
Full textThe Anjou region has two different types of collective spaces, the commons, land that is still collective and some meadows with "second communal grass", which are semi-private lands. The local farmers let their animals graze there for most if not or all year round. These green spaces are made up of Landes and also mainly of rich humid meadows which are running along the Loire valley, the Sarthe and the Loir. The prospect put in place between the 15th and 19th centuries was one of long term and diversification of approach. To fully understand the stakes of the collective spaces, one would need to take the point of view of its protagonists : the local community ; especially by analysing the running and funding of the trials taken against the Lords. The access to Angevines lands was therefore conditioned by the rural community's contributing faculty. You would also have to study the relationship between the rural society and it's environment, especially the profit made from flooding lands. This historical work is also linked with some constants in the landscape and the rural society. The usual questions relating to collective spaces are also tackled : the right to work the land, the judicial questions of possession and ownership, the stakes of the trials and the consequences of the French Revolution. We took a special interest in the relationship between the communities and the State, whose protective role of collective assets is to reconsider
Ngoma, Samuel. "Agriculture et protection sociale au Congo." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON10031.
Full textThe congolese rural societies know a true mutation; a situation of crisis : the populations which formerly made a profit on the social protection, garanted by the essential of their social needs, with difficulties to satisfy the essential of their social needs, with the disaggregation of the clanish solidarity and the failure of the state on the matter of the social policy. In front of the lost of the income, the deterioration of the state of health, the increasing of mortality, the acceleration of the rural exodus and the insalubrity, the peasants are aware of the necessity of an auto-organisation
Baudoin, Marie-Ange. "Etude de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques des populations rurales africaines :le cas de communautés agricoles au sud du Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209746.
Full textCette recherche s’intéresse essentiellement à l’aspect pragmatique du concept d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, questionnant la réalité de l’adaptation – ou de la non adaptation – des populations à l’échelle locale. Pour ce faire, nous avons axé l’étude autour d’enquêtes de terrain menées dans le sud du Bénin, au sein de communautés rurales agricoles. Nous avons analysé la vulnérabilité climatique des populations à des aléas relevant de la variabilité du climat, qui semble s’être accentuée récemment. L’analyse repose sur le recours à un cadre d’analyse s’inspirant des approches contextuelles et top-down utilisées, dans la littérature récente, pour étudier la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques. Ces approchent complémentaires permettent d’étudier la vulnérabilité initiale d’une société, fragilisée alors par de nouveaux stress qui émergent dans le contexte du réchauffement global.
Au final de cette recherche, nous avons mis en évidence les causes de la vulnérabilité climatique de populations sud-béninoises, causes situées à différentes échelles (locales à internationales), ainsi que les facteurs favorisant l’émergence de stratégies d’adaptation au climat :l’étude de ces facteurs inclut l’impact des politiques internationales de soutien à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques sur des populations locales du Bénin. Il ressort, en conclusions, que la vulnérabilité des sociétés doit s’étudier en regard de facteurs situés aux échelles locales, nationales et internationales, influençant les conditions de vie au sein de villages et favorisant la vulnérabilité des populations aux stress climatiques pouvant relever du réchauffement global. Dans nos cas d’étude, les populations sont vulnérables de par certains facteurs socio-économiques influençant les conditions de vie dans les villages, et, sur le plan de l’encadrement institutionnel, de par la faiblesse des structures de l’Etat, décentralisées :celles-ci se sont révélées peu présentes dans les villages étudiés, n’assurant pas le développement socio-économique et agricole à l’échelle locale. La vulnérabilité des populations qui en résulte est alors amplifiée par certains aléas climatiques spécifiques, accentuant la variabilité climatique et provoquant une certaine imprévisibilité au niveau de la pluviométrie. Réduire la vulnérabilité climatique des populations, y compris à des aléas qui pourront s’amplifier au cours des prochaines années, implique dès lors des actions se situant à différentes échelles – l’échelle locale, mais également visant certains aspects du fonctionnement de l’Etat béninois – et relevant à la fois, spécifiquement, de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et, plus généralement, du développement socio-économique et institutionnel.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Illou, Mahamadou. "Impacts des variations de la crue sur les communautés rurales du delta intérieur du bassin versant du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0005.
Full textThe present study is carried out within a context of the low level of water in the interior delta Niger River. The water shortage is first noticed by eminent readers and observed by the local population itself. The main activities are agriculture, breeding and fishing which provide the needs of thousands of people in the area depend on the evolution of water. Once there is water shortage, we do observe the lost of cultural areas, variations in the level of water and that of inundation which influence the agricultural calendar. Definitely the phenomenon has implications on fishing and breeding giving the fact that there is a link between inundation and other activities. The consequences of the water shortage on agriculture are more visible on the outcome and the areas watered and more importantly on the fertile soil but also on the soils productivity. With regard to breeding, the impacts manifest themselves in the reduction of breeding areas, the herd and on social changes. On the other hand, in the fishing sector we do notice the decrease in fishing and the types of fishes. All these influence negatively on the socio economic life style of the local populations as well as significant decrease in its ability to sustain itself. Equally, the populations is getting use to a new life style by initiating several responses among which the revert to other activities, the practice of complementary activities, the improvement in agricultural practices. But, the most developed strategy is that of migration which immediate consequence is the destruction of social fabric, a situation that may yield to inefficient strategies initiated by the populations in order to challenge the decrease of water. In spite of efforts made by the populations, NGOs and public authorities, a lot needs to be done. The perspectives are not much : on one hand, the building of dams in the Delta creates hope in view of the intensification of agricultural activities and hence in improving the productivity, on the other hand, the lost of inundable areas linked to the above project
Durin, Séverine. "Sur les routes de la fortune : commerce à longues distance, endettement et solidarité chez les Wixaritari (Huichol), Mexique." Paris 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA030062.
Full textWhen considered with its historical dimensions, the ethnography of the Huichols Indians, who call themselves Wixaritari, shows that they had ties with the societies of Western and Northern Mexico for centuries. Thus the Wixaritari used to travel in the north-western mining region to exchange salt, a commodity on which colonial mining depended heavily. Following conflicts related to boundaries, the community space became consecrated, and then the common basis for interethnic relations. The destinations of the merchants were also consecrated; they are located at the limits of the large territory that groups still travel to trade, to work and to make offerings to their ancestors. The corn harvest takes place during the rainy season and is organized through lineages. During the dry season, Wixaritari migrate to work in metis tobacco plantations, to sell handcrafts and to embark on pilgrimages; while for months they are dispersed, just before the rain season begins, they come back to their communities to take part in agricultural labor and related rituals. Migration is a part of the reproduction of society, for capitalist and ancestral modes of production are integrated and feed each other. In the same way the development of formal State education does not necessarily question the codes of conduct and the traditional order. Endebtment is the main mechanism of social cohesion. The ritual gift of the bull, the mawarixa sacrifice, puts loyalties at stake and mitigates the conflicts which derive from the articulation between community social system and the State and the market. The mawarixa represents a way to cooperate and to express a sense of indebtedness and obligation; the modernity of this traditional offering consists in its ability to recognize new interethnic roles
Ramalalanirina, Geneviève. "Les nécessités de l'éducation pour le développement rural : étude des cas à Madagascar et au Vénézuela." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA030026.
Full textThe object of our study is the necessity of an education for rural development, leading us to give more attention to the training of people and to the way human resources are used. Our starting point being a theoretical analysis of the social and cultural systems in both countries, we realized that, because of the economic constraints, the demographic evolution and the persisting liberacy, we had to try promoting a new kind of education, as well in its approach as in its methodology
Mahé, Alain. "Anthropologie historique de la Grande Kabylie : XIXe-XXe siècle : histoire du lien social dans les communautés villageoises." Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0091.
Full textWe first analyse and criticize the theorical models availabe in the anthropology of maghreb and propose our own way of reading. Then, we reconstitute the ideal-type of the kabyle village organization at the time of french intrusion. We mainly focus on the modelling of political and legal systems. In the second part, we analyse historical changes. This part is made of mine chapters, each of them corresponding to a fraction of the two centuries we have studied. Besides this chronological study, a gepgraphical one leadus to highlight the internal diversity of the greater kabylia and to show the differential impact of phenomena induced by the french colonization and by the post-colonial politics
Pouille, Fabien. "Systèmes agraires, stratégies individuelles et collectives des populations rurales dans les Andes équatoriales : l'exemple de la province de Bolivar." Bordeaux 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR30028.
Full textTessier, Olivier. ""Le pays natal est un carambole sucré"." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10087.
Full textJacinto, de Carfi Claudia. "L'Education primaire rurale en Argentine : études de cas du rôle des instituteurs en milieu rural." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030243.
Full textThis study focuses on the characteristics of an elementary education in Argentina’s rural modern context. Its main purpose is to analyse the different aspects of teacher's role in this social context. The methodology includes quantitative and qualitative techniques of social research. First, teachers' role is considered, in the perspective of the formal definition designed by the educational system. Analysis of employment conditions, work conditions in class and pedagogical norms reveal that there isn't a specific definition of rural teachers' role. Secondly, this role is studied from the viewpoint of the social actors included in the pedagogical process. Such perspective points out the social and cultural distance between the teachers and their public. Thirdly, in order to clarify the profile of more effective teachers in the pedagogical process and in their relationship with rural community typologies of rural teachers have been elaborated. Based on all those data and analysis, the study proposes a number of recommendations especially concerning rural teachers' training and their insertion in the educational system, which constitutes the beginning of a new definition of teacher's role in modern rural regions
Moreira, Edma Silva. "Movimento social Amazônico em defesa de territorios e de modos de vida rurais : estudo sociologico no Baixo Xingu." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131006.
Full textThis study discusses a process of collective actions by a group of rural communities in the municipality of Porto de Moz, situated in the region of Almeirin, in the Lower Amazon, State of Pará. The municipality of Porto Moz has a history marked by two rubber boom periods (1870-1920 and 1942-1945) that lead to rubber tree exploitation and resulted in diverse processes of territorialization. A significant part of the current rural population of the municipality is formed by families of forest owners, managers, and workers. Informal and formally, these groups are denominated “Traditional groups”. At the end of the 20th century, national territorial policies motivated valorization of capital in the Brazilian Amazon through large projects. Until then relatively isolated, Porto Moz was invaded by commercial fisherman and logging companies that threatened its territory organization and its traditional socioeconomic structure. Families and communities reacted with the support of the local Catholic Church. Their organization and the consistent support of the Church contributed to the creation of small farmers and fisherman trade unions in the national level, and the introduction of the workers party, PT, in that area. The communities became stronger enough to confront threats against their socioeconomic organization and way of life, thus depending less on the Church. After first, some communities determined their working and living spaces; then, they took charge of the socioeconomic organization of the west of the municipality, which encompasses 1,300,000 hectares (70% of the municipality), according to the statute of Conservation Unit, as an Extractive Reserve. This law was proposed to the State by rubber tapers of the State of Acre in response to their forced removal from their forests. The studies of the similarities and relationship between the social phenomena in Acre and in Porto Munoz and other regions, allowed me to create a hypothesis of a social movement in the Amazon
Dao, Thi Hoang Mai. "Le développement des capabilités sociales des pauvres comme moyen d'accession à l'économie de marché : le cas des communautés rurales au Vietnam." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS021S.
Full textPoverty reduction is always one of the first aspirations of the Vietnamese government. Since 1992, Vietnamese government has promulgated a comprehensive strategy in economic development and poverty reduction. Efforts on economic growth of Vietnam are considered as a target for the poor (UNDP, 2005). However, people who have left poverty may also return to it because the distance between the poor and the non-poor is narrow. Many of them do not have a regular income and savings. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the poverty not only in quantitative terms but also in qualitative ones. A majority of the poor in Vietnam lives in rural areas. So, there is a strong connection between poverty reduction and agriculture. Vietnam is presently in the context of a transition from a subsidized economy to a market economy. The transition from a system of self-subsidize production to a system that produces for the market is the main objective of agriculture and rural development. Some studies showed that many households in Vietnam, especially in the Northern areas do not participate to the market. A majority of these households is constituted of poor producers. There are many difficulties that prevent poor people from participating in the market, such as the lack of capital, technology or information. In other words, they do not have enough capabilities. This research examines the role of social and collective capabilities among the poor to improve their access to the market. It also tries to answer to the question of how to reinforce these capabilities by analyzing the intermediary role of social institutions in order to encourage the participation of the poor in the market
Mestre, Irene. "La contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience des communautés rurales post-soviétiques, le cas du Kirghizistan." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3006.
Full textMy research looked at pastoral resources and agropastoral systems after the implementation in 2009 of community-based pasture management over all the territory of Kyrgyzstan. I investigated how the community-based pasture management contributes to the resilience of rural communities. I used multiple embedded case-studies in order to comprehensively embrace the linkages between land-use, resource dynamics and governance. The case-studies were three rural municipalities and their pastures, which form socio-ecological systems. National level was also examined. Data-collection was conducted through extensive field-work in the rural communities, participant observation in NGOs implementing projects in the domain of pasture management at national level, and literature review. I used qualitative data analysis through thematization and basic statistic analysis for quantitative data. The theoretical framework combines the approach of Common-pool resource management by Ostrom (1990) and the resilience of spatial socio-ecological systems by Aschan-Leygonie (2000). Based on them I elaborated a qualitative framework to analyze the contribution of Community-Based Pasture Management (CBPM) on spatial resilience of socio-ecological systems. As pasture, I understand the pastures them-selves as well as all the other resources necessary for their use, e.g. water and access infrastructure. My results show that community-based management fails to create feed-back loops between the environment, the practices and the management measures. Pasture Committees do not carry out formal data collection on resource dynamics, neither on the impacts of use. Their actions merely follow pasture user interests which are potentially led by indigenous knowledge on pasture condition, although there is a need for more research on this point. However, in general, community-based pasture management positively affects the resilience of rural communities. First, by its open-nature, remote and marginalized households can take part in the decision-making. Second, the investment generated allows for repair and maintenance of infrastructure (roads, bridges) giving access to remote pasture, thereby limiting livestock concentration on most accessible pastures. Third, it creates interactions of a new type between agropastoral and non-agropastoral pasture users, as well as between local stakeholders and national-level stakeholders. Thus, community-based pasture management is a factor of the expansion of local socio-ecological systems and of the diversification and intensification of their interactions, within the systems, as well as across scales
Simien, Côme. "Des maîtres d’école aux instituteurs : une histoire de communautés rurales, de République et d’éducation, entre Lumières et Révolution (années 1760-1802)." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL029.
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Monette, Andréa. "Les municipalités rurales de l’Estrie et l’accueil des jeunes adultes néo-ruraux dans un contexte de gouvernance territoriale partagée." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5286.
Full textTraoré, Aurokiatou. "Recherche agronomique et pratiques paysannes à l'ouest du Burkina Faso." Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA082907.
Full textBurkinabe's agriculture is characterized by the weakness of its ressources and the low technical nature of its farmers. Faced with the requirements of food self-sufficiency and competitiveness, it tries to respond to requests related to new issues of social and economic change. Institutional, political and technical actions had an impact on rural development but production systems are vulnerable and the conflicts that arise from these quests for survival or better conditions are hardly a definitive solution, as at the "witness box", a key player is missing : the State. The obstacles to the adoption of the technologies proposed by the Agricultural Research often expressed by a certain lack. Given the vulnerability of production systems, several approaches have been developed. These approaches attempts to integrate the specific interest and motivations of the different stakeholders but they are often at odds with the social demands and the peasant practices. So, there are two systems interpretation of development (one of the panellists and the peasants), which are parallel, sometimes competing. We conclude then that a sustainable articulation between the practices of development actors and those of peasants requires a setting up of new intervention methods in rural areas. This thesis attempts to assess the factors influencing the relationship between the practices of including agronomic research and the peasants practices